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Chapter 2: Cell Structure And Cell Organization

2013

2.1 Cell Structure And Function

Trial SBP 2010

(a) State what is a cell?

The basic units of life / living organism
(b)Labeled the diagram/name the structure

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Ribosome

Trial Selangor 2010

Chloroplast

Plasma membrane

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Mitochondria

Golgi apparatus
Lysosome

Vacoule

Centriole
Cell Wall
Cell A

Cytoplasm
Cell B

(c) Name the type of cell

Cell A: Animal cell
Cell B: Plant cell
(d) State two reason for you answer
Cell A
R1-Presence of centriole
R2-do not has chloroplasts
Cell B
R1 - Presence of cell wall
R1 - Presence of large vacuole
No
(a)

Marking scheme

Marks

Compare and contrast the structure of an animal cell and plant cell. Give your answer by
drawing a labeled diagram of an animal cell and a plant cell
D-1m L-1m(plant cell -cell wall nucleus cell membrane, chloroplast and vacuole)
(animal cell nucleus , cytoplasm ,cell membrane)

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Similarities:
Both cells have plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria and
endoplasmic reticulum
Differences:
Animal cell

Plant cell

Has no fixed shape

Has a fixed shape

Does not have a cell wall

Has a cellulose cell wall

Does not have chloroplast

Has many chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll

Usually has many small vacuoles

Usually has one large vacuole

Contain glycogen granules

Contain starch granules

Has centriole

Does not have centriole

Cellular Component

Function& Question (marking scheme)

Plasma membrane

Function:

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Regulates the movement of substances entering and leaving the cell

Question :
(a) What are the cell wall and the plasma membrane made of
P1-Plasma membrane made up of protein and phospholipids
P2-Cell wall made up of cellulose
(b) What are the special feature /characteristic of cell wall and plasma membrane
P1-Plasma membrane is semi-permeable membrane
P2-cell wall is premable to all substances
Cytoplasm

Function:
Acts as a medium where biochemical reactions and most living process
occurs within the cell

Cell Wall
Trial Pahang 2011

Function :
Maintain the shape of plant cell //provides mechanical strength and support
to plant cells //protect plant cell from rupturing
Question:
(a) How does structure (cell wall) help to maintain the shape of the plant cell?
P1-it composed of cellulose
(b) Explain how the compound in Cell wall help it to carry out its function
2

P1-Cellulose fibre is tough /rigid

P2-Enable cell wall to provide mechanical strength

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Chapter 2: Cell Structure And Cell Organization

Cellular component

Function And Question (Marking Scheme)

Vacuole

Function :

2013

Contributes to plant elongation by absorbing water cause cell to expand

Question :
(a) Structure T (vacuole) and how it is involved to maintain the turgidity of the
plant cell
P1-T is made up of tonoplast //has cell sap
P2-to maintain the osmotic concentration /pressure of the cell sap
P3-If the cell is flaccid /cell sap has high osmotic concentration /pressure,
more water diffuses into the cell by osmosis
P4-if the cell has excess water /cell sap has low osmotic concentration
/pressure
[4marks]
(b) Explain the role of vacuole in maintain the cell turgidity(SPM 2006)
P1-Maintain the osmotic concentration of the cell sap
P2-water enter the cell by osmosis if the cell is flaccid
[2marks]
(c) Describe what will happen to the vacuole when plant is immersed in water
P1-Vacoule filled with the water and expand
P2-The pressure of the water in the vacuole pushes the cytoplasm and
presses it against the plasma membrane and the cell wall

Nucleus

Function:
P1-control all cellular activity
P2-carries genetic information/genes
Question :
(a) If structure R (nucleus) is removed from a cell .Explain what would happen to
the growth of the cell(trial perlis2010)
P1-the cell does not divide/differentiate
P2-because there are no genes (that control mitosis/differentiation)

(b) State the main content of nucleus

Nucleolus /chromosomes

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Chapter 2: Cell Structure And Cell Organization

Cellular Component

Function & Question (Marking Scheme)

Mitochondria

Function:

Trial Perlis 2011

2013

Sites of cellular respiration // to generate/produce energy

Question:
(a) State the process occur in mitochondria ,how does it carry out the process/Explain
the process occur in this organelle
P1-Cellular Respiration
P2-it oxidized the glucose to released/produce energy
(b) If the cell is actively involved in transporting ions and molecules, predict which
organelle that can be found abundantly
Mitochondria
(c) Explain the important of the function of organelle R(Mitochondria)
P1-Cary out the cellular respiration
P2-to produce the energy necessary for the cell activities such as
movement and contraction
(d) Explain the function of organelle P in the plant
P1: site of cellular respiration
P2: to produce energy
P3: (energy is needed )for photosynthesis/growth/transport of
organic substances

Ribosome

Function:
Sites of synthesis protein
Question:
(a) Name structure X
Ribosome

Endoplasmic reticulum

(a) Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Function: Site of protein synthesis/transporting protein
(b) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Function: Synthesizes lipids (phospholipids &steroid)
Question:
(a) State the different between Rough endoplasmic reticulum and Smooth
endoplasmic reticulum
The outer surface of rough ER is covered with ribosome while the smooth
ER does not have ribosome
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Chapter 2: Cell Structure And Cell Organization

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(b) What will happen if the cell does not have structure T(endoplasmic Reticulum)
The cell will able to transport the substances synthesized in the cell

Lysosomes

Function :
Digest/break down complex organic molecule
Question:
(a) Explain how lysosomes helps in eliminating damaged organelles in cells
P1-Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzyme/Lysozymes which will
digest/hydrolyzed damaged organelle

SPM 2010

Golgi apparatus

P2-Absorb the useful nutrient and eliminate the waste

State a process that occur in Golgi apparatus

Modify protein //packing protein//transport protein

Trial Perlis2011

Question:
Trial Perak 2009

(a) Explain the role of P(Golgi apparatus) and R (nucleus) in transportation of

extracellular enzyme

Trial Selangor 2010

P1-the nucleus/RNA instructs ribosome to synthesized protein

P2-the synthesized protein is transported in the rough endoplasmic
reticulum/Q
P3-to the transport vesicles
P4-then the Golgi apparatus/P packages/ modifies/ sorts/transports the
synthesized proteins
P5-to the secretory vesicles to be transported
P6-out of the cell through the plasma membrane ANY 4
[4marks]
(b) Explain why Golgi apparatus is found abundance in the cell of root
cap
To manufacture a type of polysaccharide that lubricate the root tip to aid
The penetration of root between soil particle

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Chapter 2: Cell Structure And Cell Organization

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(c) Explain the effect of production of extracellular enzyme if structure Y

malfunction
F:the production of extracellular enzyme disrupt
E1-protien cannot be modified
E2-protien cannot be sort
E3- extracellular enzyme cannot be transport
(d)Give an example of a substances released from this organelle
Amylase/any digestive enzyme

Chloroplast

Funtion :

Trial Pahang 2011

Absorb light energy

Question :

Trial Kedah 2008

(a) Explain the important of the function of organelle Q

P1-To carry out photosynthesis
P2-The cell are able to manufacture food which can be used by the plant
Q

(b) Name structure Q

Grana
(c) What cell contain abundantly in this organelle
Palisade mesophyll cell

(d) Explain how chloroplasts is adapted for making of food

P1-choloroplast contain chlorophyll

Organelle Q

P2-for absorption light energy for photosynthesis

(e) Explain the process occur in P and Q
P: P1-P is stroma
P2-Dark reaction takes place in the stroma
P3-Carbon dioxide is fixed and then reduced to form glucose
Q: P1-Q is granum
P2-Light reaction takes place in the granum
P3-Granum trapped light energy to break down water molecule into
hydrogen ion and Hydroxyl ion

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Chapter 2: Cell Structure And Cell Organization

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(f) Explain two different between the process occur in mitochondria

and chloroplast
P1-Process in chloroplast absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen
P2-Process in mitochondria absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide
P3-Process in chloroplast use energy to synthesis glucose
P4-Process in mitochondria break down glucose to produce energy

The density of organelle in specific cell

No
(a)

JUJ 2008

Trial Malacca 2011

Marking scheme

Marks

Explain why the mitochondria are found abundantly in muscle tissue X (cardiac muscle)
E1-Cardiac muscle requires energy to contract and relax
E2-mitochondria release energy (through cell respiration)

(b)

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Explain why meristematic cells have more organelle S (mitochondria) compared to cheek cells
P1-S(mitochondria):it generates energy
P2-Meristematic cells require energy to undergoes mitosis/ cell division

(c)

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Explain why organelle B (Golgi apparatus) presents in large number in the pancreas
P1-Function of pancreas to secretes hormones and enzyme
P2-More Golgi apparatus to synthesize more hormones and enzyme

(d)

The density of certain organelle is related to the function of specific cells

Name one organelle and explain why the organelle can be found abundantly in specific cell
below
Sperm Cell
Organelle mitochondria

1
1

F1-to provide energy to swim toward the ovum ( for fertilization)

Mesophyll palisade cell
Organelle-chloroplast
F1-contain chlorophyll to absorb energy from sunlight for photosynthesis
(e)

1
1

Predict what will happen if the organelle(mitochondria) is not found in the sperm
P1- no energy synthesized
P2-sperm cannot swim toward the ovum and no fertilization occur

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Chapter 2: Cell Structure And Cell Organization

2013

2.2 Cell organization

Unicellular organism
R: Pseudopodium
P:Contractile Vacuole

Q: nucleus
Organism X
Marking scheme

No
(a)

Marks

Name organism X
Amoeba

(b)

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Name the structure P, Q and R

State the function of the part you label
P: Removes excess water which enter the cell by osmosis (osmoregulation)
Q: Contain genetic information
R: For movement

(c)

Amoeba sp moves by extending pseudopodium or false feet, name the other process other
than this.
Feeding (Phagocytosis)

(d)

Exchange of gases occurs through the plasma membrane, Name the process
Simple diffusion

(e)

Name two process involved the growth of organism

P1-Binary fission
P2-Forming spores

(f)

Explain the process of phagocytosis

P1- Amoeba sp.approaches the food particles
P2-two pseudopodia extends out and enclosed the food particles
P3-The food particles are packed in a food vacuole, which fuses with lysosomes
P4-the food particles are digested by the lysozyme ,the resulting nutrient are diffuses into
cytoplasm

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Chapter 2: Cell Structure And Cell Organization

(g)

2013

Explain how contractile vacuole maintains the osmotic pressure in Amoeba sp.
P1-Fresh water is hypotonic to the cytoplasmic fluid of Amoeba sp.
P2-Water diffuses in to the cell and fills the contractile by osmosis
P3-when the contractile vacuole is filled with water to its maximum size, it contracts to expel
its Content from time to time

(h)

Diagram shows the asexual reproduction carried out by Amoeba sp .

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Trial Johor 2011

Describe the process shown in diagram [4marks]

P1-The process is binary fission
P2-when Amoeba ap. has grown to certain size
P3-the nucleus divide by mitosis
P4-then the cytoplasm divides//cytokines is occurs
P5-Form 2 genetically identical Amoeba sp. ANY 4
(i)

Amoeba is a unicellular organism which lives in fresh water environment. Although

Amoeba sp is made up of only a single cell, it can perform all living processes
Explain the living process that enables Amoeba sp to survive in fresh water which is
hypotonic to the cytoplasmic fluid of Amoeba sp
P1-the living process is osmoregulation
P2-Osmoregulation is in Amoeba sp. involved contractile vacuole
P3-fesh water is hypotonic to amoeba sp
P4-water diffuses into Amoeba sp. by osmosis
P5-Water fills the contractile vacuole to its maximum size
P6-contractile vacuole contract
P7-Expel the water out of the Amoeba sp.
P8-Thus, Amoeba sp. does not burst

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Chapter 2: Cell Structure And Cell Organization

2013

Organism Y
No
(a)

Marking scheme

Marks

Name organism Y
1

Paramecium sp.
(b)

Describe how the paramecium uses cilla to move and to gather food
1
1

P1-the beating of cilia toward the anterior and posterior ends

P2-to helps paramecium to move and rotating along its axis
P3-The beating of cilia along mouth-like opening

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P4-draw water and suspended food particles into the cytostome

(c)

Explain how the size of the paramecium influences the rate contraction of the contractile
vacuole
P1-When the paramecium is small, the total surface area per volume of cell is larger
P2-this enable water to be absorbed into the cell at a faster rate
P3-the higher rate of contraction of the contractile vacuole enables the cell to expel any
excess water that has entered the cell at a faster rate

(d)

P2-water constantly enters the cell via osmosis form the surrounding hypotonic environment

1
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State the characteristic between Amoeba and paramecium

P1-Presence of cilia
P2-Respiration through simple diffusion
P3-controlling osmoregulation by contractile vacuole

(f)

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Explain why the paramecium always has excess water in its cell
P1-Because the paramecium lives fresh in water

(e)

State two differences in characteristic of paramecium and spirogyra

P1-Paramecium is a unicellular organism while spirogyra is a multicellular organism
P2- Paramecium does not undergoes cell specialization and cell organization while spirogyra

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Undergoes these process

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Chapter 2: Cell Structure And Cell Organization

(g)

2013

Name two process involved the growth of organism

1

P1- Binary fission

P2-Conjungation
(h)

Explain briefly one example you state

1

Binary fission involving in two nucleus divide, cytoplasm split to produce 2 daughters

(g)

No
(a)

(b)

Marking scheme

Marks

Explain how gaseous exchange process occur in this diagram

P1- (the gaseous exchange process occurs over the whole body surface in an Amoeba sp)
through simple diffusion

P2-Higher concentration of oxygen in the water surrounding cause oxygen to diffuse into the
amoeba

P3-Higher concentration of carbon dioxide in the cell cause carbon dioxide to diffuse out of
the Amoeba ANY 2

1
1
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1

Explain the process of phagocytosis

P1-the phagocyte such as neutrophill approaches the pathogen that enter the body
P2-The phagocyte surrounds it by using its pseudopodium
P3-after that, the phagocyte engulfs the bacteria and ingests it by forming a vacuole
P4-enzyme is secreted into the vacuole to digest it and destroy it

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Chapter 2: Cell Structure And Cell Organization

Multicellular organism

2013

Trial Perak 2011

In human and animal

(a) What is tissue?

A group of same cells which have same structure and same function that perform a specific function
[1 marks]
(b) What is Organ?
(An organ consists of) a group of different tissues that (group together to) perform a specific function
[1 marks]
(c) Explain the process of cell specialization.
P1 : The process where cells change shape / structure and differentiate.
P2 : To carry out / perform specific function.
[2 marks]
(b) Complete the following table
Level

Name

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Systems

Organism

*CTOSO
(c) Name the process X and Y
Process X : Differentiation
Process Y: Specialisation
[2 marks]

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Chapter 2: Cell Structure And Cell Organization

Cellular component

2013

Question (Marking Scheme)

(a) Name cell P
Red blood cell
(b) State the function of cell P
Transport oxygen from the lungs to all part of body cells

Trial Perak 2009

Times 2012

(c) Explain one special characteristic of cell P which it to carry out the
function you stated in (b) efficiently
F1-have no nucleus
E1-so it have more space more to fill in by hemoglobin
OR
F2- have very thin plasma membrane
E2-So the gases exchange can take place faster
OR
F3-Contain haemoglobin /respiratory pigment
E3-can combine with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin
[2marks]
(d) Explain the structural adaptation that found in red blood cell to enable to
carry out the transport of oxygen
P1-Biocancave shape
E1-increase the surface area
OR
P1-Elastic membrane
E2-Enable red blood cell to squeeze easily into the narrow blood capillaries
(d) Complete the following table
Red Blood Cell

Connective tissue

Circulatory system

Reject : Transport system

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Chapter 2: Cell Structure And Cell Organization

Cellular component

2013

Question (Marking Scheme)

(a) Name cell Q
Nerve Cell
(b) State the function of cell P
Transmission if nerve impulses(from CNS to effectors)
(c) Explain one role of cell R in the system named in (b)
F-control/coordinate activities of the body

Times 2012

E1-Detect stimuli

Sarawak 2008

E2-Transmit electrical signal/nerve impulse

E3-to muscle/ gland / effectors
(d)

Nerve cell

Nerve tissue

Nervous system

Reject : Nerve System

(a) Name cell Q
Muscle cell
(b) State the function of cell Q
contraction of Q cause the movement of substances
(c)

Muscle cell

Muscle tissue

Muscular system

Reject : Muscle system

(a) Name cell S

Epithelial cell
(b) State the function of cell S
As a protective layer/excretion /heat regulation
S

(c)

Epithelial cell

Epithelial tissue

Digestive system

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Chapter 2: Cell Structure And Cell Organization

No
(a)

2013

Marking scheme

Marks

Explain why multicellular organism need cell organization as compared to unicellular organism
1
1

P1-Multicellaluar organism need more food ,oxygen and must get rid more waste products
compare to unicellular organism
P2-Multicellular organism cannot depend on simple processes such osmosis,phagocytosis,binary
fission

compare to unicellular organism

P3- so multicellular organism must have tissue, organs and system to enable it to carry out all
function

1
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effectively compare to unicellular organisms

P4-each tissue, organs and system can carry out the specific function in multicellular organism
compare to unicellular organism
##Student must show the comparison to get the ,mark
Sarawak
Human skin is an organ ,it consists of various types
of 2008
tissue
that perform specific function collectively

(b)

Trial Sarawak 2009

Name two types of tissue in the skin

Epithelial tissue//connective tissue//muscular tissue//nerves tissue

(c)

State the function of each tissue named in(i)

i. Epithelial tissue
As a protective layer/excretion /heat regulation
ii. connective tissue
such as blood supplies, oxygen and nutrient
iii. muscle tissue
regulate body temperature
iv nerve tissue
Receive and send impulses from and to the central nervous system

ANY 2

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Chapter 2: Cell Structure And Cell Organization

In plant

2013

Trail Melaka 2009 Trial Melaka 2008

Times 2012

Trial Johor 2008

Trial kedah 2011

Diagram 1 shows a group of plant cells undergo specialization in the formation of leaf
N

No
(a)

Marking scheme
Label the structure P,Q, Rand S

Marks

(times 2012)
1
1
1
1
1

P: xylem /xylem vessels

Q: Phloem/sieve tube
R: Spongy mesophyll cell/Mesophyll cell
S: Guard cell
M : Palisade mesophyll cell
N: upper epidermis
T :Lower epidermis
Structure R and S are categorized as tissues.
State reasons why R and S are classified as tissues.
R: consist of xylem vessel, trachea, parenchyma and xylem fibre; more than one type of cell
S: consist of cell companion cell, sieve tube, parenchyma phloem fibre; more than one type of
cell.

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Chapter 2: Cell Structure And Cell Organization

2013

Structure

Function& Question (Marking Scheme)

Mark

Xylem
FORM 5

State the function of Xylem cell/tissue

transports water and (dissolved) minerals ( from the root to the shoot // provide mechanical

1
1
1

1
1

State structural feature of tissue P (xylem) which enable them to function efficiently
P1: P consists of the xylem vessel joined together end to end
P2-cell P does not have any cytoplasm
P3-the cell walls are thickened with lignin
Explain adaptive feature of the cell in tissue D(xylem) in transportation of substances in
plant
F-vessel Is long .hollow and continuously// no protoplasm in the vessels
E-to allow water flows continuously from root to the leaves// to obstruct the flow water
Phloem
FORM 5

State the function of phloem

transports organic food/glucose/ product of photosynthesis ( from the leaves to every parts
of the plant )
State structural feature of tissue P and R which enable them to function efficiently

P1-P consists of sieve tubes arranged end to end

P2- sieve tube have sieve plates to allow continuous flow of organic compo

F-Sieve tube is a cylindrical tube that contain cytoplasmic which are connected to other cell 1
through sieve plate//companion cell has (nucleus, cytoplasm and mitochondrion)
1
E-to carry glucose from the leaves to other of plant // give energy to sieve tube

Upper
epidermis

State the function of cell X (upper epidermis)

Protect the inner tissue // allow light to penetrate.

Guard
cell

State the function of Cell Q (Guard cell)

Control the size of stomata/transpiration/gaseous exchange //allow gaseous exchange 1
through the stomata

State the function for each cell

Guard C : Controls the opening and closure of stomata

Explain adaptive feature of the cell in tissue D in transportation of substances in plant

Explain the role of cell Y in increasing the rate of photosynthesis.

P1- when the light intensity is high, the guard cells bend outwards
P2-this cause the stomata to open and allow more carbon dioxide to enter the leaf
Root hairs

1
1

Explain one characteristic of tissue X to facilitate water absorption from soil

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Chapter 2: Cell Structure And Cell Organization

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F1-have large number

F2-cells in tissue X is one cell thick

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1
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E2-to increase diffusion

E1-to provide large surface area

E2-have a higher concentration of solutes than the water in surrounding soil

Palisade
State the function for each cell
mesophyll
Palisade contain chloroplast to carry out photosynthesis
cell

Leaf is the main photosynthetic organ of a plant

Explain the adaptation of tissue L to enable the leaf to carry out its function
P1-upright and closely packed

P2-contains large number of chloroplast

P3-All cell receive maximum amount of sunlight//absorb maximum amount of

sunlight//energy

Trail Pahang 2011

Regulating the internal environment

No

Times 2012

Trial Selangor 2010 FORM 5

Marking scheme

Marks

What Is meant by
(i) Internal environment

P1-(physical and Chemical) condition within our body

P2-Extracellular fluid that surround our body cells
P3-Example are body temperature, blood glucose level, pH, blood osmotic potential and blood
pressure
P1&any other P

1
1

MAX 2

(ii)Homeostasis
P4-A process of maintaining internal environment/physical and chemical condition in our body
1
at a constant value
P5-through corrective mechanism based on negative or positive feedback
P6-which revert the internal environment back to normal condition of there is a change
P4& any other P

1
1

MAX 2
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