The simple addition, deletion,

or manipulation of a single trait

in an organism to create a
desired change.

-major tool is recombinant DNA.

-Recombinant- DNA joined to other
unrelated foreign DNA.
-also called gene splicing.
-tiny segments of a gene are taken
out and replaced.

Organisms altered by genetic

engineering.
-genetic material changed by other
than random natural breeding.
-gene transfer-moving a gene from
one organism to another.
-these require skill and knowledge
to be carried out properly

Transgenic Organisms
-GMO- genetically modified organism.
-GMO free food-product in which no transgenic
materials were used in its manufacture, such as
soybeans used in making oils.
-GEO-genetically enhanced organism

Genetic
Engineering

-genetic material can be shared across

scientific kingdoms.
-bacteria engineered-produce human
proteins
-potential is virtually endless.

Agriculture
-food processors affected by
genetic engineering.
-shelf-life, storage, foodhandling;extended and
simplified.
-help resist spoilage.

Agriculture
-plants transformedinsect,disease, and herbicide
resistant.
-animals treated engineered
hormones-produce more milk,
leaner meat.

Health and Medicine

-affecting health care & medical
industry.
-alternating growth w/hormonesreplacing organs are common.
-materials maybe rejected by organism
unless hormones are offered.

Pharmaceutical Products
-Pharmacology-preparation, use, and affect
of drugs
-tied to health and medicine
-potential production of drugs is great.
-hormone production-natural in endocrine
system of mammalian body.

Pharmaceutical Products
-bacteria engineered to produce
hormone.
-fermentation known as
bioprocessing.

Industry and Environment

-more efficient use of scarce minerals
-greater efficiency in mining.
-major concern-waste management.
-biodegrade a number of waste productssewage and petroleum products.

Genetic Engineering
-gene splicing, gene cloning, molecular
cloning
-process cutting a gene out of a DNA
strand and inserting the gene into another
DNA strand.

Endonucleases
-type of enzyme in DNA strand.
-produced nucleic acid strand breaks
interior of nucleic acid strand.
-restriction endonucleases-enzyme
produced by bacteria that is used in
recombinant DNA.
-cuts open bacterial plasmid.
-gene construct engineered to plasmid with
ligasees. Plasmids back to bacterium.

Cloning Vectors
-carrier for DNA during the recombinant
DNA process.
-plasmid-piece of free-floating DNA in the
cytoplasm of bacteria.
-double-stranded, circular molecules that
replicate independently of the chromosome.

Promoter gene- A sequence of bases in a

nucleic acid strand, that serves as a
signal to start transcription.
Chromosomal DNA construct- The gene of
interest.
Antibiotic resistant gene- Are used as a
marker system for transformed cells.

Ligation- uniting attaching two DNA

fragments.
Recipient cell- is the cell that is
reviewing the new DNA.
Donor cell- is the cell that provides
the new DNA fragment for the
recipient cell
Virto- done in glass

 Transformation- process of introducing free

DNA into bacteria
Competent cell- a cell that is capable of taking
up DNA.
Electroporation- The use of an electric shock
to momentarily open or disrupt cell walls.

Conjugation- the contact of bacteria that

involves the exchange of DNA with a
mating tube.
Transformed cell- cell with new DNA
Marker gene- a gene that identifies which
organisms have been successfully
transformed

Totipotent- means that an

organism has the ability to
grow from a single cell
-especially important with
plants, also called
regeneration.

 Agro bacterium tumefacians is a

bacterium that causes a disease
known as crown gall in plants.
Infects plants by transferring its
genetic material into plant cell.
Agrobacterium transformation is
the most common technique for
genetically engineered plants

Ballistic Gene Transfer- the use of tiny DNAcoated projectiles as carriers. It is important
to transport DNA through the walls of
intended recipient cells.
Projectiles are often known as micro projectiles
Ballaistic transformation is done by using a gene
gun the gene gun has been useful in creating
agricultural crops.

Callus- a mass of undifferentiated

plant cells.
By making a callus the number of
transformed cells is increased

Due to early cell differentiation, genetic

transformation in animals must occur in the
early embryo stage following the union of
sex cells
This is accomplished by using microinjection, to
randomly inject DNA into the fertilized call

Microinjection- is the injection of materials

directly into cells using a small glass pipette.

The process of creating transgenetic animals

involves three major steps:
1. Obtaining embryos
2. Microinjectioing embryos
3. Culturing and transferring zygotes

Transgenetic integration- is expressed by the

animal of that desired trait.

THE END
By: Kay & Jessica