Stress Vector Cauchy Tensor

MCEN 5023/ASEN 5012
Chapter 3
Stress and Strain Tensors Stress

Fall, 2006
Stress Tensor
Traction
P1
F
Traction:
Area: S
u
Su
X3
F
T = lim
S 0 S
v
P2
Pn
X2
X1
Traction is a vector, whose direction and magnitude

depend on how the surface S is obtained, or the
direction of S.
2
Stress Tensor
Traction and Stress Tensor
X3
X3
X2
X2
X1
X1
To better visualize, we move

these six faces to form a cube.
Six faces passing a material point.

23
e2
e2
T
21
T = 21e1 + 22e 2 + 23e3

22
X3
X2
X1
Stress at a material point

3
Stress Tensor
33
e1
32
31
T = 11e1 + 12e 2 + 13e 3
23
e2
13
12
X3
11
21
22
T = 21e1 + 22e 2 + 23e 3

e3
T = 31e1 + 32e 2 + 33e 3

ei
T = ij e j
X2
X1
ij
represents the stress state of a material point.

4
Stress Tensor
Stress Tensor
33
= ij e i e j
32
31
11 12 13
= 21 22 23
31 32 33
23
13
12
X3
21
22
11
X2
X1
Normal Stresses:
11 22 33
Shear Stresses:
12 21 23 32 13 31
ij = ji
5
Stress Tensor
Stress Tensor: Sign Rules
The normal of a surface:

Positive surface:
33
32
31
12
21
13
22
X1
13
12
21
22
31
32
X2
23
11
23
X3
11
Negative surface:
33
Stress Tensor
P1
Traction: T = lim
S 0
P2
Area: S
Su
X3
Pn
F
S
Stress Tensor
True Stress: if both force and area are measured

in deformed configuration.
Nominal Stress: if area is measured in
undeformed configuration.
X2
X1
Undeformed
Deformed
A0
A
L
L0
F
Nominal Stress:
A0
Small deformation: A A0
F
True Stress:
A
Stress Tensor
Traction on an arbitrary surface
v
S1
n1
X2
11
X1
12
21
n2
S v
S 2
22
Stress Tensor

X2
S1
n1
11
X1
12
21
n2
S v
S 2
22
Stress Tensor
In general 3D case:
v
T j = ij v i
v
T = v
Cauchys Formula
Cauchys formula ensures that it is necessary and sufficient

to use a stress tensor, , to describe traction on any surface.
10
Stress Tensor
Transformation of Coordinates
e1
e1
T
e1
n1
n1
11
11
X2
e2
e1
12
X1
21
n2
22
X2
12
X1
21
n2
22
11
Stress Tensor
e1
T
n1
e2
e1
11
X2
12
X1
21
n2
22
12
Stress Tensor
X2
e1
T
n1
X 2
e2
e1
X1
e 2
21
11
X2
12
e 1
22
e 1
e 2
X 1
22
n2
11
12
21
X1
Previous slide
e1
T k = 1i kj ij
11
12
12
11
11
12
21
22
21
22
13
Stress Tensor
ij = ik jl kl
X
e2
X 2
X 1
e 1
e 2
X
e1
ik = ei e k = e k ei = cos( (ei , e k ))
14
15
Stress Tensor
ij = ik jl kl
16
Stress Tensor
Transformation of Coordinates 2D
X
e2
X 2
e 2
X 1
e 1
e1
17
Stress Tensor
Transformation of Coordinates 2D
18
Stress Tensor
Transformation of Coordinates 2D Mohrs Circle
11 =
( 11 + 22 ) + ( 11 22 ) cos 2 +
2
Shear Stress
12 sin 2
11 + 22
11 22
12 =
CD =
12
cos 2
11 22
2
DE = 12
11
11 22
22
cos (2 )
D
A
( 11 22 ) sin 2 +
12
Normal stress
2
C
B
22
2
CE = 11
+ 12
2
2
E
12
19
Stress Tensor
X 2
X 1
Shear Stress
12
12
11 + 22
11
22
12
11
Normal stress
22
12
20
Stress Tensor
Steps to construct and use Mohrs circle
1. On the normal stress-shear stress plot, find
the following three points:
(11, -12)
(22, 12)
( (11 + 22)/2, 0)
2. Draw a circle based on these three points.
Shear Stress
12
12
( (11 + 22)/2, 0) as center, and (11, -12)

and (22, 12) as two points on the circle.
3. Rotate the line connecting points (11, -12)

and (22, 12) by 2.
4. The newly obtained two points on the circle
are
(11, -12) and (22, 12)
11 + 22
22
22
12
11 11
Normal
stress
12
For any two points on the Mohrs

circle, if the line connecting them
passes the center, they are stress
components under the same
coordinate system.
21
Stress Tensor
Observations from 2D Mohrs Circle
Shear Stress
22
2
CE = 11
+ 12
2
max
11 + 22
2
Normal stress
E
11 + 22
22
2
+ 11
+ 12
2
2
1 =
+ 22
22
2
2 = 11
11
+ 12
2
2
22
2
= 11
+ 12
2
max
22
Stress Tensor
Normal stress
1.
2.
The maximum normal stress and minimum

normal stress occur under the same
coordinate system.
Under the coordinate system where the
maximum/minimum normal stresses are
reached, there is no shear stress.
Shear Stress
Normal
stress
Shear stress
1.
2.
The maximum shear stress is reached by

rotating the coordinate system by 45 degree
from the principle directions.
At maximum shear stress, the two normal
3.
Pure Shear, if 11=22=0, or 1 = -2.
stresses are 11=22=(1 +2)/2
23
Stress Tensor
F
Pure Shear
24
Stress Tensor
F
25

Stress Vector Cauchy Tensor

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MCEN 5023/ASEN 5012

Stress and Strain Tensors Stress

Traction is a vector, whose direction and magnitude

To better visualize, we move

Six faces passing a material point.

T = 21e1 + 22e 2 + 23e3

Stress at a material point

T = 11e1 + 12e 2 + 13e 3

T = 21e1 + 22e 2 + 23e 3

T = 31e1 + 32e 2 + 33e 3

represents the stress state of a material point.

The normal of a surface:

True Stress: if both force and area are measured

Traction on an arbitrary surface

Cauchys formula ensures that it is necessary and sufficient

( (11 + 22)/2, 0) as center, and (11, -12)

3. Rotate the line connecting points (11, -12)

For any two points on the Mohrs

The maximum normal stress and minimum

The maximum shear stress is reached by

Pure Shear, if 11=22=0, or 1 = -2.

stresses are 11=22=(1 +2)/2

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