Continuous and Discrete Time Signals and Systems Mandal Asif Solutions Chap03

Chapter 3: Time Domain Analysis of LTIC Systems
Problem 3.1
Linearity: For x3(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) applied as the input, the output y3(t) is given by
d n y3
dt n
+ an 1
d n 1 y3
+ " + a1
dt n 1
dy3
d m 1 (x1 (t ) + x2 (t ))
d m (x1 (t ) + x2 (t ))
+ a0 y3 (t ) = bm
+
b
m 1
dt
dt m 1
dt m
.
d (x1 (t ) + x2 (t ))
+ " + b1
+ b0 (x1 (t )x2 (t ))
dt
Rearranging the terms on the right hand side of the equation, we get
d n y3
dt n
d n 1 y3
+ an 1
dt n 1
+ " + a1
d mx
dy3
d m 1 x
dx
+ a0 y3 (t ) = bm m1 + bm 1 m 11 + " + b1 1 + b0 x1 (t )
dt
dt
dt
dt
m
m
1
d x2
d
x
dx
+ bm
+ bm 1 m 12 + " + b1 2 + b0 x2 (t )
m
dt
dt
dt
Expressing the higher order derivatives of x1(t) and x2(t) in terms of y1(t) and y2(t), we get
d n y3
dt n
+ an 1
d n 1 y3
dt n 1
+ " + a1
d ny
dy3
d n 1 y
dy
+ a0 y3 (t ) = n1 + an 1 n 11 + " + a1 1 + a0 y1 (t )
dt
dt
dt
dt
dny
d n 1 y
dy
+ n1 + an 1 n 11 + " + a1 1 + a0 y1 (t )
dt
dt
dt
d n y3
or,
dt n
+ an 1
d n y3
dt n
+ " + a1
dy3
d n (y1 + y2 )
d n 1 (y1 + y2 )
a
+ a0 y3 (t ) =
+
n
1
dt
dt n
dt n 1
d (y1 + y2 )
+ " + a1
+ a0 (y1 (t ) + y2 (t ) )
dt
y 3 (t ) = y1 (t ) + y 2 (t ) .
which implies that
The system is therefore linear.

Time-invariance: For x(t t0) applied as the input, the output y1(t) is given by
d m x (t t 0 )
d m 1 x(t t0 )
d n y1
d n 1 y1
dy1
+
a
+
"
+
a
+
a
y
(
t
)
=
b
+
b
n 1
m
m 1
1
0 1
dt
dt n
dt n 1
dt m
dt m 1
dx(t t0 )
+ " + b1
+ b0 x(t t0 )
dt
Substituting = t t0 (which implies that dt = d), we get
d n y1 ( + t0 )
d n
+ an 1
d n 1 y1 ( + t0 )
d n 1
+ " + a1
dy1 ( + t0 )
d m x()
d m 1 x()
+ a0 y1 ( + t0 ) = bm
+
b
m 1
d
d m
d m 1
dx()
+ b0 x()
+ " + b1
d
Comparing with the original differential equation representation of the system, we get
78
Chapter 3
y () = y1 ( + t0 ) or,
y1 () = y ( t0 ) ,
proving that the system is time-invariant. Note that the time invariance property is only valid if the
coefficients ars and brs are constants. If ars and brs are functions of time, then the substitution ( = t
t0) will also affect them. Clearly, y() y1( + t0) in such a case and the system will NOT be timeinvariant.
Problem 3.2
x (t ) = e 4 t u(t ), y (0) = 0, and y (0) = 0.
(i)

y (t ) + 4 y (t ) + 8 y (t ) = x (t ) + x (t ) with
(a)
Zero-input response of the system: The characteristic equation of the LTIC system (i) is
s 2 + 4s + 8 = 0 ,
which has roots at s = 2 j2. The zero-input response is given by
y zi (t ) = Ae 2t cos(2t ) + Be 2t sin(2t )
for t 0, with A and B being constants. To calculate their values, we substitute the initial conditions
y (0 ) = 0 and y (0 ) = 0 in the above equation. The resulting simultaneous equations are
A=0
2 A + 2B = 0
that has the solution, A = 0 and B = 0. The zero-input response is therefore given by
y zi (t ) = 0.
Because of the zero initial conditions, the zero-input response is also zero.
(b)
Zero-state response of the system: To calculate the zero-state response of the system, the initial
conditions are assumed to be zero. Hence, the zero state response yzs(t) can be calculated by solving
the differential equation
d2y
dy
dx
+4 +8=
+ x(t )
2
dt
dt
dt
with initial conditions, y (0 ) = 0 and y (0 ) = 0 , and input x(t) = exp(4t)u(t). The homogenous
solution of system (i) has the same form as the zero-input response and is given by
(h)
(t ) = C1e 2t cos(2t ) + C2e 2t sin(2t )
y zs
for t 0, with C1 and C2 being constants. The particular solution for input x(t) = exp(4t)u(t) is of
the form
( p)
y zs
(t) = Ke 4t u (t ) .
Substituting the particular solution in the differential equation for system (i) and solving the
resulting equation gives K = 3/8. The zero-state response of the system is, therefore, given by
y zs (t ) = C1e 2t cos(2t ) + C2 e 2t sin(2t ) 83 e 4t u (t ) .

To compute the values of constants C1 and C2, we use the initial conditions, y(0) = 0 and
y (0 ) = 0 assumed for the zero-state response. Substituting the initial conditions in yzs(t) leads to
the following simultaneous equations
Solutions
79
C1 83 = 0
2C1 + 2C2 +
3
2
=0
with solution C1 = 3/8 and C2 = 3/8. The zero-state solution is given by

3
8
y zs (t ) =
(c)
(e
2t
cos(2t ) e 2t sin(2t ) e 4t u (t ) .
Overall response of the system: The overall response of the system is obtained by summing up the
zero-input and zero-state responses, and is given by
y (t ) = 83 e 2t cos(2t ) e 2t sin(2t ) e 4t u (t ) .
(d)
Steady state response of the system: The steady state response of the system is obtained by applying
the limit, t , to y(t) and is given by
3
t 8
y (t ) = lim
(e
2 t
cos(2t ) e 2t sin(2t ) e 4t u (t ) = 0 .
(ii)
y (t ) + 6 y (t ) + 4 y (t ) = x (t ) + x (t ) with
x (t ) = cos(6t )u(t ), y (0) = 2, and y (0) = 0.
(a)
Zero-input response of the system: The characteristic equation of the LTIC system (ii) is
s 2 + 6s + 4 = 0 ,
which has roots at s = 3 2.2361 = 5.2361 and 0.7639. The zero-input response is given by
y zi (t ) = Ae 5.2361t + Be 0.7639t
for t 0 with A and B being constants. To calculate their values, we substitute the initial conditions
A+ B = 2
5.2361A 0.7639 B = 0
that has a solution, A = 0.3416 and B = 2.3416. The zero-input response is therefore given by
y zi (t ) = 0.3416e 5.2361t + 2.3416e 0.7639t u (t ) .

(b)
d2y
dy
dx
+6 +4=
+ x(t )
2
dt
dt
dt
with initial conditions, y (0 ) = 0 and y (0 ) = 0 , and input x(t) = cos(6t)u(t). The homogenous
solution of system (ii) has the same form as its zero-input response and is given by
(h)
y zs
(t ) = C1e 5.2361t + C2e 0.7639t
for t 0, with C1 and C2 being constants. The particular solution for input x(t) = cos(6t)u(t) is of the
form
( p)
y zs
(t) = K1 cos(6t ) + K 2 sin(6t ) .
80
Chapter 3
Substituting the particular solution in the differential equation for system (ii) and solving the
resulting equation gives
( 36 K1 cos(6t ) 36 K 2 sin(6t ) ) + 6( 6 K1 sin(6t ) + 6 K 2 cos(6t ) )

+ 4(K1 cos(6t ) + K 2 sin(6t ) ) = 6 sin(6t ) + cos(6t )
Collecting the coefficients of the cosine and sine terms, we get
( 36 K1 + 36 K 2 + 4 K1 1) cos(6t ) + ( 36 K 2 36 K1 + 4 K 2 + 6)sin(6t ) = 0
or,
32 K1 + 36 K 2 = 1
36 K1 32 K 2 = 6
which has the solution, K1 = 0.0793 and K2 = 0.0983. The zero-state response of the system is
y zs (t ) = C1e 5.2361t + C2e 0.7639t + 0.0793 cos(6t ) + 0.0983 sin(6t ) u (t ) .

To compute the values of constants C1 and C2, we use the zero initial conditions, y(0) = 0 and
y (0 ) = 0 assumed for the zero-state response. Substituting the initial conditions in yzs(t) leads to
the following simultaneous equations
C1 + C2 + 0.0793 = 0
5.2361C1 0.7639C2 + 6(0.0983) = 0
with solution C1 = 0.1454 and C2 = 0.2247. The zero-state solution is given by
y zs (t ) = 0.1454e 5.2361t 0.2247e 0.7639t + 0.0793 cos(6t ) + 0.0983 sin(6t ) u (t ) .

(c)
(
+ (0.1454e
y (t ) = 0.3416e 5.2361t + 2.3416e 0.7639t u (t )
or,
(d)
5.2361t
0.2247e 0.7639t e 0.7639t + 0.0793 cos(6t ) + 0.0983 sin(6t ) u (t )
y (t ) = 0.1962e 5.2361t + 2.1169e 0.7639t + 0.0793 cos(6t ) + 0.0983 sin(6t ) u (t ) .
y (t ) = (0.0793 cos(6t ) + 0.0983 sin(6t ) ) u (t ) .
(iii)
y(t ) + 2 y (t ) + y(t ) =
x(t ) with x(t ) = [cos(t ) + sin(2t )] u(t ), y(0) = 3, and y (0) = 1.
(a)
Zero-input response of the system: The characteristic equation of the LTIC system (iii) is
s 2 + 2s + 1 = 0 ,
which has roots at s = 1, 1. The zero-input response is given by
y zi (t ) = Ae t + Bte t
Solutions
81
A=3
A+ B =1
that has a solution, A = 3 and B = 4. The zero-input response is therefore given by
y zi (t ) = 3e t + 4te t u (t ) .
(b)
d2y
dy
+ 2 + 1 = x(t )
2
dt
dt
with initial conditions, y (0 ) = 0 and y (0 ) = 0 , and input x(t) = [cos(t) + sin(t)]u(t). The
homogenous solution of system (iii) has the same form as the zero-input response and is given by
(h)
y zs
(t ) = C1e t + C2te t
for t 0, with C1 and C2 being constants. The particular solution for input x(t) = [cos(t) + sin(t)]u(t)
is of the form
( p)
y zs
(t) = K1 cos(t ) + K 2 sin(t ) + K 3 cos(2t ) + K 4 sin(2t ) .
Substituting the particular solution in the differential equation for system (iii) and solving the
( K1 cos(t ) K 2 sin(t ) 4 K 3 cos(2t ) 4 K 4 sin(2t )) + 2( K1 sin(t ) + K 2 cos(t ) 2 K 3 sin(2t )

+ 2 K 4 cos(2t ) ) + 1(K1 cos(t ) + K 2 sin(t ) + K 3 cos(2t ) + K 4 sin( 2t ) ) = cos(t ) 4 sin(2t )
Collecting the coefficients of the cosine and sine terms, we get
( K1 + 2 K 2 + K1 + 1) cos(t ) + ( K 2 2 K1 + K 2 ) sin(t ) +
( 4 K 3 + 4 K 4 + K 3 ) cos(2t ) + ( 4 K 4 4 K 3 + K 4 + 4)sin(2t ) = 0
which gives K1 = 0, K2 = 0.5, K3 = 0.64, and K4 = 0.48. The zero-state response of the system is
y zs (t ) = C1e t + C2te t 0.5 sin(t ) + 0.64 cos(2t ) + 0.48 sin(2t ) u (t ) .

y (0 ) = 0 . Substituting the initial conditions in yzs(t) leads to the following simultaneous equations
C1 + 0.64 = 0
C1 + C2 0.5 + 0.48 = 0
y zs (t ) = 0.64e t 1.1te t 0.5 sin(t ) + 0.64 cos(2t ) + 0.48 sin( 2t ) u (t ) .

(c)
or, y (t ) = 3e t + 4te t u (t ) + 0.64e t 1.1te t 0.5 sin(t ) + 0.64 cos(2t ) + 0.48 sin(2t ) u (t )
82
Chapter 3
or,
(d)
y (t ) = 2.36e t + 2.9te t 0.5 sin(t ) + 0.64 cos(2t ) + 0.48 sin(2t ) u (t ) .
y (t ) = lim 2.36e t + 2.9te t 0.5 sin(t ) + 0.64 cos(2t ) + 0.48 sin( 2t ) u (t )

t
y (t ) = ( 0.5 sin(t ) + 0.64 cos(2t ) + 0.48 sin(2t ) ) u (t ) .
or,
x (t ) = 4te t u(t ), y (0) = 2, and y (0) = 0.
(iv)

y (t ) + 4 y (t ) = 5 x (t ) with
(a)
Zero-input response of the system: The characteristic equation of the LTIC system (iv) is
s2 + 4 = 0 ,
which has roots at s = j2. The zero-input response is given by
y zi (t ) = A cos(2t ) + B sin(2t )
A = 2
2B = 0
that has a solution, A = 2 and B = 0. The zero-input response is therefore given by
y zi (t ) = 2 cos(2t )u (t )
(b)
d2y
+ 4 = 5 x(t )
dt 2
with initial conditions, y (0 ) = 0 and y (0 ) = 0 , and input x(t) = 4t exp(t) u(t). The homogenous
solution of system (iv) has the same form as the zero-input response and is given by
(h)
y zs
(t ) = C1 cos(2t ) + C2 sin(2t )
where C1 and C2 are constants. The particular solution for input x(t) = 4t exp(t) u(t) is of the form
( p)
y zs
(t) = K1e t + K 2te t .
Substituting the particular solution in the differential equation for system (iv) and solving the
(K e
1
) (
Collecting the coefficients of exp(t) and texp(t), we get
(K e
1
K 2 e t K 2 e t + K 2te t + 4 K1e t + K 2te t = 20te t
) (
K 2 e t K 2 e t + 4 K1e t + K 2te t + 4 K 2te t = 20te t
which gives K1 = 1.6 and K2 = 4. The zero-state response of the system is given by
Solutions
83
y zs (t ) = C1 cos(2t ) + C 2 sin( 2t ) + 1.6e t + 4te t .

y (0 ) = 0 . Substituting the initial conditions in yzs(t) leads to the following simultaneous equations
C1 + 1.6 = 0
2C2 1.6 + 4 = 0
y zs (t ) = 1.6 cos(2t ) 1.2 sin( 2t ) + 1.6e t + 4te t u (t ) .

(c)
(d)
or,
y (t ) = 2 cos(2t ) u (t ) + 1.6 cos(2t ) 1.2 sin(2t ) + 1.6e t + 4te t u (t )
or,
y (t ) = 3.6 cos(2t ) 1.2 sin(2t ) + 1.6e t + 4te t u (t ) .
y (t ) = lim 2.32 cos(2t ) 0.24 sin(2t ) + 0.32e t + 0.8te t u (t ) = ( 2.32 cos(2t ) 0.24 sin(2t ) ) u (t ) .
t
(v)
(a)
d4y
dt 4
+2
d2y
dt 2
+ y (t ) = x(t ) with
x(t ) = 2u (t ), y (0) = y(0) = y(0) = 0, and y (0) = 1.
Zero-input response of the system: The characteristic equation of the LTIC system (v) is
s 4 + 2s + 1 = 0 ,
which has roots at s = j1, j1. The zero-input response is given by
y zi (t ) = Ae jt + Bte jt + Ce jt + Dte jt ,
in the above equation. The resulting simultaneous equations are
A
jA
+B
A + j 2B
jA 3B
+C
jC
C
+ jC
=
+D
=
j 2D =
3D
=
0
1
0
0
that has a solution, A = j0.75 = 0.25, C = j0.75 and D = 0.25. The zero-input response is
y zi (t ) = j 0.75e jt 0.25te jt + j 0.75e jt 0.25te jt u (t ) ,

which reduces to
y zi (t ) = (1.5 sin t 0.5t cos t ) u (t ) .
(b)
84
Chapter 3
d4y
dt 4
+2
d2y
dt 2
+ y (t ) = x(t )
with all initial conditions set to 0 and input x(t) = 2u(t). The homogenous solution of system (v) has
the same form as its zero-input response and is given by
(h)
y zs
(t ) = C1e jt + C 2 te jt + C 3 e jt + C 4 te jt
where Cis are constants. The particular solution for input x(t) = 2 u(t) is of the form
( p)
y zs
(t) = Ku (t ) .
Substituting the particular solution in the differential equation for system (v) and solving the
0 + 2(0) + K = 2 , or, K = 2.
The zero-state response of the system is given by
y zs (t ) = C1e jt + C 2 te jt + C 3 e jt + C 4 te jt + 2 ,
for (t 0). To compute the values of constants Cis, we use zero initial conditions. Substituting the
initial conditions in yzs(t) leads to the following simultaneous equations
A
jA
+B
A + j 2B
jA 3B
+C
jC
C
+ jC
=
+D
=
j 2D =
3D
=
2
0
0
0
with solution C1 = 1, C2 = j0.5, C3 = 1, and C4 = j0.5. The zero-state solution is given by
y zs (t ) = e jt + j 0.5te jt e jt j 0.5te jt u (t ) ,
which reduces to
y zi (t ) = ( 2 cos t t sin t ) u (t ) .
(c)
(d)
or,
y (t ) = (1.5 sin t 0.5t cos t ) u (t ) + ( 2 cos t t sin t ) u (t )
or,
y (t ) = (1.5 sin t 2 cos t t sin t 0.5t cos t + 2) u (t ) .
y (t ) = lim (1.5 sin t 2 cos t t sin t 0.5t cos t + 2) u (t ) .

t
Problem 3.3
(i)
To evaluate the impulse response, set x(t) = (t). The resulting equation is
t
h(t ) = 2(t ) h(t ) = 2 (t )dt + C = 2u (t ) + C
Solutions
85
where C is a constant that can be evaluated from the initial condition. Since the initial condition is
0, then C = 0.
To solve parts (ii)-(vi), we make use of the following theorem.
Theorem S2.1: The impulse response of an LTIC system initially at rest and described by the
differential equation
n
a p ddt y = x(t )
p
p =0
a p ddt h = 0
is given by
p =0
with initial condition
(ii)
d n 1 h
dt n 1
(0 + ) =
1
an
. The remaining lower order initial conditions are all zero.
Based on Theorem S2.1, the impulse response of system (ii) is given by

h(t ) + 6h(t ) = 0
with initial condition h(0+) = 1. The characteristic equation for the homogenous equation is
s+6=0
which has a root at s = 6. The impulse response is given by
h(t ) = C1e 6t
+
for t 0, with C1 being a constant. Use the initial condition h(0 ) = 1, the value of C1 = 1. The
impulse response of system (ii) is given by
h(t ) = e 6t u (t ) .
(iii) Assume w(t) = dx/dt. System (iii) can, therefore, be represented as a cascaded combination of two
systems
w(t ) =
System S1(iii):
dx (t )
dt
2 y (t ) + 5 y (t ) = w(t )
System S2(iii):
Based on Theorem S2.1, the impulse response of system S2(iii) is given by

2h2 (t ) + 5h2 (t ) = 0
+
with initial condition h2(0 ) = 1/2. The characteristic equation for the homogenous equation is
(2s + 5) = 0
which has a root at s = 5/2. The impulse response is given by
h2 (t ) = C1e 5t / 2
86
Chapter 3
+
for t 0, with C1 being a constant. Use the initial condition h2(0 ) = 1/2, the value of C1 = 1/2. The
impulse response of system S2(iii) is
h2 (t ) = 12 e 5t / 2u (t ) .
for t 0. Combining the cascaded configuration, the impulse response of the overall system is
h(t ) =
(iv)
dh2 (t )
dt
d 1 5t / 2
e
u (t )
dt 2
)=
1 5t / 2
e
(t ) 12 52 e 5t / 2u (t )
2
= 12 (t ) 54 e 5t / 2u (t ) .
System (iv) is represented as a cascaded combination of two systems

w(t ) = 2
System S1(iv):
dx (t )
dt
+ 3x(t )
y (t ) + 3 y (t ) = w(t )
System S2(iv):
Based on Theorem S2.1, the impulse response of system S2(iv) is given by

h2 (t ) + 3h2 (t ) = 0
+
with initial condition h2(0 ) = 1. The characteristic equation for the homogenous equation is
( s + 3) = 0
which has a root at s = 3. The impulse response is given by
h2 (t ) = C1e 3t
+
for t 0, with C1 being a constant. Use the initial condition h2(0 ) = 1, the value of C1 = 1. The
impulse response of system S2(ii) is
h2 (t ) = e 3t u (t ) .
for t 0. Combining the cascaded configuration, the impulse response of the overall system is
h(t ) = 2
dh2 (t )
dt
3t
= 2e
(v)
+ 3h2 (t ) = 2 dtd e 3t u (t ) + 3e 3t u (t )
(t ) 6e
3t
u (t ) + 3e
3t
u (t ) = 2(t ) 3e 3t u (t )
Based on Theorem S2.1, the impulse response of system (v) is given by

h(t ) + 5h(t ) + 4h(t ) = 0
+
with initial conditions dh(0 )/dt = 1 and h(0 ) = 0. The characteristic equation for the homogenous
equation is
( s 2 + 5s + 4) = 0
which has roots at s = 1 and 4. The impulse response is given by
h2 (t ) = C1e t + C2e 4t
for t 0, with C1 and C2 being constants. Using the initial conditions
C1 + C2 = 0
C1 4C2 = 1
which has the solution C1 = 1/3, C2 = 1/3. The impulse response of system (v) is given by
Solutions
h(t ) =
(vi)
(e
1 t
3
13 e 4t u (t )
87
Based on Theorem S2.1, the impulse response of system (vi) is given by

h(t ) + 2h(t ) + h(t ) = 0
+
with initial conditions dh(0 )/dt = 1 and h(0 ) = 0. The characteristic equation for the homogenous
equation is
( s 2 + 2 s + 1) = 0
which has two roots at s = 1. The impulse response is given by
h2 (t ) = C1e t + C2te t
for t 0, with C1 and C2 being constants. Using the initial conditions
C1 = 0
C1 + C2 = 1
which has the solution C1 = 0, C2 = 1. The impulse response of system (vi) is given by
h(t ) = te t u (t ) .
Problem 3.4
(i)
Functions x() = exp()u(), h() = exp()u(), and is h() = exp()u() are plotted,
respectively, in Fig. S3.4(a)-(c). The function h(t ) = h(( t) is obtained by shifting h() by
time t in Fig. S3.4(d). We consider the following two cases of t.
Case 1: For t < 0, the waveform h(t ) is on the left hand side of the vertical axis. As apparent in
the subplot for step 5a in Fig. 3.7, waveforms for h(t ) and x() do not overlap. In other words,
x()h(t ) = 0 for all , hence, y(t) = 0.
Case 2: For t 0, we see from the subplot for step 5b in Fig. 3.7 that the nonzero parts of h(t )
and x() overlap over the duration t = [0, t]. Therefore,
t
y (t ) = e e (t ) d = e t e ( ) d.
(S3.4.1)
Since ( ), therefore, the exponential term can be integrated as

y (t ) = e
( )
( ) 0
t e
1
e t
( )
[e
( )t
Combining the two cases, we get y (t ) = 1

t
t
( ) e e
which is equivalent to
y (t ) =
1
( )
[e
1 =
e t u (t ) .
1
( )
t<0
t0
[e
e t . .
88
Chapter 3
h()
x()
1
eu()
eu()
(a) Waveform for x()
(a) Waveform for h()

h(t)
h()
1
eu()
(d) Waveform for h(t )
(c) Waveform for h()

x() h(t)
Case 2: t > 0
e (t) u(t)
0
Case 1: t < 0
x() h(t)
1
(e) Overlap between x() and h(t ) for t < 0
(f) Overlap between x() and h(t ) for t 0
Fig. S3.4.1: Convolution between x() = exp()u() and h() = exp()u() in Problem 3.4.
(ii)
For = , Eq. (S3.4.1) reduces to

t
y (t ) = e t e ( ) d = e t 1 d = te t .
The output y(t) is therefore given by

y (t ) = te t u (t ) = te t u (t ) .
(iii) Part (ii) is a special case of part (i) as the result for part (ii) can be obtained by applying the limit,
, to the solution of part (i). Since applying the limit results in a 0/0 case, we apply the
LHopitals rule to get
1
( )
y (t ) = lim
[e
e t u (t ) = lim
1
( 1)
[ te
0 u (t ) = te t u (t ) .
Problem 3.5
(i)
The output y(t) is given by
y (t ) = u (t ) u (t ) =
u ()u (t ) d = u (t ) d .
Solutions
1 if ( t )
u (t ) =
0 if ( > t ).
Recall that
Therefore, the output y(t) is given by
t if (t 0)
y (t ) =
= tu (t ) = r (t ).
0
if (t < 0)
The aforementioned convolution can also be computed graphically.
(ii)
y (t ) = u ( t ) u (t ) =
u ( )u ( t ) d =
u( t ) d .

0
if (t 0)
0
0 if (t 0)
=
= tu (t ).
y (t ) = u ( t ) d =
u ( t ) d if (t < 0) t if (t < 0)
t
0
The aforementioned convolution can also be computed graphically.

(iii) The output y(t) is given by
y (t ) = [u (t ) 2u (t 1) + u (t 2)] [u (t + 1) u (t 1)]
Using the properties of the convolution integral, the output is expressed as
y (t ) = [u (t ) u (t + 1)] [u (t ) u (t 1)] 2[u (t 1) u (t + 1)]
+ 2[u (t 1) u (t 1)] + [u (t 2) u (t + 1)] [u (t 2) u (t 1)]
Based on the results of part (i), i.e., u(t) * u(t) = r(t), the overall output is given by
y (t ) = r (t + 1) r (t 1) 2r (t ) + 2r (t 2) + r (t 1) r (t 3) .
(iv)

y (t ) = e 2t u (t ) e 3t u (t ) =
e 2 u ()e 3(t ) u (t ) d = e 3t
u (t ) d .
Solving for the two cases (t 0) and (t < 0), we get

t
3t
e
e 5 d (t < 0)
0
1 e 2t
3t
5
y (t ) = e
e u (t ) d =
= 15 3t
0
e
3t
e 5 d (t 0) 5
e
Therefore, the output y(t) is given by

y (t ) = 15 e 2t u (t ) + 15 e 3t u (t ).
(v)
(t < 0)
(t 0).
89
90
Chapter 3
u (t ) u (t 2) ] d
sin(2
)
u
(
2)
u
(
5)
[

0
for
2,
5
=
<
>
y (t ) = x(t ) * h(t ) =
5
= sin(2 ) [u (t ) u (t 2) ] d = sin(2 )u (t )d sin(2 )u (t 2)d

2
2
2

=A
=B
Calculating Term A and Term B separately, we get
t2
0
t2
0
t
1cos 2 t
A = sin(2 )d 2 t 5 = 2
2t 5
2
t 5
0
5
sin(2 )d
t 5
t2 2
0
t4
0
0
t 2
1cos 2 (t 2)
2 t
B = sin(2 )d 2 t 2 5 = 2
4 t 7 = 1cos
2
2
0
t7
0
5
sin(2 )d
t 25
t4
4t 7
t7
The overall output is given by

t 2, t 7
0
1
2t 4
2 (1 cos 2 t )
Therefore, y (t ) = A B =
4t 5
0
1
5t 7
2 (1 cos 2 t )
(vi)
Considering the two cases (t < 0) and (t 0) separately

t
Case I (t < 0):
y (t ) =
2 5( t )
d + e e
which reduces to
d + e 2 e 5 ( t ) d
0
y (t ) = e
5t
d + e
or,
2 5( t )
5t
d + e
5t
4 5 t
y (t ) = e 5t 17 e 7t + e 5t 13 e 3t 1 + e 5t 17 = 17 e 2t 21
e + 13 e 8t
0
Case II (t 0):
y (t ) =
2 5( t )
which reduces to
y (t ) = e 5 t
d + e
2 5( t )
d + e 2 e 5(t ) d
t
e 7 d + e 5t e 3 d + e 5t e 7 d
Solutions
91
y (t ) = 17 e 5t + e 5t 13 e 3t 1 + e 5t 17 e 7t = 71 e 5t + 13 e 2t 13 e 5t + 71 e 12t .
or,
Hence, the overall expression for y(t) is given by

1 e 2t
y (t ) == 15 3t
5 e
(t < 0)
(t 0).
(vii) Note that
sin(t )u (t ) cos(t )u (t ) =
1
2j
1
4j
+
=
1
4j
1
4j
(e e ) u(t ) * (e + e ) u(t )
[e u(t ) e u(t )] [e u(t ) e u(t )]
[e u(t ) e u(t )] [e u(t ) e u(t )]
[e u(t ) e u(t )] [e u(t ) e u(t )]
jt
jt
jt
jt
1
2
jt
jt
1
4j
jt
jt
jt
jt
1
4j
jt
jt
jt
jt
jt
1
4j
jt
Based on the result of Problem 3.4, we know that

e jt u (t ) e jt u (t ) = te jt u (t )
e jt u (t ) e jt u (t ) = te jt u (t ) .
and
Hence, the output is given by
y (t ) =
1
4j
te jt u (t )
1
4j
te jt u (t ) = 12 t sin(t )u (t ) .
Note that the above convolution can also be performed directly as follows:
y (t ) = [sin(t )u (t ) ] * [ cos(t )u (t )] =
sin( )u( ) cos(t )u(t )d = sin( ) cos(t )u (t )d
= sin( ) cos(t )d
t >0
[ y (t ) = 0, t < 0]
0
t
= sin( ) [ cos(t ) cos( ) + sin(t )sin( )] d = cos(t ) sin( ) cos( )d + sin(t ) sin 2 ( )d
0
)
+ 0.5sin(t ) sin(22 )
= 0.5cos(t ) sin(2 )d + 0.5sin(t ) [1 cos(2 )] d = 0.5cos(t ) cos(2
2
0
= 0.5cos(t ) [ 12 12 cos(2t )] + 0.5sin(t ) [t 12 sin(2t )] = 14 cos(t ) + 12 t sin(t ) 14 cos(t ) cos(2t ) + sin(t ) sin(2t )

= cos(2 t t ) = cos( t )
= 12 t sin(t ) + 14 cos(t ) 14 cos(t ) = 12 t sin(t )
Problem 3.6
(i)
Using the graphical approach, the convolution of x(t) with itself is shown in Fig. S3.6.1, where we
consider six different cases for different values of t.
92
Chapter 3
x()
t 2
t 2
(c) Waveform for x(t)

1
t 2
x() x(t)
(g) Overlap btw x() and x(t) for

(2t<3)
(h) Overlap btw x() and x(t) for (3t<4)
y1(t) = x(t)*x(t)
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0
(j) Convolution output
y1 (t )
Fig. S3.6.1: Convolution of x(t) with x(t) in Problem 3.6(i).

Case I (t < 0): Since there is no overlap,
y1 (t ) = 0 .
t
y1 (t ) = 1.1d = t .
Case II (0 t < 1):
t 1
y1 (t ) =
(1).1d + 1.1d + 1.(1)d

t 1
= (t 1) + (1 t + 1) (t 1) = 4 3t.
y1 (t ) =
t 1
(i) Overlap btw x() and x(t) for

(t>4)
-2
2 t 2
Case IV (2 t < 3):
1 t 2 2 t 1
2 t
Case III (1 t < 2):
1 t
(f) Overlap btw x() and x(t) for

(1t<2)
x() x(t)
t 2 1 t 1
t 1
1
(d) Overlap btw x() and x(t) for (t <

(e) Overlap btw x() and x(t) for (0t<1)
0)
1
x() x(t)
x() x(t)
x() x(t)
0 t
t 1
x(t)
(b) Waveform for x()
x() x(t)
t 1
(a) Waveform for x()
t 1
t 2
x()
t 1
t 2
t 1
(1).1d + (1).(1)d + 1.(1)d
= (1 t + 2) + (t 1 1) (2 t + 1) = 3t 8.
Solutions
Case V (3 t < 4):
y1 (t ) =
(1).(1)d = (2 t + 2) = 4 t .
t 2
Case VI (t > 4): Since there is no overlap, y1 (t ) = 0.

Combining all the cases, the result of the convolution y1 (t ) = x(t ) x(t ) is given by
t
(0 t < 1)
(4 3t ) (1 t < 2)
y1 (t ) = (3t 8) (2 t < 3)
(4 t ) (3 t < 4)
0
elsewhere.
The output is y1(t) plotted in Fig. S3.6.1(j).
(ii)
Using the graphical approach, the convolution of x(t) with z(t) is shown in Fig. S3.6.2, where we
Case I (t < 1): Since there is no overlap, y2 (t ) = 0 .
t
y 2 (t ) = 1.d = t2 12 .
Case II (1 t < 0):
t 1
Case III (0 t < 1):
y2 (t ) =
(1).d + 1.d
t 1
2
2
(t 1) 2
(t 1) 2
= 2 12 + t2 2 = t2 + 2t 12 .
t 1
Case IV (1 t < 2):
y2 (t ) =
(1).d + 1.d
t 2
(t 1) 2
= 2
t 1
(t 2) 2
2
Case V (2 t < 3):
y2 (t ) =
(1).d =
t 2
+ 1 (t 1) 2 = t 2 + 3 .
2
2
2
2
(t 2) 2
2
12 =
t2
2
2t + 32 .

Combining all the cases, the result of the convolution y2 (t ) = x(t ) z (t ) is given by
t2 1
22 2
t2 + 2t 12
2
y2 (t ) = t2 + 32
t2
3
2 2t + 2
(1 t < 0)
(0 t < 1)
(1 t < 2)
(2 t < 3)
elsewhere.
93
94
Chapter 3
z()
x()
(a) Waveform for z()
(c) Waveform for x()
x(t)
z() x(t)
1
t 2
t 1
t 1
t 2
(e) Overlap btw z() and x(t) for (t<1)
z() x(t)
0 t
t 1 1 t
(f) Overlap btw z() and x(t) for

(1t<0)
z() x(t)
z() x(t)
1 t 2
t 1 1
t 2 1 t 1
(g) Overlap btw z() and x(t) for

(0t<1)
0
1
t 2 1 t 1
(d) Waveform for x(t)

1
z() x(t)
t 1
t 2
x()
(h) Overlap btw z() and x(t) for (1t<2)
(i) Overlap btw z() and x(t) for

(2t<3)
y 2(t) = x (t)*z (t)
0.5
-0.5
-1
y2 (t )
Fig. S3.6.2: Convolution of x(t) with z(t) in Problem 3.6(ii).

(iii) Using the graphical approach, the convolution of x(t) with w(t) is shown in Fig. S3.6.3, where we
t
y3 (t ) = 1.(1 + ) d =
Case II (1 t < 0):
1
t 1
Case III (0 t < 1):
y3 (t ) =
=
(1+ t ) 2
2
t2
2
+ t + 12 .
t
(1).(1 + )d + 1.(1 + )d + 1.(1 )d
1
2
t2
) (
0 +
1
2
t 1
t2
2
2
(1 t ) 2
2 12 = 32t + t + 12 .
Solutions
w()
t 1
t 1
w() x(t)
w() x(t)
t 1 1
w() x(t)
t 2
1 t 1
1 t 2
(g) Overlap btw w() and x(t) for

(1t<2)
(h) Overlap btw w() and x(t) for

(2t<3)
y3(t) = x(t)*w(t)
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
0
1
(iii)
y3 (t )
Fig. S3.6.3: Convolution of x(t) with w(t) in Problem 3.6(iii).

t 1
y3 (t ) =
(1).(1 + )d +
t 2
= 12
(1).(1 ) d + 1.(1 )d
0
(t 1) 2 ( t 2) 2
+
2
2
12 0

Case V (2 t < 3):
y3 (t ) =
(1).(1 ) d = 0
t 2
(i) Overlap btw w() and x(t) for (t>3)
0.6
-1
t 1
Case IV (1 t < 2):
(f) Overlap btw w() and x(t) for (0t<1)
w() x(t)
0t
1
(e) Overlap btw w() and x(t) for

(1t<0)
w() x(t)
t 1
w() x(t)
t 2 1t 1
(d) Overlap btw w() and x(t) for

(t<1)
1 t 2
t 2
t 1
t 2
t 2
x(t)
x()
95
(3 t ) 2
2
t 1
(2 t ) 2
2
3t 2
2
5t + 72 .
= t2 + 3t 92 .

Combining all the cases, the result of the convolution y3 (t ) = x(t ) w(t ) is given by
96
Chapter 3
t2 + t + 1
2
22
3t
1
t
+
+
2
2
2
y3 (t ) = 32t 5t + 72
t2
9
2 + 3t 2
(1 t < 0)
(0 t < 1)
(1 t < 2)
(2 t < 3)
elsewhere.

(iv)
Using the graphical approach, the convolution of x(t) with v(t) is shown in Fig. 3.6.4, where we
v()
x()
v() x(t)
t 1
v() x(t)
t 1 1 t
t 2
1
1
(d) Overlap btw v() and x(t) for (t<1)
v() x(t)
v() x(t)
t 2 1 t 1
1 t 2
(h) Overlap btw v() and x(t) for (2t<3)
y 4(t) = v (t)*v (t)
-0.5
0
(i) Overlap btw v() and x(t) for (t>3)
0.5
-1
t 1
(g) Overlap btw v() and x(t) for (1t<2)
1
t 1
(e) Overlap btw v() and x(t) for (1t<0) (f) Overlap btw v() and x(t) for (0t<1)
v() x(t)
t 1
v() x(t)
1t 2
t 2
t 1
t 1
t 2
(a) Waveform for v()

1
t 2
x(t)
e2
e2
1
(i )
y4 (t )
Fig. S3.6.4: Convolution of x(t) with v(t) in Problem 3.6(iv).

Solutions
y4 (t ) = 1.e 2 d =
Case II (1 t < 0):
(e
1
2
e2 .
2t
0
t 1
t
y4 (t ) = (1).e 2 d + 1.e 2 d + 1.e 2 d
0
1
t 1
= 12 e 2(t 1) e 2 + 12 1 e 2(t 1) + 12 1 e 2t
Case III (0 t < 1):
= e 2(t 1) + 12 e 2 + 1 12 e 2t .
) (
) (
0
1
t 1
y4 (t ) = (1).e 2 d + (1).e 2 d + 1.e 2 d
0
t 2
t 1
Case IV (1 t < 2):

= 12 1 e 2(t 2) + 12 e 2(t 1) 1 + ( 12) e 2 e 2(t 1)
= 12 e 2(t 2) 1 12 e 2 + e 2(t 1) .
) (
Case V (2 t < 3):
y4 (t ) =
(1).e
d =
t 2
1
2
(e
e 2(t 2) .

Combining all the cases, the result of the convolution y 4 (t ) = x(t ) v(t ) is given by
1 2t
e 12 e 2
2
2 (t 1)
+ 12 e 2 + 1 12 e 2t
e
y4 (t ) = 12 e 2(t 2) 1 12 e 2 + e 2(t 1)
1 2
e 12 e 2(t 2)
2
(1 t < 0)
(0 t < 1)
(1 t < 2)
(2 t < 3)
elsewhere.

(v)
Using the graphical approach, the convolution of z(t) with z(t) is shown in Fig. 3.6.5, where we
consider four different cases for different values of t.
t +1
t +1
y5 (t ) = (t )d = 12 t 2 13 3
1
1
Case II (2 t < 0):
= 12 t (t + 1) 2 12 t 13 (t + 1)3 + 13 =
][
] (t
1
6
6t 4 .
97
Chapter 3
1
y5 (t ) = (t )d = 12 t 2 13 3
t 1
1
t
Case III (0 < t < 2):

.
2
3
1
1
1 1
1 3
= 2 t 2 t (t 1) 3 3 (t 1) = 6 t + 6t + 4 .
][
z()

1
z()
z(t)
z() z(t)
t1
t+1
(b) Waveform for z()

1
t1
z() z(t)
t+1
(d) Overlap btw z() and z(t)

for (t<2)
(c) Waveform for z(t)

z() z(t)
z() z(t)
t1 1
t+1
1 t1
1t+1
1 t1
(e) Overlap btw z() and z(t) for

(f) Overlap btw z() and z(t) for (0t<2)
(2t<0)
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-1
t+1
(g) Overlap btw z() and z(t)

for (t>2)
0.2
-2
y 5(t) = z (t)*z (t)
98
(h) Convolution output
y5 (t )
Fig. S3.6.5: Convolution of z(t) with z(t) in Problem 3.6(v).

Case IV (t > 2): Since there is no overlap, y5 (t ) = 0.
Combining all the cases, the result of the convolution y5 (t ) = z (t ) z (t ) is given by
Solutions
1 t3 t 2
3
6
y5 (t ) = 16 t 3 + t + 23
99
(2 t < 0)
( 0 t < 2)
elsewhere
The output is y5(t) shown in Fig. S3.6.5(h).

(vi)
Using the graphical approach, the convolution of w(t) with z(t) is shown in Fig. 3.6.6, where we
w()
z()
t1
(a) Waveform for w()
t+1
w() z(t)
w() z(t)
1
t 1 t+1
t1 1 t
w() z(t)
t+1
(e) Overlap btw w() and z(t) for

(2t<1)
w() z(t)
(f) Overlap btw w() and z(t) for

(1t<0)
w() z(t)
(d) Overlap btw w() and z(t) for

(t<2)
1 t1
t+1
t1
t1
z(t)
w() z(t)
1 t+1
t1
1 t
t+1
(g) Overlap btw w() and z(t) for

(0t<1)
(h) Overlap btw w() and z(t) for

(1t<2)
1 t1
(i) Overlap btw w() and z(t) for

(t>2)
0.3
y6(t) = w(t)*z(t)
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-1
t+1
Problem 3.6(vi)
-2
0
(vi)
y6 (t )
Fig. S3.6.6: Convolution of w(t) with z(t) in Problem 3.6(vi).

100
Chapter 3
t +1
t +1
y6 (t ) = (1 + )(t )d = t + 12 t 2 12 2 13 3
1
Case II (2 t < 1):

= t (t + 1) + 12 t (t + 1) 2 12 (t + 1) 2 13 (t + 1)3 t + 12 t 12 + 13
= 16 t 3 + 12 t 2 23 .
][
t +1
0
y (t ) = (1 + )(t ) d + (1 )(t )d
6
1
0
Case III (1 < t < 0):

0
2
2
= t + 12 t 12 13 3
+ t 12 t 2 12 2 + 13 3
= 12 t + 16 + 16 t 3 + 12 t 2 + 12 t 16 = 16 t 3 + 12 t 2 + t.
[
[
] [
] [
0
1
y (t ) = (1 + )(t )d + (1 )(t )d
6
t 1
0
Case IV (0 < t < 1):

0
= t + 12 t 2 12 2 13 3
+ t 12 t 2 12 2 + 13 3
t 1
= 16 t 3 + 12 t 2 12 t 16 + 12 t 16 = 16 t 3 12 t 2 + t.
t +1
0
][
1
0
1
y6 (t ) = (1 )(t )d = t 12 t 2 12 2 + 13 3
t 1
t 1
= t 12 t 12 + 13 t (t 1) 12 t (t 1) 2 12 (t 1) 2 + 13 (t 1)3
Case V (1 t < 2):
= 16 t 3 12 t 2 + 23 .
] [

Combining all the cases, the result of the convolution y6 (t ) = z (t ) w(t ) is given by
1 t 3 + 1 t 2 2 (2 t < 1)
61 3 21 2 3
( 1 t < 0)
6 t + 2 t + t
1 3 1 2
y6 (t ) = 6 t 2 t + t
(0 t < 1)
1 3 1 2 2
(1 t < 2)
6t 2t + 3
0
elsewhere.
The output is y6(t) shown in Fig. S3.6.6(j) at the end of the solution of this problem.
(vii) Using the graphical approach, the convolution of v(t) with z(t) is shown in Fig. 3.6.7, where we
Solutions
v()
z()
t1

1
v() z(t)
t 1 t+1
t1 1 t
t+1
(f) Overlap btw v() and z(t) for

(1t<0)
(e) Overlap btw v() and z(t) for (2t<1)
v() z(t)
0t
v() z(t)
v() z(t)
1 t1
v() z(t)
(d) Overlap btw v() and z(t) for (t<2)
t1
t+1
t+1
z(t)
e2
e2
t1
101
v() z(t)
0 t1 1
1 t+1
t+1
(g) Overlap btw v() and z(t) for (0t<1)
(h) Overlap btw v() and z(t) for (1t<2)
y 7(t) = v (t)*z (t)
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-1
y7 (t )
Fig. S3.6.7: Convolution of v(t) with z(t) in Problem 3.6(vii).

t +1
t +1
y7 (t ) = e 2 (t ) d = 12 (t )e 2 + 14 e 2 1
= 12 e 2(t +1) + 14 e 2(t +1) 12 (t + 1)e 2 + 14 e 2

Case II (2 t < 1):
= 14 e 2(t +1) 12 te 2 34 e 2 .
t+1
(i) Overlap btw v() and z(t) for

(t>2)
0.3
-2
1 t1
1
][
102
Chapter 3
t +1
0
y (t ) = e 2 (t )d + e 2 (t )d
7
1
0
= 12 (t )e 2 + 14 e 2
+ 12 (t )e 2 + 14 e 2
1
Case III (1 < t < 0):
= + 12 t + 14 12 te 2 43 e 2 + 14 e 2(t +1) + 12 t 14
= 34 e 2(t +1) 12 te 2 34 e 2 + t.
[
[
] [
][
0
1
y (t ) = e 2 (t )d + e 2 (t )d
7
0
t 1
= 12 (t )e 2 + 14 e 2
+ 12 (t )e 2 + 14 e 2
t 1
Case IV (0 < t < 1):
= 12 t + 14 43 e 2(t 1) + 12 te 2 + 34 e 2 + 12 t 14
= 34 e 2(t 1) 12 te 2 + 43 e 2 + t.
[
[
]
]
t +1
0
][
1
0
1
y7 (t ) = e 2 (t )d = 12 (t )e 2 + 14 e 2
t 1
t 1
Case V (1 t < 2):

= 12 e 2(t +1) + 14 e 2(t +1) 12 (t + 1)e 2 + 14 e 2
= 14 e 2(t 1) 12 te 2 + 34 e 2 .
][
Case VI (t > 2): Since there is no overlap, y7 (t ) = 0 .

Combining all the cases, the result of the convolution y7 (t ) = z (t ) v(t ) is given by
1 e 2(t +1) 1 te 2 3 e 2
(2 t < 1)
3 42(t +1) 1 2 2 3 4 2
(1 t < 0)
2 te 4 e + t
4e
3 2(t 1) 1 2 3 2
y7 (t ) = 4 e
(0 t < 1)
2 te + 4 e + t
1 2(t 1) 1 2 3 2
(1 t < 2)
2 te + 4 e
4e
0
elsewhere.
(viii) Since w(t) = 1 |t|, therefore, the expression for w(t ) is
1 (t ) if < t
w(t ) = 1 t =
1 ( t ) if > t.
Using the graphical approach, the convolution of w(t) with w(t) is shown in Fig. 3.6.8, where we
Solutions
w()
w()
103
w(t)
(a) Waveform for w()
t1
t+1
(b) Waveform for w()
(c) Waveform for w(t)
w() w(t)
w() w(t)
w() w(t)
t1
t+1
t 1
t1
t11
(d) Overlap btw w() and w(t)

for (t<2)
1
t+1 0
0 t+1 1
(e) Overlap btw w() and w(t) for (2t<1) (f) Overlap btw w() and w(t) for (1t<0)
w() w(t)
w() w(t)
w() w(t)
1 t1
0 t
1 t+1
0 t1 1
t+1
(g) Overlap btw w() and w(t)

for (0t<1)
1 t1
(i) Overlap btw w() and w(t) for (t>2)
0.6
y 8 (t ) = w (t)*w (t )
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
-1
y8 (t )
Fig. S3.6.8: Convolution of w(t) with w(t) in Problem 3.6(viii).

t +1
y8 (t ) = (1 + )(1 + t )d
t +1
t +1
2
Case II (2 t < 1):
= (1 ) d + t (1 + ) d = 13 3 + 12 t (1 + ) 2
1
1
= 16 t 3 + t 2 + 2t + 43 .
t+1
(h) Overlap btw w() and w(t) for (1t<2)
0
-2
t +1
1
104
Chapter 3
Case III (1 < t < 0):

t +1
y8 (t ) = (1 + )(1 t + )d + (1 + )(1 + t )d +
1
t
(1 )(1 + t )d
0
t +1
(1 )
= (1 + ) d t (1 + )d + (1 )d + t (1 + )d +
1
1
3
1
2
1 3
3
1 2
2
t +1
d + t (1 )d
[ (1 + t ) ] t [ (1 + t ) ] [t t ] t [t + t ]+ [
1 3
t
3
] [
13 + t (t + 1) 12 (t + 1) 2
= 23 t 2 12 t 3 .
Case IV (0 < t < 1):
0
y8 (t ) =
(1 + )(1 t + )d + (1 )(1 + t )d + (1 )(1 + t )d
t 1
0
(1 + )
t 1
1
3
d t (1 + )d + (1 ) d + t (1 )d + (1 ) d + t (1 ) d
] [
13 t 3 t
1
2
t 1
][
] [
] [ (1 t ) ]+ t[ (1 t ) ]
12 t 2 + 13 (1 t )3 + 13 + t t 12 t 2 +
1
3
1
2
= 23 t 2 + 12 t 3 .
1
y8 (t ) = (1 )(1 t + )d
t 1
1
1
Case V (1 t < 2):

= (1 2 )d t (1 )d = 13 3 t ( 12 2 )
t 1
t 1
= 16 t 3 + t 2 2t + 43
1
t 1

Combining all the cases, the result of the convolution y8 (t ) = w(t ) w(t ) is given by
1 t 3 + t 2 + 2t + 4
6 2 2 1 3 3
3 t 2t
y8 (t ) = 23 t 2 + 12 t 3
1 3 2
4
6 t + t 2t + 3
(2 t < 1)
( 1 t < 0)
(0 t < 1)
(1 t < 2)
elsewhere.
(ix)
Using the graphical approach, the convolution of v(t) with w(t) is shown in Fig. 3.6.9, where we
Solutions
v()
w()
t1
t+1
(b) Waveform for w()
(c) Waveform for w(t)
v() w(t)
v() w(t)
t+1
v() w(t)
w(t)
e2
e2
t1
105
t1
t 1
t+1 0
t11
0 t+1 1
(d) Overlap btw v() and w(t) for (t<2) (e) Overlap btw v() and w(t) for (2t<1) (f) Overlap btw v() and w(t) for (1t<0)
1
v() w(t)
v() w(t)
1 t1
0 t
v() w(t)
1 t+1
0 t1 1
t+1
(g) Overlap btw v() and w(t) for (0t<1)
(h) Overlap btw v() and w(t) for (1t<2)
1 t1
(i) Overlap btw v() and w(t) for (t>2)
y 9 (t) = w (t)*w (t)
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
-1
t+1
0.5
0
-2
y9 (t )
Fig. S3.6.9: Convolution of v(t) with w(t) in Problem 3.6(ix).

Since w(t) = 1 |t|, therefore, the expression for w(t ) is
1 (t ) if < t
w(t ) = 1 t =
1 ( t ) if > t.
106
Chapter 3
t +1
t +1
t +1
y9 (t ) = e 2 (1 + t )d = (1 + t ) e 2 d e 2 d
1
1
1
= 12 (1 + t ) e 2(t +1) e 2 12 (t + 1)e 2(t +1) 14 e 2(t +1) + 12 e 2 + 14 e 2

Case II (2 t < 1):
= 14 e 2(t +1) 12 te 2 54 e 2 .
) (
0
t
t +1
2
2
y9 (t ) = e (1 t + )d + e (1 + t )d + e 2 (1 + t ) d
0
1
t
0
t
t
= (1 t ) 12 e 2
+ 12 e 2 14 e 2
+ (1 + t ) 12 e 2 12 e 2 14 e 2
1
1
t
Case III (1 < t < 0):

t +1
t +1
+ (1 + t ) 12 e 2
12 e 2 14 e 2
0
0
= 14 e 2(t +1) 12 e 2t + 12 te 2 + 14 e 2 + t + 1.
[ ] [
[
[ ] [
[ ]
[
0
t
0
1
t
2
2
y9 (t ) = e (1 t + )d + e (1 t + )d + e 2 (1 + t )d
0
t 1
t
0
0
0
= (1 t ) 12 e 2
+ 12 e 2 14 e 2
+ (1 t ) 12 e 2 + 12 e 2 14 e 2
t 1
t 1
0
Case IV (0 < t < 1):

1
1
+ (1 + t ) 12 e 2 12 e 2 14 e 2
t
t
= 14 e 2(t 1) 12 e 2t 12 te 2 + 14 e 2 t + 1.
] [
[ ] [
0
0
1
1
1
y9 (t ) = e 2 (1 t + )d = (1 t ) e 2 d + e 2 d
t 1
t 1
t 1
Case V (1 t < 2):

= 12 (1 t ) e 2 e 2(t 1) + 12 e 2 14 e 2 + 12 (t 1)e 2(t 1) + 14 e 2(t 1) .
= 14 e 2(t 1) + 12 te 2 54 e 2 .
Case VI (t > 2): Since there is no overlap,
) (
y9 (t ) = 0 .
Combining all the cases, the result of the convolution y9 (t ) = v(t ) w(t ) is given by
Solutions
107
1 2( t +1)
1 te 2 5 e 2
( 2 t < 1)
e
1 2(t +14) 1 2t 21 2 4 1 2
2 e + 2 te + 4 e + t + 1 (1 t < 0)
4 e
1 2(t 1) 1 2t 1 2 1 2
y 9 (t ) = 4 e
2 e 2 te + 4 e t + 1
(0 t < 1)
5 2
1 2 ( t 1)
1 2
+ 2 te 4 e
(1 t < 2)
e
4
0
elsewhere.
Using the graphical approach, the convolution of v(t) with v(t) is shown in Fig. 3.6.10, where we
(x)
v()
e2
0
Case 1: (t + 1) < 1
Case 2: (t + 1) > 1
(t + 1) < 0
y(t)
e2
t +1 1
t 1
(d) Overlap btw v() and v(t)

for (t<2)
Case 4: (t + 1) > 1
(t 1) < 0
t 1 t +1 0
1 t 1 0
y(t)
1
t 1 1 t
Case 6: (t 1) > 1
y(t)
y(t)
1
e2
e2
1
t +1
(g) Overlap btw v() and v(t)

for (0t<1)
e2
e2
0 t 1 1
t +1
(h) Overlap btw v() and v(t) for

(1t<2)
v(t)*v(t)
2
1.5
1
0.5
-2
y10 (t )
Fig. S3.4.10: Convolution of v(t) with v(t) in Problem 3.6(x).

Case I (t < 2): Since there is no overlap,
Case II (2 t < 1):
y10 (t ) = 0 .
1t 1
t +1
(i) Overlap btw v() and v(t) for (t>2)
2.5
0
-4
0 t +1 1
(f) Overlap btw v() and v(t) for (1t<0)
1
e2
e2
e2
(e) Overlap btw v() and v(t) for

(2t<1)
1
e2
t +1
e2
Case 5: (t 1) > 0
(t 1) < 1
y(t)
Case 3: (t + 1) > 0
(t + 1) < 1
y(t)
e2
t 1
(c) Waveform for v(t)
e2
e2(t)
e2(t)
(b) Waveform for v()
e2
e2
t 1
e2
1
v(t )
v()
108
Chapter 3
t +1
y10 (t ) =
2 2(t )
e e
d = e
2t
t +1
e d = e
2t e
t
0
1
2 2(t )
2 2(t )
y10 (t ) = e e
d + e e
d + e 2 e 2 ( t ) d
t 1
t
0
= (1 t )e 2t + 14 e 2t 1 e 4t + (1 t )e 2t
= 54 t e 2t + 34 t e 2t .
Case V (1 t < 2):
e 4(t +1) e 4 1 2t + 4
e ( 2t 4 ) .
= e 2t
= e
4
4
t
t +1
0
2 2(t )
2 2(t )
y10 (t ) = e e
d + e e
d + e 2 e 2(t ) d
t
0
1
.
= (t + 1)e 2t + 14 e 2t 1 e 4t + (t + 1)e 2t
= t + 34 e 2t + t + 54 e 2t .
Case IV (0 < t < 1):
t +1
4 1
Case III (1 < t < 0):
y10 (t ) =
2 2(t )
t 1
d = 14 e 2t e 4(t 1) e 4 . .
y10 (t ) = 0.
Case VI (t > 2): Since there is no overlap,
Combining all the cases, the result of the convolution y10 (t ) = v(t ) v(t ) is given by
y10 (t ) =
1 2t + 4
e ( 2t 4 )
e
4
(t + 34 ) e 2t + (t + 54 ) e 2t
(54 t ) e2t + (34 t ) e 2t
1 2t
e
4
(e
4(t 1)
e4
( 2 t < 1)
(1 t < 0)
(0 t < 1)
(1 t < 2)
elsewhere.
The output y10(t) is shown in Fig. S3.6.10(j).
Problem 3.7
(a)
Distributive property: By definition, x1 (t ) z (t ) =
x1 () z(t )d .
Substituting z(t) = x2(t) + x3(t), we obtain
Solutions
x1 (t ) (x2 (t ) + x3 (t ) ) =
x1 ()(x2 (t ) + x3 (t ))d
or,
x1 (t ) (x2 (t ) + x3 (t ) ) =
x1 () x2 (t )d +
x1 (t ) x 2 (t )
x1 () x3 (t )d
x1 (t ) x 3 (t )
x1 (t ) (x2 (t ) + x3 (t ) ) = x1 (t ) x2 (t ) + x1 (t ) x3 (t ) .
or,
(b)
x1 ()w(t )d .
Associative property: By definition, x1 (t ) w(t ) =
w(t ) = x2 (t ) x3 (t ) =
Substituting
x3 () x2 (t )d ,
we obtain
x1 (t ) (x2 (t ) x3 (t ) ) =
x1 () x3 () x2 (t ) d d .
Changing the order of integrations, the above equation simplifies to

x1 (t ) (x2 (t ) x3 (t ) ) =
x3 () x1 () x2 (t ) d d .
Similarly, expanding
(x1 (t ) x2 (t )) x3 (t ) = x3 () x1 () x2 (t )d d .
Since the right hand side of the two expressions are equal, we obtain the following.
x1 (t ) (x2 (t ) x3 (t ) ) = (x1 (t ) x2 (t ) ) x3 (t ) .
(c)
Scaling Property: We consider the two cases > 0 and < 0 separately.
Case I: ( = k) where k is a positive constant.
By definition,
x1 (k) z(kt k)d
x1 (kt ) z (kt ) =
Substituting p = k, we get x1 ( kt ) z (kt ) =
dp
x1 ( p) z(kt p) k
1
y (kt ) .
k
Case II: ( = k) where k is a positive constant.
By definition,
x1 ( kt ) z ( kt ) =
x1 (k) z(kt + k)d
109
110
Chapter 3
Substituting p = k, we get x1 ( kt ) z ( kt ) =
dp
x1 ( p) z (kt p) (k ) .
By changing the order of the upper and lower limits

1
x1 ( kt ) z ( kt ) =
(k )
x1 ( p) z ((k )t p)dp = k y(kt )
Collectively, Cases I and II prove the scaling property.

Problem 3.8
u (t ) (1 e t )u (t ) .
We know that
u (t )
Then
dt
N
d
dt
[(1 e
)u (t ) ,
(t )
(t ) (t ) + e t u (t ) e t (t )
which simplifies to
or,
(t ) e t u (t ) .
Hence, the impulse response is given by
h(t ) = e t u (t ) .
Problem 3.9
Convolution of two signals that are, respectively, nonzero over the range [t1, tu1] and [t2, tu2] is nonzero
over the range [t1 + t2, tu1 + tu2]. Therefore, t1 + t2 = 5 and tu1 + tu2 = 6. By substituting, t1 = 2 and tu1
= 3, the values of t2 = 5 + 2 = 3 and tu2 = 6 3 = 3. The possible nonzero range of the impulse
response h(t) is therefore [3, 3].

Problem 3.10
In Example 3.8, it was shown that
1 t
x(t ) = e t u (t ) h(t ) =
0
0 t 1
= 2 t 2e t
otherwise (t 1)
e
2e t
t<0
0 t 1
t > 1.
Using the commutative property, Eq. (3.3), we interchange the impulse response and the input to obtain
1 t
y (t ) = x(t ) =
0
0 t 1
t
h(t ) = e u (t ) = 2 t 2e t
otherwise
e (t 1) 2e t
t<0
0 t 1
t > 1.
Problem 3.11
By inspection, we note that x(t) = x (t 2) and h(t) = h (t 4). Using the shifting property, Eq. (3.40),
the output
Solutions
111
y (t ) = x(t ) h(t ) = x(t 2) h(t 4) = y (t 6) .

Therefore, the convolution output for the shifted input x(t) = x (t 2) and shifted impulse response h(t)
= h (t 4) is given by
y (t ) = y (t 6) = 2 (t 6) 2e (t 6)
((t 6) 1)
e
2e (t 6)
y (t ) = 8 t 2e (t 6)
(t 7 )
2e ( t 6 )
e
or,
(t 6) < 0
0 (t 6) 1
(t 6) > 1,
t<6
6t7
t > 7.
Problem 3.12
(i)
System h1(t) is NOT memoryless since h1(t) 0 for t 0.

System h1(t) is causal since h1(t) = 0 for t < 0.
System h1(t) is BIBO stable since
| h1(t ) | dt =
(ii)
5t
5t
(t )dt + e u (t )dt = 1 + 15 e 0 =
6
<.
5

| h2(t ) | dt = e
2 t
u (t )dt = e2t dt = 12 e2t =

0
1
<.
2
(iii) System h3(t) is NOT memoryless since h3(t) 0 for t 0.

| h3(t ) | dt = e
(iv)
5t
sin( 2t )u (t )dt = e 5t sin( 2t )dt < .

0

System h4(t) is NOT causal since h4(t) 0 for t < 0.
| h 4(t ) | dt =
(v)
e 2t dt + e 2t dt + 1 dt = 3 < .

112
Chapter 3
(vi)
t2
| h5(t ) | dt = tdt =
2
= 16 < .
4

System h6(t) is NOT BIBO stable since
| h6(t ) | dt = | sin(10t ) | dt = .
Consider the bounded input signal sin(10t ) . If this signal is applied to the system, the output can
be calculated as:
y (t ) =
x ( )h (t )d =
sin(10 )sin(10t 10 )d
The output at t=0 is given by,
y (0) =
2
sin(10 )sin(10 )d = sin (10 )d = 12
= 12
(1 cos(20 ) ) d
d + cos(20 )d =
1
2
= finite value
It is observed that the output becomes unbounded even if the input is always bounded. This is
because the system is not BIBO stable.
(vii) System h7(t) is NOT memoryless since h7(t) 0 for t 0.
System h7(t) is NOT BIBO stable since
| h7(t ) | dt = cos(5t )dt = .
Consider the bounded input signal cos(5t ) . If this signal is applied to the system, the output can be
calculated as:
y (t ) =
x (t )h ( )d =
cos(5t 5 ) cos(5 )u ( )d = cos(5t 5 ) cos(5 )d .

0
The output at t=0 is given by,
y (0) = cos( 5 ) cos(5 )d = cos (5 )d =

2
1
2
d + cos(10 )d =
1
2
0
N
=
0

= finite value
1
2
(1 + cos(10 ) ) d
0
Solutions
113
It is observed that the output becomes unbounded at t=0 even if the input is always bounded. This
proves that the system is not BIBO stable.
(viii) System h8(t) is NOT memoryless since h8(t) 0 for t 0.
| h8(t ) | dt =
=
(ix)
0.95 t dt = 2 0.95t dt = 2 et ln(0.95) dt =
2
et ln(0.95)
0
ln(0.95)
2
2
= 39 <
[0 1] =
ln(0.95)
ln(0.95)

System h9(t) is NOT causal since h8(t) = 0 for t < 0.
| h9(t ) | dt = 1dt = 2 < .
Problem 3.13
(i)
y (t ) = x(t ) * h(t ) = x(t ) * [ (t ) (t 2)] = x(t ) x(t 2) .
From the input-output relationship, we observe that the output at time t depends on the values of the
input at time (t 2). Therefore, the system is NOT memoryless. However, it is causal.
(ii)
y (t ) = x(t ) * h(t ) = x(t ) * rect (t / 2) =
rect ( / 2)x(t )d = x(t )d .

1
input from time (t 1) to (t + 1). Therefore, the system is NOT memoryless and NOT causal.
(iii)
y (t ) = x(t ) * h(t ) =
x( )h(t )d = 2 e
4( t )
u (t ) x( )d = 2 e4(t ) x( )d = 2e 4t
x( )d .
input from time (, t). Therefore, the system is NOT memoryless. However, it is causal.
(iv)
y (t ) = x(t ) * h(t ) =
x( )h(t )d =
1 e4(t ) u (t ) x( )d =
1 e
4( t )
x( )d .
input from time (, t). Therefore, the system is NOT memoryless. However, it is causal.
Problem 3.14
(i)
System (i) is invertible with the impulse response h1i(t) of its inverse system given by
h1i (t ) = 15 (t + 2) .
(ii)
System (ii) will be invertible if there exists an impulse response h 2i (t ) such that
114
Chapter 3
h 2(t ) h 2i (t ) = (t ) .
Substituting the value of h2(t), we get
h 2i (t ) + h 2i (t + 2) = (t )
h 2i (t ) = (t 2) h 2i (t 2 ) .
which simplifies to
Substituting the value of h 2i (t 2) = (t 4) h 2i (t 4 ) in the earlier expression gives
h 2i (t ) = (t 2) (t 4) + h 2i (t 4 ) .
Iterating the above procedure yields,
h 2 i (t ) =
(1) m +1 (t 2m) .
m =1
Therefore, the system is invertible with the impulse response of the inverse system given above.
(iii) System (iii) will be invertible if there exists an impulse response h 3i (t ) such that
h3(t ) h3i (t ) = (t ) .
h3 i (t + 1) + h3i (t 1) = (t )
h3i (t ) = (t 1) h3 i (t 2 ) .
which simplifies to
Substituting the value of h3i (t 2) = (t 3) h3 i (t 4 ) in the earlier expression yields
h3i (t ) = (t 1) (t 3) + h3 i (t 4 ) .
Iterating the above procedure yields,
h3i (t ) =
(1)m +1 (t + 1 2m) .
m =1
(iv)
System (iv) will be invertible if there exists an impulse response h 4i (t ) such that
h 4(t ) h 4i (t ) = (t ) .
h4 i ()u (t )d = (t )
which simplifies to
h4 i ()d = (t ) .
Differentiating both sides of the above expression with respect to t, we obtain

h 4i (t ) =
d
dt
((t ) ) .
In other words, system (iv) is an integrator. As expected, its inverse system is a differentiator.
Solutions
(v)
115
System (v) will be invertible if there exists an impulse response h5i (t ) such that
h5(t ) h5i (t ) = (t ) .
Substituting the value of h5(t), we obtain
h5 i ( )rect( t 4 )d = (t ) ,
t +4
h5 i ()d = (t ) ,
which simplifies to
t 4
t +4
which is expressed as
t 4
h5 i ()d
h5 i ( )d
Substitute = 4
Substitute = + 4
or,
= (t ) ,
h5 i ( 4 )d = (t )
h5 i ( + 4 )d
Taking the derivative of both sides of the equation with respect to t, we obtain
h5 i (t + 4 ) h5 i (t 4 ) =
d
dt
((t ) ) .
which can be expressed as
dtd ((t 4 8m)) .
h5 i (t ) =
m =0
(vi)
System (vi) will be invertible if there exists an impulse response h 6i (t ) such that
h6(t ) h6i (t ) = (t ) .
Substituting the value of h6(t), we obtain
h6 i ( )e
2(t )
u (t )d = (t ) ,
which simplifies to
e 2t
h6 i ( )e
d = (t )
h6 i ( )e
or,
d = (t )e 2t .
Taking the derivative of both sides of the equation with respect to t, we obtain
h6 i (t )e 2t =
or,
d
dt
((t )e ) = e
h6 i (t ) =
2t
d
dt
2t d
dt
((t )) + 2(t )e 2t
((t )) + 2(t ) .
116
Chapter 3
Problem 3.15
By inspection, v(t ) = x(t ) + h2 (t ) y (t ) , and y (t ) = v(t ) h1 (t ) .

Therefore,
y (t ) = [ x (t ) + h2 (t ) y (t )] h1 (t ) = x (t ) h1 (t ) + h2 (t ) h1 (t ) y (t ) .
By rearranging the terms on both sides of the equation, we obtain
[(t ) h2 (t ) h1 (t )] y (t ) = h1 (t ) x(t ) .
Problem 3.16
The output of the system is given by
y (t ) = x (t ) h ( t ) = e
j0t
h(t ) =
h( )e
j0 ( t )
d = e
j0t
Defining H () =
h(t )e
jt
h( )e
j0
d .
dt , the output is given by
y (t ) = e jot H () |=o .
Problem 3.17
e jot e jot H ( ) | =o = e jot H (0 ) .
In P3.16, it is shown that
Applying the linearity property, we obtain
Ae
j (o t + )
= ( Ae j ) e jot ( Ae j ) e jot H (o ) = Ae
j (o t + )
H (o ) .
By expressing H() in polar format, H () = H () e j < H ( ) with |H()| being the magnitude and <H()
being the phase of H(), we obtain
Ae
j (ot + )
Ae
j (ot + +< H ( 0 ) )
H (0 ) .
Decomposing the above expression into its real and imaginary components
A cos(o t + ) + jA sin (o t + ) A cos(o t + + < H (0 ) ) H (o ) + jA sin (o t + + < H (0 ) ) H (o )
Since the impulse response of the system is real-valued, the real part of the output arises due to the real
part of the input, and the imaginary part of the output arises due to the imaginary part of the input.
Therefore, by separating the real and imaginary components, we obtain:
A cos(o t + ) A H (o ) cos(o t + + < H (0 ) )
and
A sin (o t + ) A H (o ) sin (o t + + < H (0 ) ) .
The above result implies that an LTIC system only changes the magnitude and phase of the sinusoidal
input. The output is still sinusoidal with the same fundamental frequency as that of the input signal.
Problem 3.18
Express
3 sin (2t + / 4 ) 5 cos(2t )
Solutions
117
3sin ( 2 t + 5 / 4 ) 5sin ( 2 t + / 2 ) = 3 (5 / 3) sin ( 2 t + 5 / 4 3 / 4 ) .
as
A sin (o t + ) A H (o ) sin (o t + + < H (0 ) ) ,
Comparing with
H (o ) = 5 / 3 and < H (0 ) = 3 / 4 .
we note that
The transfer function of the system at = 2 is therefore given by

H () = 2 =
5
3
e j 3 / 4 .
Problem 3.19

y (t ) + 4 y (t ) + 8 y (t ) = x (t ) + x (t ) with
x (t ) = e 4 t u(t ), y (0) = 0, and y (0) = 0.
The Matlab code is included below with both the analytical and computational plots included in
Fig. S3.19.1.
Problem 3.19(i)
Analytical Solution
0.1
0.05
0
-0.05
-0.1
10
time (t)
12
14
16
18
20
10
time (t)
12
14
16
18
20
0.1
Computed Solution
(i)
0.05
0
-0.05
-0.1
Fig. S3.19.1: Analytical (top) and computational (bottom) plots for Problem 3.2 part (i)
% MATLAB Code for Problem 3.19(i)
tspan = [0:0.02:20];
%Analytical Solution from Problem 3.2
t = tspan;
yanalytical = 3/8*(exp(-2*t).*cos(2*t)-exp(-2*t).*sin(2*t)-exp(-4*t));
subplot(211);
plot(t,yanalytical);
title('Problem 3.19(i)');
xlabel('time (t)');
ylabel('Analytical Solution');
grid on
%Computational Solution
y0 = [0; 0]
[t2,y] = ode23('myfunc4problem3_19a',tspan,y0);
subplot(212);
plot(t2,y(:,2));
xlabel('time (t)');
ylabel('Computed Solution');
grid on
% Include the following function in a separate file < myfunc4problem3_19a.m>
118
Chapter 3
function [ydot] = myfunc4problem3_19a(t,y)

ydot(1,1) = -4*y(1) - 8*y(2) - 3*exp(-4*t)*(t >= 0);
ydot(2,1) = y(1);
%---end of the function----------------------

y (t ) + 6 y (t ) + 4 y (t ) = x (t ) + x (t ) with
x (t ) = cos(6t )u(t ), y (0) = 2, and y (0) = 0.
Fig. S3.19.2.
Problem 3.19(ii)
Analytical Solution
-1
10
time (t)
12
14
16
18
20
10
time (t)
12
14
16
18
20
2
Computed Solution
(ii)
-1
Fig. S3.19.2: Analytical (top) and computational (bottom) plots for Problem 3.2 part (ii)
% MATLAB Code for Problem 3.19(ii)
tspan = [0:0.02:20];
t = tspan;
yanalytical = -0.1962*exp(-5.2361*t)+2.1169*exp(0.7639*t)+0.0793*cos(6*t);
yanalytical = yanalytical+0.0983*sin(6*t);
subplot(211);
title('Problem 3.19(ii)');
xlabel('time (t)');
myaxis = axis;
grid on
y0 = [0; 2]
[t2,y] = ode23('myfunc4problem3_19b',tspan,y0);
subplot(212);
plot(t2,y(:,2));
xlabel('time (t)');
axis(myaxis);
grid on
% Include the following function in a separate file < myfunc4problem3_19b.m>
function [ydot] = myfunc4problem3_19b(t,y)
ydot(1,1) = -6*y(1) - 4*y(2) - 6*sin(6*t) + cos(6*t);
ydot(2,1) = y(1);
Solutions
(iii)
y(t ) + 2 y (t ) + y(t ) =
x(t ) with x(t ) = [cos(t ) + sin(2t )] u(t ), y(0) = 3, and y (0) = 1.
Fig. S3.19.3.
Problem 3.19(iii)
Analytical Solution
4
2
0
-2
10
time (t)
12
14
16
18
20
10
time (t)
12
14
16
18
20
Computed Solution
4
2
-2
Fig. S3.19.3: Analytical (top) and computational (bottom) plots for Problem 3.2 part (iii)
% MATLAB Code for Problem 3.19(iii)
tspan = [0:0.02:20];
t = tspan;
yanalytical = 2.36*exp(-t)+2.9*t.*exp(-t);
yanalytical = yanalytical - 0.5*sin(t)+0.64*cos(2*t)+0.48*sin(2*t);
subplot(211);
title('Problem 3.19(iii)');
xlabel('time (t)');
myaxis = axis;
grid on
y0 = [1; 3]
[t2,y] = ode23('myfunc4problem3_19c',tspan,y0);
subplot(212);
plot(t2,y(:,2));
xlabel('time (t)');
axis(myaxis);
grid on
% Include the following function in a separate file < myfunc4problem3_19c.m>
function [ydot] = myfunc4problem3_19c(t,y)
ydot(1,1) = -2*y(1) - y(2) - cos(t) - 4*sin(2*t);
ydot(2,1) = y(1);
(iv)

y (t ) + 4 y (t ) = 5 x (t ) with
x (t ) = 4te t u(t ), y (0) = 2, and y (0) = 0.
119
120
Chapter 3
Fig. S3.19.4.
Problem 3.19(iv)
Analytical Solution
10
5
0
-5
10
time (t)
12
14
16
18
20
10
time (t)
12
14
16
18
20
Computed Solution
10
5
-5
Fig. S3.19.4: Analytical (top) and computational (bottom) plots for Problem 3.2 part (iv)
% MATLAB Code for Problem 3.19(iv)
tspan = [0:0.02:20];
t = tspan;
yanalytical = -3.6*cos(2*t)-1.2*sin(2*t)+1.6*exp(-t)+4*t.*exp(-t);
subplot(211);
title('Problem 3.19(iv)');
xlabel('time (t)');
myaxis = axis;
grid on
y0 = [0; -2]
[t2,y] = ode23('myfunc4problem3_19d',tspan,y0);
subplot(212);
plot(t2,y(:,2));
xlabel('time (t)');
axis(myaxis);
grid on
% Include the following function in a separate file < myfunc4problem3_19d.m>
function [ydot] = myfunc4problem3_19d(t,y)
ydot(1,1) = - 4*y(2) +5*4*t.*exp(-t);
ydot(2,1) = y(1);
(v)
d4y
dt 4
+2
d2y
dt 2
+ y (t ) = x(t ) with
x(t ) = 2u (t ), y (0) = y(0) = y(0) = 0, and y (0) = 1.
Fig. S3.19.5.
Solutions
121
Problem 3.19(v)
Analytical Solution
40
20
0
-20
10
time (t)
12
14
16
18
20
10
time (t)
12
14
16
18
20
Computed Solution
40
20
-20
Fig. S3.19.5: Analytical (top) and computational (bottom) plots for Problem 3.2 part (v)
% MATLAB Code for Problem 3.19(iii)
tspan = [0:0.02:20];
t = tspan;
%yanalytical = -0.25*exp(t)-0.75*exp(-t)-cos(t)+0.5*sin(t)+2;
yanalytical = 1.50*sin(t)-2*cos(t)-t.*sin(t)-0.5*t.*cos(t) +2;
subplot(211);
title('Problem 3.19(v)');
xlabel('time (t)');
myaxis = axis;
grid on
y0 = [0; 0; 1; 0];
[t2,y] = ode23('myfunc4problem3_19e',tspan,y0);
subplot(212);
plot(t2,y(:,4));
xlabel('time (t)');
axis(myaxis);
grid on
% Include the following function in a separate file < myfunc4problem3_19e.m>
function [ydot] = myfunc4problem3_19e(t,y)
ydot(1,1) = -2*y(2) - y(4) + 2;
ydot(2,1) = y(1);
ydot(3,1) = y(2);
ydot(4,1) = y(3);

Continuous and Discrete Time Signals and Systems Mandal Asif Solutions Chap03

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Continuous and Discrete Time Signals and Systems Mandal Asif Solutions Chap03

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Chapter 3: Time Domain Analysis of LTIC Systems

which implies that

The system is therefore linear.

x (t ) = e 4 t u(t ), y (0) = 0, and y (0) = 0.

y zs (t ) = C1e 2t cos(2t ) + C2 e 2t sin(2t ) 83 e 4t u (t ) .

with solution C1 = 3/8 and C2 = 3/8. The zero-state solution is given by

x (t ) = cos(6t )u(t ), y (0) = 2, and y (0) = 0.

y zi (t ) = 0.3416e 5.2361t + 2.3416e 0.7639t u (t ) .

( 36 K1 cos(6t ) 36 K 2 sin(6t ) ) + 6( 6 K1 sin(6t ) + 6 K 2 cos(6t ) )

y zs (t ) = C1e 5.2361t + C2e 0.7639t + 0.0793 cos(6t ) + 0.0983 sin(6t ) u (t ) .

y zs (t ) = 0.1454e 5.2361t 0.2247e 0.7639t + 0.0793 cos(6t ) + 0.0983 sin(6t ) u (t ) .

y (t ) = 0.3416e 5.2361t + 2.3416e 0.7639t u (t )

0.2247e 0.7639t e 0.7639t + 0.0793 cos(6t ) + 0.0983 sin(6t ) u (t )

y (t ) = 0.1962e 5.2361t + 2.1169e 0.7639t + 0.0793 cos(6t ) + 0.0983 sin(6t ) u (t ) .

( K1 cos(t ) K 2 sin(t ) 4 K 3 cos(2t ) 4 K 4 sin(2t )) + 2( K1 sin(t ) + K 2 cos(t ) 2 K 3 sin(2t )

y zs (t ) = C1e t + C2te t 0.5 sin(t ) + 0.64 cos(2t ) + 0.48 sin(2t ) u (t ) .

y zs (t ) = 0.64e t 1.1te t 0.5 sin(t ) + 0.64 cos(2t ) + 0.48 sin( 2t ) u (t ) .

y (t ) = 2.36e t + 2.9te t 0.5 sin(t ) + 0.64 cos(2t ) + 0.48 sin(2t ) u (t ) .

y (t ) = lim 2.36e t + 2.9te t 0.5 sin(t ) + 0.64 cos(2t ) + 0.48 sin( 2t ) u (t )

y (t ) = ( 0.5 sin(t ) + 0.64 cos(2t ) + 0.48 sin(2t ) ) u (t ) .

x (t ) = 4te t u(t ), y (0) = 2, and y (0) = 0.

Collecting the coefficients of exp(t) and texp(t), we get

K 2 e t K 2 e t + K 2te t + 4 K1e t + K 2te t = 20te t

K 2 e t K 2 e t + 4 K1e t + K 2te t + 4 K 2te t = 20te t

y zs (t ) = C1 cos(2t ) + C 2 sin( 2t ) + 1.6e t + 4te t .

with solution C1 = 1.6 and C2 = 1.2. The zero-state solution is given by

y zs (t ) = 1.6 cos(2t ) 1.2 sin( 2t ) + 1.6e t + 4te t u (t ) .

y (t ) = 2 cos(2t ) u (t ) + 1.6 cos(2t ) 1.2 sin(2t ) + 1.6e t + 4te t u (t )

y (t ) = 3.6 cos(2t ) 1.2 sin(2t ) + 1.6e t + 4te t u (t ) .

x(t ) = 2u (t ), y (0) = y(0) = y(0) = 0, and y (0) = 1.

y zi (t ) = j 0.75e jt 0.25te jt + j 0.75e jt 0.25te jt u (t ) ,

with solution C1 = 1, C2 = j0.5, C3 = 1, and C4 = j0.5. The zero-state solution is given by

y (t ) = (1.5 sin t 0.5t cos t ) u (t ) + ( 2 cos t t sin t ) u (t )

y (t ) = (1.5 sin t 2 cos t t sin t 0.5t cos t + 2) u (t ) .

y (t ) = lim (1.5 sin t 2 cos t t sin t 0.5t cos t + 2) u (t ) .

h(t ) = 2(t ) h(t ) = 2 (t )dt + C = 2u (t ) + C

with initial condition

. The remaining lower order initial conditions are all zero.

Based on Theorem S2.1, the impulse response of system (ii) is given by

Based on Theorem S2.1, the impulse response of system S2(iii) is given by

System (iv) is represented as a cascaded combination of two systems

Based on Theorem S2.1, the impulse response of system S2(iv) is given by

Based on Theorem S2.1, the impulse response of system (v) is given by

Based on Theorem S2.1, the impulse response of system (vi) is given by

Since ( ), therefore, the exponential term can be integrated as

Combining the two cases, we get y (t ) = 1

(a) Waveform for x()

(a) Waveform for h()

(d) Waveform for h(t )

(c) Waveform for h()

(e) Overlap between x() and h(t ) for t < 0

(f) Overlap between x() and h(t ) for t 0

For = , Eq. (S3.4.1) reduces to

The output y(t) is therefore given by

The output y(t) is given by

Therefore, the output y(t) is given by

The output y(t) is given by

The output y(t) is given by

The aforementioned convolution can also be computed graphically.

The output y(t) is given by

Solving for the two cases (t 0) and (t < 0), we get

Therefore, the output y(t) is given by

The output y(t) is given by

x (t ) = e 4 t u(t ), y (0) = 0, and y (0) = 0.

x (t ) = cos(6t )u(t ), y (0) = 2, and y (0) = 0.

x (t ) = 4te t u(t ), y (0) = 2, and y (0) = 0.

x(t ) = 2u (t ), y (0) = y(0) = y(0) = 0, and y (0) = 1.

h(t ) = 2(t ) h(t ) = 2 (t )dt + C = 2u (t ) + C