Thong Tin Quang 2

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
K THUT
THNG TIN QUANG 2
(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa)
Lu hnh ni b
H NI - 2007
K THUT
THNG TIN QUANG 2
Bin son: THS. VN VIT EM
LI GII THIU
Th k 21 l th k ca cng ngh thng tin. S bng n ca cc loi hnh dch v thng

tin, c bit l s pht trin nhanh chng ca Internet v World Wide Web lm gia tng khng
ngng nhu cu v dung lng mng. iu ny i hi phi xy dng v pht trin cc mng
quang mi dung lng cao. Cng ngh ghp knh theo bc sng quang (DWDM) l mt gii
php hon ho cho php tn dng hu hiu bng thng rng ln ca si quang, nng cao r rt
dung lng truyn dn ng thi h gi thnh sn phm. S pht trin ca h thng WDM cng
vi cng ngh chuyn mch quang s to nn mt mng thng tin th h mi-mng thng tin ton
quang. Trong mng ton quang ny, giao thc IP- giao thc chun cho mng vin thng th h
sau (NGN) s c tch hp vi WDM. S tch hp ny s to ra mt kt cu mng trc tip nht,
n gin nht, kinh t nht rt thch hp s dng cho c mng ng trc v mng th
Cu trc ca Bi gingbao gm bn chng:
Chng I: H thng thng tin quang WDM. Chng ny trnh by cc nguyn l c bn

ca DWDM, kho st chi tit cc hin tng phi tuyn nh hng n cht lng ca h
thng WDM, v cc linh kin c s dng cho h thng WDM.
Chng II: Khuch i quang. Chng ny tm hiu nguyn l hot ng ca cc loi

khuch i quang, tnh nng v cc ng dng ca chng trong mng truyn dn quang
Chng III: Truyn ti IP/WDM. Chng ny nghin cu v xu hng tch hp IP trn

WDM, c bit quan tm n vn nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng WDM.
Chng IV: H thng thng tin quang Coherent. Chng ny tm hiu cc nguyn l c
bn ca h thng coherent, nhng u im ca n so vi h thng IM/DD v trin vng
ca cng ngh ny trong tng lai.
Bi ging c bin son nhm phc v cho cc lp thuc h i hc t xa ca Hc vin

Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng. Ngoi ra Bi ging cng c th s dng lm ti liu tham
kho cho cc sinh vin v k s chuyn ngnh vin thng.
Do khun kh gii hn cng nh tnh ng dng thc t ca ti liu, cc m hnh ton hc
c trnh by trong Bi ging ny i khi ch l cc kt qa cui cng v c gii thch, minh
ha bng cc ngha vt l c th. hiu thm v vic dn xut v chng minh cc kt qu
ny, bn c c th c thm cc ti liu tham kho.
Do tnh cht phc tp cng nh s pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh, Bi ging H
thng thng tin quang II khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st. Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n
tt c cc kin ng gp ca cc bn c hon thin hn Bi ging ny.
Chng 1: H thng thng tin quang WDM
CHNG 1
H THNG THNG TIN QUANG WDM
GII THIU
Bc vo thin nin k mi, chng ta chng kin nhiu s thay i quan trng trong nn cng
nghip vin thng c nh hng to ln n cuc sng ca chng ta. C nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra
s thay i ny:
Trc ht l s gia tng lin tc v dung lng mng. Nhn t chnh cho s gia tng ny l
s pht trin nhanh chng ca Internet v World Wide Web. Bn cnh l vic cc nh kinh
doanh ngy nay da vo cc mng tc cao thc hin vic kinh doanh ca mnh. Nhng
mng ny c dng kt ni cc vn phng trong mt cng ty cng nh gia cc cng ty
cho vic giao dch thng mi. Ngoi ra cn c mt s tng quan ln gia vic gia tng nhu
cu v gi thnh bng thng ca mng. Cc cng ngh tin tin thnh cng trong vic gim
lin tc gi thnh ca bng thng. Vic gim gi thnh ca bng thng ny li lm thc y s
pht trin ca nhiu ng dng mi s dng nhiu bng thng v m hnh s dng hiu qu
hn. Chu k hi tip dng ny cho thy khng c du hiu gim bt trong mt tng lai gn.
Bi b v ph v s c quyn trong lnh vc vin thng. S bi b s c quyn ny kch

thch s cnh tranh trong th trng, iu ny dn n kt qu l gim gi thnh cho nhng
ngi s dng v trin khai nhanh hn nhng k thut v dch v mi
S thay i quan trng trong th loi lu lng chim u th trong mng. Ngc li vi lu
lng thoi truyn thng, nhiu nhu cu mi da trn d liu ngy cng pht trin. Tuy nhin
nhiu mng hin nay c xy dng ch h tr hiu qu cho lu lng thoi, khng
phi l d liu. Vic thay i ny l nguyn nhn thc y nhng nh cung cp dch v kim
tra li cch thc m h xy dng nn mng, kiu dch v phn phi v trong nhiu trng hp
ngay c m hnh kinh doanh ton th ca h.
Nhng nhn t ny dn n s pht trin ca mng quang dung lng cao. Cng ngh
p ng vic xy dng cc mng quang dung lng cao ny l cng ngh ghp knh theo bc
sng DWDM. Trong chng ny chng ta s tm hiu v h thng thng tin quang WDM, c th
s nghin cu:
-
Nguyn l ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng quang (WDM).
Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng ca h thng WDM do s lan truyn ca tn

hiu WDM trong si quang, trong tp trung vo vic tm hiu cc hin ng phi
tuyn.
Cc linh kin, phn t trong mng WDM.
M hnh mng WDM bao gm cc phn t mng, tp vt l, tp logic, v cc k

thut chuyn mch bo v
1
1.1
NGUYN L GHP KNH THEO BC SNG QUANG (WDM)
1.1.1
Gii thiu chung
S pht trin nhanh chng ca cc m hnh truyn s liu, c bit l Internet lm bng
n nhu cu tng bng thng (xem hnh 1.1). Trong bi cnh IP (Internet Protocol) ang ni ln
nh l nn tng chung ca mi loi hnh dch v trong tng lai, cc nh cung cp dch v truyn
dn bt buc phi xem xt li phng thc truyn dn TDM truyn thng, vn ti u cho truyn
thoi nhng li km hiu qu trong vic tn dng bng thng.
Lu lng
D lieu
250
200
150
100
Thoai
50
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Nam
Hnh 1.1 Tng quan gia nhu cu truyn thoi v truyn s liu
Tm li, ta phi gii quyt bi ton tng bng thng cho vin thng tng lai. Cc nh
cung cp dch v truyn dn bt u xt n ba phng thc truyn dn sau:
Truyn dn ghp phn khng gian SDM (Space Devision Multiplexing): n gin v
khng cn s pht trin cng ngh, ch n thun l tng s lng si quang, tc
truyn dn vn gi nguyn. Ta c th chn SDM nu trn tuyn truyn dn cn tng bng
thng c sn s lng si quang cha dng v khong cch tuyn truyn dn l
ngn khng cn dng cc b lp, b khuch i. Nu khong cch l xa, khi chi ph
s vt tng do mi h thng lp thm u cn mt s lng b lp, b khuych i... nh
h thng c.
Truyn dn ghp phn thi gian TDM (Time Devision Multiplexing): tng tc
truyn dn ln trn si quang. Khi tip tc dng phng thc truyn thng ny, ta phi
xem xt n hai vn : trc v khi truyn trn si quang. Trc khi chuyn thnh tn
hiu quang truyn i, cc linh kin in t c kh nng x l vi tc bit ti a l bao
nhiu? Thc t hin nay cho thy, a s cc mng truyn dn, linh kin in t c kh
nng p ng tt i vi cc dng tn hiu tc 2.5 Gbps hoc 10 Gbps. Nh vy th
cha gii quyt trn vn bi ton tng bng thng. Trong phng th nghim cho cc
linh kin hot ng tc 40 Gbps hoc 80 Gbps. TDM c th t c nhng tc
cao hn, cc phng php thc hin tch/ghp knh trong min quang, c gi l
phn knh thi gian trong min quang (Optical time Division Multiplexing - OTDM)
ang c tch cc trin khai. Cc kt qa nghin cu trong phng th nghim cho thy
2
OTDM c th ghp c cc lung 10Gbit/s thnh lung 250Gbit/s. Nhng khi , truyn
trn si quang s vp phi cc vn nghim trng nh hng n cht lng truyn dn:
tn sc sc th, tn sc phn cc, phi tuyn tnh.
Truyn dn ghp phn bc sng WDM (Wavelength Devision Multiplexing): ghp

thm nhiu bc sng c th truyn trn mt si quang, khng cn tng tc truyn
dn trn mt bc sng. Cng ngh WDM c th mang n gii php hon thin nht
trong iu kin cng ngh hin ti. Th nht n vn gi tc x l ca cc linh kin
in t mc 10 Gbps, bo m thch hp vi si quang hin ti. Thay vo , cng
ngh WDM tng bng thng bng cch tn dng ca s lm vic ca si quang trong
khong bc sng 1260 nm n 1675 nm. Khong bc sng ny c chia lm nhiu
bng sng hot ng nh minh ho trn bng 1.1. Thot tin, h thng WDM hot ng
bng C (do EDFA hot ng trong khong bng sng ny). V sau, EDFA c kh nng
hot ng c bng C v bng L nn h thng WDM hin ti dng EDFA c th hot
ng c bng C v bng L. Nu theo chun ITU-T, xt khong cch gia cc knh bc
sng l 100 Ghz (m bo kh nng chng xuyn nhiu knh trong iu kin cng ngh
hin ti), s c 32 knh bc sng hot ng trn mi bng. Nh vy, nu vn gi nguyn
tc bit trn mi knh truyn, dng cng ngh WDM cng lm tng bng thng
truyn trn mt si quang ln 64 ln !
Bng 1.1 S phn chia cc bng sng
1.1.2
Bng sng
M t
Phm vi bc sng (nm)
Bng O
Bng E
Bng S
Bng C
Bng L
Bng U
Original
Extended
Short
Conventional
Long
Ultra-long
1260 n 1360
1360 n 1460
1460 n 1530
1530 n 1565
1565 n 1625
1625 n 1675
S khi tng qut

a) nh ngha
Ghp knh theo bc sng WDM (Wavelength Devision Multiplexing) l cng ngh
trong mt si quang ng thi truyn dn nhiu bc sng tn hiu quang. u pht, nhiu tn
hiu quang c bc sng khc nhau c t hp li (ghp knh) truyn i trn mt si quang.
u thu, tn hiu t hp c phn gii ra (tch knh), khi phc li tn hiu gc ri a vo
cc u cui khc nhau.
b) S chc nng
Nh minh ho trn hnh 1.2, m bo vic truyn nhn nhiu bc sng trn mt si
quang, h thng WDM phi thc hin cc chc nng sau:
Pht tn hiu: Trong h thng WDM, ngun pht quang c dng l laser. Hin ti c
mt s loi ngun pht nh: Laser iu chnh c bc sng (Tunable Laser), Laser a
bc sng (Multiwavelength Laser)... Yu cu i vi ngun pht laser l phi c
rng ph hp, bc sng pht ra n nh, mc cng sut pht nh, bc sng trung tm,
rng ph, rng chirp phi nm trong gii hn cho php.
Tx1
Rx1
Tx2
MUX
EDFA
Truyen tn hieu tren si quang
Khuech ai tn hieu
TxN
Phat tn hieu
Ghep tn hieu
Hnh 1.2
DE
MUX
EDFA
Khuech ai tn hieu
Tach tn hieu
Rx2
RxN
Thu tn hieu
S chc nng h thng WDM
Ghp/tch tn hiu: Ghp tn hiu WDM l s kt hp mt s ngun sng khc nhau thnh
mt lung tn hiu nh sng tng hp truyn dn qua si quang. Tch tn hiu WDM l
s phn chia lung nh sng tng hp thnh cc tn hiu nh sng ring r ti mi
cng u ra b tch. Hin ti c cc b tch/ghp tn hiu WDM nh: b lc mng
mng in mi, cch t Bragg si, cch t nhiu x, linh kin quang t hp AWG, b lc
Fabry-Perot... Khi xt n cc b tch/ghp WDM, ta phi xt cc tham s nh: khong
cch gia cc knh, rng bng tn ca cc knh bc sng, bc sng trung tm ca
knh, mc xuyn m gia cc knh, tnh ng u ca knh, suy hao xen, suy hao phn
x Bragg, xuyn m u gn u xa...
Truyn dn tn hiu: Qu trnh truyn dn tn hiu trong si quang chu s nh hng ca

nhiu yu t: suy hao si quang, tn sc, cc hiu ng phi tuyn, vn lin quan n
khuch i tn hiu ... Mi vn k trn u ph thuc rt nhiu vo yu t si quang
(loi si quang, cht lng si...) m ta s xt c th trong phn 1.2.
Khuch i tn hiu: H thng WDM hin ti ch yu s dng b khuch i quang si

EDFA (Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier). Tuy nhin b khuch i Raman hin nay cng
c s dng trn thc t. C ba ch khuch i: khuch i cng sut, khuch i
ng v tin khuch i. Khi dng b khuch i EDFA cho h thng WDM phi m
bo cc yu cu sau:
li khuch i ng u i vi tt c cc knh bc sng (mc chnh lch khng

qu 1 dB).
S thay i s lng knh bc sng lm vic khng c gy nh hng n mc

cng sut u ra ca cc knh.
C kh nng pht hin s chnh lch mc cng sut u vo iu chnh li cc h

s khuch i nhm m bo c tuyn khuch i l bng phng i vi tt c cc
knh.
Thu tn hiu: Thu tn hiu trong cc h thng WDM cng s dng cc b tch sng quang
nh trong h thng thng tin quang thng thng: PIN, APD.
c) Phn loi h thng WDM
1, 2, 3,..., N
Tx1
Rx1
Tx2
Rx2
MUX
EDFA
TxN
1, 2, 3,..., N
EDFA
DE
MUX
He thong WDM n hng
Tx1
RxN
Rx1
1, 2, 3,..., i
Tx2
Rx2
(i + 1), (i + 2),..., N
MUX
EDFA
TxN
EDFA
DE
MUX
He thong WDM song hng
RxN
Hnh 1.3 H thng ghp bc sng n hng v song hng
H thng WDM v c bn chia lm hai loi: h thng n hng v song hng nh

minh ho trn hnh 1.3. H thng n hng ch truyn theo mt chiu trn si quang. Do vy,
truyn thng tin gia hai im cn hai si quang. H thng WDM song hng, ngc li, truyn
hai chiu trn mt si quang nn ch cn 1 si quang c th trao i thng tin gia 2 im.
C hai h thng u c nhng u nhc im ring. Gi s rng cng ngh hin ti ch
cho php truyn N bc sng trn mt si quang, so snh hai h thng ta thy:
Xt v dung lng, h thng n hng c kh nng cung cp dung lng cao gp i so

vi h thng song hng. Ngc li, s si quang cn dng gp i so vi h thng song
hng.
Khi s c t cp xy ra, h thng song hng khng cn n c ch chuyn mch bo v

t ng APS (Automatic Protection-Switching) v c hai u ca lin kt u c kh nng
nhn bit s c mt cch tc thi.
ng v kha cnh thit k mng, h thng song hng kh thit k hn v cn phi xt

thm cc yu t nh: vn xuyn nhiu do c nhiu bc sng hn trn mt si quang,
m bo nh tuyn v phn b bc sng sao cho hai chiu trn si quang khng dng
chung mt bc sng.
Cc b khuch i trong h thng song hng thng c cu trc phc tp hn trong h

thng n hng. Tuy nhin, do s bc sng khuch i trong h thng song hng
gim theo mi chiu nn h thng song hng, cc b khuych i s cho cng sut
quang ng ra ln hn so vi h thng n hng.
1.1.3
c im ca h thng WDM
Thc t nghin cu v trin khai WDM rt ra c nhng u nhc im ca cng

ngh WDM nh sau:
5
u im ca cng ngh WDM:
Tng bng thng truyn trn si quang s ln tng ng s bc sng c ghp vo

truyn trn mt si quang.
Tnh trong sut: Do cng ngh WDM thuc kin trc lp mng vt l nn n c th h
tr cc nh dng s liu v thoi nh: ATM, Gigabit Ethernet, ESCON, chuyn mch
knh, IP ...
Kh nng m rng: Nhng tin b trong cng ngh WDM ha hn tng bng thng
truyn trn si quang ln n hng Tbps, p ng nhu cu m rng mng nhiu cp
khc nhau.
Hin ti, ch c duy nht cng ngh WDM l cho php xy dng m hnh mng truyn
ti quang OTN (Optical Transport Network) gip truyn ti trong sut nhiu loi hnh
dch v, qun l mng hiu qu, nh tuyn linh ng ...
1.1.4
Nhc im ca cng ngh WDM:
Vn cha khai thc ht bng tn hot ng c th ca si quang (ch mi tn dng c

bng C v bng L).
Qu trnh khai thc, bo dng phc tp hn gp nhiu ln.
Nu h thng si quang ang s dng l si DSF theo chun G.653 th rt kh trin khai
WDM v xut hin hin tng trn bn bc sng kh gay gt.
Li ITU
Vic chun ho cc b bc sng dng cho cc mng WDM l ht sc cn thit v n bo

m cho cc thit b ca cc nh cung cp khc nhau u c sn xut theo cng mt tiu chun,
v u lm vic tng thch vi nhau.
Khi chun ho bc sng, vn cn phi xem xt u tin l l khong cch gia cc
knh phi da theo tn s hay bc sng. Khong cch tn s bng nhau s lm cho khong cch
bc sng hi khc nhau. Khng c mt tiu chun k thut no c u tin la chn trong
trng hp ny. Trong khuyn co ITU-G.692 cc knh cch nhau mt khong 50 GHz (tng
ng vi khong cch bc sng l 0.4nm) vi tn s trung tm danh nh l 193.1THz
(1552.52 nm). Tn s ny gia di thng ca si quang 1.55m v b khuch i quang si
EDFA (xem hnh 1.4). Khong cch ny ph hp vi kh nng phn gii ca cc b
MUX/DEMUX hin nay, n nh tn s ca cc b laser, MUX/DEMUX,... Khi cng ngh
hon thin hn khong cch ny s phi gim i.
Mt vn khc, kh khn hn l chn la mt b bc sng tiu chun bo m cho cc
h thng cho 4, 8, 16, v 32 bc sng hot ng tng thch vi nhau bi v cc nh sn xut
u c cc cu hnh knh ti u ring v cc k hoch nng cp h thng t t knh ln nhiu knh
khc nhau. ITU chun ho (ITU G.959) b 16 bc sng bt u t tn s 192.1 THz, rng
200GHz mi bn cho giao din a knh gia cc thit b WDM.
Cui cng l phi lu khng ch bo bo m cc tn s trung tm m cn phi bo m
lch tn s ti a cho php. i vi f 200 GHz, ITU quy nh lch tn s l khng vt
6
qu f /5 GHz. Vi f =50 GHz v f =100 GHz th n thi im ny ITU vn cha chun

ho.
Hnh 1.4 Li bc sng theo ITU
1.2
CC YU T NH HNG N CHT LNG CA H

THNG WDM
C 3 yu t c bn ca si quang nh hng n kh nng ca cc h thng thng tin

quang, bao gm:
Suy hao
Tn sc
Hin tng phi tuyn xy ra trong si quang.
Tuy nhin, i vi cc h thng khc nhau th mc nh hng ca cc yu t ny cng

khc nhau. V d:
i vi cc h thng c ly ngn, dung lng thp th yu t ch yu cn quan tm l

suy hao.
i vi cc h thng tc cao, c ly tng i ln th yu t ch yu cn quan tm

l suy hao v tn sc.
i vi cc h thng c ly di v dung lng rt ln th ngoi 2 yu t trn cn phi

xem xt n c cc hiu ng phi tuyn.
Hin tng suy hao v tn sc c trnh by chi tit trong bi ging H thng thng tin
quang 1.Trong phn ny s tp trung trnh by v cc hin tng phi tuyn.
1.2.1 Tng quan v cc hiu ng phi tuyn

a) nh ngha
Hiu ng quang c gi l phi tuyn nu cc tham s ca n ph thuc vo cng
nh sng (cng sut). Cc hin tng phi tuyn c th b qua i vi cc h thng thng tin
quang hot ng mc cng sut va phi (vi mW) vi tc bit ln n 2.5 Gbps. Tuy nhin,
tc bit cao hn nh 10 Gbps v cao hn v/hay mc cng sut truyn dn ln, vic xt cc
7
hiu ng phi tuyn l rt quan trng. Trong cc h thng WDM, cc hiu ng phi tuyn c th tr
nn quan trng thm ch cng sut v tc bit va phi.
Cc hiu ng phi tuyn c th chia ra lm 2 loi. Loi th nht pht sinh do tc ng qua
li gia cc sng nh sng vi cc phonon (rung ng phn t) trong mi trng silica- mt trong
nhiu loi hiu ng tn x m chng ta xem xt l tn x Rayleigh. Hai hiu ng chnh trong
loi ny l tn x do kch thch Brillouin (SBS) v tn x do kch thch Raman (SRS).
Loi th hai sinh ra do s ph thuc ca chit sut vo cng in trng hot ng, t
l vi bnh phng bin in trng. Cc hiu ng phi tuyn quan trng trong loi ny l hiu
ng t iu pha (SPM - Self-Phase Modulation), hiu ng iu ch xuyn pha (CPM - CrossPhase Modulation) v hiu ng trn 4 bc sng (FWM - Four-Wave Mixing). Loi hiu ng ny
c gi l hiu ng Kerr.
Trong cc hiu ng tn x phi tuyn, nng lng t mt sng nh sng c chuyn sang
mt sng nh sng khc c bc sng di hn (hoc nng lng thp hn). Nng lng mt i b
hp th bi cc dao ng phn t hoc cc phonon (loi phonon lin quan n s khc nhau gia
SBS v SRS). Sng th hai c gi l sng Stokes. Sng th nht c th gi l sng bm
(Pump) gy ra s khuch i sng Stokes. Khi sng bm truyn trong si quang, n b mt nng
lng v sng Stokes nhn thm nng lng. Trong trng hp SBS, sng bm l sng tn hiu
v sng Stokes l sng khng mong mun c to ra do qu trnh tn x. Trong trng hp SRS,
sng bm l sng c nng lng cao v sng Stokes l sng tn hiu c khuch i t sng
bm.
Ni chung, cc hiu ng tn x c c trng bi h s li g, c o bng m/w
(meters per watt) v rng ph f (i vi li tng ng) v cng sut ngng Pth ca nh
sng ti - mc cng sut m ti suy hao do tn x l 3 dB, tc l mt na cng sut trn ton
b di si quang. H s li l mt i lng ch cng ca hiu ng phi tuyn.
Trong trng hp t iu pha SPM, cc xung truyn b hin tng chirp (tn s xung
truyn i thay i theo thi gian). iu ny lm cho h s chirp (chirped factor) tr nn ng k
cc mc nng lng cao. S c mt ca hin tng chirp lm cho hiu ng gin xung do tn sc
mu tng ln. Do vy, chirp xy ra do SPM (SPM induced chirp) c th gy tng gin xung do
tn sc mu trong h thng. i vi cc h thng tc bit cao, chirp do SPM c th lm tng
mt cch ng k gin xung do tn sc mu thm ch cc mc cng sut va phi. nh
hng ca SPM khng ch ph thuc vo du tham s GVD (Group Velocity Dispersion) m cn
ph thuc vo chiu di ca h thng.
Trong h thng WDM a knh, chirp xy ra trong mt knh ph thuc vo s thay i
chit sut theo cng ca cc knh khc. Hiu ng ny c gi l hiu ng iu ch xuyn
pha (CPM - Cross-Phase Modulation). Khi xem xt hin tng chirp trong mt knh do s thay
i chit sut theo cng ca chnh knh , ta gi l hiu ng ny SPM.
Trong cc h thng WDM, mt hiu ng quan trng khc l hiu ng trn bn bc
sng. Nu h thng WDM bao gm cc tn s f1, f2,,fn, hiu ng trn bn bc sng sinh ra
cc tn hiu ti cc tn s nh l 2fi - fj, v fi + fj - fk. Cc tn hiu mi ny gy ra xuyn knh
(crosstalk) vi cc tn hiu c sn h thng. Xuyn knh ny nh hng c bit nghim trng khi
khong cch gia cc knh hp. Vic gim tn sc mu lm tng xuyn knh gy ra bi hiu ng
trn bn bc sng. V vy, h thng s dng si quang dch chuyn tn sc chu nh hng ca
hiu ng trn bn bc sng nhiu hn l h thng s dng si n mt.
b) Chiu di v din tch hiu dng

S tc ng phi tuyn ph thuc vo c ly truyn dn v mt ct ngang ca si quang.
Tuyn cng di, s tc ng qua li gia nh sng v vt liu si quang cng ln v nh hng
ca phi tuyn cng xu. Tuy nhin, khi tn hiu lan truyn trong si quang, cng sut ca tn hiu
gim i do suy hao ca si quang. V vy, hu ht cc hiu ng phi tuyn xy ra ngay trong
khong u ca si quang v gim i khi tn hiu lan truyn.
Pin
Cng sut
Cng sut
Pin
Chiu di tuyn
Leff
(a)
Chiu di tuyn
(b)
Hnh 1.5 Tnh chiu di truyn dn hiu dng. (a) Phn b cng sut c trng dc theo
chiu di L ca tuyn. Cng sut nh l Pin. (b) Phn b cng sut gi nh dc
theo tuyn n di hiu dng Leff. Chiu di Leff c chn sao cho din tch
ca vng di ng cong trong (a) bng din tch ca hnh vung trong (b).
M hnh ca nh hng ny c th rt phc tp. Trong thc t, c th s dng mt m
hnh n gin vi gi thuyt nng lng khng thay i qua mt di hiu dng c nh Leff.
Gi s Pin l cng sut truyn trong si quang v P(z)=Pine-z l cng sut ti im z trn tuyn,
vi l h s suy hao. L c k hiu l chiu di thc ca tuyn. Chiu di hiu dng ca tuyn
c k hiu l Leff c nh ngha nh sau [1]:
L
Pin Leff =
P( z )dz
(1.1)
z =0
Do ,
Leff =
1 e L
(1.2)
Thng th tuyn di do L >>1/ cho nn Leff 1/. Chng hn nh = 0.22 dB/km

ti = 1,55 m v, ta c Leff ~ 20 km.
nh hng ca phi tuyn cng tng theo cng nng lng trong si. Vi mt cng
sut cho trc, cng t l nghch vi din tch li. Do nng lng phn b khng ng u
theo mt ct ngang ca si, do thun tin khi nim din tch vng li hiu dng Aeff
(effective cross-sectional area) thng c s dng (xem hnh 1.6). Din tch ny lin quan n
din tch thc ca li A v phn b trn mt ct ngang ca mt c bn F(r,) nh sau [1]:
Cng
Cng
(Aeff/)1/2
Bn knh
Bn knh
(b)
(a)
Hnh 1.6 Din tch mt ct ngang hiu dng. (a) Phn b c trng cng tn hiu dc
theo bn knh ca si quang. (b) Phn b cng gi nh tng c vi (a)
cho thy cng khc khng ch trong vng Aeff xung quang tm si quang
Aeff
[ F (r, )
=
rdrd
F (r , ) rdrd
(1.3)
vi r v l ta cc.
Thng c th nh gi gi tr Aeff thng qua cng thc n gin hn [2]
Aeff w02
(1.4)
Vi w0 l bn knh trng mt.

Din tch hiu dng nh c nh ngha trn c mt ngha l s ph thuc ca hu
ht cc hiu ng phi tuyn c th c biu din bng din tch hiu dng i vi mt c bn
truyn trong si quang cho trc. Chng hn nh cng hiu dng ca mt xung c th c
tnh Ieff = P/Aeff, vi P l cng sut xung, tnh ton nh hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn nh
SPM c xem xt di y. Din tch hiu dng ca SMF khong 85 m2 v ca DSF khong
50 m2. Cc si quang b tn sc c din tch hiu dng nh hn v do c nh hng phi tuyn
ln hn.
1.2.2
Tn x do kch thch Brillouin
Trong trng hp SBS, cc phonon lin quan n s tc ng tn x l cc phonon m

hc v s tng tc ny xy ra trn di tn hp f = 20 MHz bc sng 1550 nm. Sng bm v
sng Stokes truyn theo hai hng ngc nhau. Do , SBS khng gy ra bt k tc ng qua li
no gia cc bc sng khc nhau khi m khong cch bc sng ln hn 20 MHz (l trng hp
c trng cho WDM). Tuy nhin, SBS cng c th to nn s mo kh quan trng trong mt knh
n l. SBS to ra li theo hng ngc li vi hng lan truyn tn hiu, ni cch khc l
hng v pha ngun. V vy, n lm suy gim tn hiu c truyn cng nh to ra mt tn hiu
10
c cng mnh v hng pht, nn phi dng mt b cch ly bo v. H s li SBS gB

xp x 4x10-11 m/W, khng ph thuc vo bc sng.
Cng sut ngng cho SBS c th tnh bng cng thc sau [2]:
PthSBS=21Aeff/gBLeff
(1.5)
Vi gB l li ca SBS. Nh ni trong mc (2.3.1) Leff1/ nn

(1.6)
PthSBS=(21Aeff)/gB
Ga tr c trng ca gB 5x10-11 m/W ti = 1550nm. Ly =0.046 1/km = 0.2dB/Km v

Aeff=55m2, tnh c PthSBS = 8mW cho mt knh.
Mt cch khc tnh cng sut ngng ny l [3]:
PthSBS=4.4x10-3d22f watts
Vi
(1.7)
d: ng knh li si quang (m)

: bc sng hot ng (m)
: h s suy hao (dB/Km)
f: rng ph ca ngun quang (GHz)
1.2.3
Tn x do kch thch Raman
Nu a vo trong si quang hai hay nhiu tn hiu c bc sng khc nhau th SRS gy
ra s chuyn nng lng t cc knh c bc sng thp sang cc knh c bc sng cao hn
(xem hnh 1.7). S chuyn nng lng t knh tn hiu c bc sng thp sang knh tn hiu c
bc sng cao l mt hiu ng c bn lm c s cho khuch i quang v laser. Nng lng ca
photon bc sng l hc/ vi h l hng s Planck (6.63x10-34 Js). Do , photon ca bc
sng thp c nng lng cao hn. S chuyn nng lng t tn hiu bc sng thp sang tn hiu
bc sng cao tng ng vi s sinh ra cc photon nng lng thp t cc photon nng lng cao
hn.
1234
Si quang
1234
Hnh 1.7 nh hng ca SRS. Nng lng t knh bc sng thp c chuyn sang
knh bc sng cao hn.
Khng ging nh SBS, SRS l mt hiu ng bng rng. Hnh 1.8 cho thy li l mt
hm ca khong cch bc sng. Gi tr nh ca h s li gR xp x 6x10-14 m/W bc sng
1550 nm nh hn nhiu so vi li ca SBS. Tuy nhin, cc knh cch nhau n 15 THz (125
nm) s b tc ng ca SRS. SRS gy nh hng trn c hng truyn v hng ngc li. Mc
11
SRS gia cc knh trong h thng WDM nh hng xu cho h thng, SRS c th c dng
khuch i h thng.
H s li Raman (x10-14 m/W)
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
10
20
30
40
Khong cch knh (THz)
Hnh 1.8 H s li SRS l hm ca khong cch knh.

Cng sut ngng cho SRS c th tnh bng cng thc sau [2]:
PthSRS=16Aeff/gRLeff=(16Aeff)/gR
(1.8)
Ga tr c trng ca gR 1x10-13 m/W ti = 1550nm. Ly = 0.046 1/km = 0.2dB/Km v

Aeff=55m2, tnh c PthSRS = 405mW cho mt knh. Con s ny cho thy c th b qua SRS
trong h thng n knh
Mt cch khc tnh cng sut ngng ny l [3]:
PthSRS=5.9x10-2d2 watts
Vi
(1.9)
d: ng knh li si quang (m)

: bc sng hot ng (m)
: h s suy hao (dB/Km)
1.2.4
Lan truyn trong mi trng phi tuyn
Theo [1,2] i vi mi trng tuyn tnh, vector phn cc P c mi lin h vi in

trng tc ng E nh sau:
P (r, t ) = 0 e (r, t ) E (r, t )
(1.10)
12
Vi e l cm in (electric susceptibility). Mi lin h gia e vi chit sut ca mi trng n

c th biu din bng:
n = 1 + e
(1.11)
Cc hiu ng khc x phi tuyn xy ra l do s ph thuc ca cm in vo cng

in trng E. Trong si quang, cc hin tng phi tuyn c th xem xt thng qua biu thc gn
ng sau:
P(r, t ) = PL (r, t ) + PNL (r, t ) = 0 e (r, t )E(r, t ) + 0 (e3) E 3 (r, t )
(1.12)
S hng th nht trong cng thc (1.12) l phn cc in mi tuyn tnh, cn s hng th hai l
phn cc in mi phi tuyn.
Chit sut khc x ca mi trng s l:
n(,E)=nL ()+nNLE2
(1.13)
Vi l tn s gc ca nh sng. S hng th nht trong cng thc (1.13) l chit sut tuyn tnh
v l nguyn nhn gy ra tn sc vt liu. S hng th hai th hin hiu ng phi tuyn bi v n t
l vi cng nh sng I=0.50cnE2. H s khc x phi tuyn:
nNL=3/8ne(3)
(1.14)
C th biu din s khc x phi tuyn theo mt cch khc:

n = nL ()+nNL(P/Aeff)
(1.15)
Vi P l cng sut nh sng. i vi si quang silica, thng nNL=3.2x10-20 m2/W v Aeff55m2.

Gi s P=1mW th nNL(P/Aeff) =5.8x10-9. y l phn phi tuyn ca chit sut trong iu kin
bnh thng. Chit sut ca silica vo khong 1,45 cho nn r rng trong trng hp ny cc hiu
ng phi tuyn c th b qua.
Hng s lan truyn pha =n/c cng phi ph thuc vo E2. S ph thuc ny c th biu din
nh sau:
=nL/c + (3/8cn)e(3)E2
(1.16)
C th biu din hng s pha phi tuyn theo mt cch khc:

= L + NLP
(1.17)
Vi L l thnh phn tuyn tnh ca hng s lan truyn pha v NL=(2/)nNL/Aeff l h s lan
truyn pha phi tuyn. Gi s nNL =3.2x10-20 m2/W, Aeff=55m2, v =1550nm, khi
NL=2.35x10-3 1/m.W. Li gi s P=1mW, phn phi tuyn trong hng s lan truyn pha vo
khong 10-6. Lu NLP = (2/)nNL(P/Aeff) v vy:
13
= L + (2/)nNL(P/Aeff)
1.2.5
(1.18)
Hiu ng t iu pha SPM
Xt mt h thng n knh, nh sng nh l sng EM c dng (ch xt phn thc):

E(z,t)=E0e-zcos(t-z)
c tnh theo cng thc (1.16) nn s c dch pha b xung. dch pha ny c tnh
bng:
L
= ( L )dz = NL P(z)dz = NL Pin L eff
(1.19)
C th biu din s ph thuc ny theo mt cch khc:

=(3/8cn)e(3)E2Leff
(1.20)
Da vo cng thc (1.19) v (1.20) c th gii thch c ch SPM nh sau: dch pha phi
tuyn ca sng mang quang thay i theo thi gian l do cng (cng sut) ca xung nh
sng thay i theo thi gian. S thay i ny l do s thay i ca cng sut u vo Pin(t) v/hay
s bin thin theo thi gian ca bin xung khi xung lan truyn dc theo si quang. Do tr
thnh mt hm s theo thi gian (t). Theo nh ngha o hm ca dch pha d(t)/dt0 biu
din s thay i ca tn s. S thay i tn s ny c gi l chirping. By gi r v sao hiu
ng ny c gi l t iu pha: iu ch ny l s thay i tn s xy ra do s dch pha gy ra
bi chnh xung nh sng.
Trong tn sc mu, cc bc sng khc nhau (cc tn s) lan truyn theo cc vn tc khc
nhau. Nh vy xung mang cc tn s khc nhau khi lan truyn s gin ra. R rng SPM gy ra
gin xung thng qua tn sc mu. Cn lu mt u im ca SPM l: khi cng sut lan truyn
cao, khong u si quang, SPM c th nn xung. Tuy nhin khi xung lan truyn xa hn, xung
s b gin nhiu hn. Hin tng nn xung ny c th s dng b tn sc.
Cc hiu ng phi tuyn thng c nh gi qua cc gii hn cng sut cho h thng
thng tin. nh hng ca SPM l ti thiu, dch pha phi tuyn phi rt nh tc l <<1.
Theo cng thc (1.2) Leff 1/ cho nn Pin << /NL. V d = 0,2dB/km tc = 0,046 1/km v
NL=2,35x10-3 1/m.W th cng sut u vo phi nh hn 19,6 mW.
1.2.6
Hiu ng iu ch xuyn pha
SPM l gii hn phi tuyn ch yu trong h thng n knh. Trong h thng a knh
dch pha ca mt knh, v d nh knh th nht 1, ph thuc khng nhng vo cng (cng
sut) ca chnh knh m cn ph thuc vo cng ca nhng knh cn li. Hin tng ny
gi l iu ch xuyn pha CPM. V d xem xt h thng ba knh. Khi 1 s l:
1=NLLeff(P1+2P2+2P3)
(1.21)
14
CMP nh hng n cht lng truyn dn thng qua c ch ging nh SPM: tn s

chirping v tn sc mu. CPM c th nh hng n h thng mnh hn SPM v h s 2 trong
cng thc (1.21).
1.2.7
Hiu ng trn bn bc sng
Trong h thngWDM s dng cc tn s gc 1.n, s ph thuc ca chit sut vo

cng (cng sut) khng ch gy ra s dch pha trong mi knh m cn sinh ra tn s mi nh
l 2i-j v i+j-k. Hin tng ny gi l hin tng trn bn bc sng (FWM_Four-wave
Mixing). Tri vi SPM v CPM ch c nh hng i vi cc h thng tc bit cao, hiu ng
trn bn bc sng khng ph thuc vo tc bit m ph thuc cht ch vo khong cch knh
v tn sc mu ca si. Gim khong cch knh lm tng nh hng ca hiu ng trn bn bc
sng v vic gim tn sc mu cng vy. Do , cc nh hng ca FWM phi c xem xt
ngay c cc h thng tc va phi khi khong cch knh gn nhau v/hoc khi s dng si
dch chuyn tn sc.
hiu cc nh hng ca hiu ng trn bn bc sng, ta xt mt tn hiu WDM l tng
ca n sng phng n sc. Trng in ca tn hiu ny c th c vit mt cch n gin:
n
E (r , t ) = Ei cos(i t i z )
i =1
Theo cng thc (1.12), phn cc in mi phi tuyn c th c vit

n
PNL ( r , t ) = 0 (e3) E i cos( i t i z )E j cos( j t j z ) E k cos( k t k z )

i =1 j=1 k =1
3 0 (e3)
4
0 (e3)
+
4
i =1
i =1
3 0 (e3)
+
4
+
3 0 (e3 )
4
6 0 (e3)
4
3
i
+ 2 E i E j E i cos( i t i z )
j i
2
i
cos(3 i t 3 i z )
E
i =1 j i
E
i =1 j i
(1.23)
E j cos(( 2 i j ) t ( 2 i j ) z )
(1.24)
E j cos((2i + j ) t (2 i + j )z)
(1.25)
(1.22)
E E E
i =1 j> i k > j
cos((i + j + k ) t ( i + j + k )z)
(1.26)
+ cos((i + j k ) t ( i + j k )z)
(1.27)
+ cos((i j + k ) t ( i j + k )z)
(1.28)
+ cos((i j k ) t ( i j k )z) )
(1.29)
15
Nh vy, cm in phi tuyn ca si quang to ra cc trng mi (cc sng mi) tn

s ijk (i, j, k c th ging nhau). Hin tng ny gi l hiu ng trn bn bc sng.
Nguyn nhn l do cc tn s i, j, k t hp vi nhau to ra bc sng th t tn s
ijk. i vi khong cch tn s bng nhau v mt s la chn i, j, k no , bc sng th
t nh hng n i. V d, cho khong cch tn s vi 1, 2, 3 l cc tn s lin tip,
ngha l 2= 1+ v 3= 1 + 2 s c 1-2+3 = 2 v 22-1=3.
Biu thc (1.22) cho thy nh hng ca SPM v CPM m ta cp n trong mc
1.2.5 v 1.2.6, cc biu thc (1.23), (1.24) v (1.25) c th b qua do khng c s ng pha. Di
cc iu kin thch hp, c th tha mn iu kin ng pha i vi cc biu thc cn li, l
tt c cc dng i+j-k, i,j k (i, j c th ging nhau). Chng hn, nu cc bc sng trong h
thng WDM l gn nhau hoc phn b gn vng tn sc khng ca si, th gn nh l khng i
trn cc tn s ny v iu kin ng pha gn nh l c tha mn. Khi cc iu kin ny tha
mn, cng sut ca cc tn s mi c to ra c th phi quan tm n.
C th xc nh gi tr ca hiu ng trn bn bc sng dng i+j-k, i,j k n gin
nh sau.
nh ngha ijk=i+j-k, v h s suy bin (Degeneracy Factor)
3, i = j
d ijk =
6, i j
Phn cc in mi phi tuyn ti ijk c th c vit
PNLijk ( z , t ) =
0 e(3)
4
d ijk Ei E j E k cos((i + j k )t ( i + j k ) z )
(1.30)
Gi s rng cc tn hiu quang lan truyn nh cc sng phng qua din tch li hiu dng
Aeff trong si (xem hnh 1.6), theo (1.25) c th biu din cng sut ca tn hiu tn s ijk sau
khi lan truyn qua khong cch L trong si l
ijk d ijk e( 3)
Pijk =
8 Aeff neff c
Pi Pj Pk L2
y, Pi, Pj, Pk l cc cng sut ng vo ti cc tn s i, j, k. Ch rng chit sut n

c thay th bi chit sut hiu dng neff ca mt c s. S dng chit sut phi tuyn nNL, c th
vit
ijk n NL d ijk
Pijk =
3cA
eff
Pi Pj Pk L2
(1.31)
Hy xem xt mt s v d c th. Gi s rng mi tn hiu quang cc tn s i, j, k c

cng sut 1mW v din tch li hiu dng ca si quang l Aeff=50m2. Cng gi s i j,
dijk=6. S dng nNL= 3.0x10-8m2/W, khong cch lan truyn L = 20 km. Cng sut Pijk ca tn
hiu tn s gc ijk sinh ra do hiu ng trn bn bc sng khong 9.5W. Gi tr ny ch thp
hn cng sut ca tn hiu 1mW khong 20 dB. Trong h thng WDM, nu c knh khc cng
tn s ijk, hiu ng trn bn bc sng c th gy nhiu knh ny.
16
Thc t, cc tn hiu to bi hiu ng trn bn bc sng c nng lng thp do khng c

s ng pha hon ton v suy gim suy hao si.
1.3
CC LINH KIN TRONG KIN TRONG H THNG WDM
Cc linh kin c s dng trong cc mng quang hin i bao gm cc b ghp/tch

(couplers), b pht laser (lasers), b tch quang (photodetectors), b khuch i quang (optical
amplifiers), b chuyn mch quang (optical switches), b lc (filters) v b ghp/tch knh
(multiplexers). Mc ny s tp trung xem xt nguyn l hot ng ca cc linh kin nu trn. i
vi mi linh kin trc tin s a ra m hnh m t n gin sau l cc m hnh ton hc chi
tit. Bn c c th b qua phn m t ton hc nu thy cha cn thit tham kho. Ring b
khuch i quang s c xem xt ring chng 2. Phn ny cng khng trnh by b pht
laser. Bn c c th tm hiu b pht laser trong H thng thng tin quang I.
1.3.1
B ghp/tch tn hiu (Coupler)
a) nh ngha
B ghp/tch tn hiu (Coupler) l thit b quang dng kt hp cc tn hiu truyn n
t cc si quang khc nhau. Nu coupler ch cho php nh sng truyn qua n theo mt chiu, ta
gi l coupler c hng (directional coupler). Nu n cho php nh sng i theo 2 chiu, ta gi l
coupler song hng (bidirectional coupler).
Coupler thng dng nht l coupler FBT (Fused Binconical Taper). Coupler ny c ch
to bng cch t 2 si quang cnh nhau, sau va nung chy chng kt hp vi nhau va
ko dn ra to thnh mt vng ghp (coupling region). Mt coupler 2 x 2 c trng bi t s
ghp (0<<1). l t l cng sut nh sng ng vo 1 n ng ra 1 so vi tng cng sut nh
sng vo ng vo 1. Phn t l 1- cng sut nh sng cn li ca ng vo 1 s c truyn n
ng ra 2. Hnh 1.9 l mt coupler FBT 2 x 2 c hng.
au vao 1
au vao 2
Si quang
Vung ghep
au ra 1
au ra 2
Chieu dai ghep
Hnh 1.9 Cu to coupler FBT 2 x 2
Coupler c th l chn la bc sng (wavelength selective) hay khng ph thuc vo

bc sng, tng ng vi ph thuc hay khng ph thuc vo bc sng.
Trng hp =1/2, coupler c dng chia cng sut tn hiu ng vo thnh hai phn
bng nhau hai ng ra. Coupler trong trng hp ny c gi l coupler 3 dB.
Coupler hnh sao nxn c th c to bng cch kt ni cc coupler 3dB nh trn hnh
1.10.
17

3 dB couplers
Hnh 1.10 Coupler hnh sao vi 8 ng vo v 8 ng ra c hnh thnh t cc

coupler 3dB. Cng sut t mt ng vo c chia u cho cc ng ra
b) Nguyn l hot ng
Khi hai si quang c t cnh nhau, nh sng s c ghp t si ny sang si kia v
ngc li. l do qu trnh truyn mt nh sng trn si quang qua vng ghp s khc so vi
truyn trn si quang n. Khi , ton b nh sng thuc mt si quang s c ghp hon ton
sang si quang ghp vi n, phn nh sng ny li tip tc c ghp ngc tr li sang si quang
ban u theo mt chu k tun hon khp kn. Kt qu ta c cng trng in t u ra ca
b ghp Eo1, Eo2 c tnh theo cng trng in t u vo Ei1, Ei2 theo cng thc [1]:
E01 ( f )
cos(l ) i sin(l ) Ei1 ( f )
= e il

i sin(l ) cos(l ) Ei 2 ( f )
E02 ( f )
(1.32)
Trong :
l h s pha ca s truyn nh sng trong si quang.
l H s ghp. ph thuc vo chiu rng ca si quang, chit sut ca li si v n
khong cch gn nhau ca hai si quang khi thc hin nung chy.
Nu ch cho nh sng vo ng 1 (cho Ei2=0), khi cng thc (1.32) c vit li l:
E 01 ( f ) = e il cos(l ) Ei1 ( f )
E 02 ( f ) = e il e i ( / 2 ) sin(l ) Ei1 ( f )
(1.33)
(1.34)
Ta nhn xt rng 2 u ng ra c s lch pha /2. Cng trong iu kin ny, ta tnh c
hm truyn t cng sut:
18

2
T11 (f ) cos ( l)
= 2
T12 (f ) sin ( l)
(1.35)
y hm truyn t cng sut Tij c nh ngha:
Tij =
E oj
E ii
2
2
T cng thc (1.35) c coupler 3 dB di coupler phi c chn sau cho l = (2k + 1) / 4
vi k l s khng m.
c) Cc thng s c bn
B coupler WDM c c trng bi cc thng s sau [2]:
Suy hao vt mc Pex (Excess Loss): c nh ngha:

P
P
1in
Coupler
2x2
P1out
P
3
P
4
Hnh 1.11
Cc thng s c trng ca coupler

Pex (dB) = 10 log Pj / Pi
j
(1.36)
y Pj: cng sut ti ng ra j,

Pi: cng sut ti ng vo.
Theo hnh 1.11, Pex c tnh:
Pex(dB) = -10 log[(P2+P3)/P1]
Suy hao xen IL (Insertion Loss): l t s ca cng sut tn hiu ng ra so vi ng vo ti mt

bc sng c th. Suy hao xen l suy hao m coupler thm vo ng vo v ng ra.
IL12(dB) = -10 log[P2/P1]
(1.36a)
(1.37)
T s ghp CR (Coupling Ratio): c nh ngha
19
CR(dB) = -10 log[P2/(P2+P3)]
(1.38-a)
CR c th c biu din theo % :
CR(%) = [P2 (P2 + P3 )]100
(1.38-b)
D thy
IL = CR + Pex
(1.39)
Tnh ng nht U (Uniformity): c trng cho coupler dng trong trng hp chia i cng
sut (50:50). H s ny ch ng nht gia 2 nhnh ca coupler (bng 0 trong trng
hp coupler l tng).
U(dB) = ILmax ILmin = 10 log[P3/P2]
(1.40)
Suy hao do phn cc PDL (Polarization-dependent Loss): l dao ng ln nht ca suy

hao xen do s thay i phn cc nh sng u vo. Thng ch s ny khng vt qu 0.15
dB.
Tnh nh hng D (Directivity): l phn cng sut tn hiu ng vo xut hin ti ng ra

khng mong mun.
D(dB) = -10 log[P4/P1]
Xuyn knh u gn (near-end crosstalk): dng nh gi tnh nh hng
NEC (dB) = 10 log[P3 (1 ) P1 (1 )]
(1.42)
Suy hao phn hi RL (Return Loss): c nh ngha
RL(dB) = -10 log[P1out/P1in]
(1.41)
(1.43)
cch ly (Isolator): dng nh gi phn nh sng trn mt ng b ngn khng t n

mt ng khc. V d 1 l bc sng truyn t cng 1 n cng 2, truyn n cng 4 l
khng mong mun. Tng t 2 truyn t cng 1 n cng 4, truyn n cng 2 l khng
mong mun. Khi cch ly c nh ngha nh sau:
I 41 (dB) = 10 log[P4 (1 ) P1 (1 )]
I 21 (dB) = 10 log[P2 (2 ) P1 (2 )]
(1.44)
d) ng dng
Coupler l linh kin quang linh hot v c th cho nhiu ng dng khc nhau:B coupler
vi t s ghp 1 c dng trch mt phn nh tn hiu quang, phc v cho mc ch gim
st.
20
Coupler cn l b phn c bn to nn cc thnh phn quang khc, chng hn nh: cc b

chuyn mch tnh, cc b iu ch, b giao thoa Mach-Zehnder MZI... MZI c th c ch
to hot ng nh b lc, MUX/DEMUX, chuyn mch v b chuyn i bc sng.
Thc hin ghp/tch bc sng trn si quang. Nh iu chnh chiu di ghp thch hp khi
ch to, coupler 2 x 2 ghp 50:50 phn b cng sut nh sng t mt u vo ra lm 2 phn
bng nhau 2 ng ra. Coupler ny cn c gi l coupler 3 dB, ng dng ph bin nht. T
coupler 3 dB, c th to nn b coupler n x n ghp n tn hiu khc nhau vo mt si quang.
1.3.2
B isolator/circulator
a) nh ngha
Coupler v phn ln cc linh kin quang th ng khc l cc thit b thun ngc
(reciprocal) theo ngha thit b s hot ng cng mt kiu nu o ng vo v ng ra vi nhau.
Isolator l thit b khng thun ngc (nonreciprocal). N ch truyn nh sng qua n theo mt
chiu v ngn khng cho truyn theo chiu ngc li. N c dng ti u ra ca cc thit b
quang (b khuch i, ngun pht laser) ngn qu trnh phn x ngc tr li cc thit b ,
gy nhiu v h hi thit b. Hai tham s chnh ca Isolator l suy hao xen v cch ly.
Cong 2
Cong 2
Circulator cng thc hin chc nng tng t nh b Isolator nhng n thng c nhiu
cng, thng l 3 hoc 4 ca. Chnh v s tng ng gia hai loi thit b, ta s ch trnh by
hot ng ca b Isolator m thi.
1 , 2 , 3
Cong 3
Cong 1
(a)
Hnh 1.12
Cong 3
1 , 2 , 3
ISOLATOR
ISOLATO
R
Cong 4
Cong 1
(b)
(c)
(a) S khi ca b Circulator 3 ca. (b) S khi ca b Circulator 4 ca.

(c) S khi ca b Isolator.
b) Nguyn l hot ng
Trng thi phn cc ca nh sng truyn trong si quang c nh ngha l chiu phn
cc ca vector cng trng E nm trn mt phng vung gc vi phng truyn nh sng
trong si. Ta gi l phn cc ngang v phn cc dc. Qu trnh truyn nh sng trong si quang l
s kt hp tuyn tnh truyn cc sng phn cc ngang v phn cc dc.
M hnh n gin ca b Isolator c minh ha nh trong hnh 1.13 (a). Gi s nh sng
truyn l phn cc dc, truyn n b phn cc (Polarizer), b ny thc hin chc nng ch cho
sng phn cc dc i qua, khng cho sng phn cc ngang i qua. Sau b phn cc l b quay
pha Faraday, thc hin quay pha 45o theo chiu kim ng h khng phn bit chiu nh sng n.
Tip theo l b phn cc, b ny thc hin chc nng ch cho sng phn cc 45o i qua. Nh vy,
b Isolator ta xt ch cho php sng phn cc dc i qua theo chiu t tri sang phi. Trong
21
trng hp sng phn x theo chiu ngc li, nu sng qua c b phn cc th hai, qua tip
theo b quay pha Faraday, th cng khng th qua c b phn cc th nht (do lc ny sng
phn cc ngang).
Bo quay pha Faraday
Anh sang i ra
Anh sang i vao
Khoa
Anh sang phan xa
Bo phan cc
Bo phan cc
(a)
Bo quay pha Faraday
Anh sang i vao

Anh sang i ra
SWP
Mat phang / 2
SWP
Anh sang phan xa
(b)
Hnh 1.13 (a) Cu to b Isolator khi nh sng vo phn cc dc. (b) Cu to b Isolator khi
nh sng vo phn cc bt k.
Trn thc t th sng truyn trong si quang lun l s kt hp tuyn tnh ca cc trng
thi phn cc ngang v dc nn thit k b Isolator phc tp hn. M hnh thu nh c trnh by
trong hnh 1.13 (b).
nh sng truyn trong si quang vi trng thi phn cc bt k c a n b tch/ghp
trng thi phn cc SWP (Spatial Walk-off Polarizer), tch thnh hai dng tn hiu phn cc dc
v ngang theo hai ng c lp nhau. Tip theo, n b quay pha Faraday, quay pha 45o theo
chiu kim ng h. Mt phng /2 (Half-wave plate) thc hin quay pha 45o theo chiu kim ng
h i vi tn hiu truyn t tri sang phi, quay pha 45o theo chiu ngc kim ng h theo chiu
truyn ngc li. Cui cng, tn hiu hai nhnh c kt hp li nh b SWP th hai. Nu theo
chiu ngc li, hai b SWP s kh ln nhau. nh sng truyn qua b SWP th hai, qua b quay
pha Faraday s khng th kt hp li c ti b SWP th nht nh minh ha trn hnh (1.13).
c) ng dng
B Isolator v Circulator c nhng ng dng sau:
B Isolator thng ng trc u ra b khuch i quang hoc ngun pht laser ngn nh
sng phn x ngc tr li thit b gy nhiu v c th lm h thit b.
B Circulator c dng nh mt b phn ch to phn t xen rt quang OADM.
1.3.3
B lc quang
a) Tng quan
22
nh ngha
B lc l thit b ch cho php mt knh bc sng i qua, kha i vi tt c cc knh

bc sng khc. Nguyn l c bn nht ca b lc l s giao thoa gia cc tn hiu, bc sng
hot ng ca b lc s c cng pha nhiu ln khi i qua n, cc knh bc sng khc,
ngc li, s b trit tiu v pha. Tu thuc vo kh nng iu chnh knh bc sng hot
ng, ngi ta chia b lc lm hai loi: b lc c nh (fixed filter) v b lc iu chnh c
(tunable filter). Hnh 1.14 l s khi b lc c nh v b lc iu chnh c.
1 2
1, 2 , ...,N
Bo loc
k , (1 k N)
(a)
Hnh 1.14
m(1 m N)
Bo loc ieu
chnh c
(b)
S khi ca b lc. (a) B lc c nh bc sng k. (b) B lc c th iu

chnh bc sng c trong khang .
Yu cu i vi b lc
Hin nay, c rt nhiu cng ngh ch to b lc. Tuy nhin, yu cu chung i vi tt c

cc cng ngh l:
B lc tt phi c gi tr suy hao xen IL thp.
B lc phi khng ph thuc nhiu vo trng thi phn cc ca tn hiu a vo.
Di thng hot ng ca b lc phi khng nhy cm vi s thay i nhit ca mi trng.

B lc phi m bo trong khong nhit hot ng (thng l khong 100o C), dch di
thng hot ng phi khng vt qu khong cch gia hai knh bc sng hot ng gn
nht.
Khi ng dng ghp ni tip nhiu b lc trong h thng WDM, bng thng hot ng s b
thu hp li. hn ch ti a iu ny, cc b lc phi c hm truyn t trong khong bc
sng hot ng l bng phng.
Hm truyn t ca b lc phi c dc ln trnh giao nhau phn vt ca hai bc sng

ln cn, gy xuyn nhiu gia cc knh.
Gim chi ph sn xut. Vn ny li ph thuc vo cng ngh ch to. Tuy nhin, khi vn
ny t ln hng u th ta s c hai la chn. Th nht l dng cng ngh ng dn sng, cho
php sn xut trn nhng vi mch tch hp quang (b li hot ng ph thuc vo trng thi
phn cc ca sng quang). Th hai l dng cng ngh sn xut cc thit b thun quang, tuy
kh khn trong tch hp mch nhng c nhiu u im l: khng ph thuc vo trng thi
phn cc ca sng quang, ghp sng t si quang vo thit b d dng.
23
-30
Ban g chan
Vun g xuyen nhieu
-40
Suy hao them vao (dB)
-20
o cach li
-10
o ron g ban g thon g
0.5 dB
20 dB
o gn song
-10
-20
-30
-40
1533.47
1534.25
( nm)
(a)
Hnh 1.15
1540.56
(nm )
(b)
(a) Cc thng s c trng ca b lc. (b) gn sng ca b lc.
b) Thng s c bn
Hnh 1.15 minh ha cc c tnh c trng cho mt b lc, cc c tnh c nh
ngha nh sau:
Bc sng trung tm: phi l bc sng tun theo tiu chun ITU-T
rng bng thng (Pass Bandwidth): l rng ca hm truyn t ti mc suy hao xen
cch nh 0.5 dB. Trong mt s trng hp, ngi ta cn c th xt bng thng i qua 1 dB, 3
dB. c tnh ny rt quan trng v laser trong trng hp khng l tng ch pht tn hiu c
bc sng dao ng nht nh so vi bc sng trung tm c qui nh theo chun ITU-T.
rng bng chn (Stop Bandwidth): l rng ca hm truyn t ti mc suy hao xen cch
nh 20 dB. Di chn ca b lc phi cng nh cng tt trnh hin tng xuyn nhiu gia
cc knh.
cch li (Isolation): ch cng sut ca mt knh bc sng xuyn nhiu sang cc knh
bc sng ln cn.
gn sng (Ripple): l chnh lch nh-nh trong phm vi mt knh bc sng.
H s s dng bng thng BUF (Bandwidth-utilization Factor): l t s ca rng knh

truyn LW (Linewidth) ca nh sng c truyn i so vi nh sng phn x ti mt mc suy
hao xc nh. B lc l tng phi c BUF = 1. Trn thc t, khi IL = -25 dB th BUF 0.4.
Nu b lc thuc loi c th iu chnh bc sng c, n cn c thm cc c tnh na
nh l:
Khong iu chnh bc sng ng: l khong bc sng m trong phm vi hot ng ca b

lc.
S knh bc sng c th x l: l t l khong iu chnh bc sng ng trn khong cch

gia cc knh bc sng.
Thi gian iu chnh: Thi gian iu chnh gia cc knh bc sng hot ng khc nhau.
24
T l nn bin SSR (Sidelobe Suppression Ratio): l khong cch gia gi tr cng sut nh
so vi gi tr cng sut ln nht bin.
phn gii: l dch bc sng nh nht b lc c th nhn bit c.
c) Cch t
Cch t dng m t cc thit b m hot ng ca n da trn hin tng giao thoa gia
cc tn hiu quang xut pht t cng mt ngun quang nhng c lch pha tng i vi nhau.
Phn bit vi cch t l vt chun (etalon) l thit b nhiu tn hiu quang c to ra nh
mt hc cng hng (single cavity) lp li cc tia i ngang qua n.
Sng nh sng c lan truyn theo hng z vi tn s gc l v hng s pha l s c
dch pha l (t-z). Do dch pha tng i gia hai sng pht sinh t mt ngun c th
c to ra bng cch cho chng truyn qua hai ng khc nhau.
Trong WDM cch t c dng nh l mt b tch knh tch cc bc sng hoc nh
l mt b ghp knh kt hp cc bc sng.
Hnh 1.16 l hai v d v cch t: trn mt phng cch t (grating plane), cc khe (slit)
c cch u nhau. Khong cch gia hai khe k cn gi l pitch. Do cc khe nh nn theo hin
tng nhiu x (diffraction) nh sng truyn qua cc khe ny s lan to ra mi hng. Trn mt
phng nh x (imaging plane) s quang st c hin tng giao thoa cng hng (constructive
interference) v trit tiu cc bc sng ti cc im khc nhau, cch t ny c gi l cch t
nhiu x (diffraction grating).
Hnh 1.16(a) l cch t truyn dn (transmission gratings), 1.16(b) l cch t phn x
(reflection gratings).
Mt phng
cch t
Mt phng
nh x
d1
i
d2
Mt phng
nh x
Mt phng
cch t
d1
1 + 2
1 + 2
(a)
(b)
Hnh 1.16: (a) Cch t truyn dn v (b) Cch t phn x
25

Mt phng
cch t
B
n mt phng
nh x
A
D
C
T
ngun
Hnh 1.17 Nguyn tc hot ng ca cch t truyn dn. Cch t phn x hot ng
tng t. S chnh lch di gia cc tia khc x ti gc d vi cc khe
k cn l: AB CD = a[sin(i ) sin(d )]
Nguyn l hot ng
Theo hnh 1.17 ta c S chnh di gia cc tia khc x ti gc d vi cc khe k cn

l AB CD = a[sin(i ) sin(d )] .Giao thoa xy dng (constructive interference) xy ra khi
a[sin(i)-sin(d)]=m
(1.45)
Vi m: bc ca cch t. Khi i=0 c th vit li (3.14) nh sau

asin(d)=m
(1.45a)
Trn thc t, nng lng tp trung ti bc 0 khi i= d i vi mi bc sng. Nng lng

nh sng ti bc 0 l v ch v cc bc sng khng c tch ri. Do cn thit k cc cch t
khc gi l blazing (xem hnh 1.18).
Hnh 1.18 Cch t blazing vi gc blaze . Nng lng ca giao thoa

ti i tng ng vi gc blaze l cc i
d) Cch t Bragg
nh ngha
26
Cch t Bragg c s dng rng ri trong h thng thng tin quang. Mi s bin i
tun hon trong mi trng truyn sng (thng l bin i tun hon chit sut mi trng)
u c th hnh thnh cch t Bragg.
Nguyn l hot ng
Xt hai sng truyn theo hai chiu ngc nhau vi h s pha l 0, 1. Nng lng ca
tn hiu ny c ghp sang tn hiu kia nu chng tho mn iu kin v pha:
0 1 =
Trong :
(1.46)
l chu k cch t.
Trong cch t Bragg, nng lng ca sng truyn theo hng n c ghp vo sng
phn x tng ng truyn theo hng ngc li. Xt sng c h s pha 0 truyn theo chiu t
tri sang phi. Nng lng ca sng ny s c ghp vo sng tn x ca n theo chiu
ngc li (c cng bc sng vi sng ti) nu tho mn iu kin v pha:
0 ( 0 ) = 2 0 =
(1.47)
Gi 0=2neff/0 , 0 l bc sng nh sng ti v neff l gi tr chit sut hiu dng ca si quang

hoc ng dn sng (vt liu lm cch t Bragg). Khi , iu kin phn x c vit li l:
0 = 2neff
(1.48)
Cng thc trn gi l iu kin Bragg. Trong , 0 c gi l sng Bragg.

Hnh 1.19 (a) minh ha c ch hot ng ca phn x Bragg. l mt si quang hot
ng theo c ch phn x Bragg. Chit sut tng i ca li si quang c lm bin i tun
hon dc theo chiu di ca si ng vai tr nh cch t Bragg. Sng truyn trong si quang v
n c phn x li theo mi chu k cch t. Cc sng phn x s cng pha vi nhau nu bc
sng tun theo iu kin Bragg ta trnh by trn.
Hnh 1.19 (c) v (d) l rng ph cng sut ca sng phn x i vi hai trng hp
cch t: cch t ng nht v cch t gim dn. Cch t gim dn (apodized grating) l trng
hp ch to chit sut tng i sao cho cng xa trung tm cch t, s khc bit v chit sut cng
gim. Dng cch t gim dn s gim c cng sut ca sng phn x ln cn, nhng i li
phi chu bng thng hot ng tng ln. Theo th, ta cng thy rng cng xa bc sng Bragg,
ph ca sng phn x cng gim. C ngha l khi hot ng vi cc knh bc sng cch nhau
mt khong cch nht nh, ch c bc sng Bragg l phn x tr li khi truyn qua cch t
Bragg, cc bc sng khc s truyn i xuyn qua.
27
Cach t trong si quang chiet suat ong nhat
Cach t trong si quang chiet suat giam dan
(b)
Pho cong suat song phan xa (dB)
Pho cong suat song phan xa (dB)
(a)
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-4
-2
-2
-4
(c)
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-4
-2
-2
(d)
-4
Hnh 1.19 (a) Cch t Bragg trong si quang chit sut ng nht. (b) Cch t Bragg trong si
quang chit sut gim dn. (c) Ph cng sut phn x ca cch t ng nht. (d) Ph
cng sut phn x ca cch t gim dn. l rng ca di thng v l khong cch
gia bc sng nh v im phn x ti tiu u tin trong trng hp mt ct chit
sut ng nht. t l nghch vi chiu di cch t. l lch bc sng so vi
bc sng ng pha.
ng dng ca cch t Bragg
Cch t Bragg l nguyn l c bn dng trong cng ngh ch to b lc, b ghp xen/rt
quang, dng b suy hao tn sc.
ng dng ch to b lc c th iu chnh quang-m hc.
Ngoi ra, i vi lnh vc khuych i quang, cch t Bragg cn cho nhiu ng dng
quan trng nh: n nh li, cn bng li cho EDFA.
e) B lc cch t kiu si quang

nh ngha
Cch t Bragg kiu si quang l mt on si quang nhy vi nh sng, c ch to

bng cch dng tia cc tm UV (Ultra-violet) chiu vo lm thay i mt cch tun hon
chit sut bn trong li. S thay i chit sut trong li si ch cn rt nh (khong 10-4) cng
to ra cch t Bragg. B lc cch t Bragg kiu si quang c phn lm hai loi: cch
t chu k ngn v cch t chu k di. Cch t chu k ngn c chu k cch t tng ng vi
bc sng hot ng (khong 5m). Trong khi cch t chu k di c chu k cch t ln hn
28
nhiu ln so vi bc sng hot ng (khong vi trm 5m n vi mm). B lc Bragg kiu

si quang cng c th l b lc c nh hoc b lc iu chnh c.
Nguyn l hot ng ca cch t chu k ngn
Nguyn l hot ng ca b lc Bragg kiu si quang hon ton tng t nh ta

cp phn trn. Bng cch to s thay i tun hon chit sut trong li si quang. Qu trnh
truyn sng trong si quang qua nhng min chit sut khc nhau khi tr nn nghim ng
i vi iu kin Bragg. Khi truyn trong si quang c cch t Bragg ho, ch c bc
sng = B s c phn x tr li v cng pha vi nhau, cng pha vi sng ti, lm tng
cng sng phn x. Cc bc sng khc s truyn xuyn qua hoc phn x tr li khng
ng k do trit pha vi nhau. Bc sng Bragg B ca b lc c tnh t cng thc:
B = 2neff
Trong :
(1.49)
neff l chit sut tng i ca li si.

l chu k cch t Bragg.
Nguyn l hot ng ca cch t chu k di
Nguyn l hot ng ca b lc Bragg kiu si quang chu k di c khc so vi loi

chu k ngn. Trong loi cch t chu k ngn m ta xt trn, khi bc sng truyn trong li
si l B, sng phn x tr v s c ghp cng pha vi nhau v cng pha vi sng ti. Tt
c qu trnh ch din ra trong li si quang. i vi cch t chu k di, sng truyn trong
phn lp ph ngoi li si theo chiu i s c ghp cng pha vi sng truyn trong phn li
si cng chiu. iu kin c s ghp cng pha gia phn mode sng truyn trong li v
phn mode sng truyn trong lp v l:
clp =
Trong :
(1.50)
l h s pha ca mode sng truyn trong li.
clp l h s pha ca mode sng bc p truyn trong lp v.

Thng th hiu s gia hai hng s lan truyn ny rt nh nn s tr nn rt ln
vic ghp nng lng c th xy ra. Gi tr ny thng vo khong vi trm micrometers.
(Lu i vi cch t si Bragg hiu s gia hng s lan truyn ca mode ti v mode phn
x l rt ln nn chu k cch t s rt nh). Do ta c mi lin h gia h s pha v chit sut
tng i:
2n eff
(1.51)
Nn t cng thc (1.50), ta suy ra c:

p
= (n eff n eff
)
(1.52)
29

p
ta c th ch to mt cch t gi tr mt cch hp l sao cho
Nh vy khi bit c neff, n eff
vic ghp nng lng xy ra ngoi di bc sng mong mun. Cch t trong trng hp ny
hot ng nh mt b suy hao theo bc sng.
B lc Bragg kiu si quang c th iu chnh c
T cng thc (1.49) v (1.52), ta thy ta ch cn thay i chu k cch t l c th

thay i bc sng hot ng ca b lc Bragg kiu si quang. Trn thc t, thay i chu
k cch t ngi ta thng dng 2 cch: dng nhit hoc dng sc cng. S thay i bc
sng hot ng ca b lc c xc nh l mt hm theo chiu di cch t (L) v nhit
(T).
= 0.8(L / L) + (8 x 10 6 / 0 C )T
(1.53)
ng dng ca b lc cch t Bragg kiu si quang
Cch t Bragg kiu si quang l thit b thun quang nn c nhng u im ca h

thit b ny nh: suy hao thp, d phi ghp tn hiu t si quang vo thit b, khng nhy vi
s phn cc, h s nhit thp. Nh cc c tnh cho nhiu ng dng khc nhau:
To ngun laser bng cch ghp 2 b lc cch t Bragg si quang cng bc sng
hot ng vi nhau to thnh hc cng hng, ri dng mt ngun laser pht bc
sng lin tc cho chiu vo. Ngun laser to bng phng php ny cn c th iu chnh
sng ra ch mode-locked.
n nh bc sng: tn dng tnh chn lc chnh xc bc sng ca b lc Bragg kiu

si n nh sng bm bc sng 980 nm. Dng kt hp vi 2 coupler nh minh ha
trn hnh 1.20 (a). Mch hi tip so snh gia sng qua b lc v sng khng qua b lc
iu chnh tr li ngun laser DBR.
B tn sc bng cch dng cch t chu k gim dn (Chirped Grating). Khi nh sng
vo si quang kiu ny, nhng bc sng khc nhau s phn x nhng im khc nhau,
ng i khc nhau, dn n b c tn sc nu cu hnh thch hp. Minh ha trn hnh
1.20 (b).
L thnh phn quan trng trong vic ch to cc b xen/rt, kt hp vi b Circulator.

Minh ha trn hnh 1.20 (c).
B lc cch t Bragg chu k di c th ng vai tr nh cc b lc bng (bng gm

nhiu knh bc sng) rt hiu qu, ng dng cn bng li khi dng b khuych i
EDFA.
30

90 %
DBR
10%
1
2
50%
Mach K
ien t
50%
( 2 < 1 )
(b)
Cach t Bragg
1 , 2 , 3
1 , 2 , 3
Mach hoi
tiep
1 , 3
(a)
Hnh 1.20
Coupler
Cach t Bragg
1 , 2 , 3
(c)
Mt s ng dng ca b lc cch t Bragg kiu si quang. (a) ng dng to

ngun pht laser. (b) B tn sc bng cch dng cch t chu k gim dn. (c)
Thnh phn cu to b xen/rt knh bc sng.
f) B lc Fabry-Perot
nh ngha
B lc Fabry-Perot gm mt khoang c to bi hai gng c h s phn x cao t

song song vi nhau. nh sng i vo gng th nht, mt phn i qua gng th hai, phn
cn li c phn x qua li gia hai b mt ca hai gng. B lc dng ny gi l giao thoa
k (interferometer) hay vt chun (etalon) Fabry-Ferot.
Nguyn l hot ng
Cc sng nh sng c i ra khi b lc Fabry-Perot c cng ng pha vi nhau. Cc

bc sng ny c gi l bc sng cng hng ca b lc v phi tho mn cng thc [2]:
2l = NN
(1.54)
Trong l: chiu di khoang cng hng Fabry-Perot

N: s nguyn tng ng vi N
Son g i vao
Cac son g truyen qua

gng 2 eu con g on g
pha vi nhau
Phan xa qua lai gia

2 gng cua khoang
con g hn g
Hnh 1.21 Nguyn l hot ng ca b lc Fabry-Perot.
31
Suy ra, khong cch gia 2 knh bc sng lin tip l:

N+1-N = x2/2l
(1.55)
Trong : x l bc sng nh ca b lc trong mi trng c chit sut nx v x = /nx vi l

bc sng nh sng tronb chn khng.
Hm truyn t cng sut ca b lc Fabry-Perot c xc nh l [1]:
A 2
)
R
1
TFP ( f ) =
2 R
[1 + (
sin(2f )) 2 ]
1 R
(1
(1.56)
Cng thc (1.56) c th biu din theo bc sng nh sau:
(1
TFP ( ) =
[1 + (
A 2
)
1 R
(1.56a)
2 R
sin( 2nl / ))2 ]
1 R
Trong : A l suy hao do hp th ca gng

R l phn x ca gng, c tnh l t s cng sut sng phn x so vi sng n.
l l chiu di ca khoang cng hng.
=nl/c vi c l vn tc nh sng
Ta thy rng TFP () l hm tun hon theo , chu k ca n c nh ngha l khong
ph t do FSR (Free Spectral Range):
FSR = c/2nl
(1.57)
Bng thng 3 dB ca b lc Fabry-Perot ti mi nh ca hm truyn t cng sut c

k hiu l FWHM. Khi suy hao trong b lc b qua (A=0), FWHM c tnh t cng thc:
FWHM = (
1 R
)(
)
2 ln
R
(1.58)
Thng s c trng cho b lc l mn F (Finesse), c nh ngha nh sau:

F=
FSR
R
=
FWHM
1 R
(1.59)
F ch s bc sng m b lc c th phc v.
Hnh 1.22 l hm truyn t ca b lc Fabry-Perot khi A = 0, R = 0.75, 0.9 v 0.99. Ta c
th thy rng R cng ln th kh nng chng xuyn nhiu gia cc knh ca b lc cng gim.
32
FSR
R=
5
0.7
-10
.90
R=0
-20
-30
R=0 .99
Ham truyen at cong suat (dB)
-40
-1
Hnh 1.22
FSR
Hm truyn t cng sut ca b lc Fabry-Perot.
B lc Fabry-Perot iu chnh c
T cng thc (1.54) xc nh bc sng hot ng ca b lc Fabry-Perot, ta thy c

th thay i bc sng hot ng bng cch thay i chit sut n ca khoang cng hng
hoc thay i chiu di l ca khoang. Thay i chiu di l bng cch p gia mt trn v mt
di ca khoang mt cp in cc lm bng gm. Thay i in p gia hai in cc s lm
thay i chiu di ca khoang. Tuy nhin, khi di chuyn hai gng, vn gi cho hai gng
song song nhau rt kh thc hin. Do vy, c ch ny khng t c tnh chnh xc cao. C
ch thc hin c minh ha nh trn hnh 1.23.
Mt phng php khc l thay i n bng cch dng tinh th lng in-t lp y
khoang cng hng. Chit sut ca tinh th lng in-t s thay i khi c dng in i qua.
Phng php ny cng c nhc im l cc cht tinh th lng in-t thng d bin ng
theo nhit .
C che gi cho 2 gng cua
bo loc song song
ien cc gom
l
Si quang
Si quang
ien cc gom
Hnh 1.23
Dng in cc thay i bc sng hot ng ca b lc Fabry-Perot
ng dng ca b lc Fabry-Perot
33
B lc Fabry-Perot cng l thit b thun quang nn kh nng ng dng kh phong

ph. Tuy nhin, kh nng vt tri so vi cc thit b lc kiu khc l h s F ca b lc
Fabry-Perot kh ln (n 2000), cng vi kh nng iu chnh bc sng linh ng nn
thng dng trong phng th nghim kim tra, o lng cc thit b quang khc.
g) B lc a khoang mng mng in mi (TFMF)

nh ngha
B lc mng mng TFF (Thin-film Filter) cng l mt dng ca giao thao k Fabry-Perot,
trong cc gng bao quang hc cng hng c hin thc bng nhiu lp mng mng in
mi c th phn x c. B lc ny l b lc di thng ch cho mt bc sng nht nh i qua
v phn x tt c cc bc sng cn li.
Hoc cong hng 3
Hoc cong hng 2
Hoc cong hng 1
Gng gom nhieu lp

mang mong ien moi
a)
Ham truyen at cong suat(dB)
B lc a khoang mng mng in mi (TFMF) gm nhiu hc cng hng cch nhau

bng cc mng mng in mi phn x nh minh ha trong hnh 1.24 (a). S hc cng hng
cng nhiu th hm truyn t cng sut c nh cng phng trong di thng v c dc cng
ng (hnh 1.24).
0
-10
3 hoc cong hng

2 hoc cong hng
1 hoc cong hng
-20
-30
-40
0.998
1.002
b)
Hnh 1.24 B lc a khoang mng mng TFMF (Thin-film Multicavity Filter). (a) Cu to
b lc gm c 3 khoang cng hng. (b) Hm truyn t cng sut i vi cc
trng hp gm: mt, hai, ba khoang cng hng.
ng dng ca b lc TFMF
B lc TFMF c nhiu u im nh: hm truyn t c nh bng phng, dc cao,

thit b hot ng n nh vi nhit , suy hao thp v t b nh hng bi s thay i trng
thi phn cc ca tn hiu nn hin nay b lc loi ny c ng dng rng ri. Mt ng dng
tiu biu nht l to b tch bc sng (DEMUX), thc hin vi 8 bc sng, nh minh ha
trn hnh 1.25).
34

1, 2 8
Si quang
Lens
Lens
Si quang
Lens
Lens
1
3
5
Lens
Lens
Lens
Lens
B lc bng hp
Lens
6
8
thy tinh
Si quang
Hnh 1.25: B lc ghp/tch knh c to t cc b lc mng mng in mi
h) B lc Mach-Zehnder
nh ngha
B lc Mach-Zehnder l mt loi giao thoa k. Sng i vo b lc c phn thnh

nhiu ng khc nhau, sau cho giao thoa vi nhau. MZI thng c sn xut da trn
cc mch tch hp quang v thng gm cc couple 3 dB c ni vi nhau bng cc ng
c cc di khc nhau (hnh 1.26).
Output 1
Input 1
lch ng i L
Output 2
Input 2
(a)
Input 1
Output 1
MZI
(L)
Input 2
Output 2
(b)
Input 1
Input 2
MZI
(L)
MZI
(2L)
MZI
(4L)
MZI
(8L)
Output 1
Output 2
(c)
Hnh 1.26: (a) B lc MZI c to thnh bng cch kt ni cc couplers nh hng 3 dB.
(b) S khi ca MZI. l l lch v ng i gia hai nhnh (c) S
khi ca MZI bn tng s dng cc b sng khc nhau mi tng.
35
Nguyn l hot ng
Trn hnh (1.26), gi s tn hiu i vo ng s 1, sau b coupler u tin, cng sut

c chia u hai ng ra nhng c lch pha /2. lch v ng i L lm cho
lch pha tng thm L nhnh di. Ti coupler th hai, tnh hiu nhnh di i vo
nhnh trn v li tr hn nhnh trn l /2. lch pha tng i tng cng nhnh trn l
/2+L +/2. Tng t tn hiu t nhnh trn i vo nhnh di nhnh di th lch
pha tng i tng cng l /2+L -/2=L. Nu L=k vi k l l th cc tn hiu ng
ra th nht c cng ng pha cn ng ra th hai s trit tiu ln nhau do ngc pha. Do
tn hiu s c truyn vo t ng vo th nht ra ng ra th nht. Nu k chn th tn hiu
s truyn t ng vo th nht n ng ra th hai.
Hm truyn t cng sut trong trng hp ch c ng vo 1 l tch cc:
2
T11 (f ) sin ( L / 2)
=
cos 2 ( L / 2)
T
(
f
)
12
(1.60)
Trn thc t, tng dc ca hm truyn t cng sut, b lc Mach-Zehnder

thng c mc ni tip vi nhau. Tuy nhin, nu mc ni tip nhiu b lc s dn n suy
hao thm vo tng.
B lc Mach-Zehnder c th iu chnh c
B lc Mach-Zenhder c th iu chnh c c cu trc i xng gia 2 nhnh trn

v nhnh di ca ng dn sng. iu chnh bc sng hot ng bng cch iu chnh chit
sut tng i ca mt nhnh. Phng php thay i chit sut tng i c th l dng nhit
hoc to ng dn sng bng cc cht in-t (chng hn nh LiNbO3), sau p in p ln
lm thay i chit sut tng i ca cht .
ng dng ca b lc Mach-Zehnder
B lc Mach-Zehnder thng c ng dng ch to cc b ghp/tch knh. Xt

trng hp MZI n. Vi L c nh, ng vo 1 tch cc, MZI s ng vai tr l b tch knh
1x2 nu cc bc sng c chn trng vi cc nh ca hm truyn t. C th nu
=2neff/ th bc sng ng vo i phi c chn sao cho neffL/i=mi/2 vi mi l s
nguyn dng. Nu mi l l th i s xut hin ng ra th nht v hm truyn t cng sut
trong trng hp ny l sin2(mi/2)=1, cn nu mi l chn th i s xut hin ng ra th hai
v hm truyn t cng sut trong trng hp ny l cos2(mi/2)=1. V MZI l thit b thun
nghch nn khi cc ng vo v ra i ch cho nhau n s l mt b ghp knh 2x1. c b
tch knh 1xn vi n l ly tha ca 2 cn ni chui (n-1) MZI (hnh 1.26c). Tuy nhin so vi
TFMF th chui MZI c cht lng km hn: di thng khng phng v vng chuyn tip
khng dc. Cc b ghp/tch knh dung lng cao hn thng dng cng ngh tin tin hn
m ta s xt phn sau.
i) B lc cch t ng dn sng sng ma trn (AWG)

nh ngha
36
AWG l trng hp tng qut ca b lc giao thoa Mach-Zehnder (hnh 1.27). B lc

ny bao gm hai b coupler nhiu cng (multiport coupler) c kt ni vi nhau bng mt
ma trn ng dn sng (array of waveguides). AWG c th c xem nh l mt thit b
mt tn hiu c nhn bn ln thnh mt lot cc tn hiu vi cc lch pha tng i khc
nhau rng c cng li vi nhau.
AWG c th c s dng nh l b ghp/tch knh 1xn. So vi chui MZI, AWG c
tn hao thp, di thng phng, v d dng c sn xut da trn cc mch quang t hp
(integrated optic substrate). AWG cn c th c s dng nh l mt b kt ni cho bc
sng (wavelength crossconnect). Tuy nhin b kt ni cho trong trng hp ny khng c
kh nng t nh tuyn (xem hnh 1.28).
Ma trn ng dn
sng
Cc ng dn
sng ng ra
Cc ng dn
sng ng vo
Coupler
Ng vo
Coupler
ng ra
Hnh 1.27 Cch t ng dn sng ma trn
11 , 12 , 13 , 14
12 ,22 ,32 ,24

13 ,32 ,33 ,34
14 ,42 ,34 ,44
Cch t ng dn
sng ma trn
11 , 22 , 33 , 44
14 ,12 ,32 ,34

13 ,42 ,13 ,24
12 ,32 ,34 ,14
Hnh 1.28 Mu b kt ni cho c to t AWG

Nguyn l hot ng
Xem xt AWG trn hnh (1.27). S ng vo v ng ra ca AWG l n. Coupler th

nht c kch thc l nxm, cn coupler th hai c kch thc l mxn. Hai coupler ny c
ni vi nhau bng m ng dn sng, c gi l cc ng dn sng dng ma trn. di ca
cc ng dn sng c chn sau cho lch v chiu di gia hai ng dn sng k cn l L.
Coupler u tin chia tn hiu thnh m phn. lch pha gia cc phn ny ph thuc vo
khong cch m tn hiu t ng vo n mt ng dn sng.
K hiu dikin l lch v ng i (tng i vi bt k mt ng dn sng ng vo
no v bt k mt ng dn sng ma trn no) gia ng dn sng ng vo i v ng dn sng ma
trn k. Gi s rng ng dn sng ma trn k c di ng dn ln hn ng dn sng k-1 mt
37
khong L. Tng t k hiu dkjout l lch v ng i (tng i vi bt k mt ng dn

sng ma trn no v bt k mt ng dn sng ng ra no) gia ng dn sng ma trn k v ng
dn sng ng ra j. Khi pha tng i ca cc tn hiu t ng vo i n ng ra j i qua m
ng khc nhau c cho bi
ijk =
2
n 1d inik + n 2 kL + n 1d out
k = 1,...., m
kj ,
(1.61)
y n1 l chit sut khc x ca cc coupler ng vo v ng ra, n2 l chit sut khc x ca

cc ng dn sng ma trn. T ng vo i, nhng bc sng lm cho ijk khc nhau mt bi s
ca 2 th s c cng ng pha ti ng ra j.
Gi s cc coupler ng vo v ng ra c thit k sao cho
d inik = d ini + k ini
(1.62)
d ikout = d iout + k iout

th pha tng i ca cc tn hiu c th vit li nh sau
ijk =
2
2k
n 1 d ini + n 1 d out
+
n 1 ini + n 2 L + n 1 out
, k = 1,...., m
j
j
(1.63)
Cu trc ny c gi l cu trc vng Rowland (hnh 1.29)

Nu bc sng ng vo i tho iu kin:
= p
j
(1.64)
vi p l mt s nguyn dng th s c cng ng pha ng ra j.
Cc ng dn
sng ma trn
Cc ng dn
sng ng vo
R
R
Hnh 1.29 Vng Rowland dng to cc coupler cho AWG
i vi trng hp AWG s dng nh mt b tch knh th tt c cc bc sng

c a n cng mt ng vo i. Do nu cc bc sng 1,2,...,n ca h thng WDM
tha iu kin:
38
= p j
j
(1.65)
cho mt p no th cc bc sng ny s c tch bi AWG. Lu iin v L cn thit

xc nh chnh xc t hp cc bc sng c phn knh, khong cch ti thiu gia cc
bc sng khng ph thuc vo hai tham s m ch yu ph thuc vo jout.
Nu c bc sng j tha iu kin:
= (p + 1)' j
j
(1.66)
th c hai bc sng j v j u c tch ra ng ra j. Nh vy AWG c p ng tun

hon v tt c cc bc sng phi cng nm trong mt FSR.
j) B lc quang m iu chnh c (AOTF)

nh ngha
B lc quang-m AOTF (Acousto-Optic Tunable) l tiu biu cho h thit b m cng

ngh ch to kt hp gia m thanh v nh sng. Dng sng m thanh to cch t Bragg
trong ng dn sng, cc cch t ny thc hin chc nng la chn bc sng. Trong iu kin
cng ngh hin ti, b lc AOTF l mt trong nhng thit b duy nht c kh nng iu chnh
la chn nhiu bc sng cng mt lc. Kh nng ny gip cho b lc l linh kin ch cht
ch to cc b kt ni cho bc sng.
Nguyn l hot ng
B chuyn
i sng m Sng m hc
Ng vo
TE
B phn
cc
TM
Ng ra
Hnh 1.30 Mt AOTF n gin.
Xem v d ca mt AOTF trn hnh 1.30. AOTF l mt ng dn sng c to thnh

t vt liu khc x kp v ch h tr cc mode TE v TM bc thp nht (v d lm bng Ti
trn nn LiNbO3). Gi s nng lng nh sng ng vo l TE mode. B phn cc ng vo
(input polarizer) ch chn nng lng nh sng trong mode TM c b tr 2 u cui ca
ng dn sng.
B to sng m (Acoustic transducer) to ra sng m b mt SAW (Surface Acoustic
Wave) lan truyn dc theo hoc ngc chiu vi hng truyn dn ca nh sng. Kt qu ca
s lan truyn ny l mt ca mi trng thay i mt cch tun hon. Chu k ca s thay
i mt ny bng vi bc sng ca sng m. S thay i mt mt cch tun hon ny
ng vai tr nh l mt cch t Bragg.
Nu cc h s chit sut nTE v nTM ca cc mode TE v TM tha iu kin Bragg:
39
n TM n TE 1
=
(1.67)
th nh sng s c ghp t mt mode ny n mt mode khc. Nng lng nh sng trong

mt di ph hp xung quanh bc sng tha iu kin phn x Bragg s b chuyn i t
TE sang TM mode. Nh vy thit b ny ng vai tr nh mt b lc bng hp khi ng vo
ch c nng lng nh sng trong mode TE v ng ra ch c nng lng nh sng trong
mode TM l c chn (xem hnh 1.30).
Trong LiNbO3, mode TE v TM c chnh lch v chit sut n=0.07. iu kin
phn x Bragg c th vit li:
= (n )
(1.68)
Bo phan chuyen oi
nang lng song am
au vao 1
Bo phan cc
TE
ngo vao
TM
1 , 2 ,..., n
au ra 1
Bo phan
cc ngo ra
1
TE+TM
TE+TM
TM
TE
au vao 2
2 , 3 ,..., n
au ra 2
Tn hieu RF
Hnh 1.31 B lc quang-m c th iu chnh c AOTF (Acousto-optic Tunable Filter).
Vi mt bc sng m hc thch hp AOTF c th chn ra bc sng ph hp.

V d chn c bc sng =1550nm vi n=0.07 th bc sng m hc vo khong
=22m. Vn tc m thanh trong LiNbO3 l 3.75 km/s do tn s RF s l khong 170
MHz. B AOTF trn hnh 1.30 l thit b ph thuc vo phn cc. Hnh 1.31 l AOTF khng
ph thuc vo phn cc.
Hm truyn t cng sut
2
sin 2 ( / 2 ) 1 + (2 / )
T ( ) =
2
1 + (2 / )
Vi
(1.69)
=-0 vi 0 l bc sng tha iu kin Bragg

=02/ln s o rng di thng ca b lc vi l l chiu di ca b lc.
Hm truyn t c v trn hnh (1.32). Nh vy l quyt nh rng ca di thng.
C th chng minh c FWHM0.8. Nh vy b lc cng di di thng cng hp. Tuy
nhin lu rng tc hiu chnh cng t l thun vi l v tc ny c xc nh bi thi
gian cn thit sng m truyn qua ht chiu di ca b lc.
40
Ham truyen at cong suat (dB)
-10
-20
-30
-4
-2
Hnh 1.32 Hm truyn t cng sut ca b lc AOTF
ng dng ca b lc AOTF
AOTF l b kt ni cho bc sng. Nu cp cho AOTF nhiu sng m hc ng thi
th nhiu bc sng quang c th tha iu kin Bragg ng thi. Do vi mt AOTF c th
thc hin vic hon i cc bc sng gia hai cng mt cch ng thi (hnh 1.33 b). Nh vy
AOTF c th thc hin vic nh tuyn bc sng ng d dng bng thay i bc sng m hc.
Tuy nhin AOTF kh c ng dng nhiu trn thc t v nhiu xuyn knh ln ng thi c
khong cch knh hp cho DWDM th AOTF phi c chiu di ln nn kh sn xut
11 ,12
B lc quang m iu
chnh c
12 ,22
12 ,12
11 ,22
RF1
(a)
11 ,12 ,13 ,14
B lc quang m iu
chnh c
12 ,22 ,32 ,24
12 ,12 ,13 ,24

11 ,22 ,32 ,14
RF1 ,RF4
(b)
Hnh 1.33 B kt ni cho bc sng c to t cc b lc AOTF
41
1.3.4
B ghp/tch knh bc sng
B ghp/tch knh bc sng, cng vi b kt ni cho quang, l thit b quan trng nht
cu thnh nn h thng WDM. Khi dng kt hp vi b kt ni cho quang OXC (Optical
Crossconnect) s hnh thnh nn mng truyn ti quang, c kh nng truyn ti ng thi v trong
sut mi loi hnh dch v, m cng ngh hin nay ang hng ti. Tuy nhin, trong khi thit b
v cng ngh chuyn mch quang nhn chung vn cn ang mc nghin cu ti cc phng th
nghim th cc thit ghp/tch knh bc sng c thng mi ho rng ri. V cng ngh
ch to, cng ngh ch to b lc (m c trnh by chi tit phn 1.3.3) v cng ngh ch
to b tch/ghp knh hon ton ging nhau. Ch khc l b lc thng ch c mt bc sng hot
ng, cn b tch/ghp knh hot ng trn nhiu knh bc sng lin tc. B lc chnh l phn
t c bn cu to nn b ghp/tch knh nn phn ny ta s khng i su vo cng ngh ch to
na.
a) nh ngha
Nguyn l hot ng ca b MUX/DEMUX cng tng t nh b Coupler. Tuy nhin, b
Coupler/Splitter thc hin ghp tch tn hiu c cng bc sng, cn b MUX/DEMUX thc hin
ghp tch tn hiu cc bc sng khc nhau. S khi b MUX/DEMUX cho trong hnh 1.34
(a) v (b).
b) c tnh
B MUX/DEMUX thng c m t theo nhng thng s sau:
Suy hao xen (Insertion Loss): m t phn coupler.
S lng knh x l: l s lng knh bc sng u vo v u ra ca b ghp/tch

knh. Thng s ny c trng cho dung lng ca thit b.
Bc sng trung tm: Cc bc sng trung tm phi tun theo chun ca ITU-T m
bo vn tng thch.
Bng thng: l rng ph (linewidth) ca knh bc sng trn thc t. Bng thng
thng c tnh l rng ca hm truyn t cng sut cc mc cch nh 1dB, 3dB,
20dB.
Gi tr ln nht suy hao xen: c tnh l khong cch nh nht gia nh ca hm truyn
t cng sut ca mt knh bc sng no so vi mc IL=0 (dB) (minh ha trn 1.34
(c)).
chnh lch suy hao xen vo gia cc knh: c tnh l hiu ca gi tr ln nht v nh
nht suy hao xen vo gia cc knh bc sng.
42
1
2
1 , 2 ,..., n
1 , 2 ,..., n
MUX
1
2
DEMUX
(a)
(b)
Khoang cach gia

cac kenh bc song
0.8 nm
0
Suy hao them

vao cc ai
BW 1dB
-10
BW 3dB
-20
BW 20dB
-30
-40
1540.56
1541.35
( nm )
(c)
Hnh 1.34
B tch/ghp knh bc sng quang. (a) S khi b ghp knh bc sng

(MUX). (b) S khi b tch knh bc sng (DEMUX). (c) Cc thng s c
trng ca b MUX/DEMUX.
c) Ghp tng to b ghp knh dung lng cao

Nhu cu v dung lng ngy cng cao trong khi cng ngh ch to si quang vn cn
nhng gii hn nht nh, lm hn ch tc truyn dn mt knh bc sng. iu i hi
phi tng s lng knh bc sng truyn trn mt si quang, c ngha l s lng knh m b
MUX/DEMUX x l phi tng ln. Trong khi cng ngh ch to phn t c bn vn cn gii hn
mt khong s lng knh bc sng c th x l nht nh th gii php ghp tng c xem
l gii php hp l nht.
Ghp tng ni tip n knh (Serial)
Trong phng php ny thc hin ghp n tng, mi tng ch thc hin ghp/tch mt knh
bc sng. Mt v d tiu biu l b DEMUX 8 knh bc sng, ch to t cc phn t
c bn l b lc TFMF nh trnh by trong hnh (1.25).
u im ln nht ca phng php ghp tng ni tip l s bc sng x l c th thay

i linh ng bng cch thm/bt s b lc ghp vo (pay as you grow).
Nhc im chnh l ch c th tng ln n mt s lng bc sng no m thi, do

suy hao xen s tng gn nh tuyn tnh vi s lng b lc thm vo.
43
Bang 1
1 3 5 7 9 111315
1
4
Bang 2
1 4
5 8
1
3
9 12 13 16
Bang 3
Bang 1 Bang 2 Bang 3 Bang 4
15
1 3 5 7 9 111315
2 4 6 8 10121416
9
2 4 6 8 10121416
12
Bang 4
2
4
13
16
16
DEMUX tang 1
DEMUX tang 2
(a)
DEMUX tang 1
DEMUX tang 2
(b)
Hnh 1.35 Ghp tng tng dung lng ghp/tch cc knh bc sng. (a) Ghp tng theo
tng bng sng. (b) Ghp tng an xen chn l.
Ghp mt tng (Single-Stage)
Tt c cc bc sng u c tch ng thi trong mt tng duy nht. V d cho cu trc

ny l b lc AWG (hnh 1.27).
u im ca phng php ny suy hao xen nh, tnh ng nht ca suy hao tt hn.
Nhc im l s knh c tch b hn ch do cng ngh sn xut AWG.

Ghp tng theo tng bng sng (Multistage Banding)
Phng php ny thc hin vi n/m tng, mi tng thc hin ghp/tch m knh bc sng
thuc cng mt bng sng (thng thng m=4 hoc m=8, s lng knh bc sng trong
mt bng sng l do nh sn xut thit b qui nh) xem hnh (1.35 a). Nh vy, i hi b
MUX/DEMUX tng u phi c di bc sng hot ng rt rng.
u im: hn ch c suy hao thm vo m ln so vi phng php ghp tng ni tip.

Cu trc ny c th m rng thm nhiu tng. Cu trc c dng mun nn tng cui
cng c th ch dng mt bng
Nhc im: ph phm ti nguyn bc sng do phi cha khong cch rng gia cc
bng sng.
Ghp tng an xen chn l
C th p dng vi hai tng hoc nhiu hn. Tng u lm nhim v ghp/tch cc knh
bc sng chn, l ra lm thnh hai bng, a n tng hai. Tip theo, tng hai c th thc
hin chc nng tng t nh tng mt hoc thc hin ghp/tch ring ra thnh cc knh
ring l (xem hnh 1.35 b).
44
1.3.5
u im ca phng php ny l cng v tng cui, khng cn phi dng cc b lc c

chnh xc cao do khong cch gia cc knh bc sng cn x l tng sau s cng rng
ra.
B chuyn mch quang
a) Cc b chuyn mch n (Single Switch)

Theo chc nng, cc b chuyn mch n thng c chia lm hai loi: on/off v
chuyn tip (passing). B chuyn mch on/off (1x1) s cho php/hoc khng cho php tn hiu
nh sng i qua (hnh 1.36(a)). Chuyn mch chuyn tip 1x2 hng tn hiu nh sng t si
quang th nht sang si quang th hai hoc sang si quang th ba (hnh 2.3(b)). Cu hnh chuyn
mch 1x2 trong hnh 1.36(b) l cu hnh chuyn mch n gin nht. Cc b chuyn mch chuyn
tip 1xN n mang tnh thng mi cao. B chuyn mch chuyn tip 2x2 c th kt ni hai si
quang ny vi hai si quang khc. B chuyn mch chuyn tip 2x2 c th c hai trng thi: trng
thi kt ni thng (bypass/bar) v trng thi kt ni cho (cross/inserted) (hnh 1.36(c)). Thut ng
khng nghn dng ch mt b chuyn mch c th kt ni bt k ng vo n bt k ng ra.
Hnh 1.36(d) trnh by b chuyn mch 2x2 c nghn v b chuyn mch ny ch c th kt ni t
si quang 1 n si quang 4.
(a)
2
(b)
1
(c)
1
(d)
Hnh 1.36
Cc loi cu hnh chuyn mch quang: (a) chuyn mch On/Off (1x1); (b) chuyn
mch chuyn tip (1x2) (khng nghn); (d) chuyn mch 2x2 c nghn.
Nhiu v d n gin v cc ng dng ca b chuyn mch khng nh tm quan trng

ca cc b chuyn mch trong h thng thng tin si quang nh sau:
Cc chuyn mch on/off c dng lm cc u pht v u thu cch ly trong thit b o

th. B chuyn mch 1x2 cho php la chn knh v c dng cho chuyn mch bo v
( nh hng li lu lng khi si quang b t).
45
Cc chuyn mch 1xN c dng kim tra v o cc linh kin quang, kim tra t xa
cc h thng thng tin si quang.
Cc chuyn mch 2x2 c dng kt ni thng nt trong cc mng quang. Chuyn

mch 2x2 thng c ng dng trong cc mng FDDI. Khi mt trm no b h hng
hoc b mt ngun, b chuyn mch s t ng thay i sang trng thi nghn, do m
bo lung lu lng khng b nh hng khi nt b h hng.
V
SOA
3
b)
a)
GRIN
lens
1
1
2
3
3
c)
GRIN
lens
d)
Switching
plate
e)
GRIN
lens
Phase shifter
f)
g)
Hnh 1.37 Nguyn l hot ng ca cc b chuyn mch quang: (a) chuyn mch on/off dng SOA;
(b) b ghp ng dn sng ch to t LiNBO3; (c) chuyn mch dng lng knh chuyn
ng; (d) chuyn mch dng gng hnh cu; (e) chuyn mch bng cch di chuyn si
quang; (f) chuyn mch ng dng hiu ng FTIR; (g) chuyn mch quang-nhit s dng
b giao thoa Mach-Zehnder.
46
Cc chuyn mch n c ch to theo cc kiu kha (latching) hoc khng kha

(nonlatching). Loi kha s gi nguyn trng thi (v tr) ca chuyn mch nu ngun b mt.
Nguyn l hot ng ca cc chuyn mch n in hnh thng da trn: in-quang,
quang c hc, nhit quang. Hnh 1.37 trnh by mt s nguyn l hot ng ca b chuyn mch.
Nu chuyn mch thin p ca mt b khuch i quang bn dn (SOA- Semiconductor Optical
Amplifier) sang hai trng thi on/off th to ra c mt chuyn mch in-quang (hnh 1.37(a))
v mt SOA ch khuch i nh sng khi n c phn cc v hp th nh sng khi n khng
c phn cc. Hnh 1.37(b) trnh by mt v d khc ca chuyn mch EO, trong t s ghp
ca b ghp ng dn sng ph thuc vo in p p vo. Thay i t s ghp bng cch dng
LiNbO3 ch to lp trn cng ca b ghp v LiNbO3 l loi nhin liu c ch s khc x thay
i theo gi tr ca in p p vo. Chuyn mch quang c hc hot ng da trn chuyn ng
c hc ca cc linh kin quang. V d, di chuyn lng knh trong hnh 1.37(c) theo chiu dc s
cho php chuyn mch mt tn hiu quang t si 2 sang si 3. Ta cng c th t c kt qu
tng t khi t nh ln tr mt gng hnh cu (hnh 1.37(d)). Cc thu knh GRIN (gradedindex) s lm cho vic chuyn tip nh sng ghp t/vo si quang c d dng hn. Hnh
1.37(e) trnh by v d v chuyn mch quang. Mt cp si quang ng vo chuyn t v tr ny
sang v tr khc thc hin vic chuyn mch tn hiu quang.
Nguyn l ca vic lm mt tc dng ca ton b nh sng phn x bn trong (FTIRFrustration of Total Internal Reflection) c ng dng ch to b chuyn mch c trnh by
trong hnh 1.34(f). Nhc li l mt phn nh sng s truyn qua mi trng khc x khc ngay c
khi khng c nh sng phn x bn trong. Ta gi nh sng c truyn qua ny l sng suy bin
(evanescent wave). Nh hiu ng ny, khi l chuyn mch c gn vi lng knh th s to ra
nh sng phn x bn trong. Khi l chuyn mch (switching plate) tin ti gn lng knh, th ton
b nh sng phn x bn trong b mt tc dng, kt qu l chm nh sng phn x s di chuyn
dn dn sang hng khc. Do , bng cch di chuyn l chuyn mch hng ti lng knh, ta c
th nh hng tn hiu nh sng sang si 3. Khi l chuyn mch khng tip xc vi lng knh, s
xy ra hin tng phn x nh sng bn trong v tn hiu quang i vo si 2. Ch l qu trnh
chuyn ng c hc ca cc linh kin quang xy ra rt nhanh, rt t v chc chn. Nn hin nay,
cc b chuyn mch quang c hc ang c s dng ph bin nht.
Hnh 1.37(g) trnh by v d v chuyn mch quang nhit. Mt b giao thoa MachZehnder kt hp vi mt b dch pha gn trong mi nhnh giao thoa. Bng hi nng, ta c th
iu khin s lng b dch pha, ngha l c th nh hng tn hiu quang sang si 2 hoc si 3.
Cc chuyn mch quang nhit c tc chuyn mch nhanh hn so vi cc b chuyn mch
quang c hc, v quan trng nht l, chng c th c thc hin theo cng ngh trng thi rn
planar (planar solid-state) nh cc ma trn chuyn mch ln.
Mt s tham s chnh quy nh c tnh ca cc b chuyn mch:
T s tt m (extinction ratio): th hin c tnh ca b chuyn mch on/off. y l t s

gia nng lng nh sng khi chuyn mch trng thi on v nng lng nh sng khi
chuyn mch trng thi off. Gi tr ny cng cao cng tt, thng nm trong khong t
45 n 50 dB.
Suy hao xen (insertion loss): l n v o cng sut suy hao do b chuyn mch gy ra
thng c gi tr khong 0.5 dB.
47
Nhiu xuyn m (crosstalk): t s gia cng sut ng ra c to ra bi ng vo mong

mun v cng sut ng ra c to ra bi ng vo khng mong mun. Gi tr ny cng
cao cng tt, thng khong 80 dB.
Thi gian chuyn mch (switching time): l tham s rt quan trng. Khi s dng cc b
lc hiu chnh c, thi gian chuyn mch yu cu ph thuc vo cc ng dng ca
chuyn mch. i vi cc mng chuyn mch knh ngy nay, thi gian chuyn mch
khong c s, thm ch c ms, nhng i vi cc mng quang chuyn mch gi, thi gian
chuyn mch ch khong vi ns, thm ch khong s. Cc b chuyn mch n quang-c
hc v quang-nhit c thi gian chuyn mch nm trong khong t 2 n 20 ms, trong khi
cc b chuyn mch n quang-in c thi gian chuyn mch c ns.
Ngoi nhng tham s k ra trn y, trong ti liu tham kho c tnh ca phn t chuyn
mch cn c mt s tham s nh di bc sng hot ng, PDL, v nhit phng.
b) Cc khi chuyn mch quang ln (multistage/large optical switch)

Cc khi chuyn mch quang vi s lng cng t vi trm n vi ngn ang c
nghin cu cho h thng mng quang th h tip theo. Khi thit k cc khi chuyn mch quang
ln, cn quan tm n cc vn sau:
S lng ca cc phn t chuyn mch cn thit: cc b chuyn mch ln c to thnh

t cc phn t chuyn mch theo nhiu cch khc nhau, nh s trnh by bn di. Chi ph
v phc tp ca khi chuyn mch ph thuc vo s phn t chuyn mch c yu
cu, cch ng gi, ghp ni, phng php ch to v iu khin.
Tnh ng nht ca suy hao: cc b chuyn mch c th to ra suy hao khc nhau cho
tng kt ni khc nhau ca ng vo v ng ra. Khi chuyn mch cng ln th s khc
nhau v suy hao cng nhiu. nh gi tnh ng nht ca suy hao bng cch xem xt s
phn t chuyn mch ti thiu v ti a trn ng dn quang i vi tng kt ni ng
vo/ra khc nhau.
S im ni cho trong khi chuyn mch: thng s ny c bit quan trng trong vic
ch to cc khi chuyn mch quang. Mt s khi chuyn mch quang c tch hp t
nhiu b chuyn mch trn mt mch duy nht. Khng ging nh trong cc mch in
tch hp (IC), , cc kt ni gia nhiu linh kin khc nhau c th nm trn nhiu lp,
trong cc mch quang tch hp, tt c cc kt ni u c to ra trn mt lp duy nht
bng cc ng dn sng. Nu cc ng dn ca hai ng dn sng ct nhau (to ra im ni
cho) th s xy ra cc hiu ng khng mong mun nh suy hao cng sut v hin tng
nhiu xuyn m. hin tng suy hao cng sut v nhiu xuyn m khng gy nh
hng n khi chuyn mch th phi ti thiu ha hoc hn ch hon ton cc im ct
nhau ny.
Cc c tnh nghn: v chc nng, c th chia khi chuyn mch thnh hai loi: nghn v
khng nghn. Khi chuyn mch gi l khng nghn khi mt cng ng vo no ang
ri c th kt ni vi bt k ng ra no cng ang ri. V th, mt khi chuyn mch
khng nghn c kh nng thc hin mi kt ni t ng vo n ng ra. Nu trong khi
chuyn mch c mt s kt ni khng th thc hin c, th khi chuyn mch ny c
gi xem l c nghn. Phn ln cc ng dng u yu cu chuyn mch khng nghn. Vi
chuyn mch khng nghn c th phn thnh hai loi l: chuyn mch khng nghn theo
48
ngha rng (wide-sense nonblocking), v chuyn mch khng nghn theo ngha hp
(strict-sense non-blocking). Theo ngha rng, bt k ng vo no cha c s dng cng
c th kt ni vi bt k ng ra no cng cha c s dng m khng cn phi nh
tuyn li cc kt ni ang tn ti; khi chuyn mch dng ny s dng cc thut ton nh
tuyn c trng nh tuyn cho cc kt ni hin c sao cho m bo khng xy ra
nghn cho cc kt ni tip sau . Theo ngha hp, bt k ng vo no cha c s dng
cng c kt ni vi bt k ng ra no cng cha c s dng m khng cn quan tm
n trng thi ca cc kt ni trc trong khi chuyn mch.
Mt khi chuyn mch khng nghn yu cu vic nh tuyn li cho cc kt ni m

bo thuc tnh khng nghn c gi l khi chuyn mch khng nghn sp xp li
(rearrangeably non-blocking switch). Vic nh tuyn li cc kt ni c th hoc khng
th c chp nhn cn ty thuc vo ng dng v chc chn cc kt ni s b ngt trong
mt khong thi gian no khi chng c chuyn mch sang ng dn khc. So vi
cc cu trc chuyn mch khng nghn theo ngha rng, u im ca cc cu trc chuyn
mch khng nghn sp xp li l s dng cng t cc b chuyn mch nh th kch thc
ca khi chuyn mch cng ln. Tuy nhin, khi cc cu trc khng nghn sp xp li s
dng cng t b chuyn mch nh th thut ton iu khin thit lp kt ni ca chng
cng phc tp, nhng ni chung vi cng ngh vi x l p dng trong khi chuyn mch
ngy nay, th y l vn nh, khng quan trng. Nhc im ln nht ca cc khi
chuyn mch khng nghn sp xp li l khng th phc v cho cc ng dng khng cho
php ngt cc kt ni ang tn ti, thm ch trong khong thi gian cc ngn khi cn thit
lp mt kt ni mi.
R rng, khi thit k mt khi chuyn mch dung lng ln th khng th cng lc t
c s ti u i vi tt c cc thng s k trn. Tu thuc vo ng dng ca khi chuyn mch
trn thc t mt thng s c th c u tin hn cc thng s khc.
Bng sau y trnh by s so snh gia cc cu trc chuyn mch khc nhau, trong cu
trc Spanke dng cc b chuyn mch 1n, cc cu trc cn li u hnh thnh t b chuyn
mch 22.
Bng1.2 So snh gia cc cu trc chuyn mch khc nhau.

Loi khng nghn
S b chuyn mch
Suy hao ln nht
Suy hao nh nht
Crossbar
Wide-sense
n2
2n-1
Clos
Strict-sense
4 2n1.5
5 2n 5
Spanke
Strict-sense
2n
Benes
Rearrangeable
n
(2 log 2 n 1)
2
2 log 2 n 1
2log2n-1
SpankeBenes
Rearrangeable
n
(n 1)
2
n
2
49
Cu trc Crossbar
Hnh 1.38 trnh by cu trc ca khi chuyn mch crossbar 4x4. Khi chuyn
mch ny dng 16 phn t chuyn mch 2x2, v cc kt ni gia ng vo v ng ra c
thc hin bng cch b tr thch hp cc phn t chuyn mch 2x2. V d, kt ni gia
ng vo 1 v ng ra 3, cn phi sp xp cc phn t chuyn mch 2x2 nh trong hnh 2.5.
Cn nhiu ng dn khc i t ng vo 1 n ng ra 3 nhng ng dn trong hnh l
ng dn thch hp nht c chn da trn thut ton nh tuyn s dng trong khi
chuyn mch.
Inputs
Outputs
Hnh 1.38 Khi chuyn mch 4x4 dng 16 b chuyn mch 2x2.
Cu trc crossbar l cu trc ca loi chuyn mch khng nghn theo ngha rng
(wide-sense). kt ni t ng vo i n ng ra j, ng dn c chn s i qua cc
phn t chuyn mch 2x2 trn hng i cho n khi n i n ct j, sau i qua cc phn
t chuyn mch trn ct j cho n khi n i n ng ra j. Do , cc phn t chuyn mch
trn ng dn ny hng i v ct j phi c t cc v tr thch hp c th to ra
kt ni ny. Theo quy tc nh tuyn kt ni nh trn th khi chuyn mch s khng b
nghn v khng yu cu phi nh tuyn li cc kt ni ang tn ti.
Tm li, mt cu trc crossbar n(n cn phi c n2 phn t chuyn mch 2x2. Chiu
di ng dn ngn nht l 1 v chiu di ng dn di nht l 2n-1, v y l mt trong
nhng nhc im chnh ca cu trc crossbar. Chuyn mch ny lun tn ti cc im
ni cho nhau.
Cu trc Clos
Cu trc Clos l loi chuyn mch khng nghn theo ngha hp (strict- sense
nonblocking) v c s dng rng ri trong thc t xy dng cc khi chuyn mch
50
c vi s lng cng rt ln. Hnh 1.39 trnh by cu trc chuyn mch Clos ba tng c
1024 cng. Mt khi chuyn mch n(n c xy dng nh sau: dng ba tham s l m, k,
v p. Cho n=mk. Tng u tin v tng th ba c k phn t chuyn mch (mxp). Tng th
hai (tng gia) c p phn t chuyn mch (kxk). Mi phn t trong s k phn t chuyn
mch ca tng u tin c kt ni vi tt c cc phn t chuyn mch ca tng th hai
(mi phn t chuyn mch ca tng u tin c p ng ra. Mi ng ra c kt ni vi mt
ng vo ca tng phn t chuyn mch khc nhau ca tng th hai). Tng t nh th,
mi phn t trong s k phn t chuyn mch ca tng th ba c kt ni vi tt c cc
phn t chuyn mch ca tng th hai. Trng hp p 2m-1, th khi chuyn mch loi
ny hon ton khng b nghn.
ti thiu ha chi ph ca khi chuyn mch, chn p = 2m-1. Thng thng,
tng khi chuyn mch ring trong mi tng l cc khi chuyn mch crossbar. Do ,
mi b chuyn mch mx(2m- 1) cn m(2m-1) phn t chuyn mch 2x2, v mi b
chuyn mch (kxk) trong tng th hai cn k2 phn t chuyn mch 2x2. Tng s phn t
chuyn mch cn thit l:
2km(2m-1) + (2m-1)k2
n
.
2
Dng gi tr ny ca m ta tm c s phn t chuyn mch cn cho cu hnh c
vi k = n/m, th s phn t chuyn mch s t ti thiu khi m
chi ph thp nht phi l 4 2n 3 / 2 4n . Gi tr ny rt nh hn so vi gi tr n2 ca cu

trc crossbar.
Cu trc Clos c nhiu u im thch hp vi cu to ca cc khi chuyn mch
a tng. Tnh ng nht suy hao gia cc kt ni ng vo/ra khc nhau ln hn, v s
lng cc phn t chuyn mch cng nh hn rt nhiu so vi cu trc crossbar.
32
Inputs
33
64
993
1024
3264
3232
3264
3264
3232
3264
32
32
32
3264
3232
3264
1
32
33
64
Outputs
993
1024
Hnh 1.39- Khi chuyn mch khng nghn theo ngha hp (strict-sense) 1024x1024 s dng
cc kt ni gia b chuyn mch 32x64 v 32x32 trong cu trc Clos c 3 tng.
Cu trc Spanke
Hnh 1.40 trnh by cu trc Spanke ang c ng dng rng ri cho cc khi
chuyn mch ln. Mt khi chuyn mch nxn c to ra bng cch kt ni n phn t
chuyn mch 1xn vi n phn t chuyn mch nx1. Cu trc Spanke l cu trc khng
51
nghn theo ngha hp (strict-sense nonblocking). Cho n nay, tiu chun nh gi chi
ph ca mt khi chuyn mch vn l s lng phn t chuyn mch 2x2 cn thit to
ra khi chuyn mch . Cu trc Spanke chim u th hn l ch, trong nhiu trng
hp, mt chuyn mch quang 1xn c th c xy dng bng cch s dng mt phn t
chuyn mch duy nht m khng cn phi xy dng t cc phn t 1x2 hoc 2x2. Phn t
chuyn mch ny ng dng cng ngh MEMS. Do , ch cn 2n phn t chuyn mch
MEMS xy dng nn khi chuyn mch nxn, iu ny cng c ngha l chi ph ca
khi chuyn mch t l vi n, y l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm cho cu trc
Spanke chim u th hn so vi cc khi chuyn mch khc. Mt khc, mi kt ni ch i
qua hai phn t chuyn mch, mt con s rt nh so vi s phn t chuyn mch trong
ng dn ca cc cu trc a tng khc. Hn na, cu trc ny c th to ra cc chiu di
ng dn quang ging nhau cho tt c cc kt ni vo/ra suy hao u nh nhau i
vi tng kt ni vo/ra ring bit.
n1
1n
n1
1n
n1
Inputs
1n
Outputs
Hnh 1.40 Chuyn mch n(n khng nghn theo ngha hp (strict-sense) s dng cc kt
ni gia 2n phn t chuyn mch 1xn trong cu trc Spanke.
Cu trc Benes
Cu trc Benes l cu trc chuyn mch loi khng nghn sp xp li c (rearrangeably

nonblocking) v l mt trong nhng cu trc hiu qu nht v s lng phn t chuyn mch 2x2
c s dng to ra cc khi chuyn mch ln hn. Hnh 1.41 trnh by mt khi chuyn mch
khng nghn sp xp li kch thc 8x8 nhng ch cn s dng 20 phn t chuyn mch 2x2,
nhng nu l cu trc Crossbar th phi cn 64 phn t chuyn mch 2x2. Ni chung, cu trc
chuyn mch Benes nxn cn (n/2)(2log2n -1) phn t chuyn mch 2x2, vi n l mt s ly tha
ca 2. Trong cu trc ny, suy hao trn mi ng dn u bng nhau- mi ng dn s i qua
(2log2n - 1) phn t chuyn mch 2x2. Hai nhc im chnh ca cu trc ny: th nht, y
khng phi l cu trc chuyn mch khng nghn theo ngha rng (wide-sense); th hai, s lng
im giao nhau ca cc ng dn sng theo yu cu lm cho cu trc ny kh ch to trong cc
mng quang tch hp.
52
2
3
2
3
4
5
4
5
Outputs
Inputs
Hnh 1.41 Chuyn mch nghn 8x8 sp xp li s dng cc kt ni gia 20 phn t

chuyn mch 2x2 trong cu trc Benes.
Cu trc Spanke-Benes
Hnh 1.42 trnh by s kt hp gia cu trc chuyn mch Benes v cu trc

Crossbar, l mt cu trc chuyn mch 8x8 khng nghn sp xp li dng 28 phn t
chuyn mch 22 v khng c im kt ni cho gia cc ng dn sng. Cu trc ny do
Spanke v Benes nghin cu v c gi l cu trc planar n tng (cu trc ng dng cng
ngh bn dn n tng) v n phi c n tng (n ct) thc hin mt khi chuyn mch nxn.
Cu trc ny cn n(n-1)/2 phn t chuyn mch, chiu di ng dn ngn nht l n/2, v
chiu di ng dn di nht l n, khng c cc im kt ni cho. Nhc im chnh ca
cu trc ny l n khng phi l cu trc khng nghn theo ngha rng (wide-sense) v suy
hao ca n khng ng nht.
1
2
4
5
6
7
3
4
5
Outputs
Inputs
7
8
Hnh 1.42 Khi chuyn mch 88 khng nghn c th sp xp li dng 28 phn t chuyn
mch 2x2 v khng c im kt ni cho gia cc ng dn sng trong cu trc
planar n tng.
53
1.3.6
B chuyn i bc sng
B chuyn i bc sng l thit b chuyn i tn hiu c bc sng ny u vo ra

thnh tn hiu c bc sng khc u ra. i vi h thng WDM, b chuyn i bc sng cho
nhiu ng dng hu ch khc nhau:
Tn hiu c th i vo mng vi bc sng khng thch hp khi truyn trong mng WDM.
Chng hn nh hin nay cc thit b WDM trn th gii a s u ch c kh nng hot
ng trn cc bc sng thuc bng C v bng L, nhng tn hiu SDH hot ng vi bc
sng 1310 nm c th truyn trn h thng WDM nh cc b chuyn i bc sng t
bin gii gia mng WDM v mng SDH, chuyn i tn hiu t bc sng 1310 nm
sang tn hiu tng thch vi bc sng theo qui nh ITU-T hot ng vng 1550 nm.
B chuyn i khi c trang b trong cc cu hnh nt mng WDM gip s dng ti

nguyn bc sng hiu qu hn, linh ng hn.
C bn phng php ch to b chuyn i bc sng: phng php quang-in, phng

php ca quang, phng php giao thoa v phng php trn bc sng. Phng php trn bc
sng l phng php ton quang, hot ng hon ton khng da vo tn hiu in, tuy nhin hin
ti cng ngh ch to theo phng php ny vn cha hon thin c th thng mi ho.
a) To bng phng php quang-in

y l phng php ch to b chuyn i bc sng n gin v ph bin nht hin nay.
Tn hiu u vo trc ht c chuyn sang dng tn hiu in, ti to li v sau c mt b
pht laser pht bc sng khc. Thng cc b chuyn i bc sng u vo bin i-u ra c
nh dng phng php ch to ny. Tnh trong sut ca thit b loi ny ph thuc vo kiu ti
to (regeneration) cu thit b i vi tn hiu:
Ti to 1R: u thu n gin ch chuyn i tn hiu u vo t dng nng lng cc ht

photon nh sng sang cc ht in t, sau cc ht in t c khuch i bi mt b
khuch i tng t RF (Radio Frequency) v pht ra tia laser vi bc sng thch hp.
Ti to 2R: phng php ti to ny ch p dng c khi tn hiu u vo l tn hiu s.

Tn hiu c sa li dng xung (reshaped) nh cho i qua cng logic, khng thc hin
ng b li tn hiu (retimed) nn phng php ch to ny d lm ny sinh hin tng
Jitter.
Ti to 3R: thc hin ng thi vic sa dng xung v ng b li cho tn hiu. Phng
php ny gip xo b nhng nh hng n dng ca tn hiu do cc yu t nh: phi
tuyn tnh, tn sc trong si quang, nhiu ca b khuch i Tuy nhin, ng b li
tn hiu mi b chuyn i bc sng ch hot ng tng ng vi mt lung tn hiu s
c tc bit nht nh, gim tnh trong sut ca thit b.
54
Hnh 1.43 Cc loi chuyn i bc sng quang in: (a) 1R; (b) 2R; (c) 3R
b) Ch to bng phng php ca quang
Tn hieu
s
Bo
loc p
Son g do s
SOA
Song do p
Tn hieu
Mat o
hat mang
o li
au ra
son g do
Thi gian
Hnh 1.44 Nguyn l hot ng ca b chuyn i bc sng ch to theo phng php

ca quang.
Phng php ch to cc b chuyn i bc sng dng phng php ca quang tn dng

tnh cht ca mt s thit b quang c c tnh u ra thay i theo cng tn hiu. S thay i
ny c chuyn n tn hiu cha c iu ch, gi l tn hiu d (probe signal) cu hnh cho i
xuyn qua thit b. Ti u ra, tn hiu d mang thng tin cha trong tn hiu u vo. Cc thit b
ch to theo phng php ny thng thuc dng u vo thay i-u ra c nh, hoc u vo
thay i-u ra thay i tu theo tn hiu d l c nh hoc c th iu chnh bc sng khng.
K thut chnh ca phng php ny l iu ch cho li CGM (Cross-Gain Modulation), tn
55
dng hiu ng phi tuyn trong mt b khuch i quang bn dn SOA, tn dng tnh cht ca
SOA l c li thay i theo cng tn hiu i vo. Nguyn l hot ng ca mt thit b
SOA c cu hnh lm b chuyn i bc sng c minh ho nh trn hnh 1.44.
c) Ch to bng phng php giao thoa

K thut chnh ca phng php ny chnh l iu ch cho pha. Khi cng sng mang
trong b khuch i thay i cng vi tn hiu u vo, n lm thay i chit sut ca mi trng
li, dn n thay i pha ca tn hiu d. Hin tng iu ch pha kiu ny c th chuyn sang
iu ch bin bng cch dng b lc Mach-Zehnder. Trong , c hai nhnh ca b lc MachZehnder u c cng chiu di, mi nhnh dng kt hp thm vi mt b khuych i SOA (xem
hnh 1.45). Ti u vo ca b lc Mach-Zehnder dng b Coupler tch tn hiu i theo hai nhnh
ca b lc theo t l khng u nhau. Do cng tn hiu i trn mi nhnh khng u nhau nn
khi i qua cc b SOA s b dch pha cc lng khng ging nhau. Theo nguyn l hot ng ca
MZI, s lch pha gia hai tn hiu ny c chuyn n mt tn hiu iu ch bin u ra
truyn vi bc sng khc.
SOA
1/
s
A
(CW)
1/
SOA
Power (s)
Cng sut (p)
Pha
Mt ht mang
Mt ht
mang
S thay i pha
s signal
Power (s)
Cng sut(s)
p signal
Thi gian
Hnh 1.45
Bin i bc sng bng iu ch xuyn pha s dng b khch i quang bn dn

c gn b lc Mach-Zender bn trong
d) Ch to bng phng php trn bc sng

Phng php ch to ny da trn hin tng trn bn bc sng, trong nu c ba
bc sng f1, f2, f3 cng truyn trong si quang th theo hin tng phi tuyn tnh s xut hin
56
sng nh hng do hiu ng phi tuyn tnh c tnh l: f1+f2-f3. ng dng cho b chuyn i
bc sng khi f1 = f2 v sau cho qua b khuch i SOA. Gi s sng vo k hiu l fs v sng
d l fp, b khuch i SOA c cu hnh sao cho mt trong hai bc sng sinh do hin tng
FWM 2fp-fs v 2fs-fp nm trong bng thng hot ng ca tn hiu, khi ta thc hin c
chc nng chuyn i bc sng.
u im ca phng php ch to ny l tnh trong sut i vi cc nh dng tn hiu,
ngha l c th hot ng vi nhiu tc bit khc nhau. Tuy nhin, nhc im l khi khong
cch gia bc sng tn hiu fs v bc sng d fp tng th hiu qu chuyn i bc sng s
gim.
fs
fp
2f s-f p
fs
fp
2fp -fs
2fp-f s
Tron bi SOA
2fp-f s
Bo loc
Hnh 1.46 Chuyn i bc sng bng cch trn bn bc sng trong b khuch i quang
1.4 MNG WDM

1.4.1
Tng quan
S pht trin ca cc h thng WDM nhn chung c th chia lm ba giai on (xem hnh
1.42):
H thng WDM th h 1: H thng WDM im-im vi cc trm xen/r trn tuyn phi
s dng cc thit b MUX/DEMUX tch/ghp tt c cc bc sng.
H thng WDM th h 2: H thng WDM im-a im vi cc trm xen/r trn tuyn l

cc OADM cho php tch trc tip bc sng cn xen/r.
H thng WDM th h 3: Mng quang WDM hon ton vi cc thit b chuyn mch v
nh tuyn bc sng.
He thong SDH 10 Gbps
He thong WDM iem-iem 8x2.5 Gbps
He thong WDM iem-iem 4x10 Gbps
He thong WDM iem-iem 8x10 Gbps

He thong WDM s dung OADM
Ring CS > 10 Gbps/1 si
OMS Ring > 40 Gbps/1 si
1998
1999
Hnh 1.47
2000
2001
2002
S pht trin ca cc h thng WDM

57
OXC
A
IP
router
OXC
OXC
OLT
ng quang
OXC
OXC
OXC
1
OADM
C D
SONET
terminal
IP
router
SONET
terminal
1
2
IP
router
1
2
F
IP
router
Hnh 1.48 Mng WDM nh tuyn bc sng.
Mng trong trng hp ny gi l mng nh tuyn bc sng: mng cung cp cc ng

quang (lightpaths) ti ngi s dng l cc u cui SDH (SONET) hay cc router IP. Hnh 1.48
l mt minh ha cho mng ny. Trn hnh 1.48 c th thy cc ng quang gia B v C, D v E,
E v F, A v F. Trong mng nh tuyn bc sng ny ti cc nt trung gian, cc ng quang
c nh tuyn v chuyn mch t mt mt ng (link) n mt ng khc. C th xy ra
trng hp bin i bc sng trong trng hp ny. Cc phn t ch cht cho lin kt mng
quang l b kt cui ng dy quang (OLT), b ghp knh xen/rt quang (OADM) v b kt ni
cho quang (OXC).
Kin trc mng phi p ng c cc yu cu sau:
Ti s dng bc sng: nh ta thy trn hnh 1.48, nhiu ng quang (lightpath) khc
nhau trong mng khng trng vi nhau c th cng s dng mt bc sng. Kh nng ti
s dng bc sng gip cho s lng ng quang trong mng c th trin khai nhiu ch
vi s lng bc sng gii hn. Ta phi hiu rng p ng ny ht sc quan trng trong
iu kin bng thng ca thit b WDM hin ti cn hn ch.
Chuyn i bc sng: mt ng quang khi c nh tuyn trong mng c th dng

nhiu bc sng khc nhau truyn tn hiu. Kh nng chuyn i bc sng l ht sc
cn thit c mt mng truyn ti quang linh hot do hiu qu s dng bc sng cao.
Hn na, chuyn i bc sng cn phi thc hin ti cc giao tip pha mng khch hng
chuyn i thnh tn hiu bc sng chun WDM sang tn hiu bc sng ca mng
lp khch hng.
Trong sut: c ngha l kin trc mng phi c kh nng truyn ti cc tn hiu khch hng
vi nhiu tc bit, giao thc khc nhau.
58
Chuyn mch knh: i vi lp knh quang, c ch thit lp v xo b ng quang tng

t nh chuyn mch knh. Tuy rng qua thc t, qu trnh tn ti ng quang gia hai
im nt mng c th trong thi gian kh di: vi thng hoc vi nm. C ch chuyn
mch gi i vi lp knh quang hin ti vn cha c pht trin do p ng chm v
kh nng cha linh hot ca cc thit b hot ng trong lp knh quang. Chuyn mch
gi c th c p dng mng lp trn, mng lp khch hng nh IP, ATM ..., trong khi
ng quang vn gi nguyn trng thi thit lp.
Kh nng tn ti khi mng gp s c (Surviability): mng phi c cu hnh sao cho ki1
kt ni ng dy quang gp s c, ng quang vn phi c duy tr bng cch nh
tuyn li.
M hnh ng quang: m hnh ng quang l th cc im nt mng, vi cc giao

tip vi lp mng khch hng (edge) ti mi nt. Nh vy m hnh ng quang c s
dng bi lp mng khch hng (lp trn) v c thit k sao cho p ng nhu cu truyn
ti thng tin ca lp mng khch hng.
1.4.2
Tp vt l v tp logic
Tp vt l ca mng bao gm cc b nh tuyn quang kt ni vi nhau bng cc cp

lin kt si quang im ni im trong mt tp mng li bt k (hnh 1.49). Trong hnh 1.49,
mi cp lin kt c tng trng bng mt cnh v hng gia cc nt nh tuyn. Nt u
cui kt ni vi b nh tuyn. Mi nt u cui c s b pht v b thu gii hn. Trong hnh
1.50, nt nh tuyn thu tn hiu ti mt bc sng xc nh ng vo ca n, sau nh tuyn
tn hiu ny (c lp vi cc bc sng khc) n mt ng ra no . B nh tuyn c p ng
vo v p ng ra c kh nng x l bc sng ging nh b chuyn mch bc sng p
p cu hnh li c.
B
ng quang
1
Nut au cuoi- chuyen

mach ATM
Nut nh
tuyen
4
D
TOPO VAT LY
Hnh 1.49 Mng WDM gm nhiu nt nh tuyn kt ni bng cc cp lin kt si quang im

ni im. Cc nt nh tuyn gn vi cc nt u cui hnh thnh cc nt ngun v
ch cho lu lng trong mng.
59

12
12
2
12
12
Chuyen mach quang
12
2
Chuyen mach quang
2
12
Ghep bc song
Tach bc song
Hnh 1.50 Cu trc ca b nh tuyn cu hnh li. B nh tuyn c th chuyn mch mi bc

sng ng vo c lp vi cc bc sng khc.
Tp vt l ca mng l mt tp cc nt u cui, nt nh tuyn v cc lin kt si quang

kt ni cc nt vi nhau v mt vt l m trn , ngi ta c th thit lp ng quang gia cc
nt u cui. ng quang l mt ng dn i qua mng c cp pht bc sng gia cc nt
u cui, v c thit lp bng cch cu hnh cc nt nh tuyn trong mng. Hai ng quang
dng chung mt lin kt phi s dng bc sng khc nhau. ng quang cung cp mt ng
thng gia hai nt u cui vi bng thng bng vi bng thng ca mt knh, thng l 2.5Gb/s
n 10 Gb/s. Tp hp tt c cc ng quang c thit lp gia cc nt u cui to thnh
tp logic.
Hnh 1.51 trnh by tp logic ng vi tp vt l trong hnh 1.49, tp logic ny tng
ng vi mt tp cc ng quang trong hnh 1.49. Tp logic l mt th vi cc nt tng ng
vi cc nt u cui trong mng gc, v mt cnh c hng t nt B n nt A nu ng quang
c thit lp t nt B n nt A. Cp vt l (physical degree) ca mt nt nh tuyn l s
lng cc nt nh tuyn kt ni trc tip vi n bng cc lin kt si quang (v d cp vt l
ca tt c cc nt nh tuyn trong hnh 1.49 l 2). Cp logic i (logical out-degree) ca mt
nt u cui l s ng quang bt ngun t nt v cp logic n (logical in-degree) ca
mt nt u cui l s ng quang kt cui ti nt , v d, trong hnh 1.51, cp logic i v
cp logic n ca mi nt u cui u l 1. Gi s rng mi nt nh tuyn kt ni vi mt
nt u cui duy nht v ngc li, th n gin ta ch ni n cp logic v cp vt l ca
mi nt.
B
60
Hnh 1.51 Tp logic cho mng hnh 1.49. Cc cnh c hng trong tp ny tng trng cho
cc ng quang gia cc nt u cui tng ng trong hnh 1.49.
Trong mng c N nt, th trong trng hp l tng, c th thit lp ng quang gia tt

c N(N-1) nt. Tuy nhin, c hai l do khng xy ra trng hp ny. Th nht, s lng bc
sng sn c s quy nh s ng quang c thit lp. V d, gi s mt mng c 128 nt vi
cp vt l trung bnh l 4, th c th thit lp trung bnh 640 ng quang song hng (fullduplex) s dng 32 bc sng hay ni cch khc l ch c 10 ng quang song hng trn mi
nt (rt t hn so vi yu cu 127 ng quang cho tt c cc nt khc). Th hai, mi nt ch c
th l nt ngun v ch ca mt s lng ng quang gii hn l 1. S lng ny c xc
nh da vo s lng cc thnh phn phn cng ca mng (b pht, b thu) v tng s lng
thng tin m mt nt c kh nng x l.
Khi khng th thit lp ng quang gia tt c cc cp nt trong mng, th cp nt no
khng c kt ni trc tip qua ng quang phi s dng nhiu ng quang qua cc nt trung
gian kt ni thng tin lin lc vi cc nt khc. Ti mi nt trung gian, cc gi n trn mt
ng quang ng vo phi c chuyn sang dng in, chuyn mch di dng in, sau
chuyn li sang dng quang v gi n mt ng quang khc ng ra nh tuyn n nt
ch ca gi. Nh vy, n c nt ch cui cng, cc gi phi i trn ng dn c nhiu
chng. Xt n rng buc ny, mi nt ch chuyn mch in vi lng thng tin hn ch, c
xc nh bi s lng cng m chuyn mch in ti nt c th x l, t l 2. Cc iu kin
trn y s quy nh gii hn v cp ti a ca mt tp logic, ngha l s lng ng quang
ti a bt ngun v kt cui ti mt nt phi l 1 = min(1, 2). Ch rng ngay c khi s lng
ng quang sn c ln cc ng quang c th c thit lp gia tt c N(N-1) cp
ngun-ch (s-d), nu 1 < N-1, th vn s dng cc ng quang gia cc cp s-d sao cho
khng xy ra ng trong mng din rng l mt vn rt kh khn. Nhng nu c th xy
dng m hnh mng nh vy, th tt c cc gi c nh tuyn trc tip trn cc ng dn ton
quang v khng yu cu chuyn tip gi ti cc nt trung gian.
1.4.3
Cc phn t mng (NE) WDM

a) B u cui ng quang (OLT)
nh ngha
B u cui ng quang OLT (Optical Line Terminal) l thit b kh n gin trong

mng truyn dn WDM. OLT c trong cc m hnh mng im-im, thc hin ghp tn hiu
u pht v truyn i trn si quang, gii ghp u thu v chuyn cc tn hiu thnh phn n
pha u cui khch hng. Nh minh ha trn hnh 1.52, OLT gm c ba khi chc nng chnh:
chuyn i tn hiu (Transponder), ghp bc sng (Wavelength Multiplexer) v khuch i
quang (Optical Amplifier) (chc nng khuch i tn hiu l ty chn OLT v khng c minh
ha trn hnh).
61

Non ITU
Transponder
ITU 1
Mux /Demux
O/E/O
IP router
Non ITU
SONET
E/O/E
ITU 2
M
U
X
ITU 3
SONET
1 2 3
OSC
Laser
Receiver
Receiver
OSC
B u cui ng quang
Hnh 1.52 S khi ca mt b u cui ng quang (OLT). OLT bao gm b ghp knh/phn
knh bc sng v b chuyn i tn hiu (transponder). B chuyn i tn hiu chuyn i tn hiu
n t ngi s dng thnh tn hiu ph hp cho vic truyn dn trn cc tuyn WDM v ngc li
cng chuyn tn hiu t tuyn WDM thnh tn hiu ph hp cho ngi s dng. Cc b chuyn tip
s khng cn thit nu thit b khch hng c th truyn v nhn trc tip cc tn hiu tng thch
vi tuyn WDM. OLT cng c kh nng kt cui mt knh gim st quang ring l (OSC) dng
trn tuyn quang.
B chuyn i tn hiu thc hin chuyn tn hiu n t mng khch hng vi nhng tc
, bc sng v giao thc khc nhau sang thnh tn hiu thuc bc sng chun theo qui nh
ca ITU-T. Vi nhng tn hiu khch hng khc nhau, b chuyn i cung cp cc giao tip khc
nhau. Giao tip ny gi l giao tip khch hng. B ghp bc sng ghp cc tn hiu qua b
chuyn i hnh thnh tn hiu WDM, truyn trn mng WDM. Mng WDM c th s dng
cc b khuch i quang khuch i tn hiu truyn i c xa hn.
Cc chc nng
Chc nng chuyn i tn hiu
B chuyn i tn hiu ti OLT thc hin cc chc nng khc nhau nh:
Chuyn tn hiu sang bc sng, mc cng sut v cc thng s quang cho ph hp vi
yu cu chung ca lp knh quang. B chuyn i tn hiu thc hin chuyn tn hiu quang
sang in ri t in sang quang dng cc b pht laser WDM m ta kho st trn.
Theo chiu ngc li, thc hin chuyn i tn hiu tng thch vi lp knh quang sang
tn hiu tng thch vi lp khch hng cng qua chuyn i quang-in-quang. Thc t
c th ch thc hin chuyn i theo mt chiu t lp khch hng vo lp knh quang.
Thm vo hoc trch ra cc tn hiu mo u c th qun l tn hiu truyn i ngay ti
lp knh quang.
Gim st BER ca tn hiu truyn trong lp khch hng v tn hiu truyn trong lp quang
ti u vo (ingress) v u ra (outgress) ca n.
Hin ti cng c xu hng trin khai b chuyn i tn hiu ti cc thit b u cui

khch hng. iu ny gip gim chi ph, thit b WDM cng bt cng knh v phc tp hn.
Tuy nhin, pha giao din u ra (outgress) ca b chuyn i, thng gi l giao din knh
quang, vn cha c chun ho v khc nhau i vi cc nh cung cp thit b WDM khc
nhau nn xu hng cng ngh ny vn cha c trin khai rng ri.
62
Chc nng ghp bc sng
B ghp bc sng thc hin ghp cc tn hiu thuc cc bc sng khc nhau tng
thch vi khuyn ngh ca ITU-T thnh tn hiu truyn i trn mt si quang. Cc k thut
ghp bc sng m ta kho st nh k thut ng dn sng AWG, k thut in mi mng
mng, k thut cch t Bragg, ... u c th c ng dng.
Chc nng khuch i tn hiu
Chc nng khuch i tn hiu l ty chn ti OLT. thc hin c chc nng
khuch i tn hiu, c th dng hai cu hnh EDFA khc nhau. Cu hnh EDFA khuch i
cng sut cho hng pht (booster amplifier) v cu hnh EDFA tin khuch i (Pramplifier)
cho hng thu. Hin nay, cc nt mng WDM c th hot ng cc bc sng bng C
(1530-1565 nm) v bng L (1565-1625 nm) do b khuch i EDFA hot ng c trn hai
bng sng ny.
Ngoi ba chc nng chnh trn, OLT cn c chc nng kt cui (ghp/tch) knh gim st
OSC (Optical Supervisory Channel). Knh gim st c truyn trn mt bc sng khc vi
bc sng truyn tn hiu. Vai tr ca OSC l gim st hot ng ca cc b khuych i
quang dc theo mt lin kt quang v thc hin cc chc nng qun l khc.
b) B khuch i ng quang (OLA)

Cc b khuch i ng quang OLA (Optical Line Amplifier) c dng gia cc lin
kt quang vi nhng khong cch bng nhau (trn thc t c th khong cch t cc OLA khng
bng nhau nhng phi nh hn mt gi tr khong cch nht nh, thng l khong 100-200 km).
Trn hnh l s khi ca OLA, thnh phn c bn mt hoc nhiu khi li l si EDF mc
ni tip vi nhau, gia cc chng li c th l b b tn sc (dispersion compensasor) b tn
sc tch lu dc theo tuyn quang.
B b tn sc
1,2,.....,W
Laser
Bm
Raman
OSC
My thu
OADM
Chng li
Chng li
OSC
Laser
Hnh 1.53 S khi ca mt b khuych i ng dy quang in hnh. Trn hnh v ch v mt

hng. B khuych i s dng nhiu tng khuych i Erbium v bao gm b b tn sc (ty chn) v
cc OADM gia cc tng khuych i. B bm Raman c th dng cung cp thm khuych i
Raman cho on si quang. OSC c tch ra ti u vo v kt cui, v xen vo ti ng ra.
B OLA cn c cc thit b thc hin chc nng ghp/tch knh gim st OSC. Ti u
vo khi cha qua cc khi li, knh gim st OSC c lc li v a vo u thu OSC. Tip
n, sau khi khuch i cc knh tn hiu thuc cc bc sng khc nhau, knh OSC c ghp
chung vo vi cc knh tn hiu v truyn i. Nh vy, knh OSC khng c khuch i bi cc
OLA. B OLA cng c th c cu hnh gm b khuch i Raman thc hin chc nng
khuych i phn b (distributed amplifier) bng cch cu hnh ti u vo ca n ngun bm
Raman c cng sut quang ln, bm ngc chiu vi chiu tn hiu i vo.
63
c) B xen rt quang (OADM)

nh ngha
B ghp xen/rt quang OADM (Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer) thng c dng trong
cc mng quang th v mng quang ng di v n cho hiu qu kinh t cao, c bit i vi
cu hnh mng tuyn tnh, cu hnh mng vng (Ring).
Chc nng ca b ghp xen/rt quang l n c cu hnh xen/rt mt s knh bc
sng, cc knh bc sng cn li c cu hnh cho i xuyn qua (pass through).
minh ha tnh hiu qu kinh t cho ng dng ca OADM, ta xt mt mng gm c ba
trm ni chui vi nhau, thng c gi l cu hnh tuyn tnh (xem hnh 1.54). Gi s cc lin
kt v kt ni u l song cng, cc nt mng c ni vi nhau bi hai si quang, mi si truyn
theo mt chiu. Gi s kt ni A v B dng mt bc sng cho chiu truyn i v v, kt ni B v
C dng mt bc sng, kt ni A v C dng 3 bc sng. Nh vy, lin kt A-B v B-C u
dng 4 bc sng.
Nu mng ch dng b OLT, khi cn phi dng 4 OLT vi s b chuyn i bc sng
l 16. Trong khi nu trin khai dng OADM ti site B vi cu hnh thch hp cho rt knh
bc sng thuc kt ni A v B, cho xen knh bc sng thuc kt ni B v C, cho i xuyn qua
knh bc sng thuc kt ni A v C, ta c th tit kim s nt mng s dng ch cn l 3 (2
OLT+1 OADM) v s b chuyn i tn hiu dng by gi ch cn l 8. C hai cu hnh u c
cho nh trn hnh 1.54. Trn thc t, s bc sng cn xen/rt ti nt mng thng rt nh so vi
s lng bc sng c truyn trn si quang nn hiu qu ng dng OADM vo mng s l rt
ln. Tuy nhin, ta cng thy rng nu khong cch t trm A n trm C nh, ta c th ni trc
tip kt ni gia A v C m khng cn qua trung gian l trm B. Khi , hiu qu ca ng dng
OADM khng cn ln na. Trong trng hp cc trm c khong cch tng i nh (mng
th) th cu hnh mng Mesh dng OXC lm phn t c bn l cu hnh ti u nht.
64

Nt A
Nt B
Nt A
Xen/Rt
(a)
Nt B
Nt C
B chuyn i tn hiu
Nt C
OADM
Ni thng quang
Xen /Rt
(b)
Hnh 1.54 Mt v d v mng tuyn tnh c ba nt minh ha cho vai tr ca OADM. Ba

bc sng c dng gia hai nt A v C, v ch mt bc sng gia nt A v
B v gia nt B v C. (a) Mt gii php dng cho h thng WDM im ni
im. (b) Mt gii php dng OADM ti nt B.
ng dng OADM s cng hiu qu hn nu OADM c kh nng cu hnh li. Tuy nhin,
thc t thit b OADM c kh nng cu hnh cha c thng mi ho rng ri.
Thuc tnh c bn ca OADM
Mt im nt mng ng vai tr l im ghp xen/rt knh quang trong h thng c nhng

thuc tnh c bn sau:
S lng bc sng c th h tr ti a
S lng bc sng ti a c th thc hin xen/rt. i vi a s OADM hin ti, s

lng bc sng thc hin xen/rt thng quyt nh bi s phn cng c lp t. Thay
i s bc sng xen/rt bng cch thay i phn cng.
C quy nh nhng bc sng c th no c th xen/rt ti OADM khng?. iu ny c

nh hng rt ln ln vic nh tuyn lu lng trong mng.
C d dng xen/rt knh khng: c lm gin on lu lng khi xen rt knh khng?
OADM c cu trc mun; theo ngha gi thnh t l thun vi s knh c tch ra? iu
ny rt quang trng i vi cc nh cung cp dch v bi v h mong mun tr tin khi
cn thm (pay as you grow) ch khng phi tr trc.
Tnh phc tp ca lp vt l (suy hao truyn dn) c thit k c nh hng n vic s

dng OADM v vic xen cc knh mi hay nt mng mi nh hng ti vic thit k lp
vt l nh th no?. V c bn, nu suy hao truyn dn tng cng khng ph thuc vo s
lng knh c xen/rt th vic xen/rt thm cc knh mi s khng nh hng nhiu
n cc knh hin hu (tuy nhiin c th xut hin nhiu xuyn knh).
65
OADM c th cu hnh li c, theo ngha c th c th iu khin t xa vic xen, rt

hoc ni thng cc knh bng phn mm?
Cc cu trc cho OADM
Ngi ta a ra nhiu cu trc cu thnh OADM, trong phn t c bn vn l

mt hoc nhiu b lc, b MUX/DEMUX m ta xt phn 1.3. Thng thng, cng ngh ch
to cc phn t c bn ny l: cng ngh cch t Bragg, cng ngh in mi mng mng hoc
cng ngh ng dn sng.
Mt cch c bn, c ba cu trc cho OADM: cu trc song song, cu trc ni tip v cu
trc xen/rt theo bng sng. So snh cc c tnh c bn ca ba cu trc ny c cho trn bng
1.3, trong N l tng s knh bc sng OADM c th x l v D l s lng knh bc sng
ti a c th thc hin xen/rt.
Cu trc song song
Trong cu trc song song, tt c cc knh tn hiu u c gii ghp knh. Sau ,
mt s knh ty c cu hnh rt, cc knh cn li cu hnh cho i xuyn qua mt cch
thch hp, minh ha nh trn hnh 1.55(a). Nh vy, s lng knh thc hin xen/rt, c th
knh no thc hin xen/rt l khng c nh. OADM ch to theo cu trc song song s khng
to nhiu rng buc khi thit lp mt ng quang gia cc nt trong mng. ng thi, do
OADM x l i vi tt c cc knh bc sng i vo, suy hao thm vo ca tn hiu khi qua
OADM l c nh, khng ph thuc vo s lng knh xen/rt ti im nt. Hn na vic
xen/rt thm cc knh khng lm gin on cc knh ang hot ng.Tuy nhin, so vi iu
kin thc t, cu trc ny s khng mang tnh kinh t do s lng knh xen/rt ti mi nt
thng khng ng k so vi s lng knh truyn trn si quang.
Cu trc song song theo bng (theo mun)
tng tnh kinh t hn, cu trc song song c th thay i nh bng cch thit k
theo tng mun nh minh ha trn hnh 1.55(b). y, qu trnh MUX v DEMUX tn hiu
c thc hin theo hai tng. Tng th nht MUX tn hiu t si quang i vo ra thnh cc
bng sng ring bit v tng th hai MUX tn hiu thuc cc bng sng ra thnh cc tn hiu
bc sng ring r. Nh vy, cu trc theo mun gip tng hiu qu s dng b
MUX/DEMUX cao hn v cho ra suy hao gia cc knh bc sng ng nht hn.
Cu trc ni tip
Trong cu trc ni tip, mt knh n c thc hin rt v xen t tp hp cc knh

i vo OADM. Ta gi thit b ny l OADM knh n SC-OADM (single OADM). SCOADM l yu t c bn cu thnh nn h thng OADM hon chnh bng cch ghp ni tip
nhiu SC-OADM li vi nhau nh minh ha trn hnh 1.55(c). Trn thc t, thit b kiu ny
cho tnh kinh t cao hn so vi cu trc song song nhng suy hao thm vo ln do mc ni
tip cc SC-OADM theo nhiu chng. Vic xen/rt cc knh mi s lm gin on cc knh
khc. Do cn c k hoch phn b bc sng trc hn ch vic gin on ny
66

Demux
Mux
W
1,2,....,W
1,2,....,W
2
1
Rt
Xen
(a)
Demux
Mux
Bng 4
Bng 3
1,2,....,W
1,2,....,W
Bng 2
Bng 1
Rt
Xen
(b)
1,2,....,W
Rt
1,2,....,W
1 Xen
2
(c)
1,2,....,W
1,2,....,W
Rt
Xen
1,2,3,4
(d)
Hnh 1.55 Cc kin trc khc nhau cho OADM. (a) Dng song song, tt c cc bc sng
c phn chia v ghp knh tr li; (b) phin bn mun ca kin trc song song; (c) dng
ni tip, cc bc sng c tch v ghp ti mt thi im; (d) dng tch bng, mt bng
cc bc sng cng c tch v ghp. W biu th tng s cc bc sng.
Cu trc xen/rt theo bng sng
Trong cu trc ny, mt nhm c nh knh bc sng c thc hin xen/rt ti mi nt

mng OADM. Cc knh c thit lp thc hin xen/rt l cc knh lin tip nhau trong mt bng
sng, s c lc bi mt b lc c bng thng l di bc sng. Sau , chng c a ln
mc ghp knh cao hn v t gii ghp knh thnh cc knh bc sng ring l nh minh ha
trn hnh 1.55(d). y l cu trc trung ha gia hai cu trc song song v cu trc ni tip m ta
m t trn. S lng ti a knh bc sng c xen/rt l ty thuc vo bng thng ca b
67
lc. S lng thc t cc knh xen/rt l cn ty thuc vo nh qun l h thng trang b bao
nhiu b chuyn i tn hiu ti nt OADM. Tuy nhin, s lng cc knh xen/rt l bao nhiu
cng khng nh hng n qu trnh tnh ton cc ng quang khc truyn trong mng v
suy hao ca tn hiu khi i qua OADM. Trong mt nhm knh, vic xen/rt cc knh b xung s
khng lm nh hng ti cc ng quang khc trong mng bi v suy hao ni thng cho tt c
cc knh khng nm trong nhm xen/rt l c nh. Tuy nhin cu trc ny lm phc tp k hoch
ho bc sng v p t mt s hn ch ln vic phn b bc sng.
OADM c th cu hnh c
Thuc tnh c th cu hnh li l thuc tnh rt cn thit phi c i vi tt c cc thit b

truyn dn WDM do n cho php s linh ng mm do trong vic thit lp cc ng quang i
trong mng. Cc cu trc ca OADM m ta xt trn u khng c kh nng cu hnh li c.
Trong hnh 1.56 l mt s cc cu trc OADM c th cu hnh li. Trn hnh 1.56(a) l
mt bin th ca cu trc song song, n dng b chuyn mch quang thc hin xen/rt mt
knh tn hiu no khi cn thit. Trn hnh 1.56(b) l mt bin th ca cu trc ni tip khi cc
SC-OADM lc ny l cc thit b c th iu chnh c bc sng hot ng, hoc cu hnh cho
i qua tt c cc bc sng. Tuy nhin, c hai cu trc nu trn mi ch gii quyt c vn
cu hnh li mt phn v vn phi dng cc b chuyn i tn hiu c nh. Cc b chuyn i
tn hiu mt cch tng qut c phn lm hai loi: b chuyn i tn hiu c nh v b chuyn
i tn hiu iu chnh c. B chuyn i tn hiu c nh thc hin nhn v pht vi mt bc
sng c nh trong lp knh quang. B chuyn i tn hiu iu chnh c, cu to gm c mt
b pht laser c th iu chnh c v mt diode thu quang c bng thng rng, c th thc hin
nhn v pht vi nhiu bc sng khc nhau. Trong iu kin cng ngh hin ti, b chuyn i
tn hiu c nh l ph bin nht.
Khi dng b chuyn i tn hiu c nh trong cu hnh ng ca OADM s dn n
yu t m ta cn phi cn nhc. l tnh kinh t khi v ta phi lp t tt c cc b chuyn i tn
hiu i vi tt c bc sng m c th khng dng n. Chnh v vy, gii quyt trn vn vn
cu hnh li i vi OADM, ngi ta gii thiu cu trc nh cho trn hnh 1.56(c) v (d).
Cu trc OADM trn hnh 1.56(c) l cu trc ni tip, v cu trc OADM trn hnh 1.56(d) l cu
trc song song. C hai cu trc ny u phi dng cc b chuyn i bc sng c th iu chnh
c thc hin chuyn i sang bc sng chun.
68

Demux
Chuyn mch quang Mux
1,2,....,N
1,2,....,N
2
1
R T
T R
.....
R T
Cc b chuyn i tn hiu
T R
(a)
(a)
1,2,....,N
1,2,....,N
1
R T
T R
R T
T R
R T
Cc b chuyn i tn hiu
T R
(b)
(b)
bt k
1,2,....,N
Any R T
T R
R T
T R
1,2,....,N
R T Cc b chuyn i tn
T R hiu iu chnh c
(c)
Demux
1,2,....,N
Chuyn mch quang

N
Mux
1,2,....,N
2
1
R T
R T
T R ... T R
Cc b chuyn i tn
hiu iu chnh c
(d)
Hnh 1.56 Kin trc OADM cu hnh li c. (a) Mt OADM iu chnh c mt
phn dng kin trc song song vi cc b chuyn mch xen/rt quang v cc b
chuyn i tn hiu bc sng c nh. T k hiu b pht v R l b thu. (b) Mt
OADM iu chnh c mt phn dng kin trc ni tip vi cc b chuyn i
tn hiu bc sng c nh. (c) Mt OADM iu chnh c hon ton dng
kin trc ni song song vi cc b chuyn i tn hiu hiu chnh c.
69
Bng 1.3
So snh gia cc cu trc cho OADM
Thuc tnh
Song song
Ni tip
Xen/rt theo bng
<<N
iu kin rng buc la chn bc

sng xen/rt
Khng
Quyt nh khi lp k
hoch phn b bc sng
C nh mt tp hp bc
sng
Thay i lu lng
Cao nht
p ng c yu cu
Tng i cao
Lp k hoch phn b bc sng
t tn thi gian
Tng i
Nhiu rng buc cn gii

quyt
Suy hao thm vo
C nh
Thay i
C nh tng ng vi s
bng sng c xen/rt
Chi ph (nu s knh xen/rt t)
Cao
Thp
Trung bnh
Chi ph (nu s knh xen/rt)
Thp
Cao
Trung bnh
d) B kt ni cho quang (OXC)

nh ngha
i vi cc m hnh mng n gin nh m hnh mng tuyn tnh hoc m hnh mng
vng (Ring), OADM l s la chn ti u xt v kha cnh kinh t, cng ngh ch to v kh
nng p ng yu cu ca mng. Tuy nhin, trong tng lai khi yu cu v kh nng linh ng
trong vic cung ng dch v, ng thi cc dch v a phng tin i hi phi p ng c s
tng bng thng t bin th cc m hnh mng hin ti khng p ng c. Khi , cn phi
trin khai mng mt li (mesh), vi phn t trung tm l cc b kt ni cho quang OXC
(Optical Cross Connect).
OXC
IP
SONET
SDH
OLT
ATM
Hnh 1.57 Mt mng dng OXC. OXC nm gia thit b ngi s dng ca lp quang
v cc OLT lp quang.
70
Mc d OXC thc hin kt ni cho i vi cc tn hiu u vo l tn hiu quang, phn

li ca OXC c th l in hoc l ton quang ty thuc vo cu hnh do nh sn xut qui nh.
M hnh ca mt OXC c cho nh trn hnh 1.57. Nh trn hnh 1.57, tn hiu quang y
phi c hiu l tt c cc nh dng tn hiu khc nhau, c th l cc nh dng tn hiu thuc
lp khch hng ch khng thun tu l cc tn hiu bc sng chun ca WDM c ITU-T qui
nh.
Yu cu i vi OXC
Mt OXC thng phi p ng c cc yu cu c bn nh sau:
Cung cp dch v: OXC phi h tr kh nng cung cp cc ng quang trong mng mt

cch t ng m khng cn s can thip ca nh qun l h thng, chng hn nh kh
nng p ng thm knh bc sng nu nhu cu bng thng tng ln...
Bo v: bo v ng quang i vi cc s c t cp hoc s c nt mng l mt trong

nhng yu cu quan trng i vi cc b OXC.
Trong sut i vi tc truyn dn bit: l kh nng chuyn mch cc tn hiu c tc

bit v nh dng khung truyn khc nhau.
Gim st cht lng truyn dn: cho php kh nng trch tn hiu i n qua mt cng
khc thc hin chc nng o c, xc nh v gim st cht lng truyn dn.
Chuyn i bc sng: bc sng u vo i, chuyn mch n u ra j c th cng

c chuyn i thnh bc sng khc.
Ghp v nhm tn hiu (Multiplexing and Grooming): cho php hot ng vi cc tn hiu
khch hng c tc bit khng tng ng vi tc bit ca tn hiu truyn trong lp
knh quang.
Cc cu hnh cho OXC
Mt b OXC c th phn lm hai phn: phn li chuyn mch v phn cng giao din.
Phn li thc hin cc chc nng kt ni cho quang trong khi phn cng giao din thc hin giao
tip vi tn hiu khch hng. Ch rng thng thng th cng giao din l cc card cha cc b
chuyn i quang-in-quang, hoc b chuyn i quang-in, tuy nhin i vi cu hnh phn
li chuyn mch l ton quang th phn li c ni trc tip vi cc b MUX/DEMUX ca cc
OLT hoc OADM m khng cn qua b chuyn i quang-in-quang phn giao din.Cc cu
hnh cho OXC c cho nh trn hnh 1.58. Cc cu hnh trn phn bit nhau im bn cht
chuyn mch quang hay in, c s dng cc b chuyn i quang-in-quang hay khng v cch
kt ni vi cc thit b xung quanh. So snh gia cc cu hnh c cho nh trong bng 1.4.
Li chuyn mch in
Li chuyn mch in thc hin chuyn mch cc tn hiu in. N c th thc hin
nhm cc lung lu lng c tc bit nh li thnh lung lu lng c tc bit l tc
bit truyn trn knh bc sng thuc lp knh quang. Li chuyn mch in thng c
thit k vi tng lu lng m n c th x l. Chng hn nh tng lu lng c th x l ca
mt li chuyn mch in l 1.28 Tbps, khi , n c th thc hin chuyn mch ti 512 lung
STM-16 hoc 128 lung STM-64. Do linh kin hot ng vi tn hiu in ph thuc vo tc
bit nn v lu di, khi tc bit cao th cc OXC dng li chuyn mch in s mc hn do
71
cc linh kin in t hot ng vi tc cng cao cng kh ch to. Tuy nhin, do hot ng
da trn cc tn hiu in, li chuyn mch in cho kh nng gim st cht lng tn hiu tt
thng qua ch s BER, kch hot chuyn mch bo v khi cht lng truyn dn khng m
bo. Cu hnh OXC dng li chuyn mch in c cho trn hnh 1.58(a).
Li chuyn mch quang
Khc vi li chuyn mch in, li chuyn mch quang thc hin chc nng kt ni
cho cc tn hiu quang. Do , li chuyn mch quang trong sut vi tc bit truyn dn,
cung cp kh nng m rng cho nhu cu tng tc truyn dn trong tng lai. Tuy nhin,
ngoi tr cu hnh trn hnh 1.58(b) th kh nng gim st cht lng truyn dn ca OXC khi
dng li chuyn mch quang khng tt bng li chuyn mch in do ch c kh nng gim
st thng qua cng sut quang o c u vo. Cc cu hnh OXC trn hnh 1.58(b), (c),
(d) u dng li chuyn mch quang. C ba cu hnh khc nhau ch n kt ni vi cc thit
b quanh n (thng l OLT hoc OADM). Cu hnh OXC nh trn hnh 1.58(b) kt ni vi
cc OLT thng qua b chuyn i tn hiu quang-in-quang vi giao din pha knh quang
cho php khong cch gia OXC v OLT l ngn hoc cc ngn. Cu hnh OXC nh trn hnh
1.58(c) th khng dng cc b chuyn i tn hiu quang-in-quang m tn dng b chuyn
i ny cc OLT. Cu hnh OXC nh trn hnh 1.58(d) khng dng bt c b chuyn i tn
hiu no trong kt ni gia OXC v cc OLT. Cu hnh ny mang tnh kinh t nht nhng
trong iu kin hin ti l khng thc t v nh cung cp dch v truyn dn c th mua thit b
ca cc nh sn xut khc nhau, d dn n vn khng tng thch bc sng hot ng.
Bng 1.4
Thuc tnh
So snh gia cc cu hnh ca OXC
Nhm lung tn hiu tc thp

Dung lng chuyn mch
Chuyn i bc sng
Gim st cht lng truyn dn
Giao din ti cc OLT
Cu hnh
1.49 (a)
C
Thp
C
BER
SR/VSR
Cu hnh
1.49 (b)
Khng
Cao
C
BER
SR/VSR
Cu hnh
1.49 (c)
Khng
Cao
C
Cng sut quang
IR
Chi ph sn xut mt cng

Tiu th nng lng
Chim khng gian
Trung bnh
Cao
Cao
Cao
Cao
Cao
Trung bnh
Trung bnh
Trung bnh
Cu hnh
1.49 (d)
Khng
Cao nht
Khng
Cng sut quang
Ph thuc vo yu
t khc
Thp
Thp
Thp
72

OXC
OLT
OLT
O/ E / O
O/ E / O
O/ E / O
O/ E / O
O/ E
O/ E
O/ E
O/ E
Li in
E/O
E/O
E/O
E/O
O/ E / O
O/ E / O
O/ E / O
O/ E / O
O/ E / O
O/ E / O
O/ E / O
O/ E / O
O/ E / O
O/ E / O
O/ E / O
O/ E / O
(a)
O/ E / O
O/ E / O
O/ E / O
O/ E / O
O/ E / O
O/ E / O
O/ E / O
O/ E / O
Li
quang
(b)
O/ E / O
O/ E / O
O/ E / O
O/ E / O
Li
quang
O/ E / O
O/ E / O
O/ E / O
O/ E / O
(c)
Li
quang
(d)
Hnh 1.58 Cc kiu trin khai OXC khc nhau. (a) Li chuyn mch in. (b) Li
chuyn mch quang bao quanh bi b chuyn i O/E/O. (c) Li chuyn mch quang ni
trc tip n cc b chuyn i tn hiu trong thit b WDM; (d) Li chuyn mch
quang ni trc tip n b ghp knh/phn knh bn trong OLT. Ch mt OLT c v
mi pha trn hnh, mc d tht s mt OXC c th kt ni n nhiu OLT.
Cu hnh ton quang ca OXC
Trong phn ny ta s xt chi tit cc cu hnh ton quang ca OXC do c tnh kinh t cao
so vi tt c cc cu hnh khc. i vi cu hnh ton quang OXC m ta xt trong hnh 1.58(d),
ta thy n c cc yu im l: khng c kh nng nhm tn hiu tc thp, khng c kh nng
chuyn i bc sng v khng c kh nng ti to tn hiu do hot ng hon ton c lp vi
lp in. khc phc cc vn trn, ta thm vo cu hnh OXC li chuyn mch in. Li
chuyn mch in ny thc hin chc nng hon ton ging nh trong cu hnh OXC trn hnh
1.58(a) m ta xt. Nh vy, va m bo tnh kinh t khi phn ln cc tn hiu bc sng c
li chuyn mch quang thc hin chuyn mch, va m bo gii quyt cc nhc im ca cu
hnh ton quang xt trn vi mt phn nh knh bc sng yu cu thc hin cc tc v thm
(chuyn i bc sng chng hn).
Nh ta bit, ch to mt phn li chuyn mch quang dung lng ln hin nay thc
hin cn nhiu kh khn. Nn cu hnh ton quang OXC nh trn hnh 1.59 tuy n gin v mt
m hnh nhng li rt phc tp trong cng ngh ch to c li chuyn mch quang. Gi s trn
73
thc t OXC c ni vi 8 OLT, mi OLT truyn trn si quang 32 knh bc sng. Nh vy,
vi m hnh a ra cn phi ch to c li chuyn mch quang dung lng 256 x 256 mi p
ng yu cu phc v mng. Trong iu kin cng ngh hin ti iu ny l ht sc kh khn.
khc phc iu ny, ngi ta a ra khi nim mt phng bc sng.
1,2,3,4
1,2,3,4
Chuyn
mch
quang
OLT
OLT
Chuyn mch bc sng
hay bng sng
Nhm tc thp,
Bin i bc sng,
Ti to tn hiu
...
O
E
O
E
Local add/drop
Chuyn
mch in
E
O
E
O
T/n khch hng
Hnh 1.59 Mt nt mng ton quang thc s kt hp b kt ni cho li quang v b kt

ni cho li in. Tn hiu c chuyn mch dng quang nhng c chuyn
xung dng in khi chng cn nhm li, ti to hoc chuyn i t mt bc
sng ny n mt bc sng khc.
Mt phng bc sng gm cc phn t c bn l cc b chuyn mch vi dung lng

trung bnh, mi b chuyn mch ch chu trch nhim chuyn mch mt bc sng. Nguyn l
hot ng ca mt phng bc sng c cho nh trn hnh 1.60. Mt phng bc sng c cu
to sao cho cc tn hiu WDM trn si quang c i qua chng 1 l cc b DEMUX, tch thnh
cc bc sng ring bit nhau. Sau , cc knh tn hiu cng bc sng c a n cc cng
u vo ca mt b chuyn mch no . B chuyn mch ny chuyn mch tn hiu t cng ny
n cng kia m khng quan tm n vic chuyn i bc sng. Chc nng chuyn i bc
sng khng thuc mt phng pha. Tip theo, u ra ca mt b chuyn mch c a n cc b
MUX ghp tn hiu vo si quang truyn i.
74

Chuyn
mch
quang
1
1,2,3,4
1,2,3,4
Chuyn
mch
quang
2
Chuyn
mch
quang
3
OLT
....
..
Xen ni b
Chuyn
mch
quang
4
OXC
OLT
.....
Rt ni b
Hnh 1.60 Mt OXC mt phng bc sng li quang, bao gm mt mt phng cc b

chuyn mch quang, mi b cho mt bc sng. Vi F si quang v W
bc sng trn mi si quang, nu mun linh hot tch v ghp bc sng
bt k, mi b chuyn mch cn c kch thc 2Fx2F.
Nh vy, nu cng trong cng mt iu kin OXC c ni vi 8 OLT, mi OLT truyn

trn si quang 32 knh bc sng th ta phi dng 32 phn t chuyn mch dung lng 8 x 8; 8
b MUX v 8 b DEMUX. R rng gim dung lng ca b chuyn mch i nhiu ln, ph
hp vi kh nng ch to trong iu kin hin ti hn. Tng qut nu s dng F OLT (tng ng
vi F si quang) vi W bc sng trn mi si quang th cn c W (2Fx2F) b chuyn mch mt
bc sng.
Nh vy, phng php mt phng bc sng cung cp gii php kinh t hn so vi vic
s dng cc b chuyn mch quang khng nghn kch thc ln. Tuy nhin, trong phn tho lun
trn, chng ta khng xem xt cch ti u ho s lng cc kt cui xen/rt (l cc b chuyn
i tn hiu hoc giao din O/E trn cc li chuyn mch in). C hai hnh 1.59 v 1.60 u gi
s rng c s cng kt cui tt c WF tn hiu. iu ny hu nh khng c, trn trn thc t
ch c mt phn lu lng cn c tch, v cc b kt cui rt tn km. Hn na, nu chng ta
thc s cn WF kt cui trn mi chuyn mch in, cu hnh tt nht l dng cu hnh li in
hnh 1.48 (a) khng c cc b chuyn mch mt phng bc sng.
Nu c tng cng T kt cui, tt c u c laser iu chnh c, v chng ta mun tch
bt k tn hiu no trong WF tn hiu, th cn mt b chuyn mch quang TxWF gia cc b
chuyn mch mt phng bc sng v cc b kt cui, nh trn hnh 1.61. Ngc li, vi b
chuyn mch khng nghn ln, chng ta c th kt ni n gin T kt cui vi T cng ca chuyn
mch ny, kt qu l c mt b chuyn mch (WF+T) x (WF+T). Do trong vi trng hp
phng php mt phng bc sng khng c ng dng.
75
Chuyn
mch
quang
1
1,2,,3,4
1,2,,3,4
Chuyn
mch
quang
2
Chuyn
mch
quang
3
Chuyn
mch
quang
4
OLT
OLT
OXC
...
..
R T
T R
.....
Chuyn mch quang
R T
T R
R T
T R
Xen/rt ni b
Cc b chuyn tip
hiu chnh c
T/n khch hng
Hnh 1.61 Gii quyt vn kt cui xen/rt trong phng php mt phng bc sng.
Cn c thm mt b chuyn mch quang gia cc b chuyn i tn hiu iu
chnh c v cc b chuyn mch mt phng bc sng. y, T l b pht
iu chnh c trn mt pha ca mng WDM, v R l b thu.
Tm li, phng php mt phng bc sng cn tnh n s lng si, phn lu lng
xen/rt, s lng kt cui, v kh nng iu chnh ca chng nh l cc tham s ring bit trong
thit k. Vi b chuyn mch kch thc ln, chng ta c th phn chia cc cng mt cch linh
hot tnh s thay i ca tt c cc thng s ny. Hin nay c OXC li in v li quang u
c thng mi ho. OXC li in vi tng dung lng ln n vi Tb/s, kh nng nhm n
cc lung STS-1 (51Mb/s), c sn xut. OXC li quang vi trn 1000 cng v OXC mt
phng bc snag cng sp c tung ra th trng.
1.4.4
Bo v mng WDM
Cung cp s phc hi chng li s h hng l mt yu cu quan trng cho cc mng tc

cao. Nhng mng ny ngy cng mang nhiu d liu. Do mt gin on thng tin cng lm
nh hng ti hng triu ngi s dng v gy thit hi nghim trng v mt kinh t. Cc nh
cung cp bng thng v dch v phi bo m thng (availability) ca cc kt ni l 99.999%
v thi gian gin on nh hn 3 pht /nm. Bin php thc t nht t c thng ny l
76
lm mng c kh nng sng st (survivable) tc l vn tip tc cung cp dch v ngay c trong

trng hp h hng. Chuyn mch bo v l k thut chnh bo m tnh sng cn ny. K
thut chuyn mch bo v bao gm vic bo m mt vi dung lng d tha trong mng v t
ng nh tuyn lu lng theo dung lng d tha trnh khi ch h hng. Trong phn ny
chng ta s tp trung xem xt cc cu hnh chuyn mch bo v cho lp quang bo m an
ton cho cc lp khch hng m n phc v.
a) Cc lp trong lp quang
OCh-P
OCh-S
OCh-S
OMS
OMS
OTS
OLT
OTS
OADM
Hnh 1.62
Amplifier
OMS
OTS
OTS
Transponders/regenerations
M hnh mng quang vi nhng lp con c bn.
Lp quang l mt thc th phc tp thc hin cc chc nng nh ghp knh theo bc
sng, chuyn mch v nh tuyn bc sng, gim st cht lng mng ti cc mc khc nhau
trong mng. gip m t nhng chc nng qun l mng, cng nh xc nh ranh gii ph hp
gia cc loi thit b khc nhau, cn thit phi tip tc chia lp quang thnh nhiu lp con. ITU
nh ngha ba lp con trong lp quang nh minh ha trn hnh 1.62. Trn cng l lp knh quang
OCh (optical layer). Lp ny thc hin chc nng nh tuyn chnh t u cui n u cui cho
cc ng quang. Chng ta s dng thut ng ng quang biu th mt kt ni quang .
Chnh xc hn, mt ng quang l mt ng knh quang gia hai nt mang ton b mt bc
sng ca lu lng. Mt ng quang i qua nhiu lin kt trong mng, n c ghp vi
nhiu bc sng khc mang nhng ng quang khc. N cng c th c ti to dc trn
ng truyn. Ch rng chng khng bao gm bt k chc nng ghp knh phn knh in theo
thi gian no trong lp quang. y l chc nng lp cao hn (v d SONET/SDH). V vy mt
kt ni 10GB/s gia hai im m khng c ghp knh/tch knh c xem l mt ng quang.
Mi tuyn gia cc OLT hay OADM th hin mt on ghp knh quang OMS (Optical
Multiplex Section) mang nhiu bc sng. Mi OMS li bao gm mt vi on tuyn (link
segment), mi on l mt phn ca mt tuyn gia hai tng khuch i quang. Mi phn ny l
mt on truyn dn quang OTS (optical transmission section). OTS bao gm cc OMS cng vi
mt knh gim st quang (OSC) b xung.
Mi lp knh quang c tip tc chia thnh nhng lp nh hn. ITU G.709 m t nhng
lp ny. tho lun n gin, chng ta s s dng mt s thut ng hi khc vi nh ngha ca
ITU. on knh quang trong sut OCh-TS (Optical Channel-Transparent) th hin mt on
77
(section) ca ng quang bn trong mng con ton quang (all-optical subnetwork). Bn trong
on ny, ng quang c truyn i khng c bt k mt s bin i vo min in no. Ti
ranh gii ca OCh-TS, mt ng quang c ti to.Trn OCh-TS l on knh quang OCh-S
(Optical Channel Section). Lp ny thm vo phn mo u vi chc nng kim tra li (FEC) vo
ng quang, l iu kin truyn tn hiu trong tt c cc lp mng quang pha di. Cui
cng, ng knh quang OCh-P (Optical Channel Path) th hin truyn ti t u cui n u
cui ca mt ng quang qua nhiu trm ti to trong ng truyn.
Theo nguyn tc, khi giao din gia cc lp mng khc nhau th c xc nh r. N
hu ch cho nh cung cp thit b chun ho thit b t b khuch i quang n cc tuyn WDM
n ton b mng WDM. Quan trng khng km l vic phn lp ny phn b nhng chc nng
qun l cn thit. V d vic tch v xen bc sng l chc nng c thc hin lp knh
quang. Vic gim st cng sut quang trong mi bc sng cng ph thuc vo lp ny, nhng
vic gim st cng sut tng li ph thuc vo lp OTS, hay lp OMS, ph thuc vo knh gim
st quang c a vo hay khng.
b) Ti sao phi bo v lp quang

Lp quang cung cp nhng ng quang (lightpath) cho lp khch hng nh l cc lp
SONET, IP hoc ATM. (Cc lp s dng nhng dch v cung cp bi lp quang gi l lp khch
hng ca lp quang). Cc lp khch hng ny hot ng c lp vi nhau, c c ch bo v ring
ca mnh v khng da vo c ch bo v c cung cp bi lp khc. Tuy nhin trn thc t vn
cn phi bo v lp quang do nhng l do sau:
Mng SONET/SDH c kt hp cc chc nng bo v m rng nhng cc mng IP, ATM

v ESCON th khng, do , cc lp khch hng ny mong mun lp mng quang phi c
cc phng thc bo v mng ca h bo m c thng nh cc mng
SONET/SDH
C th thc hin cc bin php bo v trn cc lp khch hng nhng thc hin bo v
trn lp quang s hiu qu v mt kinh t hn.
Lp quang c th x l mt s s c hiu qu hn so vi lp khch hng. Mt mng

WDM ti lu lng trn mt vi bc sng trn mt si quang. Khng c bo v ti lp
quang, t mt si quang s lm cho cc lp khch hng phc hi lu lng ca mnh mt
cch c lp. Thm vo , h thng qun l mng s b trn ngp bi mt lng ln cnh
bo cho s c ny. Thay vo , nu lp quang phc hi s c ny mt s thc th phi
nh tuyn li t hn, v do qu trnh x l nhanh hn v n gin hn.
Bo v ti lp quang cung cp thm kh nng phc hi trong mng, v d, chng li nhiu

s c ng thi.
Cui cng, s bo v trong SONET c da trn vng (UPSR/BLSR). Phng php da

trn vng i hi dung lng d tr cho bo v bng vi dung lng ang hot ng.
Trong lp quang, nhiu phng php bo v khc da trn cu hnh li ang c pht
trin. iu ny ha hn dng t dung lng hn cho vic bo v.
Tuy nhin bo v ti lp quang cng c nhng gii hn ca n:
78
Khng phi tt c cc s c u c th x l ti lp quang. Nu laser gn trong mt thit

b u cui ca khch hng h, lp quang khng th x l c g. Do thit b khch
hng h hng cn c x l lp khch hng.
Lp quang c th khng c kh nng pht hin cc iu kin tng ng kch hot

chuyn mch bo v. V d, mng trong sut ch c th gim st c c cng sut hay
mt cng sut (v trong vi trng hp l t s tn hiu-trn-tp m quang). Lp quang
cn c th o c s suy gim cng sut nhng n khng th bit c mc cng sut
no l ph hp v cc mc ny ph thuc vo loi tn hiu c truyn i. Do n ch c
th kch hot chuyn mch bo v khi pht hin mt ngun quang. T s li bt hin th
cht lng tn hiu chnh xc hn, tuy nhin mng trong sut khng th o c t s li.
Lp quang bo v lu lng theo mt n v l cc ng quang, v n khng th bo v

mt phn lu lng trong mt ng m khng bo v phn khc. Do chc nng ny
cn c thc hin lp khch hng.
Tuyn bo v trong lp quang c th di hn tuyn chnh, v chn la tuyn thay th c

th b gii hn bi qu cng sut ca tuyn.
Cn phi quan tm n vic lin kt hot ng ca cc phng thc bo v gia cc lp

khc nhau.
c) Cc cu hnh bo v lp quang
V nguyn l hu ht cc cu hnh bo v lp quang u tng t nh cc cu hnh tng
ng trong SONET v SDH. Tuy nhin, hin thc chng li khc nhau do mt vi l do: gi
thit b cho cc kt ni WDM tng theo s bc sng c ghp hay c kt cui, gii hn v
qy cng sut, v c th phi thc hin bin i bc sng. Bng 1.5 v 1.6 di y tm tt cc
cu hnh bo v cho lp quang.
Bng 1.5: Tm tt cc cu hnh bo v quang hot ng trn lp on ghp knh quang. C c
hai loi vng bo v dnh ring v chia s.
Cu hnh bo v
1+1
Dng tp
1:1
OMS-DPRing
OMS-SPRing
Dnh ring
Chia s
Dnh ring
Chia s
im-im
im-im
Vng
Vng
Bng 1.6: Tm tt cc cu hnh bo v hot ng trong lp knh quang

Cu hnh bo v
1+1
Dng tp
OCh-SPRing
OCh-Mesh
Dnh ring
Chia s
Chia s
Li
Vng
Li
Bo v 1+1 OMS
79
Demultiplex
er
Multiplexer
Lm vic
Splitter
Switch
Bo v
(a)
Transponder
Splitter
Lm vic
Switch
Bo v
Switch
Splitter
Transponder
Switch
Switch
Splitter
Splitter
Transponder
(b)
Transponder
Hnh 1.63 So snh cc cu hnh bo v (a) 1+1 OMS v (b) 1+1 OCh
y c th l phng php bo v lp quang n gin nht v c trnh by hnh

1.63(a). Tn hiu tng WDM c bc cu qua hai ng ring bit, s dng b splitter quang.
Ti u cui thu, mt b chuyn mch quang c dng la chn tn hiu tt hn gia hai tn
hiu n, ch yu da trn vic d c hay mt tn hiu. Vic chia tn hiu lm tng suy hao thm
3dB, v b chuyn mch cng b sung thm mt t suy hao (<1dB). Mt cch khc l s dng b
khuch i quang trn mi si quang v b kt hp th ng kt hp hai hng ti b thu. Ti
mt thi im, mt b khuch i c kch hot v mt b tt i. Cch ny c thun li l trnh
c s c mt im (b switch) trong h thng, nhng c th t tin hn thc hin.
Bo v 1:1 OMS
S bo v ny ging nh s SONET/SDH 1:1 v cng c li ch tng t h tr lu

lng c u tin thp v c kh nng chia s mt tuyn bo v cho N tuyn lm vic. So snh
vi s 1+1 ca hnh 1.58(a), s ny thng s dng mt b chuyn mch ti my pht thay
cho b chia, kt qu l tng suy hao ng truyn nh hn. Tng t nh trong SONET, giao
thc APS cn c cung cp hai u cui ca tuyn phi hp hot ng.
Vng bo v dnh ring OMS (OMS-DPRing)
Vng bo v dnh ring (OMS-DPRing) lp quang tng t nh SONET/SDH UPSR,

ngoi tr mt iu l n hot ng trn lp OMS trong khi UPSR hot ng lp ng dn
SONET/SDH. Phng php ny c th xem nh l phng php chuyn mch trn vng quang
n hng ULSR (Unidirectional Line-Switched Ring).
80

Amplifier
Amplifier
Active
Inactive
Demux
Mux
Node B
Node A
Node D
Amplifier
(a)
Node C
Amplifier
Active
Active
Demux
Mux
Node B
Node A
Node D
Node C
(b)
Hnh 1.64 Bo v OMS-DPRing. (a) Hot ng bnh thng. Mt cp khuych i c

tt i v cc cc cp khc c m, to thnh mt bus. (b) Sau khi h hng,
hai b khuych i hin ang tt c bt ln v hai b khuych i k ch h
hng c tt i to thnh tuyn thay th v phc hi lu lng.
Mt s hin thc ca OM-DPRing c biu din trn hnh 1.64. Cc tn hiu c

ghp vo vng v tch ra bng cc coupler th ng. Mi nt mng truyn tn hiu trn c hai
hng ca vng. Lu cc nt khc nhau phi truyn trn cc bc sng khc nhau trnh xung
t. iu kin bnh thng vng hot ng nh mt bus, vi mt cp khuch i b tt i trong
c vng, cn cc b khuch i khc th lm vic. Khi mt tuyn hng, cc b khuch i cnh
tuyn hng c tt i v b khuch i lc trc khng hot ng gi c kch hot khi
phc lu lng. V d, trong hnh 1.64(a), cp khuch i bn phi nt A tt i trong iu kin
hot ng bnh thng. Trong hnh 1.64(b) khi tuyn CD hng, cp khuch i C, k tuyn b
h, c tt i, v cp khuch i khng c kch hot lc u ti A gi c kch hot to mt
bus mi phc hi lu lng.
81
Vng bo v chia s OMS (OMS-SPRing)
Cc si bo v
OADM
Cc si lm vic
OADM
OADM
OADM
Chuyn mch
Hnh 1.65 OMS-SPRing khi hot ng bnh thng. Ch c cc si quang lm vic c

ni vi b ghp xen/rt. Cc si quang bo v c ni quanh vng.
Cc si bo v
Cc si bo v
OADM
OADM
Cc si lm vic
Cc si lm vic
OADM
OADM
OADM
OADM
OADM
OADM
Chuyn mch
Chuyn mch
Hnh 1.66 OMS-SPRing sau khi h hng. (a) Chuyn mch on. (b) Chuyn mch vng
Vng bo v chia s OMS-SPRing (Shared Protection Ring) tng t nh SONET/SDH

BLSR/4 nhng c mt s thay i. Mt cu hnh ca vng bn si quang c trnh by trn
hnh 1.65. Hai si quang c kt ni vi thit b WDM v hai si cn li ni quanh vng ring
82
c dng cho mc ch bo v v khng phi gn vo thit b WDM. Khi si quang b t, tn

hiu c chuyn mch on hoc chuyn mch vng ln nhng si quang bo v, nh hnh 1.61.
Trong c hai trng hp, khng c thit b WDM trn si quang bo v khng nhng tit kim
c gi thnh m cn bo m suy hao t hn trn ng quanh vng dnh cho lu lng bo
v. B khuch i quang c th c dng nu cn, ph thuc vo suy hao ca tuyn.
C th thc hin OMS-SPRing hai si quang bng cch dnh ring mt na cc bc sng
trn mi si quang cho bo v. Nu m bo rng bc sng bo v trn mt si quang tng ng
vi bc sng lm vic trn si quang khc, tn hiu c th c nh tuyn li m khng cn
chuyn i bc sng. Tuy nhin, s ny cn hai nhm bc sng c gii ghp v ghp ti
mi nt, do chnh xc y khng phi l hot ng lp OMS.
Bo v b chuyn tip 1:N (1:N Transponder Protection)
Cc s bo v lp OMS m chng ta tho lun trn x l s c tuyn v s c

ti nt mng nhng khng x l s c ti thit b u cui, c bit cc b chuyn tip
(transponder). Cc b chuyn tip c th c bo v bng cu hnh 1:N, s dng mt b chuyn
tip d phng cho tt c N b chuyn tip lm vic. Mt trong nhng vn cn phi khc phc
l cc b chuyn tip hin nay hot ng cc bc sng c nh, v v th b chuyn tip d
phng s hot ng cc bc sng khc vi cc bc sng ca b chuyn tip lm vic. Khi tn
hiu c chuyn mch qua b chuyn tip d phng, chng ta cn thit lp mt ng quang
mi trm mt bc sng mi thng qua mng. Mt cch khc l c th dng mt laser hiu chnh
c trong b chuyn tip d phng.
Bo v knh quang dnh ring 1+1 (1+1 OCh Dedicated Protection)
Trong phng thc bo v 1+1 OCh, hai ng quang trn hai tuyn khc nhau c thit
lp cho mt kt ni. Nh minh ha trn hnh 1.63(b), tn hiu khch hng c chia ti u vo v
u thu chn la tn hiu tt hn gia hai ng quang ny. Ging nh SONET v SDH, phng
php ny khng cn bo hiu. Phng php ny ph hp vi cu hnh im-im, vng v mc
li. vng, s ny cn gi l vng bo v dnh ring cho knh quang (OCh Dedicated
Protection Ring) hoc vng chuyn mch n hng quang (Optical UPSR). Ging nh
SONET/SDH UPSR, cch ny khng hiu qu trong s dng bng thng v bng thng cho bo
v khng chia s c cho nhiu kt ni ca khch hng. Tuy nhin, y l mt trong nhng cch
n gin nht v v th c thc hin mt s thit b ca vi nh sn xut trong cc b ghp
xen rt v b kt ni cho.
Hnh 1.67 trnh by mt hin thc khc ca phng php bo v ny, s dng cc b
bridge v selector trong mt nt. y, tn hiu vo lp quang c chia v gi n hai b
chuyn tip, v sau c nh tuyn ring bit qua mng. Ti u thu, tn hiu c kt thc ti
hai b chuyn tip v tn hiu tt hn c la chon, sau c gi cho khch hng. Trong
hnh 1.58, tn hiu ca khch hng c a qua mt b chuyn tip v c chia ra sau . Ti
u thu, mt trong hai tn hiu c chn la bi b chuyn mch quang trc khi c gi cho
khch hng. Cch ny s dng mt na s b chuyn tip so vi cch trc nhng khng bo v
chng li h hng b chuyn tip. Bn cnh , c mt vi yu t nh hng n n vic thc
hin phng php ny hay phng php khc nh tiu chun cho vic chuyn mch t mt ng
ny sang ng khc, v thi gian khi phc s l khc nhau vi nhng cch thc hin khc nhau.
83

Multiplexer
Demultiplexer
Switch
Lm vic
Splitter
Switch
Splitter
Switch
Splitter
Bo v
Switch
Splitter
B chuyn tip
B chuyn tip
Hnh 1.67 Mt dng khc ca phng php bo v 1+1 OCh. Tn hiu t thit b khch hng
c chia ra v a n hai b chuyn tip truyn trn hai ng khc nhau v
ti pha thu b chuyn mch quang ti u ra s chn tn hiu no tt hn.
Vng bo v chia s cho knh quang (OCh-SPRing)
Vng bo v chia s cho knh quang OCh-SPRing l phng php bo v ging nh

SONET/SDH BLSR/4. Tuy nhin, BLSR hot ng lp ng dy (on ghp knh), trong khi
OCh-SPRing hot ng lp knh quang, khng phi lp ghp knh. ng lm vic c
thit lp theo ng ngn nht trn vng. Khi ng lm vic hng, n c phc hi bng
chuyn mch on hay chuyn mch vng, nh trong SONET/SDH BLSR/4. Cc ng quang
khng chng nhau trong vng c th s dng chung mt bc sng quanh vng cho bo v, v
cch s dng li v mt khng gian ny cho php OCh-SPRing hot ng hiu qu hn OChDPRing trong lu lng phn b. Hot ng ca OCh-SPRing cn bn ging nh SONET/SDH
BLSR/4 tuy nhin cc si quang trong SONET/SDH BLSR/4 tng ng vi cc bc sng v cc
kt ni tng ng vi cc ng quang. Ging nh trong BLSR s phi hp nhanh gia cc nt
trong vng l cn thit gii quyt s c ti nt hoc h tr lu lng c u tin thp.
Bo v dng mt li cho knh quang (OCh-Mesh Protection)
Kin trc hnh vng thch hp cho tp vt l tha tht v trong cc trng hp khi
phn ln lu lng b gii hn trong mt vng (ring). Cc mng ng trc ngy nay thng
l dy c v c dng mt li hn l cu hnh vng, vi lu lng c phn b ng u.
i vi nhng mng ny, cc s bo v mt li cung cp bo v hiu qu l dng vng.
Ni chung tp cng dy c v cng mt li th bo v dng li cng c li. So vi cc
cu trc vng th hiu qu ny c th t t 20% n 60%.
Xt v d mng mt li nh trn hnh 1.68(a) h tr ba ng quang. Gi s tt c
chng cn c bo v. Mi knh quang s dng mt n v dung lng trn mi tuyn m
chng i qua. Hnh 1.68(b) xut s bo v 1+1 OCh dnh ring. Trong trng hp ny,
tng cng cn 8 n v dung lng bo v trong mng. Hnh 1.68(c) xut cu hnh bo v
vng chia s (OCh-SPRing). Trong trng hp ny cc ng X v Y cng chia s mt bng
thng bo v trong khi ng quang Z c mt vng bo v ring. Cu hnh bo v ny cng
cn c 8 n v dung lng bo v. Lu , bng thng bo v c th gim xung cn 6 n v
bng cch cho knh X,Y chia s mt vng nhng s dng ng bo v dnh ring cho knh
Z. Nhn theo mt cch khc nu s dng 8 n v dung lng cho bo v , ta c th thm cc
ng quang na chia s vng bo v cho knh Z. Hnh 1.68(d) l s bo v dng mt li.
84
Trong s ny, cc ng quang cng c bo v 1+1 nhng cc ng quang bo v

khng c thit lp trc m ch c thit lp khi c s c. Cu hnh ny ch i ph vi
mt s c ti mt thi im. Trong trng hp ny ch cn n v dung lng bo v.
ng quang
Lm vic Z
ng quang
ng quang
Lm vic Y Lm vic X
Bo v X Bo v Y
Bo v Z
(a)
Lm vic Z
(b)
Lm vic Z
Vng bo v 2
Lm vic Y Lm vic X
Lm vic Y E Lm vic X
A
Vng bo v 1
(c)
Dung lng bo v
(d)
Hnh 1.68 V d minh ha v hiu qu s dng bng thng ca phng php bo v dng mc li
so vi bo v dng vng ring. (a) Mt mng mc li c ba ng quang. (b) Bo v ng quang s
dng cu hnh bo v dnh ring 1+1. (c) Bo v ng quang s dng vng chia s cho knh quang
OCh-SPRing. (d) Bo v ng quang s dng s mt li cho knh quang (OCh-Mesh).
Bo v dng mt li khng phi l mi. Chng c s dng trong nhng nm 1980

trong cc mng c b kt ni cho s. Tuy nhin cc s ny c tp trung ha v vn hnh
chm chp, thng cn n vi pht khi phc li lu lng sau khi c s c. Vic bo v
cng rt phc tp trong qun l, v khng c chun p dng c. Sau khi SONET/SDH c
chun ho v yu cu chuyn mch nhanh 60ms trong vng SONET/SDH c hin thc,
phng php phc hi da trn dng mc li gn nh b b qua.
Ngy nay dng mt li c tng cng s dng v nhng l do sau:
Nng lc x l cho mng li c tng ln tc tnh ton cho nh tuyn v bng

thng dnh cho qun l mng tng ln.
Cc b kt ni cho quang v bng thng bo v thit b lp quang c cc mc tc (cc

ng quang) ln hn l cc b cc ni cho hot ng tc DS1 v DS3. V th c t
thc th hn iu khin v bo v. Tuy nhin tnh trng ny s thay i khi lu lng
tng nhanh.
85
Cc giao thc bo hiu v nh tuyn nhanh c pht trin cho cc mng d liu khc
nh IP v ATM v nhiu giao thc c th sa i thch ng s dng cho lp quang.
Yu cu thi gian bo v 60ms khng phi l con s cng nhc. Nhiu nh cung cp bng
thng, quan tm n bo v lu lng d liu s tha mn vi thi gian bo v khong vi
trm milisecond v iu ny lm d dng hn cho vic thc hin nhng phng php bo
v phc tp.
Nhiu s bo v dng mc li khc nhau c xut, v nhiu s ang c

thc hin bi cc nh sn xut thit b kt ni cho quang. Bn cnh nhng yu t trn, phng
php bo v dng mc li cn phi khc phc mt vi vn then cht c th p dng rng
ri:
Cc cu hnh bo v SONET/SDH c chun ha tuy nhin cha c chun ho v

dng li.
Mt trong nhng u im ca dng vng l mng c chia thnh nhiu min v mi

min c bo v c lp. Do phn ny ca mng khng th nh hng n phn khc.
Do mng c th iu khin nhiu s c ng thi min l chng xy ra trong cc min
khc nhau. s bo v mt li hon ton c li nh mong mun, cn xem mng ny
nh l mt min duy nht. Chia nh mng thnh nhng min con s gim hiu qu s
dng bng thng tr khi cc min ring bit l kh ln
Cc s bo v mt li kh iu khin hn s bo v vng, do , cc nh sn xut

phi cung cp cho cc nh cung cp dch v nhng cng c iu khin ph hp che du
s phc tp khi cc ngi vn hnh. V d, iu ny c th ngha l cung cp nhng cng
c t ng thit k v tnh ton nhng tuyn bo v chnh trong mng. Ngc li vic
vn hnh s rt phc tp.
Mng mt li cng hiu qu nu c cc c ch bo hiu nhanh truyn cc thng tin

lin quan n cc s c v nh tuyn li cc ng quang b tc ng bi s h hng ny.
iu ny dn n cc nt thc hin chuyn mch bo v phi c thit k cn thn ti
thiu ho thi gian x l.
Mng mt li cng hiu qa i hi phi c bng nh tuyn bo v ti cc nt. Cc bng

nh tuyn cung cp ton b thng tin v tp mng v cc ng bo v trong mng.
Bng cn c cp nht khi cc ng quang, cc tuyn hoc cc nt c thm vo hoc
b i khi mng. Quan trng nht nhng bng ny cn c cha ti tt c cc nt mng
Bo v dng mt li c th khc nhau ch hoc ton b mng c bo v nh mt

min n, hoc n c chia ra thnh nhiu min, mi min c bo v c lp, v cc min
c kt ni li vi nhau. Trong qu trnh thoi ho (degenerate scenario), mi min n c th l
mt vng n, trong trng hp ny chng ta quay li m hnh bnh thng ca bo v vng .
Mt kha cnh quan trng khc phn bit cc s bo v l hoc tuyn bo v c
tnh trc (offline), hoc chng c tnh sau khi s c xy ra (online). Trong c hai trng hp,
mt chiu khc c xem xt l mc ca vic thc hin c phn b. iu ny nh hng
n phc tp ca bo hiu v tc ng trc tip n tc phc hi.
Ni chung, bo v dng mc li cn nhng chc nng sau: tnh ton tuyn, duy tr tp,
v bo hiu thit lp tuyn bo v. Nhng chc nng ny c thc hin trong mng IP hay
86
ATM. V d, trong mng IP, tnh ton tuyn s dng thut ton ng i ngn nht Dijikstra, v
tp c duy tr bng cch s dng giao thc nh tuyn nh OSPF (Open Shortest Path First).
Bo hiu cn c s dng thit lp cc ng i trong cc mng MPLS v ATM. Mt vi
giao thc bo hiu c dng cho mc ch ny, bao gm giao thc d phng trc ti nguyn
RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol), giao thc bo hiu giao din mng-mng ring PNNI
(Private Network-Network Interface), bo hiu s 7(SS7). Ngy nay ang c nhiu cng trnh
nghin cu pht trin MPLS s dng trong cc mng quang.
TM TT
Th k 21 l th k ca cng ngh thng tin. S bng n ca cc loi hnh dch v thng
tin, c bit l s pht trin nhanh chng ca Internet v World Wide Web lm gia tng khng
ngng nhu cu v dung lng mng. iu ny i hi phi xy dng v pht trin cc mng
quang mi dung lng cao. Cng ngh ghp knh theo bc sng quang (DWDM) l mt gii
php hon ho cho php tn dng hu hiu bng thng rng ln ca si quang, nng cao r rt
dung lng truyn dn ng thi h gi thnh sn phm. S pht trin ca h thng WDM cng
vi cng ngh chuyn mch quang s to nn mt mng thng tin th h mi-mng thng tin ton
quang trong sut.
Chng ta nghin cu cc nguyn l c bn ca DWDM v so snh cng ngh ny vi
TDM. Qua chng ta thy r rng WDM l gii php hon thin nht cho bi ton tng bng
thng ca mng vin thng trong iu kin cng ngh hin ti. Cng ngh WDM l cng ngh
duy nht cho php xy dng m hnh mng truyn ti quang cho php truyn ti trong sut nhiu
loi hnh dch v , qun l mng hiu qa, nh tuyn linh ng.
Chng ta thy bn cnh suy hao, v tn sc, cc hin tng phi tuyn nh c hng ln
n cht lng ca h thng WDM. Cc hin tng phi tuyn bao gm tn x do kch thch
Brilloin (SBS), tn x do kch thch Raman (SRS), hin ng t iu pha (SPM), hiu ng iu ch
xuyn pha (CPM), v hiu ng trn bc bc sng (FWM), trong SPM v FWM c nh
hng nghim trng nht. Chng ta nghin cu ngun gc ca cc hiu ng ny v thy r
rng cc hiu ng ny c th suy gim rt nhiu nu si quang c li hiu dng ln v c mt
lng tn sc mu nh.
Cc linh kin cho WDM bao gm coupler, isolator/circulator, cc b lc v ghp knh, b
chuyn mch, b bin i bc sng, b pht laser, b khuch i quang, b thu quang. Cuopler,
isolator v coupler l cc linh kin thng dng trn thc t. Nhiu loi b lc quang nh b lc
cch t kiu si quang, b lc a khoang mng mng in mi, b lc cch t ng dn sng ma
trn c s dng rng ri trong cc h thng WDM thng mi. C nhiu cng ngh sn
xut ra cc khi chuyn mch quang kch thc ln s dng trong cc b kt ni cho. Cc b
chuyn mch ny ang trong qu trnh thng mi ho. Cc b chuyn i bc sng ton quang
vn cn trong giai on nghin cu gim gi thnh v nng cao cht lng trc khi a ra
ng dng trn thc t.
Hin nay, c ba th h mng quang v ang pht trin: mng quang th h th nht,
mng quang th h th hai, v mng quang th h th ba. Mng quang th h th nht s dng
cp quang thay th cho cp ng t c dung lng truyn dn cao hn. Mng quang th h
th hai cung cp cc ng quang chuyn mch knh bng cch nh tuyn v chuyn mch bc
sng bn trong mng. Mng quang th h th ba l mng nh tuyn bc sng- cung cp cc
ng quang trong sut ti ngi s dng l cc u cui SONET/SDH hay cc b nh tuyn IP.
87
Cc phn t ch cht cho lin kt mng quang l b kt cui ng quang (OLT), b ghp knh
xen/rt quang (OADM) v b kt ni cho quang (OXC). OLT c s dng cho mng im ni
im. OADM c hiu qu kinh t cao i vi cc cu hnh vng (ring). OXC c s dng trong
cc cu hnh mng li (mesh).
Cc k thut phc hi chng li s h hng ng vai tr ngy cng quan trng trong cc
mng truyn ti. Cc lp khch hng u c c ch bo v ring tuy nhin bo v trong lp quang
s cung cp thm kh nng phc hi. Bo v trong lp quang cn hiu qu hn v mt bng
thng, x l s c (c bit l khi tt c cc lu lng iu cn c bo v) v v mt kinh t.
Cu hnh bo v dng mt li ang l xu th cho lp quang. Hin c cc sn phm thng
mi cho cc cu hnh bo v lp quang..
BI TP
1.1.
Mt si quang n mode c suy hao 0.5 dB/km khi hot ng bc sng =1.3m.
ng knh si l d=6 v ngun laser c rng l f=600MHz. So snh cng sut
quang ngng cho SBS, PthSBS, v cho SRS, PthSRS.
1.2.
Cho si quang n mt c ng knh li l d=8m. Ngun laser a vo si quang c

rng ph f=1GHz. Cng sut ngng i vi tn x Brillouin l PthSBS=190mW v
i vi tn x Raman l PthSRS=1.70 W. Tnh bc sng hot ng (m) v h s suy
hao (dB/km).
1.3.
Mt si quang n mode s dng ngun laser c rng ph l f=800MHZ c cng

sut quang ngng cho SBS l PthSBS=127mW ti bc sng 0.85m. Suy hao ca si
quang ti bc sng ni trn l 2dB/km. Xc nh cng sut quang ngng cho SRS,
PthSRS trong si quang ny ti bc sng 0.9m, gi s rng suy hao ti bc sng l
1.8 dB/km.
1.4.
Cho cch t truyn dn c chu k a=5m. Tnh cch gc (hiu gia hai gc nhiu
x) gia hai bc sng 1540.56nm v 1541.35nm nu hai bc sng ny c chiu
thng gc vi cch t.
1.5.
Cho b lc AOTF vi n=0.07, bc sng quang c chn l =1540.56 nm, vn tc

m thanh l 3.75km/s, chiu di on tng tc m-quang l l=22 mm. Tnh (a)chu k
cch t, v tn s sng m, (b) thi gian hiu chnh ca b lc quang-m hiu chnh
c.
1.6.
Kho st coupler 3dB 2x2 cho hnh bn di. Gi thit rng ta kt ni hai ng ra vi
mt on si quang. Gi s cc phn cc c bo ton khi qua thit b ny. Mt tn
hiu nh sng a vo ng vo th nht. iu g xy ra? Tm hm truyn t ca thit b
ny. Gi s coupler c s dng nh mt thit b thun nghch v vy hot ng ca
n hon ton nh vy khi i ng vo v ng ra cho nhau.
Input
3 dB coupler
88
1.7.
Theo hnh 1.17 hy chng minh s chnh di gia cc tia khc x ti gc d vi cc

khe k cn l AB CD = a[sin(i ) sin(d )] khi khong cch gia hai khe k cn
(grating pitch) l rt nh so vi khong cch t mt phng cch t ti ngun v ti mt
phng nh x.
1.8.
Tm phng trnh cch t cho cch t nhiu x nghing blazing trn hnh 1.18.
1.9.
Chng minh rng cc tn s cng hng fn ca hc Fabry-Perot tho mn biu thc

fn=f0+f, vi k l s nguyn, f0 v f l cc gi tr khng i. iu ny c ngha l cc
tn s ny cch nhau mt khong bng nhau. Ch rng cc bc sng tng ng
khng cch nhau mt khong bng nhau.
1.10.
Chng minh mn F ca b lc Fabry-Perot trong cng thc 1.59. Gi s rng h s

phn x ca gng R=1.
1.11.
Chng minh rng phn cng sut ca ng vo c truyn qua b lc Fabry-Perot trn
mi tn s l (1-R)/(1+R). Lu rng phn cng sut ny l nh i vi cc gi tr R
ln. Do , khi xem xt tt c cc tn s, th ch c mt phn nh cng sut ng vo
c truyn qua hc cng hng c cc mt phn x cao.
1.12.
Chng minh rng bng thng 3 dB (FWHM) ca b lc quang-m l 0.802/ln.
1.13.
Tnh chiu di tng tc quang-m cn thit i vi b lc AOTF c bng thng

(FWHM) l 1nm ti bc sng hot ng l 1.55m. Gi s n=0.07.
1.14.
DWDM ging nh:

a.
b.
c.
d.
1.15.
TDM ging nh:

a.
b.
c.
d.
1.16.
Tng vn tc cc xe hi trn xa l cao tc

Xy thm xa l cao tc mi
Phn lung trn xa l cao tc
Tt c cc cu trn u ng
SDM ging nh:

a.
b.
c.
d.
1.17.
Ghp knh phn thi gian (TDM)

Ghp knh phn khng gian (SDM)
Ghp knh phn tn s (FDM)
C ba cu trn u ng
Tng vn tc cc xe hi trn xa l cao tc

Xy thm xa l cao tc mi
Phn lung trn xa l cao tc
Tt c cc cu trn u ng
DWDM ging nh:

a. Tng vn tc cc xe hi trn xa l cao tc
b. Xy thm xa l cao tc mi
c. Phn lung trn xa l cao tc
89
d. Tt c cc cu trn u ng
1.18.
Vai tr ca DWDM l
a. Tng cng sut pht quang
b. Tng tc truyn dn trn si quang
c. Tng dung lng truyn dn trn si quang bng cch tng s lng si quang,
thit b, khng cn tng tc truyn dn
d. Tng dung lng truyn dn trn si quang bng cch ghp thm nhiu bc sng
c th truyn trn mt si quang, khng cn tng tc truyn dn
1.19.
ng lc pht trin DWDM l:

a. S gia tng nhanh chng ca lu lng d liu
b. Hn ch ca vic pht trin TDM
c. Chi ph cao trong vic lp t cc tuyn cp quang mi cc vng ng dn c
d. S tin b trong cng ngh DWDM
e. Tt c cc cu trn u ng
1.20.
u im ca DWDM l:
a. Tn dng bng thng si quang
b. Gim yu cu v thit b
c. Khng ph thuc vo giao thc
d. C kh nng m rng
e. C 4 cu trn u ng
1.21.
Bng thng hot ng ca DWDM hin nay

a. Di C v L
b. Di O
c. Di U
d. C 4 cu trn u ng
1.22.
Cu no trong nhng cu sau y l ng cho hin tng phi tuyn trong si quang:
a. Hin tng cng sut ca tn hiu quang b suy gim khi lan truyn trong si
quang
b. Hin tng gin xung nh sng khi lan truyn trong si quang
c. Cc tham s ca tn hiu quang ph thuc vo cng (cng sut) nh sng
1.23.
Cc hiu ng Kerr pht sinh l do:

90
a. S ph thuc ca chit sut si quang vo cng in trng hot ng

b. Nng lng t mode lan truyn c truyn sang mt mode khc gi l mode bc
x
c. Tp cht nh OH- hp th nng lng nh sng
d. Nng lng t mt sng nh sng c chuyn sang mt sng nh sng khc c
bc sng di hn. Nng lng mt i b hp th bi cc photon.
1.24.
Cc hiu ng Kerr bao gm:

a. Hiu ng t iu pha (SPM)
b. Hiu ng iu ch xuyn pha (CPM)
c. Hiu ng trn bn tn s (FWM)
1.25.
Hiu ng t iu pha (SPM) l:

a. S thay i tn s (chirping) do cng ca xung nh sng thay i theo thi
gian
b. S thay i tn s (chirping) do cng ca cc knh quang khc thay i theo
thi gian
c. S sinh ra cc tn s khi c nhiu tn s lan truyn trong si quang
bc sng di hn. Nng lng mt i b hp th bi cc phonon.
1.26.
Hiu ng iu ch xuyn pha (CPM) l:

gian
thi gian
1.27.
Hiu ng trn bn tn s (FWM) l:

gian
thi gian
91
1.28.
Cc hiu ng tn x phi tuyn pht sinh l do:

a. S ph thuc ca chit sut si quang vo cng in trng hot ng
b. Nng lng t mode lan truyn c truyn sang mt mode khc gi l mode bc
x
c. Tp cht nh OH- hp th nng lng nh sng
1.29.
Hiu ng tn x phi tuyn bao gm:

a. Tn x do kch thch Brillouin (SBS)
b. Tn x do kch thch Raman (SRS)
c. Tn x Rayleigh
e. Ch c a v b ng
1.30.
Hiu ng no c th ng dng lm b khuch i quang:

a. Tn x do kch thch Brillouin (SBS)
b. Tn x do kch thch Raman (SRS)
c. Tn x Rayleigh
d. Khng c cu no ng
1.31.
Bn c th s dng linh kin ny chia cng sut tn hiu quang thnh hai phn bng
nhau. l linh kin g?
a. Coupler 3dB
b. Circulator
c. B lc quang (Optical Filter)
d. B ghp knh (MUX)
e. B tch knh (DEMUX)
1.32.
Bn s dng linh kin ny nh tuyn (vo mt cng ra mt cng tng ng nht

nh) mt tn hiu quang. l linh kin g?
a. Coupler 3dB
b. Circulator
d. B ghp knh (MUX)
92
1.33.
Bn c th s dng linh kin ny ly ra mt bc sng mong mun t nhiu knh

bc sng ng vo. l linh kin g?
a. Coupler 3dB
b. Circulator
d. B ghp knh (MUX)
1.34.
Bn c th s dng thit b ny kt hp nhiu knh bc sng khc nhau thnh tn

hiu tng truyn trong si quang. l thit b g?
a. Coupler 3dB
b. Circulator
d. B ghp knh (MUX)
1.35.
Bn c th s dng thit b ny tch tn hiu tng gm nhiu knh bc sng khc

nhau thnh cc knh bc sng ring r. l thit b g?
a. Coupler 3dB
b. Circulator
d. B ghp knh (MUX)
1.36.
Trong nhng c im di y, c im no l ng cho c b lc cch t Bragg kiu

si quang v b lc quang m AOTF:
a. Hot ng da trn nguyn l phn x Bragg
b. Hat ng da trn nguyn l giao thoa k
c. Cch t Bragg c to ra bng cch to s thay i tun hon chit sut trong li
si quang
d. Cch t c to ra bng cch cho sng m b mt SAW lan truyn trong ng dn
sng
1.37.
Trong nhng c im di y, c im no l ng cho c b lc Fabry-Perot v b

lc a khoang mng mng in mi TFMF:
a. Hot ng da trn nguyn l phn x Bragg
b. Hat ng da trn nguyn l giao thoa k
c. Khoang cng hng c to bi hai gng c h s phn x cao
93
d. Khoang cng hng c to bng nhiu lp mng mng in mi c th phn x

c
1.38.
Trong nhng c im di y, c im no l ng i vi b lc Fabry-Perot:

a. Hm truyn t c nh bng phng, dc cao
b. n nh vi nhit , khng nhy vi phn cc
c. Kh nng iu chnh bc sng linh hot
d. D sn xut to nn cc b MUX/ DEMUX dung lng ln
e. Cc cu a v b ng
f. Cc cu b v c ng
g. Cc cu a, b v d ng
1.39.
Trong nhng c im di y, c im no l ng i vi b lc a khoang mng

mng in mi TFMF:
e. Cc cu a v b ng
f. Cc cu b v c ng
1.40.
Trong cc c im di y, c im no l ng i vi b lc cch t ng dn sng

ma trn AWG:
e. Cc cu a v b ng
f. Cc cu b v c ng
1.41.
Trong nhng cu di y, cu no ng cho b MUX c cu trc ghp tng theo tng

bng:
a. C n tng (n l tng s bc sng), mi tng ch thc hin tch/ ghp mt knh.
b. C 1 tng thc hin tch/ ghp tt c cc bc sng.
c. C n/m tng (n l tng s bc sng), mi tng thc hin tch/ ghp m bc sng.
94
d. C 2 tng, tng u ghp/ tch cc knh bc sng chn, l thnh 2 bng. Tng 2
thc hin tch/ ghp cc knh ring r.
1.42.
Ch cn cho bit knh bc sng quang no cn chim, thit b ny s bin i tn hiu

quang phi tiu chun thnh bc sng ph hp. l thit b g?
a. OLT
b. Transponder
c. OADM
d. OXC
1.43.
Thit b ny cho php bn ly ra hoc a vo mt knh quang no . l thit b g?

a. OLT
b. Transponder
c. OADM
d. OXC
1.44.
Thit b ny t ti ni giao nhau ca nhiu tuyn DWDM. N cho php nh tuyn cc

bc sng t mt tuyn DWDM ny sang mt tuyn DWDM khc. l thit b g?
a. OLT
b. Transponder
c. OADM
d. OXC
1.45.
Thit b ny nhn cc tn hiu ca khch hng, x l v a chng vo mt si quang

duy nht. l thit b g?
a. OLT
b. Transponder
c. OADM
d. OXC
1.46.
Trong cc cu trc OADM di y, cu trc no s lm gin on cc knh khc khi

xen/ rt thm knh mi:
a. Song song
b. Song song theo bng
c. Ni tip
1.47.
Trong cc cu trc OADM sau, cu trc no khng c iu kin rng buc la chn
bc sng xen/rt
95
a. Song song
b. Ni tip
c. Xen/rt theo bng
d. Tt c cc cu trn
1.48.
Trong cc cu trc OADM sau, cu trc no lun ln tng lm tng suy hao khi xen/rt
thm bc sng
a. Song song
b. Ni tip
c. Xen/rt theo bng
d. Tt c cc cu trn
1.49.
OXC c cc chc nng c bn sau:

a. Cung cp cc ng quang mt cch t ng
b. Bo v cc ng quang i vi cc s c t cp hoc s c nt mng
c. Trong sut i vi tc truyn dn bit
d. Gim st cht lng truyn dn
e. Chuyn i bc sng
f. Ghp v nhm tn hiu
g. Tt c cc cu trn u ng
1.50.
Trong cc cu hnh OXC sau, cu hnh no cho php gim cht lng truyn dn thng
qua t s BER
a. C li chuyn mch in
b. Li chuyn mch quang bao quang bi cc b chuyn i O/E/O
c. Li chuyn mch quang ni trc tip n cc b chuyn i tn hiu trong thit b
WDM
d. Li chuyn mch quang ni trc tip n cc b ghp/phn knh bn trong OLT
e. Tt c cc cu trn u ng
f. Ch c a va b ng
1.51.
Trong nhng c im di y, c im no l KHNG NG cho OXC c li

chuyn mch quang
a. Nhm lung tn hiu tc thp
b. Dung lng chuyn mch ln nht
c. Gim st cht lng truyn dn thng qua cng sut quang
d. Tiu th nng lng thp
96
e. Chim khng gian nh

1.52.
Lp con ca lp quang l:
a. Lp knh quang OCh
b. Lp on ghp knh quang OMS
c. Lp on truyn dn quang OTS
d. Tt c cc cu trn
1.53.
on ghp knh quang OMS l:

a. Tuyn gia cc OLT hay OADM
b. on gia cc OLA
c. Tuyn gia cc Transponder
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective, Second Edition- Rajiv Ramaswami, Kumar N.
Sivarajan, 2002.
2. FiberOptic Communications Technology -Djafar K.Mynbaev, Lowell L.Scheiner, 2001.
3. Optical Fiber Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition- John M. Senior.
97
Chng 2: Khuch i Quang
CHNG 2
KHUCH I QUANG
2.1
TNG QUAN V KHUCH I QUANG
2.1.1
Gii thiu khuch i quang
Suy hao ca si quang l nguyn nhn gii hn c ly truyn ca cc h thng thng tin
quang. i vi cc h thng truyn dn quang c ly di, gii hn v suy hao c khc phc bng
cch s dng cc trm lp quang in (optoelectronic repeater). Trong cc trm lp quang in
ny (xem hnh 2.1), qu trnh khuch i tn hiu quang c thc hin qua nhiu bc. u tin,
tn hiu quang s c bin i thnh dng in bi cc b thu quang (optical receiver) s dng
linh kin tch sng quang nh PIN hay APD. Dng quang in thu c s c ti to li dng
xung, nh thi v khuch i bi cc mch phc hi tn hiu v mch khuch i. Sau , tn
hiu in s c bin i thnh tn hiu quang thng qua cc ngun quang trong b pht quang
(optical transmitter) v c truyn i trong si quang. Nh vy, qu trnh khuch i tn hiu
c thc hin trn min in.
Output
Input
Pout
Pin
si quang
si quang
O-E
B thu quang
Min quang
K
B khuch i
Min in
E-O
B pht quang
Min quang
Hnh 2.1 Cu trc ca mt trm lp quang in (optoelectronic repeater)

Cc trm lp quang in c s dng ph bin trong cc h thng truyn dn quang
mt bc sng nh h thng truyn dn quang SDH. Tuy nhin, khi s dng cho cc h thng
truyn dn quang a bc sng nh h thng WDM, rt nhiu trm lp quang in cn c s
dng khuch i v ti to cc knh quang c bc sng khc nhau. iu ny lm tng
phc tp cng nh tng gi thnh ca h thng truyn dn quang WDM.
Mt gii php c th khc phc cc nhc im trn ca trm lp quang in, l s
dng cc b khuch i quang (Optical Amplifier). Trong cc b khuch i quang ny, tn hiu
nh sng c khuch i trc tip trong min quang m khng thng qua vic bin i sang
min in. So vi cc trm lp, cc b khuch i quang c cc u im sau:
- Khuch i trc tip tn hiu quang, khng c mch ti to thi gian hay mch phc hi
(b bin i E/O hoc O/E). Do khuch i quang s tr nn linh hot hn.
98
- Khng ph thuc vo tc bit v phng thc iu ch tn hiu nn nng cp h thng

n gin hn.
- Khuch i nhiu tn hiu c bc sng khc nhau cng truyn trn mt si quang.
2.1.2 Nguyn l khuch i quang

Nguyn l khuch i quang trong cc b khuch i quang c thc hin da trn hin
tng pht x kch thch v khng c s cng hng xy ra trong qu trnh khuch i.
Hin tng pht x kch thch (stimulated emission) l mt trong ba hin tng bin i
quang in c ng dng trong thng tin quang. Cc hin tng ny c minh ha trn hnh
2.2.
E2
E2
hf12
E2
hf12
hf12
E1
E1
a. Hp th
(Absorption)
Hnh 2.2
E1
b. Pht x t pht
(Spontaneous emission)
hf12 (cng pha)
c. Pht x kch thch

(Stimulated emission)
Cc hin tng bin i quang in (a) Hp th (b). Pht x t pht (c). Pht
x kch thch
Hin tng pht x kch thch, hnh 2.2.c, xy ra khi mt in t ang trng thi nng
lng cao E2 b kch thch bi mt photon c nng lng h12 bng vi chnh lch nng lng
gia trng thi nng lng cao v trng thi nng lng thp ca in t (Eg= E2 E1). Khi ,
in t s chuyn t trng thi nng lng cao xung trng thi nng lng thp hn v to ra mt
photon c nng lng bng vi nng lng ca photon kch thch ban u. Nh vy, t mt
photon ban u sau khi khi xy ra hin tng pht x kch thch s to ra hai photon (photon ban
u v photon mi c to ra) c cng phng truyn, cng phn cc, cng pha v cng tn s
(tnh kt hp, coherent, ca nh sng). Hay ni cch khc, qu trnh khuch i nh sng c
thc hin. Hin tng ny c ng dng trong cc b khuch i quang bn dn (OSA) v
khuch i quang si (OFA).
Hin tng pht x kch thch cng c ng dng trong vic ch to laser. Tuy nhin,
im khc bit chnh gia laser v cc b khuch i quang l trong cc b khuch i quang
khng xy hin tng hi tip v cng hng. V nu xy ra qu trnh hi tip v cng hng nh
trong laser, b khuch i quang s to ra cc nh sng kt hp ca ring n cho d khng c tn
hiu quang ng vo. Ngun nh sng ny c xem l nhiu xy ra trong b khuch i. Do
vy, khuch i quang c th lm tng cng sut tn hiu nh sng c a vo ng vo b
khuch i nhng khng to ra tn hiu quang kt hp ca ring n ng ra.
Hin tng hp th (absorption), hnh 2.2(a), xy ra khi mt photon c nng lng hf12 b
hp th bi mt in t trng thi nng lng thp. Qu trnh ny ch xy ra khi nng lng hf12
ca photon bng vi chnh lch nng lng gia trng thi nng lng cao v trng thi nng
lng thp ca in t (Eg = E2 E1). Khi xy ra hin tng hp th, in t s nhn nng lng
t photon v chuyn ln trng thi nng lng cao. Hay ni cch khc, hin tng hp th l
nguyn nhn gy suy hao cho tn hiu quang khi i qua b khuch i quang. Qu trnh ny xy ra
99
ng thi vi hai hin tng pht x t pht v pht x kch thch trong mi trng tch cc
(active medium) ca b khuch i.
Hin tng pht x t pht (spontaneous emission), hnh 2.2(b), xy ra khi mt in t
chuyn trng thi nng lng t mc nng lng cao E2 xung mc nng lng thp E1 v pht ra
mt nng lng Eg= E2 E1 di dng mt photon nh sng. Qu trnh ny xy ra mt cch t
nhin v trng thi nng lng cao E2 khng phi l trng thi nng lng bn vng ca in t.
Sau mt khong thi gian c gi l thi gian sng (life time) ca in t mc nng lng cao,
cc in t s t ng chuyn v trng thi nng lng thp hn (trng thi nng lng bn
vng). Ty theo loi vt liu khc nhau, thi gian sng ca in t s khc nhau.
Cho d hin tng pht x t pht to ra photon nh sng, nhng trong khuch i quang,
pht x t pht khng to ra li khuch i. Nguyn nhn l do hin tng ny xy ra mt cch
t pht khng ph thuc vo tn hiu nh sng a vo b khuch i. Nu khng c nh sng tn
hiu a vo, vn c nng lng nh sng c to ra ng ra ca b khuch i. Ngoi ra, nh
sng do pht x t pht to ra khng c tnh kt hp nh hin tng pht x kch thch. Do vy,
pht x t pht c xem l nguyn nhn chnh gy nhiu trong cc b khuch i quang. Loi
nhiu ny c gi l nhiu pht x t pht c khch i ASE (Amplified Spontaneous
Emission noise). nh hng ca loi nhiu ny i khuch i quang v h thng thng tin quang
s c trnh by chi tit trong phn sau ca chng ny.
2.1.3
Phn loi khuch i quang

Tng qut, cu to ca mt b khuch i quang c th c biu din nh hnh 2.3.
Fiber-to-Amplifier
Coupler
Active medium
Optical
input signal
Amplified optical
onput signal
Pump
Source
Hnh 2.3 M hnh tng qut ca mt b khuch i quang

Trong mt b khuch i quang, qu trnh khuch i nh sng c din ra trong trong
mt mi trng c gi vng tch cc (active medium). Cc tn hiu quang c khuch i
trong vng tch cc vi li ln hay nh ty thuc vo nng lng c cung cp t mt ngun
bn ngoi gi chung l ngun bm (Pump Source). Cc ngun bm ny c tnh cht nh th no
ty thuc vo loi khuch i quang hay ni cch khc ph thuc vo cu to ca vng tch cc.
Ty theo cu to ca vng tch cc, c th chia khuch i quang thnh hai loi chnh:
Khuch i quang bn dn SOA (Optical Semiconductor Amplifier):
- Vng tch cc c cu to bng vt liu bn dn.
- Cu trc ca vng tch cc ca SOA tng t nh vng tch cc ca laser bn dn.
im khc bit chnh gia SOA v laser l SOA hot ng trng thi di mc
ngng pht x.
- Ngun cung cp nng lng khuch i tn hiu quang l dng in
Khuch i quang si OFA (Optical Fiber Amplifier):
100
- Vng tch cc l si quang c pha t him. Do , OFA cn c gi l DFA

(Doped-Fiber Amplifier)
- Ngun bm l nng lng nh sng c cung cp bi cc laser c bc sng pht
quang nh hn bc sng ca tn hiu cn khuch i.
- Ty theo loi t him c pha trong li ca si quang, bc sng bm ca ngun
bm v vng nh sng c khuch i ca OFA s thay i. Mt s loi OFA tiu
biu:
+ EDFA (Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier): 1530nm 1565nm
+ PDFA (Praseodymium-Doped Fiber Amplifier): 1280nm 1340nm
+ TDFA (Thulium-Doped Fiber Amplifier): 1440nm -1520nm
+ NDFA (Neodymium-Doped Fiber Amplifier): 900nm, 1065nm hoc 1400nm
Trong cc loi OFA ny, EDFA c s dng ph bin hin nay v c nhiu u im v
c tnh k thut so vi SOA v c vng nh sng khuch i (1530nm-1565nm) thch hp vi
di tn hot ng ca h thng ghp knh theo bc sng mt cao DWDM (Dense Wavelength
Division Multiplexing). Chi tit v EDFA s c trnh by trong phn 2.3 ca chng ny.
C hai loi khuch i quang SOA v EDFA u hot ng da trn hin tng pht x
kch thch. Ngoi ra, mt loi khuch i quang khc cng c s dng nhiu trong cc h thng
WDM hin nay l khuch i Raman. Loi khuch i ny cng s dng si quang lm vng tch
cc khuch i nh sng. Tuy nhin, nguyn l khuch i ca khuch i Raman da trn nh
hng phi tuyn ca si quang (hin tng tn x Raman c kch thch SRS, Stimulated Raman
Scattering) hn l hin tng pht x kch thch. Chi tit v loi khuch i ny s c trnh by
trong phn 2.4 ca chng ny.
2.1.4
Cc thng s k thut ca khuch i quang

a) li (Gain)
li ca mt b khuch i quang l t s gia cng sut quang ng ra chia cho cng

sut quang ng vo.
G=
Pout
Pin
G(dB) = 10.log[
(2.1)
Pout
]
Pin
(2.2)
Trong :
G: li tn hiu ca b khuch i quang
Pin, Pout: cng sut tn hiu nh sng ng vo v ng ra ca b khuch i quang (mW).
li l mt thng s quan trng ca b khuch i. N c trng cho kh nng khuch
i cng sut nh sng ca b khuch i. Tuy vy, li ca mt b khuch i b gii hn bi
cc c ch bo ha li. iu ny lm gii hn cng sut quang ra cc i ca b khuch i.
b) Bng thng li (Gain Bandwidth)

li ca b khuch i quang khng bng nhau cho tt c cc tn s ca tn hiu quang
vo. Nu o li G ca cc tn hiu quang vi cc tn s khc nhau, mt p ng tn s quang
ca b khuch i G(f) s t c. y chnh l ph li ca b khuch i quang.
101
Bng thng li ca b khuch i quang Bo c xc nh bi im -3dB so vi li

nh ca b khuch i. Gi tr Bo xc nh bng thng ca cc tn hiu c th c truyn bi
mt b khuch i quang. Do , nh hng n hot ng ca cc h thng thng tin quang khi
s dng chng nh cc b lp hay b tin khuch i.
c) Cng sut ng ra bo ha (Saturation Output Power)

Khi hot ng ch tn hiu nh, cng sut quang ng ra s tng tuyn tnh vi cng
sut quang ng vo theo h s li G: Pout = G.Pin. Tuy nhin, cng sut ng ra khng th tng
mi c. Bng thc nghim, ngi ta thy rng trong tt c cc b khuch i quang, khi cng
sut ng vo Pin tng n mt mc no , li G bt u gim. Kt qu l cng sut ng ra
khng cn tng tuyn tnh vi tnh hiu ng ra na m t trng thi bo ha. S thay i ca tn
hiu quang ng ra so vi cng sut quang ng vo c minh ha trong hnh 2.4.a.
Pout
Pout, sat
li tn hiu
3dB
Pin
Pout
Pin,sat
a)
Hnh 2.4
b)
Pout,sat
a) Cng sut ng ra theo cng sut ng vo b) li khuch i theo cng

sut quang ng ra
Hnh 2.4-b biu din s bin i ca li tn hiu G theo cng sut quang ng ra Pout.
Cng sut ng ra ti im li gim i 3 dB c gi l cng sut ra bo ha Psat, out.
Cng sut ra bo ha Psat, out ca mt b khuch i quang cho bit cng sut ng ra ln
nht m b khuch i quang c th hot ng c. Thng thng, mt b khuch i quang
c li cao s c cng sut ra bo ha cao bi v s nghch o nng cao c th c duy tr
trong mt di cng sut vo v ra rng.
d) H s nhiu (Noise Figure)

Ging nh cc b khuch i in, cc b khuch i quang u to ra nhiu. Ngun
nhiu chnh trong cc b khuch i quang l do pht x t pht. V s pht x t pht l cc s
kin ngu nhin, pha ca cc photon pht x t pht cng ngu nhin. Nu photon pht x t pht
c hng gn vi hng truyn ca cc photon tn hiu, chng s tng tc vi cc photon tn
hiu gy nn s dao ng v pha v bin . Bn cnh , nng lng do pht x t pht to ra
cng s c khuch i khi chng truyn qua b khuch i v pha ng ra. Do , ti ng ra ca
b khuch i cng sut quang thu c Pout bao gm c cng sut tn hiu c khuch i v
cng sut nhiu pht x t pht c khuch i ASE (Amplified Spontaneous Emission).
Pout = G.Pin + PASE
(2.3)
nh hng ca nhiu i vi b khuch quang c biu din bi h s nhiu NF (Noise

Figure), m t s suy gim t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) do nhiu ca b
khuch i thm vo. H s NF c cho bi cng thc sau:
102
NF =
SNRin
SNRout
(2.4)
Trong , SNRin, SNRout l t s tn hiu trn nhiu ti ng vo v ng ra ca b khuch i

H s nhiu NF ca b khuch i cng nh th cng tt. Gi tr nh nht ca NF c th
t c l 3dB. Nhng b khuch i tha mn h s nhiu ti thiu ny c gi l ang hot
ng gii hn lng t.
Ngoi bn thng s k thut chnh c nu trn, cc b khuch i quang cn c
nh gi da trn cc thng s sau:
- nhy phn cc (Polarization sensitivity) l s ph thuc ca li ca b khuch
i vo phn cc ca tn hiu
- nh hng ca nhit i vi li v bng thng li,
- Xuyn nhiu (crosstalk)
2.1.5
ng dng ca khuch i quang
Khuch i quang c ng dng trong cc cc h thng truyn dn quang nh cc b

khuch i nhm lm tng cng sut ca tn hiu quang trn ng truyn, khc phc suy hao do
si quang v cc mi hn, ni xy ra trn ng truyn. Ty theo v tr lp t, cc b khuch i
trn tuyn truyn dn quang c chia lm ba loi:
Khuch i cng sut (Booster Amplifier): l b khuch i quang c t ngay sau thit
b pht nhm mc ch lm tng cng sut tn hiu quang n mc cao nht lm cho khong
cch truyn cc i. Yu cu ca cc b khuch i cng sut l to ra cng sut u ra cc i
ch khng phi li cc i v cng sut tn hiu ng vo ln.
Khuch i ng dy (In-line Amplifier): l cc b khuch i quang c t trn tuyn
quang nhm mc ch b mt mt cng sut gy ra bi suy hao si, suy hao do kt ni v suy hao
do vic phn phi tn hiu quang trong mng. Cc b khuch i ng dy c th c lp t
ni tip nhau trn ng truyn gia tng khong cch lp t. Tuy nhin, vic lp t ni tip
cc b khuch i quang s lm gim h s SNR nh hng n cht lng ca h thng truyn
dn quang. Vn ny s c trnh by trong phn 2.5. Yu cu ca b khuch i ng dy l
n nh trn ton b di thng ca h thng WDM, gi nhiu mc cc tiu v thc hin vic
trao i tt tn hiu quang vi si quang truyn dn.
Tin khuch i (Preamplifier): l cc b khuch i quang c t ngay trc thit b
thu quang nhm khuch i tn hiu ngay trc khi tn hiu c a vo thit b. iu ny lm
gim yu nghim ngt ca nhy thit b thu v cho php h thng truyn dn quang hot ng
vi tc bit cao hn. Do v tr lp t, cc b tin khuch i hot ng vi cng sut tn hiu
vo yu v mc nhiu u thu cao. Do vy, yu cu ca mt b tin khuch i l nhy ln,
li ln v nhiu thp.
Ngoi cc ng dng chnh lm cc b khuch i trn ng truyn quang, cc b khuch
i quang SOA v OFA cn c s dng trong cc b chuyn i bc sng. Vic chuyn i
bc sng c thc hin da trn hin tng bo ha li v hin tng trn bn bc sng
FWM (Four-Wave Mixing) xy ra trong cc b khuch i quang. Chi tit v cc ng dng ny c
th tham kho trong cc ti liu [1], [2]...
103
2.2
B KHUCH I QUANG BN DN (SOA)
2.2.1
Cu trc v nguyn l hot ng
Cu trc v nguyn l hot ng ca khuch i quang bn dn SOA (Semiconductor

Optical Amplifier) tng t nh laser bn dn. Ngha l cng da vo h thng hai di nng lng
ca cht bn dn v cc qu trnh bin i quang in: hp th (absorption), pht x t pht
(spontaneous emission) v pht x kch thch (stimulated emission). Trong , tn hiu quang
c khuch i da trn hin tng pht x kch thch xy ra trong vng tch cc ca SOA.
Vng tch cc ny c t gia hai lp bn dn loi n va p (xem hnh 2.5). Ngun bm bn
ngoi c cung cp bi dng in phn cc.
Dng phn cc
I
Vng tch cc
Pout
Pin
R1
R2
Hnh 2.5 Cu trc ca mt b khuch i quang bn dn SOA

Do c cu trc v nguyn l hot ng tng t vi laser bn dn nn SOA cn c gi
l khuch i laser bn dn SLA (Semiconductor Laser Amplifier).
S khc nhau chnh gia SOA v laser bn dn l SOA hot ng di mc ngng dao
ng. iu kin ny xy ra khi dng in phn cc Ibias < dng in ngng Ith ca laser hoc/v
h s phn x ca hai mt phn x ca vng tch cc nh. Khi , qu trnh phn x, cng hng
v t pht x nh sng s khng xy ra.
SOA c th c phn thnh hai loi chnh da vo h s phn x ca hai mt phn x
ca lp tch cc. Loi th nht, khuch i Fabry-Perot FPA (Fabry-Perot Amplifier) c h s
phn x cao (c th ln ti 32%). Cu trc ca FPA cng tng t nh laser Fabry-Perot nhng
hot ng vi dng phn cc Ibias<Ith. Vi cu trc hc cng hng c h s phn x cao, qu
trnh hi tip, chn lc tn s xy ra. Kt qu l, FPA c li cao nhng ph li khuch i
nhp nh, khng u. iu ny lm gim bng thng khuch i ca FPA.
khc phc hn ch trn ca FPA, hai lp chng phn x AR (anti-reflection) c h s
phn x R = 0, c t ti hai u ca vng tch cc khng cho qu trnh phn x xy ra bn
trong b khuch i. Khi , tn hiu vo SOA s c khuch i khi ch i qua mt ln (c
gi l single pass) xuyn qua vng tch cc ca b khuch i m khng c hi tip v. y l cu
trc ca loi SOA th hai: khuch i sng chy TWA (Traveling Wave Amplifier). Trn thc t,
h s phn x hai u ca vng tch cc ca TWA khng hon ton bng 0 m c gi tr rt nh
t 0.1% n 0.01%.
104
2.2.2
c tnh ca b khuch i FPA v TWA
Xt mt b khuch i FPA c h s phn x cng sut hai mt phn x ca lp tch cc

l R1 v R2 nh hnh 2.5. B khuch i ny cng c th TWA nu cho R1 = R2 = 0. Do , qu
trnh phn tch sau, u c th p dng cho FPA v TWA.
B qua suy hao khi nh sng truyn qua mi mt phn x, ta c h s xuyn qua ca cng
sut nh sng i qua mi mt phn x tng ng l (1-R1) v (1-R2).
Tng ng, ta c h phn x v h s xuyn qua ca cng in trng ti hai mt
phn x l
R1 ,
R2 v t1 = 1 R1 , t 2 = 1 R2
Gi Gs l rng li n thng (single-pass gain) ca SOA khi tn hiu quang i qua vng
tch cc m khng c s hi tip (h s phn x R= 0). Ta c:
Gs =
Pout
= exp[(g ) L]
Pin
(2.5)
Trong :
g: li trn mt n v chiu di ca vng tch cc
: suy hao trn mt n v chiu di ca vng tch cc
: h s tp trung (confinement factor) biu din mc tp trung ca lung nh sng bn
trong vng tch cc
L: chiu di ca vng tch cc
Pin, Pout: cng sut tn hiu ng vo v ng ra ca b khuch i
t1 Ei
Ei
t1GS R2 Ei e 2 jkL
t1G S R1 R2 Ei e 2 jkL
R1
t1t 2 G S Ei e jkL
t1 G S Ei e jkL
Eo =
t1 GS R 2 E i e jkl
t G GS
. 1 S
.
.
.
L
R1 R2 Ei e 3 jkL
t1t 2 G S G S
R1 R2 Ei e 3 jkL
R2
Hnh 2.6 Qu trnh khuch i tn hiu xy ra trong FPA

Qu trnh khuch i tn hiu nh sng trong FPA (xem hnh 2.6) c th c dn gii nh
sau:
in trng ca tn hiu quang vo Ei c a vo hc cng hng ca FPA c chiu
di L ti mt phn x R1. Sau khi xuyn qua mt phn x R1, tn hiu ban u s c khuch i
bi vng tch cc v t cng t1 G S E i e jkL ti mt phn x R2 (k l h s truyn dn ca
mi trung khuch i). Ti y, mt phn nng lng nh sng s truyn ra ngoi vi cng
t1t 2 G S Ei e jkL . Phn cn li s phn x ngc tr li v pha R1 vi cng

105
t1 G S
R2 Ei e jkL . Ti R1, in trng thu c l t1GS R2 Ei e 2 jkL . Tng t nh ti R2, mt
phn in trng t1G S R1 R2 E i e 2 jkL s phn x ngc v pha R2, phn cn li s i ra ngoi
hc cng hng. Sau khi i qua khong cch L ca vng tch cc, tn hiu thu c ti R1 t gi
tr t1G S G S
R1 R2 Ei e 3 jkL . Qu trnh phn x v truyn xuyn qua mt phn x R2 tip tc din
ra. Phn tn hiu xuyn qua c in trng t1t 2 G S G S
R1 R2 Ei e 3 jkL . Phn cn li s phn x
ngc v pha R1. C nh vy qu trnh phn x trong vng tch cc tip tc tip din.
in trng tng cng thu c ti ng ra ca b khuch i s bng tng ca cc thnh
phn in trng i xuyn qua R2. Nu gi s rng thi gian truyn trong hc cng hng nh
hn chu k ca in trng ti Ei, ta c in trng thu c ti ng ra [5]:
E o = Ei e jkl t1t 2 ( R1 R G s ) m e 2 mjkL
(2.6)
m =0
Vi
R1 R2 Gs < 1 , biu thc (2.6) c th bin i thnh [5]:

E o = Ei
Gs t1t 2 e jkL
1 R1 R2 Gs e 2 jkL
(2.7)
Hm truyn cng sut ca b khuch i FPA [5]:

E
GFPA ( ) = o
Ei
(1 R1 )(1 R2 )GS ( )
(1 GS R1 R2 ) 2 + 4GS R1 R2 sin 2 kL]
(2.8)
( 0 )
L) [5] vi v l vn tc nh sng truyn trong mi
v
v
trng khuch i, l tn s gc ang xt, 0 l tn s gc cng hng m ti li t gi
tr ln nht. Biu thc (2.8) c vit li nh sau:
Do sin 2 ( kL) = sin 2 (
E
GFPA ( ) = o
Ei
L) = sin 2 (
(1 R1 )(1 R2 )GS ( )
(1 GS R1 R2 ) 2 + 4GS R1 R2 sin 2 [( 0 ) L / v]
(2.9)
Nu h s phn x ca hai mt phn x ca FPA bng nhau R1=R2=R, biu thc (2.9) tr
thnh [4]:
E
GFPA ( ) = o
Ei
(1 R ) 2 GS ( )
(1 GS R ) 2 + 4GS R sin 2 [( 0 ) L / v]
(2.10)
Hnh 2.7 biu din li G(f) ca FPA thay i theo tn s vi 3 gi tr khc nhau ca h
s phn x R=0.3, R=0.03 v R=0 [4].
Gi s li n thng Gs, tng ng vi R=0 (TWA), c dng Gauss. Khi h s phn x
ca hai lp phn x ca vng tch cc ln R=0.3, li G() khng bng phng theo tn s m
c dng gn sng ln do chc nng lc tn s ca hc cng hng.
Ti cc tn s cng hng =(2fN)/(2L) vi N l s nguyn, li ca FPA t gi tr
cc i. Gia cc tn s cng hng, li ca FPA gim nhanh chng. Do , bng thng li
(c xc nh ti v tr -3dB so vi li nh) ca FPA nh so vi bng thng li ca TWA.
V vy, FPA khng thch hp vi cc ng dng khuch i trong h thng thng tin quang.
106
GFPA max
GFPA()
GFPA (R=0.3)
GFPA (R=0.03)
GFPA min
GTWA (R=0)
0
Hnh 2.7 li ca FPA thay i theo tn s vi R = 0.3; R=0.03 v R=0 [4]

Khi h s phn x R=0.03, G() tin gn ti Gs nhng vn cn gn sng nh. gn
sng ny c th c loi b bng cch gim h s phn x hn na b khuch i tr thnh
TWA.
2.2.3 Nhiu xuyn m (Crosstalk) trong SOA

Nhiu xuyn m xy ra khi cc tn hiu quang khc nhau c khuch i ng thi trong
cng mt b khuch i. C hai loi nhiu xuyn m xy ra trong SOA: nhiu xuyn knh
(interchannel crosstalk) v bo ha li (cross saturation).
Nhiu xuyn knh xy ra l do hiu ng trn bn bc sng FWM (Four Wave Mixing).
Bn cht v nh hng ca hiu ng phi tuyn ny i h thng thng tin quang WDM c
trnh by trong chng 1 ca ti liu ny.
li gim
do crosstalk
Tin hiu #1
Tn hiu #2 0
Hnh 2.8
SOA
nh hng ca nhiu xuyn knh trong SOA khi khuch i hai tn hiu
Nhiu xuyn knh gy nn do hin tng bo ha li xy ra trong SOA c minh ha

trn hnh 2.8. Xem xt u vo b SOA l tng ca hai tn hiu quang cc bc sng khc nhau.
Gi thit rng c 2 bc sng nm trong bng thng ca SOA. S c mt ca tn hiu th hai s
lm suy gim mt in t vng nng lng cao do qu trnh bc x kch thch lm dn n s
nghch o nng c quan st tn hiu th nht gim xung. Do , tn hiu th nht s
khng c khuch i ging nh tn hiu th hai, v nu mt in t vng nng lng cao
khng ln th tn hiu th nht c th b hp th. Qu trnh ny xy ra ng thi i vi c hai
tn hiu. Do , trn hnh 2.8 ta thy, khi mc 1 ca hai tn hiu 1 v 2 xy ra ng thi, li ca
mi tn hiu s nh hn so vi bnh thng.
107
Hin tng xuyn m ph thuc vo thi gian sng ca in t trng thi nng lng
cao. Nu thi gian sng ln so vi tc dao ng ca cng sut trong cc tn hiu vo, cc
in t khng th chuyn t trng thi nng lng cao xung trng thi nng lng thp do s dao
ng ny. Do , khng c xuyn m xy ra.
i vi cc SOA, thi gian sng ny mc ns. Do , cc in t d dng phn ng li
s dao ng trong cng sut ca cc tn hiu c iu ch tc Gb/s, dn n mt s suy yu
h thng chnh do xuyn m. Ngc li, thi gian sng pht x t pht trong EDFA l khong
10ms. Do , xuyn m ch c mt nu tc iu ch ca cc tn hiu vo t hn vi kiloHertz,
iu ny thng t gp trong thc t. Do , EDFA ph hp hn khi c s dng trong cc h
thng WDM hn SOA.
2.2.4
u khuyt im v ng dng ca SOA

u im:
- li cao (25-30dB).
- Kch thc nh, c th tch hp vi cc linh kin quang bn dn khc.
- Di thng ln, c th ln ti 100 nm, rng hn so vi EDFA.
- C th thc hin khuch i tn hiu c hai ca s nh sng 1300nm v 1550 nm.
Khuyt im:
- Cng sut ra bo ha thp (khong 5mW) hn ch kh nng ca SOA khi c s
dng lm b khuch i cng sut.
- H s nhiu cao (5-7 dB) nh hng n cht lng ca SOA khi c s dng lm
b tin khuch i v khuch i ng dy.
- Ph thuc vo phn cc ca tn hiu quang ti
- Nhiu xuyn knh ln do cc hiu ng phi tuyn: hiu ng trn 4 bc sng FWM
(four wave mixing) v hiu ng bo ha li cho (cross-gain saturation)
- Ph li c dng gn sng do s khng hon ho ca lp chng phn x to
- Km n nh do li chu nh hng ca nhit
ng dng:
Vi cc c tnh k thut trn, SOA c nhiu khuyt im so vi EDFA khi c dng

lm khuch i quang. Do , cho d SOA c nghin cu v ch to t trc EDFA, nhng
SOA khng c s dng lm b khuch i quang trong h thng WDM cng nh cc h thng
truyn dn quang khc hin nay. Thay vo , da trn cc hiu ng phi tuyn p ng nhanh ca
SOA, SOA c dng trong cc ng dng khc ca h thng thng tin quang nh: b bin i
bc sng (wavelength convertor), phc hi xung clock (clock recovery) v cc ng dng x l
tn hiu quang (optical signal processing applications)
2.3
B KHUCH I QUANG SI PHA TRN ERBIUM (EDFA)
2.3.1
Cc cu trc EDFA
108

Er3+ Doped
fiber
Isolator
Isolator
Coupler
Laser bm
Hnh 2.9 Cu trc tng qut ca mt b khuch i EDFA

Cu trc ca mt b khuch i quang si pha trn Erbium EDFA (Erbium-Doped Fiber
Amplifier) c minh ha trn hnh 2.9. Trong bao gm:
- Si quang pha ion t him Erbium EDF (Erbium-Doped Fiber): l ni xy ra qu
trnh khuch i (vng tch cc) ca EDFA. Cu to ca si quang pha ion Er3+
c minh ha nh trn hnh 2.10.
Hnh 2.10 Mt ct ngang ca mt loi si quang pha ion Erbium

Trong , vng li trung tm (c ng knh t 3 -6 m) ca EDF c pha trn ion
Er3+ l ni c cng sng bm v tn hiu cao nht. Vic pha cc ion Er3+ trong
vng ny cung cp s chng lp ca nng lng bm v tn hiu vi cc ion erbium
ln nht dn n s khuch i tt hn. Lp bc (cladding) c chit sut thp hn
bao quanh vng li. Lp ph (coating) bo v bao quanh si quang to bn knh si
quang tng cng l 250 m. Lp ph ny c chit sut ln hn so vi lp bc dng
loi b bt k nh sng khng mong mun no lan truyn trong si quang. Nu
khng k n cht pha erbium, cu trc EDF ging nh si n mode chun trong
vin thng. Ngoi ra, EDF cn c ch to bng cc bng cc loi vt liu khc
nh si thy tinh flouride (flouride-based glass fiber) hoc si quang thy tinh a
vt liu (multicomponent glass fiber).
- Laser bm (pumping laser): cung cp nng lng nh sng to ra trng thi
nghch o nng trong vng tch cc. Laser bm pht ra nh sng c bc sng
980nm hoc 1480nm.
109
- WDM Coupler: Ghp tn hiu quang cn khuch i v nh sng t laser bm vo

trong si quang. Loi coupler c s dng l WDM coupler cho php ghp cc tn
hiu c bc sng 980/1550nm hoc 1480/1550nm.
- B cch ly quang (Optical isolator): ngn khng cho tn hiu quang c khuch i
phn x ngc v pha u pht hoc cc tn hiu quang trn ng truyn phn x
ngc v EDFA.
2.3.2 L thuyt khuch i trong EDFA

a) Gin phn b nng lung ca Er3+:
Hnh 2.11 Gin phn b nng lng ca ion Er3+ trong si silica
Gin phn b nng lng ca Er3+ trong si silica c minh ha trong hnh 2.11. Theo
, cc ion Er3+ c th tn ti nhiu vng nng lng khc nhau c k hiu: 4I15/2 , 4I13/2 , 4I11/2,
4
I9/2, 4F9/2, 4S9/2, 2H11/2. Trong ,
- Vng 4I15/2 c mc nng lng thp nht, c gi l vng nn (ground-state band)
- Vng 4I13/2 c gi l vng gi bn (mestable band) v cc ion Er3+c thi gian sng
(lifetime) ti vng ny lu (khong 10ms) trc khi chuyn xung vng nn. Thi
gian sng ny thay i ty theo loi tp cht c pha trong li ca EDF.
- Vng 4I11/2, 4I9/2, 4F9/2, 4S9/2, 2H11/2 l cc vng nng lng cao, c gi l vng kch
thch hay vng bm (pumping band). Thi gian cc ion Er3+ c trng thi nng
lng trong cc vng ny rt ngn (khong 1 s)
S chuyn i nng lng ca cc ion Er3+ c th xy ra trong cc trng hp sau:
- Khi cc ion Er3+ vng nn nhn mt mc nng lng bng chnh lch nng
lng gia vng nn v vng nng lng cao hn, chng s chuyn ln vng c
mc nng lng cao hn (s hp th nng lng)
110
- Khi cc ion Er3+ chuyn t cc vng nng lng cao xung vng nng lng thp
hn s xy ra hai trng hp sau:
+ Phn r khng bc x (nonradiative decay): nng lng c gii phng di
dng photon to ra s dao ng phn t trong si quang
+ Pht x nh sng (radiation): nng lng c gii phng di dng photon
chnh lch nng lng gia vng gi bn (4I13/2) v vng nn (4I15/2) [1]:
- 0.775eV (tng ng vi nng lng ca photon c bc sng 1600nm) tnh t y
vng gi bn n nh ca vng nn
- 0.814eV (1527 nm) tnh t y vng gi bn n y ca vng nn
- 0.841 eV (1477nm) tnh t nh vng gi bn n y ca vng nn
Mt phn b nng lng ca cc ion Er3+ trong vng gi bn khng u nhau: cc ion
Er3+ c khuynh hng tp trung nhiu cc mc nng lng thp. iu ny dn n kh nng hp
th v pht x photon ca ion Erbium thay i theo bc sng. Ph hp th (absortion spectrum)
v ph li (gain spectrum) ca EDFA c li pha Ge c biu din trn hnh 2.12 [2].
Hnh 2.12 Ph hp th (absorption spectrum) v ph li (gain spectrum) ca EDFA

c li pha Ge [2].
b) Nguyn l hot ng ca EDFA

Nguyn l khuch i ca EDFA c da trn hin tng pht x kch thch
Qu trnh khuch i tn hiu quang trong EDFA c th c thc hin theo cc bc nh
sau (xem hnh 2.13):
Khi s dng ngun bm laser 980nm, cc ion Er3+ vng nn s hp th nng lng t
cc photon (c nng lng Ephoton =1.27eV) v chuyn ln trng thi nng lng cao hn
vng bm (pumping band) (1)
Ti vng bm, cc ion Er3+ phn r khng bc x rt nhanh (khong 1s) v chuyn
xung vng gi bn (2)
Khi s dng ngun bm laser 1480nm, cc ion Er3+ vng nn s hp th nng lng t
cc photon (c nng lng Ephoton =0.841eV) v chuyn sang trng thi nng lng cao hn
nh ca vng gi bn (3)
111
Hnh 2.13
Qu trnh khuch i tn hiu xy ra EDFA vi hai bc sng bm 980 nm

v 1480nm [1].
Cc ion Er3+ trong vng gi bn lun c khuynh hng chuyn xung vng nng lng
thp (vng c mt in t cao) (4)
Sau khong thi gian sng (khong 10ms), nu khng c kch thch bi cc photon c
nng lng thch hp (pht x kch thch) cc ion Er3+ s chuyn sang trng thi nng lng thp
hn vng nn v pht x ra photon (pht x t pht) (5).
Khi cho tn hiu nh sng i vo EDFA, s xy ra ng thi hai hin tng sau:
- Cc photon tn hiu b hp th bi cc ion Er3+ vng nn (6). Tn hiu nh sng b
suy hao
- Cc photon tn hiu kch thch cc ion Er3+ vng gi bn (7). Hin tng pht x
kch thch xy ra. Khi , cc ion Er3+ b kch thch s chuyn trng thi nng lng
t mc nng lng cao vng gi bn xung mc nng lng thp vng nn v
pht x ra photon mi c cng hng truyn, cng phn cc, cng pha v cng bc
sng. Tn hiu nh sng c khuch i.
rng gia vng gi bn v vng nn cho php s pht x kch thch (khuch i) xy
ra trong khong bc sng 1530 nm 1565nm. y cng l vng bc sng hot ng ca
EDFA. li khuch i gim nhanh chng ti cc bc sng ln hn 1565 nm v bng 0 dB ti
bc sng 1616 nm.
2.3.3 Yu cu i vi ngun bm
a) Bc sng bm
Vi cc vng nng lng c nu trong phn 2.3.2.a, nh sng bm c th c s dng
ti cc bc sng khc nhau 650 nm (4F9/2), 800 nm (4I9/2 ), 980 nm (4I11/2), 1480 nm (4I13/2). Tuy
nhin, khi bc sng bm cng ngn th cc ion Er3+ phi tri qua nhiu giai on chuyn i
nng lng trc khi tr v vng nn v pht x ra photon nh sng. Do , hiu sut bm khng
cao, nng lng bm s b hao ph qua vic to ra cc phonon thay v photon. V vy, trn thc t,
nh sng bm s dng cho EDFA ch c s dng ti hai bc sng 980nm v 1480nm.
112
Trong EDFA, iu kin c khuch i tn hiu l t c s nghch o nng bng

cch s dng ngun bm bm cc ion erbium ln trng thi kch thch. C hai cch thc hin
qu trnh ny: bm trc tip ti bc sng 1480 nm hoc bm gin tip bc sng 980 nm.
Phng php bm gin tip (bm 980 nm): Trong trng hp ny, ion erbium lin
tc c chuyn tip t vng nng lng 4I15/2 thp ln vng nng lng cao 4I11/2, sau
cc ion s phn r xung vng 4I13/2 nhng khng pht x. T vng ny, khi c nh
sng kch thch th cc ion s pht x bc sng mong mun (t 1550 n 1600 nm)
khi chuyn t vng nng lng 4I13/2 xung vng 4I15/2. y chnh l h thng ba mc.
Thi gian sng ca ion erbium mc 4I11/2 khong 1s trong khi 4I13/2 th ti 10ms.
Vi thi gian sng di, vng 4I15/2 c gi l vng n nh. V vy, cc ion c
bm ln mc cao, sau nhanh chng ri xung vng 4I13/2 v tn ti trong mt
khong thi gian tng i di to nn s nghch o v nng .
Vi phng php bm trc tip (1480 nm): cc ion erbium ch hot ng trong hai
vng nng lng 4I13/2 v 4I15/2. y l h thng 2 mc. Cc ion erbium lin tc c
chuyn t vng nng lng nn 4I15/2 ln vng nng lng kch thch 4I13/2 nh nng
lng bm. V thi gian tn ti mc ny di nn chng tch ly ti y to ra s
nghch o nng .
Ngun bm c hiu qu cao c hai bc sng 980 v 1480 nm. c h s khuch i

hn 20 dB th ch cn to ra ngun bm c cng sut nh hn 5 mW, nhng vn cn phi c
ngun bm t 10 n 100 mW m bo cho cng sut ra ln.
Ch s nhiu lng t gii hn l 3 dB t c bc sng 980 nm. i vi bc sng
1480 nm th ch s nhiu l vo khong 4 dB v tit din ngang pht x ti1480 nm cao hn
ti 980 nm v s bc x kch thch do ngun bm gii hn s nghch o tch lu ti
1480nm. Do , bc sng bm 980 nm c ng dng cho cc b khuch i tp m thp.
H s li ti bc sng bm 980 nm cao hn ti 1480 nm ti cng cng sut bm. Do ,
t c cng mt h s li th cng sut bm ti 1480 nm phi cao hn ti 980 nm. V
cng sut bm 1480 nm ln hn nn cng sut ng ra ln hn, do bm bc sng
1480nm c ng dng cho cc b khuch i cng sut. Ngoi ra, bc sng bm 1480 nm
c truyn trong si quang vi suy hao thp. Do , ngun bm laser c th t xa b
khuch i.
Hin nay, bm bc sng 1480 nm c s dng rng ri hn v chng sn c hn v
tin cy cao hn. tin cy l c im quan trng i vi laser bm v n dng bm cho
khong cch di v trnh lm nhiu tn hiu. Cc thit b khuch i cng sut i hi cng
sut bm cao nht v n nh ca chng l mu cht trong qu trnh nghin cu pht trin
chng. Nu tng c n nh ca laser c bc sng 980 nm th c th chng s c
chn lm ngun bm. Mt s EDFA c bm ti c hai bc sng tn dng u im ca
c hai bc sng.
113
Bng 2.1: So snh hai bc sng bm 980nm v 1480nm

Bc sng bm
980 nm
1480nm
li
Cao hn
Thp hn
li cng sut bm
Thp hn
Cao hn
Suy hao cng sut bm
Cao hn
Thp hn
H s nhiu
Thp hn
Cao hn
Tin khuch i
Khuch i cng sut
Tnh cht:
ng dng
b) Cng sut bm
Cng sut bm cng ln th s c nhiu ion erbium b kch thch trao i nng lng
vi tn hiu cn khuch i v s lm cho h s khuch i tng ln. Tuy nhin, h s khuch i
khng th tng mi theo cng sut bm v s lng cc ion erbium c cy vo si l c gii
hn. Ngoi ra, khi cng sut bm tng ln th h s nhiu s gim. iu ny s c trnh by
trong phn tnh h s nhiu ca EDFA.
c) Hng bm
B khuch i EDFA c th c bm theo ba cch:
Bm thun (codirectional pumping): ngun bm c bm cng chiu vi hng truyn
tn hiu.
Bm ngc (counterdirectional pumping): ngun bm c bm ngc chiu vi hng
truyn tn hiu.
Bm hai chiu (dual pumping): s dng hai ngun bm v c theo hai chiu ngc
nhau .
Hng bm thun c u im nhiu thp v nhiu kh nhy cm vi li m li tn
hiu cao nht khi cng sut tn hiu vo thp nht. Trong khi , hng bm ngc cung cp
cng sut ra bo ho cao nhng c h s nhiu cao hn bm thun.
Do vy, ngi ta ngh s dng c hai laser bm c bc sng bm khc nhau. Vic
bm ti bc sng 1480 nm thng c s dng theo chiu ngc vi hng truyn tn hiu v
bm ti 980 nm theo hng thun s dng tt nht u im ca mi loi bm. Bm ti 1480
nm c hiu sut lng t cao hn nhng c h s nhiu cao hn, trong khi bm ti bc sng 980
nm c th cung cp mt h s nhiu gn mc gii hn lng t. H s nhiu thp ph hp cho cc
ng dng tin khuch i.
Mt EDFA c bm bng mt ngun bm c th cung cp cng sut u ra cc i
khong +16 dBm trong vng bo ho hoc h s nhiu t 5-6 dB trong vng tn hiu nh. C hai
bc sng bm c s dng ng thi c th cung cp cng sut u ra cao hn; mt EDFA
c bm kp c th cung cp cng sut ra ti +26 dBm trong vng cng sut bm cao nht c
th t c. Hnh 2.14 th hin mt EDFA c bm kp.
Gi tr cc c tnh ca b khuch i EDFA c trnh by trong bng 2.2
114
Hnh 4.14 Cu hnh b khuch i EDFA c bm kp [11].
2.3.4 Ph khuch i
Ph li ca EDFA c trnh by trong hnh 2.12 l tnh cht quan trng nht ca
EDFA khi xc nh cc knh tn hiu c khuch i trong h thng WDM. Hnh dng ca ph
khuch i ph thuc vo bn cht ca si quang, loi tp cht (Ge, Al) v nng tp cht c
pha trong li ca si quang.
Hnh 2.12 cho thy ph li ca EDFA c li pha Ge kh rng. Tuy nhin, ph li ny
khng bng phng. iu ny s dn n vic h s khuch i khc nhau i vi cc bc sng
khc nhau. Nu li ca cc knh tn hiu khng ng nht, nht l sau khi qua nhiu tng
EDFA, sai s li ny s tch lu tuyn tnh n mc khi ti u thu knh bc sng c li
cao lm cho u vo my thu qu ti. Ngc li, knh tn hiu c li nh th t s SNR khng
t yu cu. S lm phng li l cn thit loi b s khuch i mo cc tn hiu qua cc
EDFA ng truyn ghp tng.
Mt s bin php c s dng khc phc s khng bng phng ca ph li:
Chn la cc bc sng c li gn bng nhau. WDM lm vic di sng bng C

(1530 1565 nm). Trong di bc sng ny chn 40 bc sng lm bc sng cng
tc ca WDM. Cc bc sng ny c li gn bng nhau.
Cng ngh cn bng li: dng b cn bng (equalizer) hp th bt cng sut

bc sng c li ln v b khuch i tng cng sut ca bc sng c li
nh.
Thay i thnh phn trn trong si quang: dng si quang trn thm nhm, photpho
nhm hay flo cng vi erbium s to nn b khuch i c bng tn c m rng v
ph khuch i bng phng hn.
Ngoi ra, ph li ca EDFA cn ph thuc vo chiu di ca si EDF. L do l v

trng thi nghch o nng thay i dc theo chiu di ca si quang khi cng sut bm thay
i.
B khuch i EDFA hot ng bng C (1530-1565 nm). Tuy nhin, li ca si pha
tp c ui tri rng n khong 1605 nm. iu ny kch thch s pht trin ca cc h thng
hot ng bng L t 1565 n 1625 nm. Nguyn l hot ng ca EDFA bng L ging nh
EDFA bng C. Tuy nhin, c s khc nhau trong vic thit k EDFA cho bng C v bng L.
Cc phn t bn trong b khuch i quang nh b cch ly (isolator) v b ghp (coupler) ph
thuc vo bc sng nn chng s khc nhau trong bng C v bng L. S so snh cc tnh cht
ca EDFA trong bng C v bng L c th hin trong bng 2.2.
115
Bng 2.2: Bng so snh EDFA hot ng trong bng C v bng L

Tnh cht
Bng C
Bng L
li
Cao hn
Nh hn khong 3 ln
Ph li
t bng phng hn
Bng phng hn
Nhiu ASE
Thp hn
Cao hn
Hnh 2.15 trnh by cu trc ca mt b khuch i bng L lm bng phng li trong

khong bc sng 1570nm 1610nm vi thit k hai tng [3]. Tng u tin c bm bc
sng 980nm v hot ng nh mt b EDFA truyn thng (si quang di 20-30nm) c kh nng
cung cp li trong khong bc sng 1530-1570 nm. Ngc li, tng th hai c si quang di
200m v c bm hai chiu s dng laser 1480nm. Mt b isolator c t gia hai tng ny
cho php nhiu ASE truyn t tng th 1 sang tng th 2 nhng ngn ASE truyn ngc v tng
th nht. Vi cu trc ni tip nh vy, khuch i hai tng c th cung cp li phng trn mt
vng bng thng rng trong khi vn duy tr mc nhiu thp.
Hnh 2.15 Cu hnh ca mt b khuch bng L lm bng phng li trong khong bc

sng 1570nm 1610nm vi thit k hai tng [3]
2.3.5. Cc tnh cht ca EDFA

a) li (Gain)
li ca mt b EDFA c th c tnh theo phng trnh sau:
L
G = exp ( N 2 ( z ) s( e ) N1 ( z ) s( a ) )s dz
(2.11)
Trong :
- N2(z), N1(z): mt ion erbium trng thi kch thch v trng thi nn ti v tr z
trong on si quang pha erbium.
- L: chiu di si pha erbium.
- s(e ) , s(a ) : tit din ngang hp th v pht x ca ion erbium ti bc sng tn hiu.
Phng trnh (2.11) cho thy li lin quan n s nghch o nng trung bnh. Gi
N 1 , N 2 ln lt l nng ion Erbium mc nng lng nn v mc nng lng kch thch

trung bnh. Khi N 1 , N 2 s c tnh theo cng thc sau:
116

L
N1 =
1
N1 ( z )dz
L 0
N2 =
1
N 2 ( z )dz
L 0
(2.12)
(2.13)
Phng trnh (2.11) c th c vit li mt cch n gin hn nh sau:
G = exp[( N 2 s( e ) N1 s( a ) )s L]
(2.14)
T phng trnh trn ta thy li tn hiu sau khi i qua si quang ch ph thuc vo s
nghch o nng cc ion erbium trung bnh trong si quang m khng ph thuc vo chi tit v
dng nghch o nh mt hm i vi v tr dc theo chiu di si quang. Trong phng trnh
(2.12), (2.13) c hai tham s N1(z) v N2(z) l hm theo v tr z dc theo si quang c cho bi:
s( a ) s
N 2 ( z) =
hf s A
( s( a ) + s( e ) )s
hf s A
Ps ( z ) +
Ps ( z ) +
p( a ) p
hf p A
Pp ( z )
( (pa ) + p( e ) )p
hf p A
(2.15)
Pp ( z )
N1 ( z) = N N 2 ( z)
(2.16)
Trong :
: thi gian sng ca ion erbium trng thi kch thch 4I13/2.
Ps(z): cng sut ca tn hiu ti v tr z trong si quang.
Pp(z): cng sut bm ti v tr z trong si quang.
s : h s chng lp ti bc sng tn hiu.
p : h s chng lp ti bc sng bm.
A : din tch tit din ngang hiu dng.
fs : tn s tn hiu.
fp : tn s bm.
N : mt ion erbium tng cng.
s( a ) , s( e ) : l tit din ngang hp th v pht x ti bc sng tn hiu.
(pa ) , (pe ) : l tit din ngang hp th v pht x ti bc sng bm.
h : hng s Planck; h = 6,625.10-34 J.s.

T cng thc (2.15) ta thy h s khuch i ca EDFA ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:
Ph thuc vo nng ion Er+3: Khi nng Er+3 trong si quang ca b EDFA tng
th kh nng chng c chuyn ln mc nng lng cao hn cng nhiu, do h s
khuch i tng. Nhng nu nng Er+3 tng qu cao s gy tch t dn n hin tng
tiu hao quang lm cho h s khuch i gim.
Ph thuc vo cng sut tn hiu n v cng sut bm quang: Khi cng sut vo tng,
bc x b kch tng nhanh, ngha l ion Er+3 mc nng lng cao tr v mc nng
lng c bn cng nhiu lm gim nng s ion Er+3 mc nng lng cao, lm yu
i kh nng bc x ca ion Er+3 khi tn hiu quang c a ti, do h s khuch i
117
gim. S c mt mc gii hn m cng sut tn hiu vo tng nhng cng sut ra khng
tng na gi l cng sut bo ho.
Ph thuc vo chiu di si: Khi chiu di si ngn th tn hiu khng c khuch i

nhiu do li tn hiu nh. Ngc li, khi chiu di tng ln th tn hiu c
khuch i nhiu hn, do li ln hn. Tuy nhin, khi chiu di qu di so vi
cng sut bm th li tn hiu s b gim do chiu di qu ln m cng sut bm li
khng p ng ht chiu di si th tn hiu s b suy hao dn v do lm gim li.
Ph thuc vo cng sut bm: Cng sut bm cng ln th s c nhiu ion erbium b
kch thch trao i nng lng vi tn hiu cn khuch i v s lm cho h s
khuch i tng ln. Tuy nhin, h s khuch i khng th tng mi theo cng sut
bm v s lng cc ion erbium c cy vo si l c gii hn.
Do vy, ty theo ng dng ca EDFA, cc yu t trn s c hiu chnh sau cho li ca

EDFA t gi tr yu cu vi hiu sut cao nht. Thng thng, li ca EDFA vo khong 2040 dB tu theo ng dng ca EDFA l b khuch i cng sut, khuch i ng truyn hay tin
khuch i.
b) Cng sut ra bo ho (Output saturation power)

S bo ho xy ra khi cng sut tn hiu vo EDFA ln gy ra s gim h s khuch i.
V vy, n gii hn cng sut ra ca b khuch i. S bo ho h s khuch i ny xut hin khi
cng sut tn hiu tng cao v gy ra s pht x kch thch mt t l cao v do lm gim s
nghch o nng . iu c ngha l s cc ion erbium trng thi kch thch gim mt cch
ng k. H qu l, cng sut tn hiu ng ra b hn ch bi s bo ho cng sut. Cng sut ra
bo ha Pout, sat c nh ngha l tn hiu ra m h s khuch i b gim i 3 dB so vi khi
khuch i tn hiu nh.
Hnh 2.16 th biu din cng sut ra bo ho tng tuyn tnh theo cng sut bm vo
ti bc sng bm 975 nm i vi bc sng tn hiu l 1555 nm v 1532 nm.
Cng sut ra bo ho khng phi l mt hng s m tng ln tuyn tnh vi cng sut bm
(xem hnh 2.16). Cng sut bo ho c th c xc nh bng cng sut tn hiu ng ra m ti
li bng li tn hiu nh tr 3 dB. Nh vy bng cch xc nh li tn hiu nh ta c th
suy ra im bo ho v t xc nh cng sut bo ho.
118
Cng sut ra bo ho cng thay i ty theo bc sng ca tn hiu v mt cc ion Er3+

phn b ti vng nng lng gi bn khng bng nhau. Hnh 2.16 cho thy cng sut ra bo ha
ti 1.55 m cao hn ti 1.53 m vi cng cng sut bm.
2.3.6. Nhiu trong b khuch i

Nhiu trong b khuch i l mt yu t gii hn quan trng i vi h thng truyn dn.
i vi EDFA, nh hng ca nhiu ASE c tnh thng qua thng s h s nhiu NF c cho
bi cng thc [2]:
NF = 2nsp
(2.17)
trong , nsp = N2/(N2-N1) c gi l h s pht x t pht, N1, N2 l nng ion Erbium mc

nng lng nn v mc nng lng kch thch.
Nh trnh by trong cng thc (2.15) v (2.16), N1, N2 thay i dc theo chiu di ca
si quang v ph thuc vo cng sut ca ngun bm v cng sut ca tn hiu. Do , h s
nhiu NF ca EDFA cng ph thuc vo chiu di ca si quang L v cng sut bm PP, ging
nh li tn hiu ca EDFA.
Hnh 2.17 biu din s thay i ca NF v li tn hiu theo chiu di ca si quang vi
mt s gi tr ca PP/Psat khi cng sut tn hiu ng vo 1mW ti bc sng 1,53 m. Kt qu cho
thy rng FN c th t gn bng 3dB khi cng sut ca ngun bm PP >> Pp,sat.
Vi mc nhiu tng i thp, EDFA l s la chn l tng cho cc h thng thng tin
quang WDM hin nay. D vy, nhiu do b khuch i cng lm gii hn cht lng cc h thng
thng tin quang ng di s dng nhiu b khuch i EDFA. Vn nhiu tr nn nghim
trng khi h thng hot ng trong vng tn sc khng ca si quang. Khi cc hiu ng phi
tuyn s lm tng nhiu b khuch i v gim ph tn hiu. Ngoi ra, nhiu ca b khuch i
cng gy nn rung pha nh thi. Vn ny s c trnh phn sau.
Hnh 2.17
(a) H s nhiu FN v (b) li ca EDFA khi chiu di si quang thay i

ti mt s gi tr ca ca cng sut bm PP/Psat
Khng ch gii hn t l SNR trong cc h thng s dng cc b khuch i quang, nhiu

ASE m cn t ra nhng gii hn khc ln cc ng dng khc nhau ca cc b khuch i quang
trong cc tuyn thng tin si quang. Chng hn, xem xt mt vi b khuch i quang c ghp
tng dc theo mt khong truyn dn nh cc b lp tuyn tnh b suy hao si quang. Cng
119
sut nhiu ASE Pnoise s l mt phn trong cng sut u ra Pout ca mt b khuch i no
trong chui khuch i v tr thnh u vo ca b khuch i tip theo. Do Pnoise c th c
khuch i bng cc b khuch i tip theo. Do s bo ho li ph thuc vo tng cng sut
u vo, nhiu ASE t u ra ca cc tng trc trong chui khuch i c th ln n mc n s
lm bo ho cc b khuch i pha sau. Nu s phn x ti u ra v u vo ca b khuch i
thp, ASE c pht x theo hng ngc v u vo t cc b khuch i thuc cc tng sau
cng c th vo cc b khuch i pha trc, cng lm tng s bo ho gy ra do ASE.
Vi cc b khuch i quang si, s to thnh nhiu ASE ny c th dn n s t dao
ng dc theo tuyn truyn dn ca si quang nu s khng lin tc v do s phn x c mt
dc theo ng truyn. Mc d s phn x ngc nh vy l nh, trong mt khong truyn di
vi mt s lng ln cc b khuch i nh cc b lp tuyn tnh, cng sut ASE tch t dc theo
chui khuch i kch hot s dao ng. ti thiu ho nh hng ny, cc b cch ly quang c
th c ni dc theo lin kt si quang gim ASE hng ngc, nhng iu ny s ngn cn
h thng c s dng cho truyn dn song hng.
Thm vo s suy gim hot ng v mt cng sut, s ln tp v pha ca tn hiu do pht
x t pht cng gy nh hng nh nhiu tn s v nhiu bin , c bit l nhiu pha do s
phn x ti cc giao din quang. V tn hiu n b khuch i quang cng c mt lng nhiu
pha do s tri rng ph ca ngun laser cng lm tng cao nhiu trong b khuch i. iu ny s
lm suy gim hot ng ca cc h thng thng tin quang.
2.3.7
u khuyt im ca EDFA
a) u im:
- Ngun laser bm bn dn c tin cy cao, gn v cng sut cao.
- Cu hnh n gin: h gi thnh ca h thng.
- Cu trc nh gn: c th lp t nhiu EDFA trong cng mt trm, d vn chuyn v
thay th.
- Cng sut ngun nui nh: thun li khi p dng cho cc tuyn thng tin quang vt
bin.
- Khng c nhiu xuyn knh khi khuch i cc tn hiu WDM nh b khuch i quang
bn dn.
- Hu nh khng ph thuc vo phn cc ca tn hiu.
b) khuyt im:
- Ph li ca EDFA khng bng phng.
- Bng tn hin nay b gii hn trong bng C v bng L.
- Nhiu c tch ly qua nhiu chng khuch i gy hn ch c ly truyn dn.
2.4
B KHUCH I QUANG RAMAN (RA)
2.4.1 Nguyn l hot ng

Khuch i Raman da trn hin tng tn x Raman kch thch (Stimulated Raman
Scattering). Tn x Raman kch thch l hin tng mt nguyn t hp th nng lng ca mt
photon, sau to ra mt photon c nng lng khc. V vy, tn x Raman kch thch c nh
ngha l hin tng photon th cp c sinh ra do kch thch t ngun bn ngoi.
120
c khuch i Raman th phi to ra s nghch o nng . iu ny t c bng

cch cung cp nng lng cho cc nguyn t ca si quang t mt laser bm c bc sng thp
hn bc sng ca tn hiu. Khi , cc nguyn t ca si quang s hp th nng lng bm c
nng lng cao (bc sng ngn) v chuyn ln mc nng lng cao hn. Khi c tn hiu n, n
s kch thch cc nguyn t ang mc nng lng cao chuyn sang trng thi nng lng thp
hn v gii phng ra mt nng lng di dng photon nh sng c cng bc sng (di hn
bc sng bm) v cng pha vi tn hiu n. Do , tn hiu c khuch i (xem hnh
2.18).
Hnh 2.18 S chuyn nng lng trong khuch i Raman

Da trn gin nng lng trn, tn s nh sng bm fbm v tn s nh sng c
khuch i fkhuch i c xc nh nh sau:
fbm = (E3 E1)/h
(2.30)
fkhuch i = (E2 E1)/h
(2.31)
Trong : h l hng s Plank; E1, E2, E3 l nng lng ca cc trng thi nng lng cao
(transition state), trng thi nng lng trung gian (vibration state) v trng thi nng lng thp
(ground state) ca cc nguyn t trong si quang.
Khng ging nh nguyn l khuch i ca EDFA, khuch i Raman khng cn mt si
quang ring v c bit (pha trn ion Er3+). Trong khuch i Raman, tn hiu quang c khuch
i dc theo ton b chiu di ca si quang silic bnh thng. Cu trc ca mt b khuch i
Raman c minh ha trong hnh 2.19.
Hnh 2.19
Cu trc ca b khuch i Raman

121
Si quang: l ni xy ra qu trnh khuch i. Si quang ny cng l si quang truyn tn

hiu nh si SMF, DSF, Trong khuch i quang khng cn s dng si quang c bit (pha
ion Erbium) nh b khuch i EFDA.
B ghp (Coupler): dng ghp bc sng tn hiu vo vi sng bm.
Laser bm (Pump laser): dng cung cp nng lng cho cc nguyn t ca si quang
chuyn ln trng thi kch thch, gip to ra s nghch o nng .
B cch ly (Isolator): t hai u ca b khuch i quang ngn chn tn hiu phn
x hai u b khuch i. ng thi n cng gip loi tr nhiu ASE theo hng ngc v pha
u vo c th gy nh hng n tn hiu u vo.
2.4.2
rng bng tn v h s khuch i
Hnh 2.20 biu din s thay i ca li khuch i Raman theo chnh lch bc
sng gia tn hiu v ngun bm. Qua cho thy, h s khuch i Raman tng hu nh tuyn
tnh vi chnh lch bc sng gia tn hiu v ngun bm (wavelength offset), t gi tr nh
ti 100 nm v gim nhanh chng sau . Trong hnh cng cho thy, bng thng li ca khuch
i Raman c th t c t 45-50nm.
Actual
Approximate
8
6
~80 nm
45-50 nm
2
0
0
Hnh 2.20
40
80
120
Wavelength offset (nm)
160
H s li Raman thay i theo chnh lch bc sng ca tn hiu v

ngun bm (wavelength offset) [4]
Nu di tn ca cc tn hiu cn khuch i Raman ln hn bng thng li ca khuch

i Raman (gi s 40nm), cn phi s dng nhiu ngun bm khc nhau. Mi ngun bm c
bc sng cch nhau khong 40nm (bng vi bng thng li). Khi , di tn ln ca cc tn
hiu c th c khuch i mt cch hiu qu (xem hnh 2.21-a). Tuy nhin, do c tnh khuch
i ca khuch i Raman v do khong ca cc bc sng bm, bng thng li tng cng c
dng gn sng nh hnh 2.21-b.
Vi u im bng thng li ln, khuch i Raman c quan tm n trong cc ng
dng thng tin quang. Tuy nhin hiu sut li ca khuch i Raman khng cao. t c
h s khuch i ln, cn phi s dng cng sut bm tng i cao.
122
Ngun bm
Ngun bm
#1
#2
40 nm
Hnh 2.21
#3
Di tn c s dng
(a)
#1
#2
#3
40 nm
Gn li (Gain ripple)
(b)
(a)Vi khong cch cc ngun bm 40nm, cc knh nm trong di tn rng

c khuch i; (b) Gn li do khuch i Raman v do khong cch
cch ngun bm [4]
V d 2.1:
Xc nh cng sut bm cho khuch i Raman t c li G=30dB? Bit li
t gi tr nh gR=6.10-14m/W ti bc sng 1550nm; din tch mt ct ngang (cross-sectional
area) ca nh sng bm trong si quang ap=50m2.
Gi i:
H s li ca khuch i Raman c xc nh bi cng thc sau [2]:
g()=gR().(PP/ap)
(2.23)
li trn mt on si quang di L [2]: G()=exp[g()L]

Vi G=30dB, suy ra gL 6.7. Th vo cng thc (2.23) ta thu c PP = 5W khi L=1km.
C th gim cng sut ngun bm bng cch tng chiu di ca si quang. Tuy nhin khi
, cn tnh n suy hao si quang.
2.4.3
u khuyt im ca khuch i Raman:

So vi cc loi khuch i quang khc, khuch i Raman c nhng u im sau:
- Tp m nhiu thp
- Cu trc n gin, khng cn si c bit.
- D chn bng tn.
- C th t c bng thng rng nh kt hp vi laser bm.
Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng u im b khuch i Raman cng c nhng nhc im

nh sau:
- Xuyn m gia cc knh tn hiu do hin tng tn x Raman kch thch SRS. y l
mt trong cc hiu hng phi tuyn ca si quang c th gy nh hng n cht
lng ca h thng ghp knh theo bc sng WDM.
- H s khuch i thp.
- Hiu sut khuch i thp hn so vi EDFA: khuch i Raman cn mt cng sut
bm ln hn t cng mt gi tr li
123
2.5
TCH LY NHIU TRONG H THNG THNG TIN QUANG

C LI DI
Trong cc h thng thng tin quang c ly di, cc b khuch i quang thng c mc

ni tip vi nhau b suy hao ca si quang cng nh suy hao do hn ni dc theo tuyn quang.
Nhiu do b khuch i ny to ra l yu t chnh nh hng n cht lng ca ng truyn.
C hai l do. Th nht, trong mt chui cc b khuch i quang mc ni tip, nhiu ASE tch ly
qua nhiu b khuch i v lm gim h s tn hiu trn nhiu quang (optical SNR) khi s b
khuch i tng ln. Th hai, khi cng sut nhiu tng ln, n lm bo ha khuch i quang v
lm gim li ca khuch i quang trn ng truyn. Kt qu l cng sut tn hiu gim trong
khi mc nhiu ASE tng ln. R rng, nu s b khuch i nhiu, t s SNR s gim nhiu
my thu v t s bit li BER tng vt mc cho php.
Hnh 2.22 minh ha s thay i ca cng sut tn hiu trn mt knh, cng sut nhiu
ASE trn mt knh v t s SNR dc theo mt chui by b khuch i quang mc ni tip trong
mt tuyn quang WDM. Cng sut tn hiu vo bt u ti mc cng sut 6dBm v b suy gim
do suy hao si quang khi truyn dc ng truyn. Khi cng sut tn hiu gim xung -24dBm,
n c khuch i ln 6dBm bi mt b khuch i quang. Gi s cng sut nhiu ASE trong
mi b khuch i bng nhau PASE = -22 dBm.
Ti ng ra b khuch i quang th 1, ta c:
Cng sut nhiu PN (1)= PASE = -22 dBm
Cng sut tn hiu: Ps = 6dBm
T s SNR = Ps PN = 6 (-22) = 28dB
Hng truyn tn hiu
SNR
10
Cng sut tn hiu
30
25
-10
(dBm)
20
-20
15
-30
-40
-50
35
ASE
Noise
Optical
SNR (dB)
10
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
S th t khuch i quang dc theo tuyn quang
Hnh 2.22 S suy gim t s SNR v tng nhiu ASE khi s b khuch i quang tng
Ti ng vo b khuch i th 2, ta c:
Cng sut nhiu PN(1) = -22 dBm 30dB = - 52dBm
Cng sut tn hiu: Ps(2)= -24 dBm
T s SNR = Ps PN = -24 (-52) = 28dB
124
Ti b khuch i th 2, tn hiu v nhiu u c khuch i vi li G = 6 (-24) =

30dB. Ti ng ra b khuch i th 2, ta c:
Cng sut nhiu PN (2) = G . PN (1) + PASE = -19 dBm
Cng sut tn hiu: Ps = 6dBm
T s SNR = Ps PN = 6 (-19) = 25 dB
Nh vy, t s SNR gim i 3dB.
Thc hin tnh ton tng t cho cc b khuch i tip theo, ta c t s SNR = 22dB v
PN = -16dBm ti b khuch i th 4.
Qua , ta c nhn xt nh sau:
- li cng cao th cng sut nhiu cng tng nhanh
- SNR gim nhanh ti cc b khuch i u tin v gim chm dn khi s9 b khuch
i tng.
Trong v d ny, SNR gim 3dB khi s b khuch i tng t 1 ln 2, nhng SNR ch
gim 3dB khi s b khuch i tng t 2 ln 4, v t 4 ln 8.
CU HI N TP
2.1.
Trnh by cu trc v nu nhim v ca mt trm lp quang in?
2.2.
Phn tch nhng u im ca khuch i quang so vi trm lp quang in? T hy

cho bit ng dng ca khuch i quang v trm lp quang in trong h thng thng tin
quang?
2.3.
Trnh by cu to tng qut v nguyn l hot ng ca mt b khuch i quang?
2.4.
Cng sut ra bo ha (saturation output power) l g? Thng s ny c nh hng nh th

no n cht lng ca h thng truyn dn quang?
2.5.
Nhiu ASE l g? Nhiu ASE c nh hng nh th no i vi cht lng ca h thng

truyn dn quang?
2.6.
Hy so snh nhim v v cc yu cu k thut ca khuch i cng sut, khuch i

ng dy v tin khuch i?
2.7.
Hy trnh by nhim v ca b tin khuch i trong h thng truyn dn quang? Cc vn

cn quan tm khi thit k mt b tin khuch i?
2.8.
Trnh by cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca khuch i Fabry-Perot (FPA) v khuch

i sng chy (TWA)?
2.9.
So snh cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca khuch i quang bn dn (SOA) v laser

Fabry-Perot?
2.10.
Ti sao khuch i Fabry-Perot (FPA) khng c s dng lm khuch i quang trong

h thng thng tin quang?
2.11.
Trnh by cc nguyn nhn gy nn nhiu xuyn m (crosstalk) trong SOA? Nhiu xuyn
m ny c nh hng nh th no n cht lng ca h thng truyn dn quang WDM
khi s dng SOA lm b khuch i?
125
2.12.
Trnh by cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca EDFA? EDFA c c im g khc vi cc

loi khuch i quang si (OFA) khc?
2.13.
Hy cho bit nhim v ca b cch ly (isolator) trong cu trc ca mt b khuch i

EDFA? iu g s xy ra nu khng s dng cc b isolator ny?
2.14.
Da vo gin phn b nng lng ca ion Er3+, trnh by qu trnh khuch i tn hiu
quang?
2.15.
Trnh by nhng u im ca vic s dng ngun bm c bc sng 980nm so vi ngun

bm c bc sng 1480nm? T hy nu cc ng dng ca EDFA s dng ngun bm
c bc sng 980nm trong h thng truyn dn quang.
2.16.
Trnh by nhng u im ca vic s dng ngun bm c bc sng 1480nm so vi

ngun bm c bc sng 980nm? T hy nu cc ng dng ca EDFA s dng ngun
bm c bc sng 1480nm trong h thng truyn dn quang.
2.17.
So snh v nu ng dng ca vic bm thun v bm nghch trong EDFA?
2.18.
Hy cho bit u im ca k thut bm kp (dual pumping) so vi bm mt chiu?
2.19.
Trnh by cc phng php lm phng ph li ca EDFA?
2.20.
Chiu di ca si quang pha erbium (EDF) v cng sut ca ngun bm c nh hng

nh th no n ph li ca EDFA?
2.21.
Trnh by cc yu t nh hng n li ca EDFA? Theo cc anh, ch yu t no l

quan trng nht? Gii thch.
2.22.
Trnh by cc u im ca EDFA so vi SOA khi s dng lm b khuch i trong h

thng WDM?
2.23.
Thi gian pht x t pht l g? Thi gian pht x t pht c nh hng nh th no i

cht lng ca khuch i quang?
2.24.
Trnh by cu to v nguyn l khuch i ca khuch i Raman?
2.25.
Ngun bm s dng trong khuch i Raman c g khc vi ngun bm c s dng

trong EDFA?
2.26.
Trnh by u khuyt im ca khuch i quang Raman so vi EDFA?
2.27.
Trnh by nh hng ca nhiu ASE i vi cc h thng truyn dn quang c ly di s

dng cc b khuch i EDFA mc ni tip?
2.28.
Trnh by phn tnh ton t s SNR ti cc b khuch i trong v d hnh 2.21?
2.29.
Xc nh c ly ti a c th lp t ca mt tuyn quang s dng cc b khuch i ng

dy EDFA c li 20 dB ni tip nhau. Bit khong cch lp t gia cc b khuch i
l L. Ti ng ra ca my pht, SNR = 26 dB, cng sut pht ca tn hiu PT = 1mW. Suy
hao trung bnh ca si quang =0.2dB/km ti bc sng hot ng =1550nm. T s
SNR nh nht thit b thu c th hot ng c l: SNRmin = 18 dB. B qua suy hao
do hn ni v nhiu do si quang to ra.
2.30.
Ngun bm c s dng cho EDFA c bc sng:

a. 1310 nm hoc 1550 nm
b. 980 nm hoc 1480 nm

126
c. T 1530 nm n 1560 nm
2.31.
2.32.
d. 850 nm hoc 1480 nm
Ngun bm c s dng cho khuch i Raman khuch i tn hiu trong bng C c

bc sng:
a. 1310 nm hoc 1550 nm
b. 980 nm hoc 1480 nm
c. T 1530 nm n 1560 nm
d. T 1430 nm n 1460 nm
c im ging nhau gia FPA v laser bn dn l:

a. C lp chng phn x
b. Hot ng ch t dao ng
c. C s hi tip xy ra trong vng tch cc d. Hot ng da trn hin tng pht x t

pht.
2.33.
2.34.
u im ca khuch i EDFA so vi khuch i Raman l:

a. Hiu sut li ln
b. C th bm nhiu bc sng khc nhau
c. C th khuch i tn hiu bng L
d. Nhiu ASE thp
u im ca khuch i quang so vi trm lp quang in:

a. li ln v nhiu thp
b. D ch to v gi thnh r
c. C th khuch i nhiu tn hiu c bc sng khc nhau cng lc

d. C kh nng phc hi li dng xung v nh thi
2.35.
Nguyn l hot ng ca khuch i quang Raman da trn:

a. Hin tng phi tuyn SRS xy ra trong si quang
b. Hp th, pht x t pht v pht x kch thch
c. Pht x kch thch v khng c s hi tip v cng hng
d. S hi tip v cng hng xy ra trong vng tch cc
2.36.
2.37.
2.38.
2.39.
Si quang c s dng trong khuch i Raman c khc vi si quang trong EDFA:

a. Nng tp cht thp hn
b. Khng pha tp cht t him
c. C chiu di ngn hn
d. L si quang silica
Ngun nhiu chnh trong khuch i quang c to ra do:

a. Hin tng bo ha cng sut
b. Hin tng phi tuyn trong si quang
c. Hin tng pht x t pht
d. Hin tng pht x t pht
SOA khng c s dng lm b khuch i quang trong h thng truyn dn quang v:

a. Nhiu xuyn m ln
b. Kh ch to, gi thnh cao
c. Cng sut ra bo ha cao
d. Ch khuch i c trong bng C
Trng thi nghch o nng trong EDFA t c bng cch:

a. Dng in phn cc
b. Tn hiu quang c cng sut ln

3+
c. Si quang c pha ion Er
d. Bm nh sng c bc sng 980 nm
127
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1].
G. Keiser, Optical Fiber Communications, 2001.
[2].
Govind P.Agrawal, Fiber-Optic Communications Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Inc,
2002.
[3].
Stamatios V.Kartalopoulos, DWDM - Networks, Devices, And Technology, John

Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 2003.
[4].
D. K. Mynbaev and L. L. Scheiner, Fiber-Optic Communications Technology,

Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2001.
[5].
Denis J.G. Mestdagh, Fundamentals of Multiaccess Optical Fiber Networks, Artech

House, Inc., Boston, 1995.
[6].
Rajiv Ramaswami, Kumar N.Sivarajan, Optical Networks: A practical Perspective,

Academic Press, 2002.
128
Chng 3: Truyn Ti IP/WDM
CHNG 3
TRUYN TI IP/WDM
3.1
GII THIU CHUNG
3.1.1 Xu hng tch hp IP over WMD

Giao thc Internet (IP) tr thnh giao thc chun ph bin cho cc dch v mng mi,
do lu lng IP khng ngng tng nhanh v dn thay th cc loi giao thc khc. Hng nm,
lu lng s tng hn lu lng thoi gp 2 4 ln. n nm 2002, lu lng s t n gp 8
ln lu lng thoi [1].
Trong khi IP c xem nh cng ngh lp mng ph bin th cng ngh WDM cung cp
kh nng dung lng truyn dn ln. Hn na, kh nng cu hnh mm do ca cc b OXC
cho php xy dng mng quang linh hot hn, nh cc ng quang (lightpath) c th c
thit lp theo nhu cu. Mt trong nhng thch thc quan trng l vn iu khin cc
lightpath ny, tc l pht trin cc c ch v thut ton cho php thit lp cc lightpath nhanh v
cung cp kh nng khi phc khi c s c, trong khi vn m bo c tnh tng tc gia cc
nh cung cp thit b.
c nhiu phng php cung cp dch v gi IP trn mng WDM c ngh:
IP/ATM/SDH over WDM, IP/SDH over WDM, v.v.v. Tuy nhin vic qun l mng theo cc
phng php trn gp khng t kh khn. Nguyn nhn ch yu gy nn s phc tp trong qun l
chnh l s phn lp theo truyn thng ca cc giao thc mng. Cc mng truyn thng c rt
nhiu lp c lp, do c nhiu chc nng chng cho nhau cc lp v thng xuyn c s
mu thun ln nhau. V vy, mt trong nhng gii php gim chi ph xy dng v qun l
mng mt cch trit l gim s lp giao thc.
Hn na, khi dung lng v kh nng kt ni mng trong c cng ngh IP v WDM tng
ln th cng cn thit ti u mng IP v b qua tt c cc cng ngh lp trung gian to nn
mng Internet quang tht s hiu qu v mm do. Tuy nhin, cc lp trung gian cng cung cp
mt s chc nng c gi tr nh k thut lu lng (Traffic Engineering) v khi phc. Nhng
chc nng ny cn phi c gi li trong mng IP/WDM bng cch a chng ln lp IP hoc
xung lp quang.
T ngi ta mi ngh n cng ngh IP over WDM. y l mt cng ngh mi tuy
rng cn nhiu vn cha gii quyt nhng vi li ch ca n, th trng rng ln v tng lai
sng sa, cc t chc vin thng quc t ang trin khai cng tc nghin cu cng ngh ny. IP
over WDM cung cp kh nng truyn dn trc tip gi s liu IP trn knh quang, gim s trng
lp chc nng gia cc lp mng, gim b phn trung tm d tha ti cc lp SDH/SONET,
ATM, gim thao tc thit b, dn n gim chi ph bo dng v qun l. Do khng phi qua lp
SDH v ATM nn gi s liu c hiu sut truyn dn cao nht, ng ngha vi chi ph thp nht.
Ngoi ra cn c th phi hp vi c tnh lu lng khng i xng ca IP, tn dng bng tn
nhm gim gi thnh khai thc. T gin tip gim chi ph cho thu bao. R rng y l mt kt
cu mng trc tip nht, n gin nht, kinh t nht, rt thch hp s dng cho cc mng ng
trc.
129
Hnh 3.1
Xu hng tch hp mng Internet v quang [2]
Mt trong nhng thch thc ln nht ngy nay i mt vi cc nh sn xut chuyn mch
quang l pht trin cc giao thc bo hiu cho iu khin ng v hot ng lin mng ca lp
quang m c l y cng l vn cn chun ha cp bch nht hin nay. Cc t chc v din n
quc t OIF (Optical Internetworking Forum), IETF v ITU u ang n lc gp rt thit lp
nn cc phng php xc nh vic iu khin v kt ni gia mng WDM v IP.
3.1.2
Cu trc mng IP/WDM
Kin trc tng qut ca cc mng quang IP over WDM (Internet quang) c m t nh
hnh 3.2. Hnh 3.2 th hin nhiu mng quang tn ti trong min quang, trong giao din ENNI
(External Network-to-Network Interface) c s dng bo hiu gia cc mng quang vi
nhau. Mt mng quang ring l bao gm cc mng quang nh hn v bo hiu gia chng s
dng giao din INNI (Internal Network-to-Network Interface). V mt mng quang nh hn
gm nhiu nt mng quang (cc b OXC) c ni vi nhau bi si quang. Cc mng khch hng
nh IP, ATM, SONET giao tip vi mng quang thng qua giao din UNI (User-to-Network
Interface). Cc k thut chuyn mch quang quyt nh loi dch v m mng quang c th cung
cp cho cc mng khch hng
Optical network
Optical subnetwork
IP network
UNI
OXC
OXC
INNI
IP network
UNI
INNI
Optical
subnetwork
Hnh 3.2
UNI
IP network
INNI
Optical
subnetwork
INNI
ENNI
Other client
UNI
networks (e.g.
ATM)
OXC
UNI
IP network
ENNI
Optical network
UNI
Other client
networks
Kin trc tng qut ca mng IP over WDM [3].
130
3.1.3
Cc m hnh lin mng IP/WDM
Hin nay c hai xu hng xy dng m hnh tch hp lin mng IP/WDM. l m hnh
xp chng (Overlay) hay cn gi l m hnh khch-ch (Client-Sever), tc l t ton b s iu
khin cho lp quang chnh lp quang. Xu hng th hai l m hnh ngang hng (Peer), tc l
dch chuyn mt phn iu khin ln b nh tuyn IP
Hnh 3.3 minh ha hai m hnh tch hp IP vo mng WDM ang c cc t chc chun
ha theo ui. M hnh ngang hng da trn gi thit l vic iu khin lp quang c chuyn
sang thc hin lp IP. M hnh ny xem xt kin trc mng di quan im nh tuyn gi.
Trong khi m hnh xp chng da trn gi thit iu khin lp quang l c lp v lp quang
to nn mt nn m cho ni kt ng ca nhiu loi tn hiu khc nhau bao gm c IP. M hnh
ny xem xt kin trc mng trn quan im chuyn mch knh.
C hai m hnh u gi nh pht trin mng quang th h sau c tp dng mc li vi
nn iu khin IP da trn chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS. ng dng c th ca MPLS
cho m hnh xp chng cn gi l chuyn mch a giao thc tng qut GMPLS. Kin trc iu
khin GMPLS cung cp mt tp cc giao thc n gin, hon thin tng thch vi mng IP p
ng cho mng th h sau. Qu trnh iu khin thng nht xuyn sut cc lp s liu v quang s
n gin qu trnh qun l mng c nhiu lp v ci thin hiu qu s dng ti nguyn thng qua
k thut lu lng gia cc lp. Trong bi cnh ny, cc giao thc nh tuyn IP lm n by cho
vic nhn bit tp mng v cc giao thc bo hiu MPLS c s dng cho thit lp t ng.
Ngoi ra s dng cc giao thc ny cho iu khin lp quang s gip cc nh sn xut thit b
m bo tnh tng thch nh c cc tiu chun rt ph bin. Do vy xu hng chung l s dng
IP cho c ba mt phng chc nng ca mng: d liu, iu khin, v qun l.
UNI
UNI
NNI
UNI
UNI
Mo hnh xep chong
Thong tin topo,

bao hieu, ieu
khien
NNI
Mo hnh ngang hang
Hnh 3.3 Hai cu trc tch hp mng quang [4].

131
Mc d cc m hnh tch hp u s dng kin trc iu khin theo IP, nhng chng qun
l cc ng dng khc nhau. Chng hn mt phng iu khin quang s iu khin qu trnh thit
lp bc sng quang ng nh cc Router bin c ni vi mng quang. Khi ti Router xy ra
tc nghn th h thng qun l mng hay chnh Router s yu cu thit lp lung quang ng. Sau
cc chuyn mch quang s to knh quang mi p ng nhu cu ca Router. V vy, thit
lp bc sng ng c th thch nghi c vi nhu cu lu lng.
Vi m hnh xp chng th cho php mi router giao tip trc tip vi mng quang thng
qua giao din UNI. Giao din gia cc mng con c thc hin thng qua giao din NNI. M
hnh giao din UNI tng t nh m hnh trong mng chuyn mch knh truyn thng nh mng
ISDN. Trong m hnh ny, mi mng con s tin trin c lp, nh cho php cc nh khai thc
mng a cc cng ngh mi m khng b gnh nng ca cc cng ngh c. Cc nh khai thc
cn c th p ng c cc c s h tng k tha hin c. Quan trng hn l cc nh khai thc
c th tm thy c trong mi trng mng quang nhiu nh cung cp, n cho php thc hin
c tnh tng thch trong tng lai gn nh cc giao din UNI v NNI.
Vi m hnh ngang hng cng h tr cho thit lp lung ng bng cch s dng cc
lung u cui bin mng quang v cho php qun l chng t xa. M hnh ngang hng gi nh
rng cc Router iu khin lp mng quang. Mi quan h gia IP Router v OXC l bnh ng v
mt iu khin. V vy v mt bo hiu v nh tuyn s khng c s phn bit no gia UNI,
NNI v giao din gia cc Router. Trong m hnh ny cn mt khi lng ln thng tin trng thi
v iu khin chuyn qua li gia lp IP v quang. Do s kh hn cho vic kt ni trong mi
trng nhiu nh khai thc khi so vi m hnh xp chng.
Mi m hnh c u im ring, c bit m hnh xp chng c u im ni tri l kh
nng tng thch d dng. V kin trc th m hnh xp chng trc tip v n gin hn. Vi kin
trc ngang hng cn c thm cc thng tin gia lp IP v quang qun l cc lung u cui
chuyn ln lung quang. Khi lng ln thng tin trng thi v iu khin ny bao gm s truyn
thng trc tip gia cc Router bin ca mng quang v s truyn thng tin trong bn thn mng
quang.
M hnh xp chng cho php i mi ti lp quang c lp vi lp IP trong khi vn cung
cp kh nng kt ni tng thch cn thit cho cc dch v nhanh m vn duy tr tnh ton vn
thng tin ca nh khai thc mng quang. Tuy nhin, m hnh ngang hng cho php tch hp hon
ton IP/quang to nn mng Internet quang thng nht. Do vic s dng v qun l mng tr
nn hiu qu hn, ph hp vi cc ISP hn. Ngoi ra m hnh ngang hng gn hn vi xu hng
chuyn mch gi quang trong tng lai.
3.2
IP V GIAO THC NH TUYN
3.2.1
IPv4 v IPv6
IP address l a ch giao thc mng hay a ch IP. a ch IPv4 gm c 32 bit, chia thnh
bn octet, mi octet l mt byte. a ch IP c chia thnh nm lp A, B, C, D v E. Gi s
Net_ID v Host_ID ln lt l phn nh danh mng v trm. a ch IP c biu din di dng
<Net_ID><Host_ID>. C th biu din a ch IP di dng nh phn v thp phn. Gi s n v h
ln lt l bit ch mng v trm. a ch IP c phn lp, vi bit lp ca lp A, B, C, D, E ln
lt l 0, 10, 110, 1110, 11110.
132
Vi IPv4 chng ta c 232 (4,3 t) a ch. Vi s pht trin ca cng ngh hin nay, hu
nh tt c cc thit b in t trong tng lai s tch hp dch v IP, v th khng gian a ch ca
IPv4 tr nn cht hp.
IPv6 l s m rng ca IPv4, trong n dng 64 bit cho phn phn nh danh mng v
64 bit cho phn nh danh trm. Nh vy vi IPv6 chng ta s c 2128 a ch. iu ny c ngha
l trung bnh mt c nhn trn th gii s c vo khong 51028 a ch IP (xem nh trn th c
vo khong 6,5 t ngi). Nh vy vi IPv6 chng ta c th m bo khng gian a ch cho
tt c cc thit b in t tch hp dch v IP trong tng lai. iu ny lm tin cho s pht
trin lu lng s ngy cng mnh m v bn vng. Chi tit v IPv6 c gi c th tham kho ti
RFC 2460.
3.2.2
Cc giao thc nh tuyn IP

a) Khi nim
nh tuyn IP l qu trnh chuyn lu lng ngi dng t ngun n ch. Rt nhiu loi
thng tin c th c nh tuyn nh th in t, cuc gi thoiTrong mng, b nh tuyn
(router) l thit b c dng nh tuyn cho lu lng. Router cn da vo bng nh tuyn
tm ra tuyn ng chuyn gi tin i. Bng nh tuyn thng gm ba thnh phn chnh l kiu
giao thc mng, a ch mng ch v giao din gi ra.
nh tuyn c ba chc nng chnh. Chc nng u tin l ng gi v phn tn cc thng
tin trng thi lu lng ngi dng v mng. Thng tin trng thi ny bao gm v tr hin ti v
cc yu cu dch v ngi dng; cc dch v c cung cp v cc ti nguyn sn c trong mng;
cc quyn v vic s dng cc dch v v ti nguyn ny. Cc thng tin trng thi c th bao gm
gi tr o t mng hay t cc ngun bn ngoi. Cc thng tin ny s c dng to ra cc
quyt nh chn ng.
Chc nng th hai l to ra v la chn cc ng thch hp (v c th l ti u) da trn
cc thng tin trng thi ca ngi dng v mng. Con ng thch hp l con ng tho c tt
c cc yu cu rng buc gia ngi dng v mng. ng ti u l con ng thch hp tt
nht ng vi tng giao thc nh tuyn c th.
Chc nng cui cng l chuyn tip lu lng ngi dng trn cc con ng chn.
Lu lng c th c chuyn tip theo hng kt ni hay khng kt ni. Chuyn tip hng kt
ni yu cu hng chuyn tip phi c thit lp trc v sau d liu s c c truyn i
trn cc hng thit lp ny. Chuyn tip khng kt ni cho lu lng ngi dng c
chuyn i da vo cc thng tin chuyn tip ca chnh n, cc gi d liu c th i theo cc
hng khc nhau n ch.
b) nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng

Da vo cch thc cng nh tc phn hi li cc thay i v trng thi ca mng hay
trng thi ca lu lng ngi dng, nh tuyn c chia ra lm hai loi l nh tuyn tnh v
nh tuyn ng.
nh tuyn tnh. H thng nh tuyn tnh l h thng m s nh tuyn lun gi c nh,
c lp vi trng thi hin thi ca mng cng nh cc lu lng ngi dng. nh tuyn tnh
c da trn s d on hn l da vo cc hot ng thc t ca ngi dng v mng. Trong
hu ht cc h thng nh tuyn tnh, nh tuyn l mt phn khng th thiu trong qu trnh thit
k mng. Tuy nhin, qu trnh nh tuyn li xy ra khng thng xuyn.
133
nh tuyn ng. nh tuyn ng t ng cp nht nh tuyn bng cch p dng ngay

nhn thc v s thay i trng thi ca ngi dng v ca mng. S thay i khng ch l trng
thi ca cc lin kt m cn l s dao ng gia lu lng ngi dng v mng. Tuy nhin nh
tuyn ng li i hi b nh v ti nguyn tnh ton trong mng cho vic thu thp cc thng tin
thi gian thc v a ra cc quyt nh iu khin.
c) nh tuyn vc t khong cch v nh tuyn trng thi lin kt

Giao thc nh tuyn cung cp cu hnh nh tuyn ng. Hu ht cc giao thc nh
tuyn c th c phn thnh mt trong hai loi c bn: nh tuyn vc t khong cch (distancevector) v nh tuyn trng thi lin kt (link-state). Giao thc nh tuyn vc t khong cch xc
nh mt ng i tt nht ti mt ch da trn hng (vector) v khong cch (distance) ti
ch . Giao thc nh tuyn trng thi lin kt tnh li cu hnh chnh xc ca lin mng hin ti
hay t nht l v tr ca cc router .
nh tuyn vc t khong cch hot ng bng cch mi router duy tr mt bng cho bit
khong cch tt nht c bit ti mi ch n v lin kt no c dng i n . Nhng
bng ny c cp nht bng cch trao i thng tin vi router lng ging. Bng nh tuyn ca
mt router c bn bao gm cc bn ghi nh tuyn. Mi bn ghi thng gm cc thng tin c
trong ba trng (ch n, khong cch, hop k tip).
Trong khi thut ton vc t khong cch khng c thng tin c bit g v nhng mng
xa v cc router xa th thut ton trng thi lin kt duy tr y thng tin v nhng router xa
v cch chng lin kt vi nhau. nh tuyn trng thi lin kt dng thng ip qung co trng
thi lin kt LSA (Link State Advertisements), mt c s d liu cu hnh mng, thut ton SPF
v mt bng nh tuyn gm cc con ng cng ng ra tng ng n cc mng. Giao thc nh
tuyn trng thi lin kt trao i thng tin nh tuyn nh sau:
Bng 3.1 Tm tt nhng im c trng ca nh tuyn vc t khong cch v nh
tuyn trng thi lin kt
VC T KHONG CCH
TRNG THI LIN KT
n gin, d ci t
Phc tp
Ly d liu cu hnh mng t thng tin trong

bng nh tuyn ca cc lng ging
Hiu cu hnh ca lin mng hin ti bng cch

tch lu tt c cc LSA
Mi router xc nh con ng tt nht bng

cch cng nhng gi tr o (metric), thng
l s hop m n nhn c khi thng tin nh
tuyn c chuyn t router ti router
Mi router lm vic mt cch c lp tnh

con ng ngn nht ca n ti mng ch
Cp nht thng tin nh tuyn mt cch nh

k
Ch cp nht khi c s thay i v cu hnh

mng
Thng ip cp nht thng tin nh tuyn ln,

do sao chp ton b bng nh tuyn
Ch gi nhng thng tin cp nht cn thit, tc

ch gi nhng thay i m thi
Thng tin nh tuyn ch c trao i vi

lng ging bng cch broastcast
Thng tin nh tuyn c gi cho tt c cc

router bng cch flooding
134
d) Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn RIP

Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn RIP (Routing Information Protocol) l mt trong nhng
giao thc nh tuyn bn trong tng AS. RIP dng nh tuyn vc t khong cch nn chn hop
count lm metric v dng thut ton Bellman Ford xy dng bng nh tuyn. RIP l mt giao
thc nh tuyn vc t khong cch, ch dng hop count khi thit lp quyt nh nh tuyn. Khi
mt gi d liu i qua mt router th RIP xem nh l mt hop. Nu tn ti hai tuyn c tc
hoc bng thng khng bng nhau n cng mt ch nhng cng hop count, th RIP xem c hai
tuyn l cng khong cch, y r rng l mt hn ch ca giao thc nh tuyn ny.
Router s broadcast thng tin nh tuyn ca mnh sau mt chu k, chng hn l 30s. Mi
thng tin cp nht tuyn thng gm hai phn l a ch mng v khong cch n c mng
ny. ng thi, cc router s lng nghe cc thng tin nh tuyn trn mng cp nht bng nh
tuyn ca mnh da vo khong cch ngn nht tc l s hop nh nht.
e) Giao thc u tin con ng ngn nht m rng OSPF

Giao thc u tin con ng ngn nht m rng OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) l mt
trong nhng giao thc nh tuyn bn trong tng h t tr AS. OSPF dng nh tuyn trng thi
lin kt nn dng metric da trn bng thng v thut ton Dijkstra xy dng bng nh tuyn.
OSPF c dng nh tuyn trong mt vng hay gia nhiu vng. OSPF c hi t nhanh
OSPF c c t chi tit trong RFC 2328.
f) Giao thc nh tuyn multicast vc t khong cch DVMRP

Giao thc nh tuyn multicast vc t khong cch DVMRP (Distance Vector Mutlicast
Routing Protocol) l giao thc nh tuyn multicast u tin c pht trin cho Internet. DVMRP
c th thc thi trong mt mi trng khng phi tt c cc router trong mng c kh nng
chuyn tip v nh tuyn multicast. iu ny t c bi DVMRP chy mt thut ton nh
tuyn unicast ring, tng t nh RIP, quyt nh cc con ng ngn nht gia tt c cc
router c kh nng multicast. DVMRP s dng k thut (flood-and-prune) thit lp cc cy da
trn ngun. V chi tit, DVMRP c c t trong RFC 1075
g) Multicast c lp giao thc - ch tha tht PIM-SM

Multicast c lp giao thc PIM (Protocol Independent Multicast) bao gm hai ch l
multicast c lp giao thc - ch dy c PIM-DM (Protocol Independent Multicast Dense
Mode) v multicast c lp giao thc - ch tha tht PIM-SM (Protocol Independent Multicast
Sparse Mode). PIM c th hot ng trn nh ca bt c cc giao thc nh tuyn no, v l do
m c ci tn giao thc multicast c lp. Nhng PIM yu cu tt c cc router trong mng c
kh nng multicast. PIM-DM v PIM-SM, theo th t, th c nhiu mt tng t nh DVMRP v
CBT. V th, phn ny ch trnh by PIM-SM.
PIM-SM s dng cy phn phi chia s phn phi cc lung d liu multicast. Trong
cy chia s c mt im t l RP chu trch nhim lin lc vi cc ngun multicast v lin lc vi
cc trm con nhm xy dng ng i ngn nht t ngun n ch phn phi d liu
multicast. C th c nhiu RP trn mng nhng ch c mt RP duy nht cho mi nhm multicast.
V chi tit, PIM-SM c c t trong RFC 2362.
135
3.3
MPLS, GMPLS v MPS
3.3.1 MPLS
Mt khuyt im ca nh tuyn IP l kh nng km linh hot trong vic thay i ng
truyn d liu dn n tnh trng nghn nt c chai. Nguyn nhn l do cc gi IP ch truyn
theo mt ng c nh da theo qu trnh nh tuyn ban u. Chnh v vy, vn cn bng
traffic kh thc hin khi lu lng tp trung vo mt tuyn no . Thm vo vic nh tuyn
gia cc gi IP c lp vi nhau mc d trong thc t nhiu gi IP c mi quan h vi nhau, v d
c cng ch n, cng mt loi lu lng, cng mt cp u tin v.v. Ngoi ra, s tch bit gia
k thut nh tuyn v chuyn mch bc l nhiu im yu trong xu hng m rng v hi t
ca mng my tnh ngy nay. Cc nhc im bao gm: kh nng m rng, xy dng mng
ring o, qun l cht lng dch v, iu khin lu lng mng v.v.
Chnh v l k thut MPLS (Multi-protocol label switching) chuyn mch nhn a giao
thc ra i vn chuyn cc gi IP qua cc mng bng phng php chuyn mch gi o.
MPLS l cng ngh kt hp nhng c im tt nht gia nh tuyn linh hot lp ba v chuyn
mch lp hai cho php truyn gi nhanh trong mng li. Trc khi thm nhp vo mng MPLS
th cc gi IP s c cc thit b nh tuyn bin ca mng MPLS gn thm cc nhn vn
dng k thut ni-chuyn mch o. V trc khi ri khi mng MPLS cc nhn ny s b ct b
tr li dng nguyn thu ca cc gi IP bi cc thit b nh tuyn vng bin. Phng php
ny dng vn chuyn d liu nhanh vi bng thng ln (nh l m thanh, phim nh v.v.) v n
c th hot ng trong trng hp c nhiu s chuyn vn nhiu loi d liu trong cng mt
mng.
Chuyn mch knh o da vo nhn gip cho vic nh tuyn d liu din ra nhanh chng
so vi trng hp nh tuyn IP truyn thng, v n khng phi x l cc mo u qu pht tp
nh trong mng IP, v ngoi ra n c th thc qu trnh chuyn mch mm mt cch linh ng.
Nh vo s phn loi cc gi d liu bng cc thm vo cc mt s trng u tin trong gi
MPLS, ta c th m bo vn QoS cho mng IP.
3.3.2
GMPLS v MPS
Nh trnh by phn trn ng dng c th ca MPLS cho m hnh xp chng cn gi l

chuyn mch a giao thc tng qut GMPLS. Kin trc iu khin GMPLS cung cp mt tp cc
giao thc n gin, hon thin tng thch vi mng IP p ng cho mng th h sau. Mng
GMPL vi nhng ci tin v nh tuyn v bo hiu m rng vng iu khin trn c min
quang. Mng GMPLS khng ch c kh nng chuyn cc gi tin m cn c th chuyn mch cc
d liu TDM, lamda quang (nn cn c gi l MPS). Trong GMPLS, mt phng iu khin v
mt phng d liu c tch ring, ng thi cc lp s dng chung mt mt phng iu khin
gip cho GMPLS c kh nng thit lp cc ng quang (light path) mt cch nhanh chng v
chun xc theo yu cu ca lp IP.
3.4
NH TUYN MNG IP/WDM
3.4.1
nh tuyn v gn bc sng tnh trong IP/WDM

a) Gii thiu bi ton
Hin c ba k thut chuyn mch quang trong mng IP: chuyn mch knh quang (OCS
Optical Circuit Switching), chuyn mch gi quang (OPS Optical Packet Switching), chuyn
136
mch khi quang (OBS Optical Burst Switching), ng vi mi loi chuyn mch s c mt s
k thut nh tuyn v chn bc sng. Trong gio trnh ny, cc vn ch cp n chuyn
mch knh quang (Optical Curcit Switching OCS), bi ton nh tuyn v chn bc sng ch
gii hn cho mng OCS. Trong mng OCS c s dng khi nim lightpath dng ch knh bc
sng ni nt ngun vi nt ch thng qua cc nt trung gian. Cc d liu mun truyn t nt ny
n nt khc trong mng chuyn mch knh quang th cn thit lp lightpath trc. Qu trnh thit
lp lightpath cn tha hai rng buc:
Rng buc v tnh lin tc bc sng (Wavelength-Continuity Constraint): nhng

kt ni chia s chung mt si phi s dng nhng bc sng khc nhau.
Rng buc v s gn knh tch bit nhau (Distinct Channel Assignment

Constraint): mi kt ni phi s dng cng mt bc sng dc theo tuyn ca n.
Cho mt tp cc yu cu kt ni, thit lp c cc kt ni quang, trc ht chng ta

cn tm mt ng i tt nht gia hai nt u cui (bi ton nh tuyn Routing). Sau , ta
cn xc nh chn bc sng no thit lp lightpath (bi ton gn bc sng Wavelength
Assignment) . C hai loi yu cu kt ni tiu biu l yu cu tnh v yu cu ng. thit lp
cc lightpath vi mi loi yu cu ny, ta cng c hai loi bi ton nh tuyn v gn bc sng
tnh (static RWA) v ng (Dynamic-RWA). Trong mc ny, chng ti trnh bi v bi ton
RWA tnh trc. Bi ton RWA ng s c trnh by trong phn k tip (3.4.2).
Bi ton nh tuyn v gn bc sng tnh S-RWA hay cn c gi l bi ton Thit lp
lightpath tnh (SLE Static Lightpath Establishment) c khi qut nh sau:
c im:
-
Cho trc tp vt l, tc l cc nt mng v cc lin kt vt l c cho trc.
Cho trc tp cc yu cu kt ni hoc ma trn lu lng tnh t xc nh

cc yu cu kt ni.
Thch hp cho dng trng thi lu lng c bit trc v c tnh n nh, s
thay i ch din ra trong khong thi gian di (nh trong cc mng ng trc)
Trong bi ton S-RWA, ng dn v bc sng c xc nh trc cho tng

kt ni, khng ph thuc vo s thay i thng tin trng thi ang din ra trn
mng. Khi ng dn v bc sng c xc nh, cc b OXC ti cc nt
mng c lp trnh thit lp cc lightpath c ch nh trc.
Mc tiu:
-
Ti thiu ha s bc sng cn s dng.
Hoc ti a s kt ni c th thit lp ng vi mt s lng bc sng v mt tp

kt ni cho trc.
Vi cng ngh hin ti, ta lun c mt gii hn trn v s lng bc sng c th c trong
mt si quang (hay lin kt). V nu gii php tm c s dng nhiu bc sng hn gii hn
ny th xem nh khng kh thi trong thc t. V vy vic gii bi ton S-RWA cng s tr li cu
hi liu tp vt l hin ti c th p ng c yu cu lu lng hay khng. Nu khng th
ta phi thm vo mng cc lin kt mi.
Sau y ta s xt n m hnh ton ca bi ton S-RWA. ng vi mi mc tiu trong hai
mc tiu trn, ta c mt m hnh ton ring.
Trc ht ta xt cc phng trnh ton ca m hnh nhm tha mc tiu ti thiu s lng
bc sng s dng trn mt lin kt.
137
t sdw l lu lng (hay s yu cu kt ni) t mt nt ngun s n mt nt ch

d s dng bc sng w. Ta gi s rng c th c hai hay nhiu hn cc lightpath
cn thit lp gia mi cp nt, nhng mi lightpath phi s dng mt bc sng
ring. Do sdw 1 .
t Fijsdw l lu lng (hay s yu cu kt ni) t mt nt ngun s n mt nt

ch d i qua tuyn ij v s dng bc sng w. Tng t, ta cng c Fijsdw 1 v
mt bc sng trn mt lin kt ch c php gn cho mt lightpath.
Cho trc mt tp mng vt l, mt tp cc bc sng, v mt ma trn lu lng

trong mi phn t sd ch s kt ni cn thit lp gia ngun s v ch d.
Bi ton S-RWA c th c cng thc ha nh sau:

Mc tiu: ti thiu ha Fmax
Sao cho:
Fmax
sdw
ij
i, j
s ,d , w
= sd
sdw
ij
sdw
sdw
jk
sdw ( s = j )
= sdw (d = j )
0 ( s j d j )
Fijsdw = 0,1
sdw
ij
s ,d
Cch tip cn ny c s dng t c s lng bc sng cn dng nh nht. Hoc

vi mt tp bc sng cho trc, ta c th gii m hnh ny xem th c tm c li gii khng.
Nu khng tm c li gii th th li vi mt tp bc sng ln hn, v lp li n khi s bc
sng nh nht c tm thy.
Vi mc tiu th hai (ti a ho s lng kt ni c thit lp cho mt tp bc sng c
nh v mt tp cc yu cu kt ni cho trc), ta cng c th c m hnh ton nh sau:
Trng hp khng c b chuyn i bc sng:
-
Nsd : s lng cp nt ngun-ch.
L: s lin kt c trong mng.
W: s bc sng c th c trn mt lin kt.
m = {mi}, i = 1, 2, , Nsd : s kt ni c thit lp cho mi cp ngun-ch i.
: ti yu cu (s yu cu kt ni).
q = {qi}, i = 1, 2, , Nsd : t l ti c p ng. Nh vy qi = s kt ni c

thit lp cho mi cp nt ngun ch i.
P: tp cc ng m mt kt ni c th c nh tuyn trn .
a = (aij): l mt ma trn P x Nsd trong aij = 1 nu ng I nm gia cp ngunch i v aij = 0 nu tri li.
138
b = (bij): l mt ma trn P x L trong bij= 1 nu lin kt j nm trn ng I, v bij

= 0 nu tri li.
c = (cij): ma trn nh tuyn v gn bc sng P x W, trong cij = 1 nu bc

sng j c gn vo ng i, ngc li th cij = 0.
Nsd
Mc tiu: cc i ha C 0 ( , q ) = mi
i =1
Sao cho:
mi 0
(s nguyn, i = 1, 2, , Nsd)
cij {0,1}
i = 1, 2, , P; j = 1, 2, , W
CTB 1WxL
m 1WCTA
mi qi
i = 1,2,,Nsd
C0(,q) l s kt ni c thit lp trong mng. Bt phng trnh CTB 1WxL c ngha l

mt bc sng ch c dng ti a mt ln trong mt lin kt. 1WxL l ma trn W x L trong
cc phn t u bng 1. Bt phng trnh m 1WCTA v mi qi m bo rng s kt ni c
thit lp phi nh hn yu cu kt ni. 1W l ma trn 1 x W trong cc phn t u bng 1.
Trng hp c chuyn i bc sng:
Trong mng WDM nh tuyn theo bc sng, rng buc v tnh lin tc bc sng c
th c loi b nu nh ta c s dng cc b chuyn i bc sng chuyn d liu n trn
mt bc sng mt lin kt thnh mt bc sng khc ti mt nt trung gian trc khi chuyn
tip n cc lin kt k tip. Cc mng nh tuyn theo bc sng nh vy c gi l
wavelength-convertible networks. Mt lightpath trong mng ny c th s dng cc bc sng
khc nhau dc theo ng i. Nh cp trn, s chuyn i bc sng lm ci thin hiu
sut ca mng bng vic gii quyt vn xung t bc sng gia cc lightpath. Thng thng,
vi mt gii thut nh tuyn cho sn, s chuyn i bc sng cung cp mt gii hn di v
xc sut tc nghn c th t c ng vi mt gii thut gn bc sng.
Sau y l m hnh ton ca bi ton S-RWA khi b i cc rng buc v tnh lin tc
bc sng:
Mc tiu: ti thiu ha Fmax
Sao cho:
Fmax
sdw
ij
i, j
s ,d , w
sdw
ij
F
k
sdw
jk
sdw ( s = j )
= sdw (d = j )
0 ( s j d j )
Trong sdw l lu lng (hay s yu cu kt ni) t mt nt ngun s n mt

nt ch d s dng bc sng w.
Fijsdw l lu lng (hay s yu cu kt ni) t mt nt ngun s n mt nt ch d

i qua tuyn ij v s dng bc sng w.
139
Thng thng bi ton S-RWA c chia thnh hai bi ton ring r: bi ton nh tuyn
v bi ton gn bc sng.
b) Vn nh tuyn:
Phng php truyn thng gii quyt vn nh tuyn trong bi ton S-RWA l u
tin phi xc nh ng cho ton b kt ni, v sau l gn bc sng cho chng. Ngay c khi
nhng cng on ny l khng c lp, ta cng thu c mt cu hnh ngn nht tng i tt
bng cch ny. Nhng kt ni thng c gn mt ng ngn nht ni hai im u cui (bng
cc thut ton thng dng nh Dijkstra hay Floyd) v nhng ng di hn th s dng nhiu ti
nguyn mng v thng mang li mt cu hnh mng c hiu sut thp hn. Nu c nhiu ng
ngn nht gia hai im th vic chn ng s mang tnh ngu nhin. Thng thng, cu hnh ti
u thu c bng cch chn cc ng ngn nht, tuy nhin khng nht thit kt ni no cng l
ng ngn nht (i khi dng ng di hn ta c th trnh nhng tc nghn khng ng c trn
mt lin kt no ).
c) Vn gn bc sng:
Xt mng nh tuyn theo bc sng khng c kh nng chuyn i bc sng. Nt c
trng ca mng WDM l khng cho php hai kt ni s dng bc sng ging nhau dng chung
mt ng ni (s xung t bc sng). Khi cc tuyn c c nh th vic cn li l gn
bc sng kh thi cho chng sao cho s lng bc sng c s dng trn mng l nh nht
c th tha mn cc yu cu cng ngh v s lng bc sng ti a trn mt si quang.
Bi ton gn bc sng tnh trong mt mng lin tc bc sng tng ng vi bi ton
t mu cho cc nt ca mt th v c thc hin bng cch xy dng mt th G(V,E),
trong V l tp cc nh, E l tp cc cnh. Theo , bi ton gn bc sng tnh c thc hin
nh sau:
-
Xy dng mt th G(V,E), trong mi lightpath trong h thng th hin bng

mt nh trong th G v tn ti mt cnh v hng gia hai nh trong th G
nu cc lightpath tng ng cng i qua mt lin kt si quang vt l.
T mu cho cc nh ca th G sao cho khng c hai nh k cn no c mu

ging nhau v s mu s dng l t nht.
Hnh 3.4 minh ha cc chuyn t mt bi ton gn bc sng thnh mt bi ton t mu

th. Gi s c 5 lightpath cn thit lp l (0,5), (0,2), (1,3), (4,3), v (4,5). Lightpath (0,5) v (0,
2) cng i qua lin kt vt l (0,1) v th c mt cnh ni 2 nh (0,5) v (0,2). Tng t, chng ta
xy dng c th nh trong hnh 3.4.
Cc thut ton t mu th s thc hin vic t mu cho cc nh V(G) = {v1, v2, , vn}
ca th G theo mt th t no . Cc thut ton ny gm ba bc c bn sau:
1.
Sp xp cc nh.
2.
Chn nh k tip t mu.
3.
Chn mu.
C nhiu thut ton t mu th khc nhau, vic chn la gii thut no ty thuc vo
quyt nh ca nh qun l da trn c im ca mng. Sau y l mt s phng php t mu
thng dng (mi mu tng ng vi mt bc sng).
140
(0,2)
(0,5)
(1,3)
(4,5)
(4,3)
Hnh 3.4 Yu cu thit lp kt ni v th chuyn i tng ng.

Thut ton Longest-First:
Phng php Longest-First (tuyn di nht trc) ny kh n gin. Cc lightpath s c
sp xp theo th t t tuyn di nht n tuyn ngn nht. Mt bc sng s c gn cho cc
tuyn theo th t ny sao cho tha mn iu kin v xung t bc sng. Sau ta chuyn sang
gn bc sng k tip. Qu trnh ny tip tc cho n khi ht s lightpath.
Thut ton Largest-First:
Trong phng php ny, cc nh ca th c gn nhn li l v1, v2, , vn sao cho
deg(vi) deg(vi+1) vi i = 1,2,,n-1 (n l s nt ca th G). Ti mi bc, nt c bt ln nht
c gn mt mu v xa i nhng ng ni ti n, v do lm gim bc cc nt k vi n. V
vy sau mi bc s c mt s nt b gim bc. iu ny m bo rng s mu dng t th
l t nht.
Ta c th tnh c s mu cn thit t th bng cng thc sau:
X (G ) max{min(i,1 + deg(vi ) )}
1i n
r rng hn, ta hy xt mt v d sau: gn bc sng cho mng vi yu cu kt ni

nh trong hnh 3.5.
Hnh 3.5 Yu cu kt ni cho v d minh ha.
141
u tin, ta chuyn i tp yu cu kt ni thnh mt th (hnh 3.6).
Hnh 3.6 th chuyn i t tp yu cu kt ni.

Da vo bc ca cc nh, ta sp xp li theo th t <2,1,3,4,5>. Ta thc hin gn bc
sng (t mu) cho nh c bc cao nht, sau loi n ra khi th. Sp xp li cc nt cn li
trong th v tip tc qu trnh cho n khi tt c cc nt u c gn bc sng (hnh 3.7).
Cui cng ta c c kt qu gn bc sng nh bc 5.
1
2
Hnh 3.7 Minh ha thut ton Largest-First.
142
3.4.2
nh tuyn v gn bc sng ng trong IP/WDM (D-RWA) [8],[9],[10]

a) Gii thiu
Trong bi ton nh tuyn v gn bc sng ng D-RWA hay cn c gi l bi ton

thit lp lightpath ng (DLE Dynamic Lightpath Establishment), ta xem xt lu lng mng l
ng. Cc yu cu kt ni xut hin mt cch ngu nhin ty theo nhu cu lin lc gia cc nt
mng. Cc kt ni ny c yu cu tn ti trong mt khong thi gian cng ngu nhin. V th,
cc lightpath khng ch c thit lp ng m cn phi c gii phng ng.
Vic nh tuyn v gn bc sng ph thuc vo trng thi ca mng thi im yu cu
kt ni xy ra. Mi khi c yu cu kt ni xut hin, cc thut ton D-RWA phi thc hin
xem xt liu ti nguyn mng c p ng yu cu kt ni hay khng. Nu c th th thc
hin qu trnh nh tuyn v gn bc sng ti cc nt trung gian cn thit thit lp lightpath.
Cn nu mt yu cu kt ni khng c p ng do thiu ti nguyn th xem nh b nghn.
Khi qu trnh lin lc kt thc, kt ni c gii phng v v vy, bc sng s dng
c th c s dng li cho mt kt ni khc. Nh vy ta thy nh tuyn ng tn dng bc
sng tt hn. V mt kinh t, iu ny s em li li nhun nhiu hn cho cc nh kinh doanh
mng, gin tip gim chi ph cho cc thu bao.
Bi ton D-RWA c th c khi qut nh sau:
c im:
-
Cc yu cu kt ni xut hin ngu nhin v tn ti trong mt khong thi gian

no .
Vic nh tuyn v gn bc sng ph thuc vo trng thi mng hin ti v phi

c thc hin mi khi c yu cu kt ni xut hin.
Mc tiu:
-
Tn dng hiu qu ti nguyn mng cc i ha xc sut thit lp thnh cng

lightpath hay ti thiu ha s yu cu b nghn.
V nhu cu phi p ng nhanh vi s thay i ca mng, cc gii thut D-RWA i hi

phi n gin, phc tp tnh ton cng nh cng tt. Vic kt hp gia nh tuyn v gn bc
sng l rt kh gii quyt cng mt lc. Do , thng thng bi ton D-RWA cng c chia
thnh 2 bi ton ring r: bi ton nh tuyn v bi ton gn bc sng.
b) nh tuyn c nh (Fixed Routing):

Phng php n gin nht nh tuyn mt kt ni l lun chn cng mt tuyn c
nh cho mt cp nt ngun ch cho trc. Mt trong nhng v d nh th l nh tuyn tm
ng i ngn nht c nh (Fixed Shortest-Path Routing). ng i ngn nht cho mt cp nt
c tnh off-line, s dng cc thut ton tm ng ngn nht thng dng nh Dijkstra hay
Bellman-Ford. Bt k kt ni no gia mt cp nt c th u c thit lp bng cch s dng
ng i c xc nh trc. Hnh 3.8 minh ha ng i ngn nht c nh t nt 0 n nt 2.
Phng php nh tuyn ny rt n gin nhng c nhc im l nu ngun ti nguyn
(bc sng) dc theo ng i c s dng ht s dn n xc sut tc nghn cao trong
trng hp lu lng ng, hoc c th dn n s lng bc sng c s dng rt ln trong
trng hp lu lng tnh. Ngoi ra, nh tuyn c nh cng khng th x l cc tnh hung li
khi mt hay nhiu lin kt trong mng b hng. x l trng hp lin kt trong mng b hng,
vic nh tuyn cn phi xt n cc ng i thay th hoc phi c kh nng tm ra mt tuyn
143
mi mt cch linh ng. Vi d trong hnh 3.8, tt c cc yu cu t nt 0 n nt 2 s b tc nghn

nu c mt trong hai lin kt (0,1), (1,2) b hng.
3
5
Hnh 3.8 ng i ngn nht c nh t nt 0 n nt 2.

Trong cc thut ton tm ng ngn nht, ngi ta quan tm nhiu n chi ph (cost) hay
cn gi l trng s (weight) ca lin kt gia cc nt. Ty theo cch cc trng s ny c tnh
ton nh th no m ngi ta c cc quan im khc nhau v ng ngn nht. Sau y, ti xin
trnh by mt s cch tnh trng s da trn c im v trng thi ca mng.
Gi wij l trng s (chi ph) ca lin kt trc tip gia hai nt i v j, nu gia i v j khng
c lin kt trc tip th xem nh wij v cng ln, ija l s lng bc sng ri trn lin kt ti
thi im tp hp cc thng tin v trng thi lin kt, Tij l tng s bc sng c trn lin kt.
Hm trng s da trn chng (HW Hop-based Weight):
Trong hm ny, wij = 1. C ngha l cc ng c chn hon ton da trn s lng
chng (hop) nh nht. ng ngn nht s l ng c s chng nh nht. Bng trc quan, ta c
th nhn xt l khi c t chng hn th kh nng tm c mt bc sng chung cho tt c cc lin
kt trung gian l ln hn.
Hm trng s da trn khong cch (DW Distance-based Weight):
wij = dij vi dij l khong cch vt l gia hai nt i v j. dij c nh gi bi tr truyn
dn. Nh vy, vi hm trng s ny, ng ngn nht chnh l ng c tr truyn dn nh
nht.
Hm trng s da trn bc sng sn c (AW Available wavelengths-based Weight):
1
a
log(1 a ) ij > 1
ij
wij =
1
ija > 1
ija
c ngha nh cn tr ca mt lin kt khi thit lp mt yu cu kt ni, cng c
nhiu bc sng ri trn lin kt th cn tr cng thp, tc l kh nng thit lp kt ni trn lin
1
kt cng cao. Do (1- a ) l kh nng chp nhn yu cu kt ni ca mt lin kt. V ta mong
ij
mun cc i ha tnh sn c hoc tin cy ca ton b ng dn nn cn phi cc i ha cc

gi tr ny ca cc lin kt trung gian. Do bn cht ca thut ton Dijkstra l u tin cho ng i
no c trng s nh hn nn hm trng lng phi l ph nh m ca hm log. Hm trng s ny
ph thuc vo bc sng ri trn lin kt nn c ph thuc vo trng thi mng.
144
Hm trng s da trn s bc sng sn c v s chng (HAW Hop count and

Available wavelengths-based Weight)
1
a
log(1 a ) ij > 1
ij
wij =
+
ija > 1
( , > 0)
v ln lt l cc trng s lin quan n s chng v s bc sng sn c. Ty theo ta

quan nim rng s chng hay s bc sng sn c l quan trng hn m c cc gi tr , ph
hp.
Hm da trn tng s bc sng v s bc sng sn c (TAW Total wavelengths
and Available wavelength-based Weight):
ija ija
a
T
log(1 (1 T ) ) ij < ij
wij =
ij
1
ija = Tij
Nu gi p l xc sut s dng mt bc sng, th p
ija
l xc sut m tt c cc bc sng
s s dng cng mt thi im trong tng lai. T trng thi hin ti ca mng, c th c lng
ija
xc sut ny bng (1- T ). Xc sut c t nht mt bc sng sn c trn lin kt trong tng lai
ij
a
l (1- p ij ). Do khi mt ng dn c nhiu lin kt, ta mong mun cc i ha cc gi tr (1a
p ij ) ca tt c cc lin kt thuc ng dn . Do thut ton Dijkstra chn la ng i ti u

theo trng s tng dn, nn hm trng s phi l ph nh m ca lm log, ngha l ti thiu ha
gi tr ny.
Hm trng s da trn s chng, tng s bc sng v s bc sng sn c (HTAW
Hop count and Total wavelengths and Available wavelengths-based Weight):
ija ija
a
T
log(1 (1 T ) ) ij < ij
wij =
ij
+
aij = Tij
( , > 0)
vi v ln lt l cc trng s lin quan n s chng v s bc sng sn c.

V d3.1:
Sau y, ta s xt mt v d thy s la chn hm trng s s dn n cc kt qu nh

tuyn theo ng dn ngn nht khc nhau. Xt mt tp c cho trn hnh 3.9. Gi s mi cnh
ca tp c gn mt nhn gm ba tham s (dij, ija , Tij ) tng ng vi tr trn lin kt (i,j),
s bc sng sn c (ri) trn lin kt v tn s bc sng trn lin kt.
145

(10,4,10)
(10,4,10)
(10,4,10)
(20,2,4)
(20,4,20)
(20,2,4)
D
(20,4,20)
F
(10,6,30)
(10,6,30)
H
(10,6,30)
Hnh 3.9 Tp mng c s dng trong v d nh tuyn vi cc hm trng s khc nhau.
Ta cn xc nh ng i t nt A n nt D. Bng 3.2 cho thy cc ng i c th t

nt A n nt D v gi tr chi ph trn mi ng i c tnh bi cc hm trng s khc nhau.
Gi tr v c gi s bng 1.
Bng 3.2: Chi ph ca cc ng i khc nhau tnh theo cc hm trng s khc nhau.
ng i
Chi ph ng vi cc hm trng s
HW
DW
AW
HAW
TAW
HTAW
A-B-C-D
30
0.375
3.375
0.181
3.181
A-E-D
40
0.602
2.602
0.250
2.250
A-F-D
40
0.250
2.250
0.458
2.458
A-G-H-D
30
0.238
3.396
0.396
3.396
T bng 3.2, ta thy rng s dng hm trng s HW c th chn mt trong 2 ng A-ED hoc A-F-D. Trong khi s dng hm trng DW c th chn ng i A-B-C-D hoc A-G-H-D.
Nu s dng hm trng s l AW, ta s chn ng i l A-G-H-D v ng ny c s lng
bc sng sn c ln nht (6 trn tt c cc lin kt). Nu chn hm trng s l TAW th ng i
c chn l A-B-C-D, mc d ng i A-E-D c cc lin kt vi h s s dng thp nht.
Tng t, ng i c chn khi s dng hm trng s l HAW s l A-F-D v ng ny c s
bc sng ri nhiu hn ng A-E-D. Cui cng, nu hm trng s l HTAW th ng i c
chn l A-F-D (vi s chng thp nht) bi v n c cc lin kt vi h s s dng thp nht
(50%).
c) nh tuyn thay th c nh (Fixed Alternate Routing):

Phng php nh tuyn ny ci tin hn nh tuyn c nh bng cch tm nhiu ng
i gia mt cp nt ngun-ch. Trong phng php ny, mi nt trong mng phi duy tr mt
bng nh tuyn cha danh sch c th t K ng i c nh n mi nt ch. V d th t
trong danh sch c th c sp xp theo ng i ngn nht th nht, ng i ngn nht th
146
hai, th ba, ng i ngn nht th nht s c chn lm ng i chnh thc gia mt cp

nt ngun-ch, trong khi cc ng cn li c xem l cc ng i ph hay cc ng thay
th. Mt ng i thay th gia nt ngun v ch l ng i m khng chia s bt k mt lin
kt vt l no vi ng i ngn nht chnh thc. Hnh 3.10 minh ha mt ng i thay th gia
nt 0 v nt 2.
1
3
5
Hnh 3.10 ng i chnh thc (lin nt) v ng thay th (nt gch) t nt 0 n nt 2.
Khi mt yu cu kt ni n, nt ngun c gng thit lp lightpath trn mi ng i theo

tun t trong bng nh tuyn, cho n khi mt ng i vi mt bc sng xc nh c tm
thy. Nu khng tm c ng no tha mn t danh sch trong bng nh tuyn th yu cu kt
ni xem nh b nghn v mt i. Thng thng, bng nh tuyn c sp xp theo s chng
(hop) m mi ng phi i qua n c nt ch. Do , ng i ngn nht ti nt ch l
ng i qua t s chng nht. Trong gii thut tm ng ngn nht theo s chng, chi ph cho
mi lin kt u bng mt n v. Trng hp cc ng i khc nhau c cng s chng th
ng i ngn nht s c chn mt cch ngu nhin.
nh tuyn thay th c nh n gin trong vic iu khin thit lp v xa b cc ng
quang v c th c s dng cung cp mt kh nng chu ng s t lin kt trong mng
mt mc no . Mt u im khc trong nh tuyn thay th c nh l lm gim ng k xc
sut tc nghn so vi nh tuyn c nh. Ramamurthy [4] chng minh rng vi mt mng ch cn
hai ng i thay th cho mi cp nt th xc sut tc nghn s thp hn ng k so vi trng
hp ti mi nt c b chuyn i bc sng y nhng s dng nh tuyn c nh.
d) nh tuyn thch nghi (Adaptive Routing)

nh tuyn thch nghi s dng thng tin trng thi mng ti thi im yu cu kt ni n.
Nh c ch n s thay i ca trng thi mng, nh tuyn thch nghi lm tng kh nng thc
hin thnh cng vic thit lp mt kt ni. Da vo tnh cht thng tin v trng thi mng c s
dng, nh tuyn thch nghi c chia lm hai loi: nh tuyn thch nghi da trn thng tin tng
th (Adaptive routing based on global information) v nh tuyn thch nghi da trn thng tin cc
b (Adaptive routing based on local information).
Cc quyt nh nh tuyn da trn thng tin tng th thng cho li gii ti u nht. Tuy
nhin, thng tin cn c cp nht thng xuyn v lng thng tin cp nht thng rt ln. Khi
lu lng trong mng quang ngy cng tng v n mt lc no s b t bin th ti lp
quang, yu cu v vic ghp knh v tnh linh hot cng phi mc cao hn. V th bn cht
vic thit lp ng quang cng tr nn ng hn, s lng yu cu kt ni nhiu hn v cc
ng quang c duy tr trong khong thi gian ngn hn. Trong trng hp ny, vic duy tr,
cp nht thng tin tng th l rt kh khn. Cc gii quyt nghing v thc hin nh tuyn thch
nghi da trn thng tin cc b. u im ca vic dng thng tin cc b l cc nt khng cn phi
duy tr mt lng ln thng tin v trng thi mng. Sau y ta s xem xt ln lt hai loi nh
tuyn , v cc gii thut nh tuyn thuc hai loi .
147
nh tuyn thch nghi da trn thng tin tng th:
- nh tuyn theo trng thi lin kt (Link-state routing): Trong phng php nh
tuyn ny, mi nt mng phi duy tr ton b thng tin trng thi mng. Mi nt c th
tm mt ng i cho mi yu cu kt ni. Bt c khi no trng thi mng thay i th
phi thc hin vic thng bo cho tt c cc nt. V th vic thit lp hay loi b cc
lightpath u c th dn n vic qung b cc thng tin cp nht cho tt c cc nt trong
mng. Nhu cu qung b cc cc thng tin ny c th dn n tng chi ph cho iu khin
tng ln. Hn na, nu c mt nt no c thng tin cha c cp nht cng s lm
cho mt nt khc c quyt nh nh tuyn sai.
- nh tuyn ng dn lun phin (alternate-path routing): Loi nh tuyn ny
cng ging nh nh tuyn lun phin c nh ni trn. Tuy nhin, y, trng thi
mng c cp nht thng xuyn v danh sch cc ng ngn nht cng vy. Tiu
chun chn ng i thng da trn chiu di ng dn hoc tc nghn ca
ng dn. Nguyn tc chn ng dn theo tc nghn ca ng dn l xc nh cc
ti nguyn (thng l bc sng) sn c trn mi ng dn lun phin v chn ng
dn no c s lng ti nguyn sn c nhiu nht. Vic la chn ng i vi ng dn
ngn nht thng dng t ti nguyn nht nhng c th dn n lng ti cao trn mt vi
lin kt trong mng. Cn vic la chn ng i vi tc nghn thp nht s dn n
vic s dng ng dn c th di hn nhng ti c phn phi u n trn mng hn.
nh tuyn thch nghi da trn thng tin cc b:
- nh tuyn theo khong cch vector (distance-vector routing): Phng php ny

khng yu cu mi nt duy tr ton b thng tin trng thi lin kt ca mi nt trong
mng. Thay vo , mi nt c mt bng khong cch (distance table). Mi bng khong
cch ca mt nt c mt hng cho mi ch n trong mng v mt ct cho cc nt c lin
kt trc tip vi nt . Gi DX(Y,Z) l mt phn t trong bng khong cch ca nt X.
DX(Y,Z) chnh l chi ph i t nt X n nt ch Y qua nt Z. Gi c(X,Z) l chi ph i
t nt X n nt lng ging Z. DX(Y,Z) c tnh theo cng thc sau:
DX(Y,Z) = c(X,Z) + minW{ DZ(Y,W)}
Hnh 3.11 minh ha mt bng khong cch ca nt E trong mng nm k bn. Cc
phn t c khoanh trn chnh l chi ph nh nht i n nt ch. Nh vy t bng
khong cch, ta c th d dng suy ra bng chuyn tip (fowarding table), trong ch r
cn s dng lin kt ng ra no n c mt nt ch tng ng.
Nut ch
DE ()
Hnh 3.11
Bng khong cch ca nt ngun E.
- nh tuyn ng dn lun phin theo thng tin cc b: Xt tiu chun chn

la ng i l xc sut nghn thp nht. tng cng ging vi phng php nh
148
tuyn ng dn lun phin theo thng tin tng th. im khc bit l ch ch phi tp
trung thng tin v ti nguyn mng (bc sng sn c) ch trn k chng u tin ca n.
V d, trong hnh 3.12, nu ta xt hai ng i lun phin t nt ngun A n nt ch D,
vi phng php da trn thng tin tng th th hai bc sng 1 v 3 sn c dc theo ton b
chiu di ca ng 1, trong khi ch c bc sng 2 sn c dc theo ton b chiu di ca ng
2. Do ng 1 s c chn.
Vi phng php da trn thng tin cc b, nu k = 2 th ng 2 s c chn v trn hai
chng u tin ca ng ny c ba bc sng 1, 2, v 4 sn c, trong khi trn hai chng u
tin ca ng 1 th ch c hai bc sng 1 v 3 sn c.
Mc d thng tin cc b c th cung cp s c lng kh chnh xc v tc nghn dc
ng dn nhng khng m bo rng bt k bc sng no sn c trn k chng u tin u sn
c trn ton b ng dn.
13
13
ng 1
123
12 3
D
ng 2
F
1234
23
Hnh 3.12 Minh ha nh tuyn lun phin.
- nh tuyn chuyn hng (Deflection routing):Mt phng php khc nh

tuyn thch nghi vi thng tin b hn ch l nh tuyn chuyn hng. Phng php nh
tuyn ny chn ng i t cc lin kt lun phin theo tng chng (hop-by-hop) hn l
t cc ng i lun phin gia hai im u cui (end-to-end). Vic nh tuyn c
thc hin bng cch mi nt phi duy tr bng nh tuyn c ch r mt hoc nhiu lin kt
ng ra lun phin i n tng nt ch. Cc lin kt lun phin ny c sp th t sao
cho u tin cc lin kt c ti nguyn (bc sng sn c) nhiu nht. Nh vy mi nt s
ch duy tr thng tin v trng thi ca vic s dng bc sng trn cc lin kt ng ra ring
ca n. Khi chn mt lin kt ng ra lun phin nh tuyn, vic quyt nh c th
c xc nh da trn chn la s chng t nht hoc xc sut nghn thp nht. Nu da
trn tiu chun s chng t nht, trc ht, gii thut nh tuyn ny s c gng chn mt
lin kt ng ra no i n nt ch vi s chng t nht. Nu lin kt va chn khng c
sn bc sng kh thi th gii thut nh tuyn s c gng chn mt lin kt ng ra lun
phin khc c ng dn c s chng t nht k tip. Gii thut tin hnh nh vy cho n
khi ti nt ch hoc kt ni b nghn. Hnh 3.13 (a) minh ha phng php nh tuyn
chuyn hng theo tiu chun s chng t nht. ng dn u tin c chn l A B
C D. Tuy nhin khi yu cu n nt C, n khng th tip tc qua lin kt CD v
khng c mt bc sng chung no sn c trn ton tuyn. V th yu cu c chuyn
sang nt F. y n c th tip tc i n nt ch dc theo lin kt FD.
Nu da trn tiu chun xc sut tc nghn thp nht, gii thut nh tuyn s chn lin
kt no c s bc sng kh thi ln nht trong s cc lin kt ng ra lun phin. Tp bc sng
kh thi bao gm cc bc sng sn c trn tt c cc chng i qua v trn lin kt ng ra tip
149
theo. Hnh 3.13 (b) minh ha cho phng php ny. Ta cng c yu cu kt ni t A n D. Trn
chng u tin, lin kt AB c chn v c ba bc sng sn c, trong khi lin kt AE ch c hai
bc sng sn c. Khi yu cu kt ni n nt B, n s c nh tuyn n nt E v c n ba
bc sng kh thi (1, 2, v 4) sn c trn lin kt BE v ch c mt bc sng kh thi 1 sn c
trn lin kt BC. Phng php nh tuyn chuyn hng theo tiu chun xc sut tc nghn thp
nht thng to ra ng dn di hn so vi phng php trn. Tuy nhin phng php ny
gip cn bng ti u trn cc lin kt ca mng, trnh tnh trng ti tp trung vo mt s t lin
kt gy tc nghn.
13
124
124
14
12
23
124
13
23
14
13
124
23
12
23
13
Hnh 3.13 Minh ha nh tuyn chuyn hng.
C nhiu vn ny sinh khi thc hin nh tuyn chuyn hng Mt trong nhng vn
l s lp vng (looping), tc l mt bn tin yu cu kt ni tr v li mt nt no m n i
qua ri. Vic chuyn hng lp vng c khc phc bng cch mi bn tin yu cu kt ni phi
duy tr mt vector ng dn cha danh sch cc nt m n i qua. Nu mt nt no
nhn bn tin yu cu kt ni m ch nh r rng bn tin i qua nt ny ri th kt ni xem nh
b tc nghn. Mt gii php khc l tn dng trng time-to-live, tc thi gian sng ca cc bn
tin yu cu kt ni. Trng ny s gip cho bn tin yu cu kt ni khng b lp vng v tn trong
mng.
Mt vn khc na l yu cu kt ni c th c chuyn hng nhiu ln dn n mt
ng dn qu di cho lightpath. Cc gii php khc phc vn ny l gii hn v chiu di
hoc s chng ln nht trong mt lightpath, hoc gii hn v s ln chuyn hng c th c ca
mt ng i.
e) Vn gn bc sng:
Trc ht, ta cn nh ngha mt s k hiu sau:
-
L: tng s lin kt trong mng.
Mi: s si quang c ti lin kt l (dnh cho cc mng a si (multi-fiber

networks)).
M: s si quang trn mt lin kt nu tc c cc lin kt u c cng s si.
W: s bc sng c th c trn mt si quang.
(p): tp cc lin kt ca ng p.
Sp: tp cc bc sng sn c dc theo ng p.
D: ma trn L x W, trong Dlj ch s si quang c bc sng j c gn ti

lin kt l. Ch l 0 Dlj Ml.
150
Gii thut Random
y l gii thut gn bc sng n gin nht, theo , nt ngun s tm kim tt

c cc bc sng xc nh tp bc sng ri trn ng i c xc nh. Sau ,
mt bc sng s c chn ngu nhin (vi xc sut nh nhau) gn bc sng cho
lightpath . Trong trng hp thiu thng tin v tnh trng bc sng trong mng th
phng php ny s dn n kt qu cn bng c s lng cc bc sng c s
dng.
Gii thut First-Fit
Trong gii thut ny, tt c cc bc sng u c nh s th t. Trong tt c

cc bc sng ri, bc sng c ch s thp hn s c xem xt trc cc bc sng c
ch s cao hn. Nh vy, bc sng ri u tin s c chn. Thut ton ny khng cn
thng tin tng th.
So snh vi gii thut Random th First-Fit c chi ph tnh ton t hn do khng cn phi
duyt qua tt c cc bc sng cho mi tuyn. tng ca gii thut ny l p tt c cc bc
sng ang s dng v u cui ca danh sch cc bc sng cc ng di hn c xu hng
s dng cc bc sng pha trn ca danh sch, do xc sut thit lp thnh cng cao hn.
Gii thut ny cho kt qu kh tt v kha cnh xc sut nghn v thng c s dng trong thc
t do n gin.
Nhn chung, phng php First-Fit s tt hn so vi phng php Random khi c y
thng tin v trng thi mng. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp thng tin b hn ch hoc c cp nht
khng kp thi th vic cp pht bc sng theo phng php Random c th tt hn. L do l
trong phng php First-Fit, nu cng mt lc c nhiu yu cu kt ni mun thit lp lightpath,
th hu nh chng s chn mt bc sng ging nhau dn n mt hoc nhiu kt ni b nghn.
V d 3.2
Gi s ta c 5 nt vi 4 lin kt. Mi lin kt c th c 3 bc sng.

1 ---------- 2 ---------- 3 ---------- 4 ---------- 5
Gi s cc yu cu lightpath l nh sau:
{1,3}, {1,2}, {4,5}, {3,5}, {2,4}, {3,4}
K hiu:
Cc bc sng c gn theo gii thut First-Fit nh hnh 3.14
2
1
e
b
d
a
Hnh 3.14 Cc bc sng c gn bi gii thut First-Fit.

Gii thut Least-Used (LU)
Gii thut ny chn ra bc sng t c s dng nht trong mng nhm c gng
cn bng ti gia cc bc sng. So vi gii thut Random th LU km hiu qu hn trong
151
khi yu cu thng tin tng th v phc tp tnh ton cao hn, do t c a chung
trong thc t.
V d 3.3:
Cho trng thi s dng hin thi ca ng i nh trong hnh 3.15
2
1
Hnh 3.15 Trng thi s dng bc sng hin thi ca ng i.
Gi s ta cn cp pht bc sng cho yu cu kt ni {4,5}. Ta thy w1 c s dng ba

lin kt, w2 dng mt lin kt, w3 dng hai lin kt. Do gii thut LU s gn bc sng w2
cho yu cu ny.
Gii thut Most-Used (MU)
Gii thut ny ngc li vi LU. N c gng chn ra bc sng c s dng

nhiu nht trong mng ti thi im nhm to nhiu bc sng rnh cho cc yu cu v
sau. phc tp tnh ton v hiu qu ca gii thut ny cng tng t nh LU.
V d 3.4:
Cho trng thi s dng hin thi ca ng i nh trong hnh 3.15 v yu cu kt ni l

{4,5}. Gii thut MU s gn bc sng w1 cho yu cu ny do w1 c s dng nhiu lin kt
nht.
Gii thut Min-Product (MP)
Gii thut ny c a ra ch yu cho cc mng a si. Trong mng n si, gii

thut ny tng ng vi gii thut First-Fit. Mc ch ca gii thut ny l c gng gn
cc bc sng vo cng cc si quang nhm hn ch s lng si s dng trong mng.
thc hin vic ny, gii thut MP tnh tch
lj
l ( p )
cho mi bc sng j (1jW). MP s
chn bc sng c tch nh nht. Tuy nhin, c nghin cu chng t c rng gii
thut MP khng hiu qu bng gii thut First-Fit phin bn cho mng a si (trong c
si v bc sng u c nh s). V li, MP li c chi ph tnh ton cao hn.
V d 3.5:
Xt mt ng gm nm lin kt. Mi lin kt c ba bc sng v c gi s c nhiu

si quang. Bng ma trn D c cho nh sau:
152
Bng 3.3: Ma trn D trong v d cho gii thut Min-Product
Lin kt
Bc sng 1
Bc sng 2
Bc sng 3
Cc tch c tnh cho mi bc sng:

Vi bc sng 1: 2*3*1*3*5 = 90.
Vi bc sng 2: 3*2*4*1*2 = 48.
Vi bc sng 3: 1*2*1*2*1 = 4.
Nh vy bc sng 3 s c gn. R rng khi bc sng 3 c gn th ta ch s dng 3
si, trong khi nu bc sng 1 hoc 2 c gn th phi cn n 6 hoc 5 si quang.
Gii thut Least-Loaded (LL):
Gii thut ny cng c a ra ch yu cho cc mng a si. LL s chn bc

sng c dung lng d ln nht (residual capacity), tc l t c s dng trn cc si
nht, ca lin kt c ti nhiu nht trn ng p. Vi mng n si, gi tr ca residual
capacity l 0 hoc 1, do gii thut chn bc sng c ch s thp nht vi residual
capacity bng 1. Nh vy gii thut LL cng tr thnh FF trong mng n si. Tm li,
LL s chn bc sng j no tha
max{ min ( M l Dlj )} .

jS p
l ( p )
Gii thut LL c
chng minh l hiu qu hn MU v FF trong vic gim xc sut tc nghn trong mng a
si.
V d 3.6:
Ta cng xt bng ma trn D c cho trong phn gii thut Min-Product. Gi s mi lin
kt c ti a 7 si quang (Ml = 7 l=1,,5). Gi s ta cn thit lp mt lightpath qua hai lin kt
1 v 2.
Vi bc sng 1: min{(M1 - D11), (M1 D21) = min {(7-2), (7-3)} = 4.
Vy ta chn bc sng 3.
Gii thut Max-Sum (M):
Gii thut M c xut cho cc mng a si nhng cng c th p dng cho

mng n si. Gii thut ny xem xt tt c cc ng c th v c gng gn bc sng
153
sao cho cc i ha dung lng ng cn li sau khi lightpath c thit lp. Gii thut
ny gi s rng ma trn lu lng c bit trc v ng i cho mi kt ni c
la chn trc. Yu cu ny c th t c nu gi s ma trn lu lng l n nh trong
mt khong thi gian no .
Gi l trng thi mng vi cc lightpath ang tn ti. Trong M, dung lng
lin kt (link capacity) ca bc sng j ti lin kt l c nh ngha l s lng si ti
lin kt l m bc sng j cn ri trn .
r(,l,j) = Ml D()lj
trong D() l ma trn D trng thi .
Dung lng ng i (path capacity) r(,p,j) ca bc sng j l s si m bc
sng j khng c s dng ti lin kt b nghn nhiu nht trn ng p.
r ( , p, j ) = min {r ( , l , j )}
l ( p )
Dung lng ng dn ca ng p ti trng thi l tng ca dung lng ng

dn ca tt c cc bc sng.
max
R( , p) = r ( , p, j )
j =1
Gi (j) l trng thi k tip ca mng nu bc sng j c gn cho kt ni. Gii

thut M s chn bc sng no lm cc i gi tr
R( ' ( j ), p) . Trong P l tp
pP
cc ng ca cc yu cu kt ni trng thi hin ti.

Mt khi lightpath c thit lp th trng thi mng s c cp nht v n
lt yu cu kt ni tip theo c xem xt.
V d 3.7:
Xt mt ng gm 6 nt c nh s t 0 n 6 lin tip. C mt s bc sng c

gn nh trn hnh 3.16.
2
1
0
Hnh 3.16 V d minh ha cho gii thut Max-Sum
n gin, ta gi s mi lin kt ch gm 1 si quang v 4 bc sng. Gi s ta cn

thit lp lightpath P1: (2,4). Cc lightpath cn c thit lp sau l P2: (1,5), P3: (3,6), v P4:
(0,3). Bng 3.4 cho ta tn tht dung lng tng cng khi chn ln lt cc bc sng thit lp
lightpath P1.
154
Ta thy rng nu thit lp lightpath P1 trn bc sng 0 th s lm tc nghn P4 tn 0.

Nu thit lp lightpath P1 trn bc sng 1 s lm tc nghn P3. Thit lp P1 trn 2 s lm tc
nghn c P2 v P3. Thit lp P1 trn 3 s lm tc nghn P2. Nh vy chn bc sng 2 s khin
cho tn tht dung lng tng cng ln nht, tc l kh nng nghn mch ca cc kt ni tng lai
cao hn. Do , bt k trong ba bc sng cn li vi tn tht dung lng tng cng nh nhau u
c th c chn bi M.
Bng 3.4: Tn tht dung lng tng cng trong gii thut M
Bc sng
Tn tht dung lng cho tng ng
Tn tht dung lng tng

cng cho mi bc sng
P2: (1,5)
P3: (3,6)
P4: (0,3)
Gii thut Relative Capacity Loss (RCL)
Gii thut ny da trn gii thut M. Gii thut M c th c nhn theo quan
im chn bc sng j sao cho ti thiu ha tn tht dung lng trn tt c cc bc sng.
( R( ( j ), p) R( ' ( j ), p)) .
pP
Do ch c dung lng ca bc sng j l thay i sau khi lightpath c thit lp

trn bc sng j nn c ngha l M s chn bc sng j no lm ti thiu ha tn tht
dung lng tng cng trn bc sng ny.
(r ( , p, j ) r ( ', p, j ))
pP
Gii thut RCL chn bc sng j sao cho ti thiu ha tn tht dung lng tng
i (Relative Capacity Loss), c tnh bi cng thc:
(r ( , p, j ) r ( ' , p, j ))
r ( , p, j )
pP
Gii thut RCL da trn l lun l vic ti thiu ha tn tht dung lng tng
cng i khi cha a n mt s chn la bc sng tt nht. Chng hn nh vic chn
mt bc sng i no c th lm tc nghn lightpath p1, trong khi nu chon bc sng j
khc c th lm gim dung lng ca p2 v p3 nhng khng lm tc nghn chng. Do
bc sng j nn c chn la mc d tn tht dung lng tng cng ca bc sng j cao
hn l ca bc sng i. Trong a s cc trng hp th gii thut RCL hiu qu hn M.
155
V d 3.8:
Ta hy tip tc xem xt tip v d trong phn gii thut M lm r hn. Theo kt qu

trn, bt k trong 3 bc sng cn li vi tn tht dung lng tng cng nh nhau u c th c
chn bi M. Tuy nhin, ch rng, nu chn 0 th ng P4 s b tc nghn trn mi bc
sng. Trong khi , nu ta chn 1 hay 3, mi ng cn li u cn t nht mt bc sng m
chng khng b tc nghn trn . Do r rng khng nn chn bc sng 2.
By gi ta s dng gii thut RCL. Ta quan st thy rng ng P2 c th chn mt trong
hai bc sng 2 v 3. Do nu P1 c thit lp trn mt trong hai bc sng ny th tn tht
dung lng tng i cho P2 s l . Tng t, P3 c hai bc sng c th thit lp c, v tn
tht dung lng tng i trn cc bc sng ny cng bng . P4 th ch c th thit lp c
trn 0, do tn tht dung lng tng i l bng 1 cho bc sng 0. Cc kt qu tnh ton
c trnh by trong bng 3.5. Gii thut RCL chn bc sng vi tn tht dung lng tng i
nh nht, tc l chn bc sng 1 hoc 3.
Bng 3.5: Tn tht dung lng tng i trong gii thut RCL
Bc sng
3.4.3
Tn tht dung lng cho tng ng
Tn tht dung lng tng

i cho mi bc sng
P2: (1,5)
P3: (3,6)
P4: (0,3)
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Wavelength reservation (WR) trong IP/WDM
Trong khun kh ti liu ny chng ti ch trnh by v phn tch u nhc im ca hai

phng php WR quen thuc l Forward Reservation hay cn gi l Source-Initiated Reservation
(SIR) v Backward Reservation hay Destination-Initiated Reservation (DIR). Hai phng php
ci tin l FBR (Forward and Backward Reservation) v IIR (Intermediate-Node Initiated
Reservation) c gi c th tm hiu trong cc ti liu tham kho [13] v [14].
a) Phng php SIR:

Trong phng php SIR, nt ngun gi gi RESV (Reserve packet) khi xut hin yu cu
thit lp lightpath. Gi RESV s dnh trc mt bc sng t nt ngun n nt ch. Qu trnh
dnh trc c thc hin ti cc nt trung gian. u tin, nt ngun chn mt bc sng
dnh trc t cc tp bc sng ri bng gii thut gn bc sng v gi gi RESV v pha nt
ch. Khi cc nt trung gian nhn c gi RESV, n s xem bc sng cn c dnh trc c
ri hay khng cho lin kt k tip hay khng. Nu c th nt trung gian ny dnh trc (kha)
bc sng ny li v chuyn tip gi RESV n nt k tip. Qu trnh thit lp lightpath hon tt
khi gi RESV n c nt ch. Khi mt gi ACK (Acknowledgment packet) c gi tr v
156
nt ngun thng bo cho nt ngun bit lightpath c thit lp. Mt khi nhn c gi
ACK, nt ngun s cho d liu truyn i trn lightpath c thit lp. Khi khng cn d liu
truyn trn lightpath, nt ngun ch trong mt khong thi gian timeout ri sau gi gi REL
v pha nt ch gii phng lightpath.
Do nt ngun ch bit c bc sng no rnh cc lin kt ln cn nn khng th m
bo c bc sng c chn c rnh trn cc lin kt khc hay khng. Nu khng, qu trnh
dnh trc s tht bi v nt trung gian loi b gi RESV, gi tr v nt ngun mt gi NACK
(Negative ACK packet) v mt gi FAIL. Gi NACK thng bo cho nt ngun bit l qu trnh
dnh trc tht bi ti mt nt trung gian no . Gi FAIL l gii phng bc sng
c kha cc nt trung gian trc . Trong trng hp ny, khi nhn c gi NACK, nt
ngun s truyn li gi RESV th dnh trc mt bc sng khc.
Tnh hung tht bi va nu cho ta thy im yu ca phng php SIR. im yu ny c
th c ci tin i cht nu ta dnh trc nhiu bc sng (over-reservation) thay v ch mt.
Tuy nhin, nh vy th rt lng ph ti nguyn mng v c th gy tc nghn cho cc yu cu
khc.
Yeu cau
ket noi
Yeu cau
ket noi
RESV
RESV
ACK
RESV
NACK &
FAIL
Truyen
d lieu
Time out
REL
(a) Thiet lap thanh cong
(b) Thiet lap that bai
Hnh 3.17 Phng php SIR [12]
b) Phng php DIR:

Trong phng php ny, u tin nt ngun gi gi PROBE v pha nt ch. Gi
PROBE s thu thp cc thng tin v trng thi bc sng ti cc nt trung gian m n i qua. Khi
nt ch nhn c gi PROBE, n s c c tt c thng tin v vic s dng bc sng ti cc
lin kt trung gian. Da trn cc thng tin ny, nt ch thc hin gii thut gn bc sng v
quyt nh chn mt bc sng dnh trc. Sau n gi gi RESV tr ngc v pha nt
ngun. Khi nt ngun nhn c gi RESV th ng ngha vi vic lightpath c thit lp
xong, nt ngun bt u qu trnh truyn d liu. Khi kt thc vic truyn d liu, nt ngun cng
i mt khong thi gian timeout trc khi quyt nh gi gi REL gii phng lightpath.
Tuy nhin qu trnh dnh trc bc sng khng phi lc no cng thnh cng. Vi
phng php ny, c th c ba tnh hung tht bi.
Tnh hung tht bi th nht, khi gi PROBE i qua mt nt trung gian, nu ti nt
khng cn bc sng no rnh th nt s loi b gi PROBE v gi gi NACK v bo cho nt
ngun bit qu trnh thit lp b tht bi. Khi ny nt ngun c th s dng mt ng thay th
v truyn li gi PROBE trn ng mi hoc kt ni s b tc nghn.
157
Tnh hung tht bi th hai, gi PROBE n c nt ch, tuy nhin gii thut gn
bc sng khng th tm c lightpath no cn rnh trong ton b cc lin kt trn ng. Khi
ny, nt ch s gi gi NACK v nt ngun. Nt ngun c th s dng mt ng thay th v
truyn li gi PROBE trn ng mi hoc kt ni s b tc nghn.
Tnh hung tht bi th ba, gii thut gn bc sng tm c bc sng thch hp v
nt ch gi gi RESV tr v. Tuy nhin ta hy ch l gia thi im gi PROBE thu thp
thng tin v trng thi bc sng ti mt nt trung gian n thi im gi RESV n c nt
trung gian ny l mt khong thi gian c gi l vulnerable time. Trong khong thi gian ny,
trng thi ca nt c kh nng b thay i v bc sng sp c dnh trc th c th b mt
gi RESV khc n chim mt. Khi vic thit lp lightpath cng xem nh b tht bi, nt trung
gian s gi gi NACK v pha ngun v gi FAIL v pha nt ch gii phng cc bc
sng c dnh trc. Khi nt ngun nhn c gi NACK trong trng hp ny, n s truyn
li gi PROBE.
Nh vy ta tnh hung tht bi th ba cho ta thy c im yu ca phng php DIR.
l do khong thi gian vulnerable time m vic dnh trc bc sng c th s dng cc
thng tin c (outdated information). Gia hai phng php DIR v SIR th DIR c nh gi cao
hn do gii thut gn bc sng c cung cp nhiu thng tin v trng thi ng truyn hn.
Hnh 3.18 Phng php DIR [12].
158
3.5
IU KHIN TRONG MNG IP/WDM
3.5.1
C ch iu khin tp trung
C ch iu khin ca mng WDM ng c th chia lm hai loi: tp trung v phn b.

Trong c ch iu khin tp trung, nt iu khin trung tm cha tt c thng tin v trng thi
mng hin ti v cung cp cc yu cu thit lp lightpath. C ch ny c th cp pht cc ti
nguyn mng hiu qu hn bi v nt iu khin trung tm bit c tt c thng tin v s h
hng lin kt, s bc sng sn c trn mi lin kt, v.v.v. Tuy nhin c ch ny c hai nhc
im. Th nht l kh nng m rng km do nt trung tm phi x l qu nhiu thng tin v tr
thnh mt im tht nt c chai trong mng. Nhc im th hai l kh nng sng cn
(survivability) thp. Nu nt trung tm c s c th ton b mng s b mt iu khin. Do c
ch iu khin tp trung ch thch hp cho cc mng loi nh.
3.5.2
C ch iu khin phn b
Trong c ch iu khin phn b, khng c nt iu khin trung tm. Thay vo , mi

nt iu khin vic nh tuyn v gn bc sng thng qua vic kt hp vi cc nt ln cn. C
ch ny c hai u im l kh nng m rng cao v tnh sng cn cao. Do , c ch ny thch
hp hn vi cc mng loi ln.
3.6
THIT K TI U TP LOGIC QUANG
3.6.1
Khi nim tp mng
Topology c ngha l hnh th mng. Bt k mng thng tin no cng c 2 loi kt cu

tp, l tp vt l v tp logic (cn gi l tp o). Trong , tp vt l m t kt cu vt l
ca nt mng; tp lgic m t s phn b dch v ca hai nt mng.
a) Tp vt l
Tp vt l ca mng tc l quan h kt ni vt l gia cc nt mng. N l tp hp ca
cc nt mng v cc si quang. Trong thi k u, khi k thut ghp knh phn chia bc sng
mi pht trin, lin kt im-im l phng thc ng dng duy nht. Cng vi s pht trin ca
k thut im nt, cc b ghp/tch knh OADM v cc b kt ni cho quang OXC to iu
kin thc hin cc loi tp vt l khc nhau. Ngoi phng thc kt ni n gin im-im,
tp vt l cn c cc loi kt ni khc nh: kt ni hnh tuyn, hnh sao, hnh cy, hnh vng v
hnh li.
b) Tp logic
Tp logic l s phn b dch v gia cc im nt ca mng. N quan h mt thit vi
tp vt l, thng c cc loi tp logic nh sau: hnh sao, tp kiu cn bng, v hnh li. Vi
s xut hin ca cc b kt ni cho quang, tp logic c xy dng linh ng hn.
So snh gia tp vt l v tp logic:
Tp vt l
Tp logic
C lin quan trc tip vi vic nh tuyn

khi t ng cp quang, tuy nhin tp
vt l khng th theo kp s pht trin ca
dch v v tp vt l c th c xem l
C lin quan n khi nim knh quang vi

s phn b dch v gia cc im nt, c
th thay i tp logic t chng trnh phn
mm nn c th xem tp logic l tp
159
tp cng.
mm.
C s ca tp vt l l kt ni vt l gia
cc im nt.
C s thit k ca tp logic l quan h kt

ni logic gia cc im nt.
Phn nh quan h kt ni trong lp vt l,

mc phc tp ca tp vt l ph thuc
vo s lng u dy ca im nt mng.
Phn nh cc kt ni trong lp knh quang

ca mng. Cht lng truyn dn v x l,
phc tp ca kt ni logic ph thuc vo
s lng u dy ca im nt mng, s
lng bc sng ghp knh, chc nng v
kt cu ca mng.
Mc ch thit k tp vt l l nhm p
ng nhu cu dch v mng, do qu trnh
thit k c thc hin sao cho phn b
a l ca im nt mng v quan h kt
ni vt l gia cc im nt l ti u.
Mc ch thit k tp logic l da vo
tp vt l c nng cao ch tiu vn
hnh v kinh doanh mng ti u ha chc
nng mng ca lp knh quang.
3.6.2
Tm tt bi ton thit k topo logic
Bi ton thit k topo logic c m t dng cng thc l mt bi ton ti u loi

MILP [8].
a) Cc gi nh chung:
Cc ng ni vt l l song hng, tc l nu c ng ni t node i n node j th cng
c ng ni t node j n node i.
Cc ng ni logic, chnh l cc ng quang, l n hng. iu ny c ngha l nu c ng
ni logic t node i sang node j th cha chc c ng ni t node j sang node i.
Traffic yu cu l khng i xng, tc l lng traffic t node j sang node i c th khc lng
traffic t node i sang node j. Traffic yu cu c th hin di dng ma trn, l mt ma trn
khng i xng.
Cc thit b chuyn mch quang t cc node c chc nng chuyn i bc sng, tc l
ni lng iu kin rng buc v bc sng lin tc trong cc ng quang.
b) Thng s u vo
Topo vt l: topo ca mng cp quang c th.
Traffic yu cu: nhu cu kt ni gia cc node trong mng th hin bng ma trn traffic.
c) Thng s u ra
Topo logic: topo ca cc ng quang.
Kt qu nh tuyn cho tng lung traffic trn topo logic.
Kt qu nh tuyn cho tng ng quang trn topo vt l.
Kt qu phn nh bc sng cho tng ng quang.
160
d) Cc iu kin rng buc

S lng thit b thu pht quang c lp t ti mi node
Dung lng ca mi ng quang.
S hop logic ln nht m mt lung traffic phi vt qua khi truyn t ngun n ch.
S bc sng ti a c th truyn trn mi si quang.
Chiu di vt l ln nht m cc ng quang phi truyn qua.
e) Mc tiu bi ton thit k

Bi ton thit k mng ti u thng c xy dng theo mt trong cc mc tiu sau: Ti
thiu nghn; Ti thiu tr; Ti thiu s hop trung bnh
Trong cc bo co cng b [4], [8] ngi ta khng nh thit k mng l mt bi ton rt phc
tp, c bit l vi cc mng c s node cng nhiu. gim phc tp ca bi ton ngi ta
chn la phng n thc hin tng phn tch bi ton thit k ln, phc tp thnh nhiu bi
ton con [8]. Lc thay v gii bi ton ln ngi ta ln lt gii cc bi ton con. Li gii ca
cc bi ton trc l d liu u vo cho cc bi ton con k tip. Mt cch cht ch m ni th
cc bi ton con khng hon ton c lp nhau nn phng php tm li gii ln lt qua cc bi
ton con ny c th ch a ra kt qu gn ng. Tuy nhin phng php phn tch ny gip
ngi ta c ci nhn trc tip vo tng vn c th v l c s cho vic p dng cc thut ton
heuristic, l thut ton c la chn khi gii quyt nhng bi ton phc tp.
Hnh 3.19 Bi ton thit k topo logic c phn tch thnh ba bi ton con:
Thit k topo logic n thun.
nh tuyn cho traffic
nh tuyn cho ng quang.
161
3.6.3
nh tuyn cho traffic trn topo logic
Khi gii bi ton thit k topo logic cng thc hin vic nh tuyn traffic s b tnh
ra s hop m mi lung traffic phi vt qua t tnh s hop trung bnh ca ton mng (l i
lng cn ti thiu ha theo mc tiu ca bi ton). Nhng vic nh tuyn s b ni trn ch tnh
theo ng ngn nht (shortest path) m cha cn nhc n dung lng thc s ca cc ng
quang. Bi ton con thc hin nh tuyn traffic c t ra gii quyt trit vn nh
tuyn cho traffic, n bo m cho dung lng traffic tng cng trn mi ng quang khng vt
qu dung lng thit k cho mi ng quang. Bi ton con dnh cho vic nh tuyn traffic c
tm tt nh sau:
a) D liu vo
Topo logic: l kt qu c thit k trong bi ton trc.
Traffic yu cu: ma trn traffic th hin s lng lung STM-1 cn kt ni gia cc cp
ngun-ch trong mng.
b) D liu ra:
Bng nh tuyn traffic th hin ng i c th ca cc lung traffic trn topo logic, vi
mc tiu t s hop logic trung bnh ti thiu.
c) iu kin rng buc

Tng traffic trn mi ng quang khng vt qu dung lng ca ng quang.
3.6.4
nh tuyn cho cc ng quang trn topo vt l
C s tng ng gia hai bi ton nh tuyn cho traffic v nh tuyn cho ng quang.
l s sp xp ng i cho cc kt ni ca mt lp trn topo c th ca lp di k . Nu
nh traffic cn nh tuyn trn lp logic l s lng lung SDH cn bn (STM-1) cn kt ni gia
cc thit b SDH t ti cc node th traffic i vi lp vt l l s ng quang cn thit lp gia
cc thit b quang t ti cc node. Bi ton nh tuyn ng quang c tm tt nh sau:
a) D liu vo
Topo logic: l kt qu ca bi ton thit k topo logic, th hin s lng v v tr cc
ng quang cn kt ni gia cc cp ngun ch.
Mng vt l: cung cp topo vt l v c ly gia cc cp node c ng ni vt l trong
mng.
b) D liu ra
Bng nh tuyn ng quang th hin ng i c th ca cc ng quang, vi mc
tiu c s hop vt l trung bnh ti thiu.
c) Cc rng buc
S lng ng quang (mi ng quang ng vi mt bc sng) chy qua mi si

quang khng vt qu mt con s gii hn. K thut ngy nay nng con s gii hn ny ln
n t vi chc n hn mt trm [4].
Chiu di vt l ln nht m cc ng quang phi vt qua.
162
CU HI N TP
3.1.
Phn tch nguyn nhn ra i cng ngh IP over WDM.
3.2.
Nhng chc nng lin quan n k thut lu lng (nh tuyn, cn bng traffic v.v.v) s
c thc hin ti lp no trong m hnh mng IP over WDM?
3.3.
Trnh by cc xu hng xy dng m hnh tch hp lin mng IP/WDM. Phn tch u
khuyt im ca tng m hnh.
3.4.
Nu mi quan h gia IP Router v OXC trong cc m hnh lin mng.
3.5.
Nguyn nhn ra i IPv6, cho v d minh ha.
3.6.
Trnh by cc chc nng chnh ca qu trnh nh tuyn IP. Qu trnh ny do thit b no

thc hin? Chc nng nh tuyn thuc chc nng ca lp no trong m hnh OSI?
3.7.
Trnh by nhng im c trng ca nh tuyn vc t khong cch v nh tuyn trng

thi lin kt. Phn tch u khuyt im ca hai loi nh tuyn ny.
3.8.
Giao thc nh tuyn RIP l g?
3.9.
Nguyn nhn ra i ca k thut MPLS?
3.10.
Trnh by khi nim lightpath? Qu trnh thit lp lightpath cn phi tun theo cc rng
buc no?
3.11.
Mc tiu ca bi ton nh tuyn v gn bc sng? Ngi ta phn loi bi ton nh

tuyn v gn bc sng da theo nhng tiu ch no?
3.12.
c im v mc tiu ca bi ton nh tuyn v gn bc sng tnh S-RWA.
3.13.
Trnh by cc phng trnh ton ca m hnh ca ton ti thiu s lng bc sng s

dng trn mt lin kt trong mng OCS.
3.14.
Khi no chng ta c th b i iu rng buc lin tc cc bc sng trong bi ton RWA

Trnh bi m hnh ton ca bi ton S-RWA khi b i cc rng buc v tnh lin tc ny.
3.15.
So snh u khuyt im ca thut ton Largest-First so vi thut ton First-Fit trong bi

ton gn bc sng.
3.16.
c im v mc tiu ca bi ton nh tuyn v gn bc sng ng D-RWA.
3.17.
Phn tch u im ca bi ton D-RWA so vi bi ton S-RWA.
3.18.
So snh u khuyt im ca thut ton nh tuyn c nh v nh tuyn thay th c nh.
3.19.
So snh hai thut ton nh tuyn thch nghi da trn thng tin tng th v nh tuyn
thch nghi da trn thng tin cc b.
3.20.
Xt mt ng gm 6 nt c nh s t 0 n 6 lin tip. C mt s bc sng c

gn nh hnh sau:
163
2
1
0
Ta gi s mi lin kt ch gm 1 si quang v 4 bc sng. Gi s ta cn thit lp
lightpath P1: (1,5). Cc lightpath cn c thit lp sau l P2: (2.4), P3: (3,6), v P4:
(0,3). Tnh tn tht dung lng tng cng da theo gii thut M cho qu trnh thit lp
cc lightpath trn.
3.21.
Cng d liu nh cu 20, hy tnh tnh tn tht dung lng tng cng da theo gii thut
RCL cho qu trnh thit lp cc lightpath trn. So snh vi kt qu ca cu 20 v nhn xt.
3.22.
Phn tch u khuyt im gia hai gii thut dnh trc bc sng (Wavelength
reservation) DIR v SIR.
3.23.
Phn tch u khuyt im ca hai c ch 2 iu khin tp trung v 2 iu khin phn b

trong mng chuyn mch knh quang.
3.24.
So snh gia tp vt l v tp logic trong mng thng tin quang.
3.25.
Tm pht biu ng cho bi ton ti thiu s bc sng s dng trn mt lin kt trong SRWA
a) Vi mt tp bc sng cho trc, ta th c tm c li gii hay khng. Nu
khng, th th li vi mt tp bc sng ln hn, v lp li n khi s bc sng
nh nht c tm thy.
b) Vi mt tp bc sng cho trc, ta th c tm c li gii hay khng. Nu
khng, th th li vi mt tp lin kt nh hn, v lp li n khi c li gii.
c) Vi mt tp bc sng cho trc, ta th c tm c li gii hay khng. Nu c,
th tng s lin kt, v lp li n khi s lin kt l ln nht.
d) Vi mt tp bc sng cho trc, ta th c tm c li gii hay khng, Nu c
th tng s lin kt, v lp li lp li n khi s bc sng nh nht c tm thy.
3.26.
Bt phng trnh CTB 1WxL trong bi ton ti a ho s lng kt ni c thit lp

cho mt tp bc sng c nh c ngha l
a) Hai lin kt chia s chung mt si quang phi s dng hai bc sng khc nhau.
b) Mt bc sng ch c dng ti a 1 ln trong mt lin kt.
c) Mi kt ni phi s dng cng mt bc sng dc theo tuyn ca n.
d) 1WxL l ma trn W x L trong cc phn t u bng 1.
3.27.
Trong mng OCS, rng buc v tnh lin tc bc sng c th c loi b nu.
a) Cc OXC c chc nng chuyn mch knh quang.
b) Cc OXC c chc nng ca b ADM.
c) Ta c s dng cc b chuyn i bc sng ti cc OXC.
d) OXC c chc nng nh tuyn li cc lightpath.
164
3.28.
Theo phng php truyn thng gii quyt vn nh tuyn trong bi ton S-RWA l:
a) Xc nh ng cho mt phn b kt ni, sau gii quyt bi ton gn buc
sng, v lp li cho n khi han thnh.
b) Gn bc sng cho cho mt phn b kt ni sau gii quyt bi ton xc nh
ng v lp li cho n khi han thnh.
c) Gn bc sng cho ton b kt ni, v sau l bi ton xc nh ng.
d) Xc nh ng cho ton b kt ni, v sau l gn bc sng cho chng.
3.29.
Trong bi ton gn bc sng, cc lightpath s c sp xp theo th t t tuyn di nht

n tuyn ngn nht. y l tng ca thut gii.
a) Longest-First.
b) Largest-First.
c) Most-Used.
d) First-Fit.
3.30.
Trong bi ton S-RWA, nhng kt ni thng c gn mt ng ngn nht ni 2 im

u cui v:
a) Nhng ng di hn th s dng nhiu ti nguyn mng v thng mang li mt
cu hnh mng c hiu sut thp hn.
b) Nhng ng ngn th qu trnh thit lp mng nhanh, v thng mang li mt
cu hnh mng c hiu sut cao.
c) Nhng ng di hn dn n xc sut t ng cao.
d) Nhng ng ngn s n gin trong qu trnh qun l mng.
3.31.
t c cu hnh ti u thu trong bi ton S-RWA ta nn:

a) Kt hp nhng con ng ngn nht v nhng ng di hn trnh nghn.
b) Bng cch chn cc ng ngn nht.
c) Bng cch chn cc ng di nht.
d) Bng cch chn con ng ngu nhin.
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1].
V Tun Lm, Xu hng tch hp IP/quang trong mng th h sau, Tp ch Bu chnh

vin thng k 1, 5/2003.
[2].
Surhir Dixit, IP over WDM Building the Next-Generation Optical Internet, John Wiley
& Sons, New Jersey, 2003.
[3].
Chunming Qiao v Myungsik Yoo, Optical Switching Techniques in WDM Optical

Networks, McGraw-Hill, 2003.
[4].
Rajiv Ramaswami v Kumar N. Sivarajan, Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective

(3nd Edition), Morgan Kaufmann, 2002.
[5].
Nguyn Hng Sn, Gio trnh h thng mng my tnh CCNA Semester , Nh xut bn
Gio dc, 9/2001.
165
[6].
Trn Cng Hng, Bi ging Internet/Intranet, Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin
thng, C s II, Thnh ph H Ch Minh, 2003.
[7].
Biswanath Mukherjee, Optical Communication Networks, McGraw-Hill, 1997.
[8].
George N. Rouskas, Routing and Wavelength Assignment in Optical WDM networks,

John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, 2003.
[9].
Hui Zang, J.P.Jue, v B. Mukherjee, A Review of Routing and Wavelength Assignment

Approaches for Wavlength Routed Optical WDM Networks, Optical Networks Magazine,
Jan 2000.
[10].
Gangxiang Shen, Chao Lu, Online Wavelength Assignment for Optical Network, Optical
Networks Magazine, Sep 2003.
[11].
Xiaowen Chu, Bo Li, v Zhensheng Zhang, Sparse-Partial Wavelength Conversion in

Wavelength-Routed All-Optical Networks, 2003.
[12].
Nguyn Hynh Minh Tm v Nguyn Hu Quang, Phn tch cc thut ton dnh
trc bc sng, Hi Ngh Khoa Hc Hc Vin Cng Ngh Bu Chnh Vin Thng,
11/2005.
[13].
Kejie Lu, I.Chlamtac v G. Xiao, Intermediate-Node Initiated Reservation (IIR): A New

Signaling Scheme for Wavelength-Routed Networks, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in
Communications, Vol. 21, No. 8, Oct 2003
[14].
Yoshure Kanitnai, S.Arakawa, M.Murata, Distributed Wavelength Reservation Method

for Fast Lightpath Setup in WDM Networks, 2004.
Cm n
Tc gi chn thnh cm n s ng gp v t liu cng nh v mt phn ni dung ca anh
Nguyn Hu Quang (NCS ti Illinois Unviversity, USA) cho bi ging IP over WDM.
166
Chng 4: H Thng Tin Quang Coherent
CHNG 4
H THNG THNG TIN QUANG COHERENT
4.1
GII THIU CHUNG
4.1.1
Khi nim v thng tin quang coherent
Tch sng trc tip tn hiu quang iu ch cng c bn l qu trnh m s lng

ht photon n b thu. Qu trnh ny b qua pha v s phn cc ca sng mang c to ra t
linh kin quang. Tt c cc qu trnh ny c kho st thng tin quang 1 c bit vi tn
h thng thng tin quang IM/DD.
H thng IM/DD s dng b thu tch sng trc tip c nhc im l nhiu to ra t b
tch sng quang v b tin khuch i cao. Do nhy ca h thng tch sng theo qui lut
bnh phng nh hn nhy ca h thng s dng tch sng theo gii hn nhiu lng t t
10dB n 20dB [1].
Do , tng nhy ca b thu quang chng ta c th s dng k thut tch quang
coherent (nh tch sng heterodyne v homodyne). i vi tch sng trc tip, tn hiu quang
c chuyn i trc tip thnh tn hiu in c gii iu ch. Cn tch sng coherent, trc
tin b thu quang s cng tn hiu quang ti vi tn hiu quang c to ra ti ch, sau tch tn
hiu quang tng ny thnh tn hiu in. Nh vy, dng in kt qu ny l s dch tn t min
quang sang min v tuyn, v chng ta c th p dng cc k thut x l tn hiu v gii iu ch
tn hiu in ln tn hiu ny. B thu coherent l tng hot ng trong vng bc sng 1,3m
n 1,6m cn nng lng ca tn hiu ch t 10 n 20 photon/bit cng c th t BER = 10-9.
Nh vy tch sng coherent cho u im ln nht trong h thng tc cao hot ng trong vng
bc sng di.
Do nhy ca b thu quang coherent hn b thu tch sng trc tip t 10dB n 20dB
nn b thu coherent cho php chng ta:
-
Tng khong cch trm lp cho h thng trn t lin v di bin;
Tng tc truyn dn m khng cn gim khong cch trm lp;
Tng qu cng sut b cc suy hao ti coupler v cc thit b ghp tch bc sng;
Ci thin nhy cho thit b o quang nh my OTDR.
Cc dng iu ch trong h thng thng tin quang coherent cng ging nh trong h thng
v tuyn. Chng hn trong truyn dn s c th p dng k thut iu ch ASK, FSK hay PSK.
4.1.2
Cu trc c bn ca h thng thng tin quang coherent.

S khi ca h thng thng tin quang coherent c minh ho hnh 4.1.[1]
Trong s khi ny, khi c t trong hnh ch nht c ng t nt l nhng phn

t chnh phn bit s khc bit gia h thng coherent v h thng IM/DD.
167
D liu
vo
DE
MOD
Homodyne 1 = 2
DEC
Heterodyne 1 2
2
LC
CWL
Heterodyne
LLO
B pht
D liu
ra
DEMOD
AMP
LOC
B thu
Hnh 4.1 S khi h thng thng tin quang coherent tng qut.
Ch thch cc khi trong s hnh 4.1:
DE (Drive Electronic): khi ny thc hin khuch i tn hiu ng vo nhm to tn hiu
c mc ph hp vi cc khi pha sau.
CWL (Continuous Wave Laser): y l b dao ng quang s dng laser bn dn c
rng ph hp pht ra nh sng lin tc c bc sng 1.
LC (laser control): khi ny nhm n nh bc sng pht ra ca b dao ng quang.
MOD (Modulator): y l khi iu ch quang, s dng k thut iu ch ngoi to ra
tn hiu iu ch dng ASK (Amplitude Shitf Keying), FSK (Frequency Shitf Keying), PSK
(Phase Shitf Keying) hay PolSK (Polarization Shitf Keying ).
Dng sng ca tn hiu ASK, FSK v PSK c minh ho hnh 4.2
Bit nh phn
ASK
FSK
PSK
Hnh 4.2 Dng sng ca cc dng iu ch vi chui bit nh phn l 10110

LLO (Laser Local Oscillator): y l b dao ng ni ti b thu s dng laser bn dn to
ra tn hiu quang c bc sng 2.
DEC (Detector): khi ny thc hin hai tnh nng, u tin s dng coupler FBT cng tn
hiu thu c (1) v tn hiu ti ch (2). Sau a tn hiu tng ti photodiode thc hin
168
tch sng trc trip theo qui lut bnh phng. thc hin ng vi ngha tch sng coherent th
coupler quang phi t hp cc tn hiu quang c phn cc ging nhau.
Khi tn s ca tn hiu ti v tn hiu t b dao ng ni ging nhau th b thu hot ng
ch Homodyne, v tn hiu in ti to c l tn hiu di nn. Cn khi tn s ca tn hiu
ti v tn hiu t b dao ng ni lch nhau th b thu hot ng ch Heterodyne, v ph ca
tn hiu in ng ra ca khi DEC l dng trung tn IF (intermediate frequency). IF ny l dng
tn hiu khc c cha tn hiu thng tin m chng ta mun truyn i (tc tn hiu di nn), v tn
hiu thng tin ny chng ta c th thu c bng cch s dng k thut gii iu ch in.
LOC (Local Oscillator control): khi ny nhm iu khin pha v tn s ca tn hiu dao
ng ni n nh.
AMP (Amplifier): khi ny khuch i tn hiu in sau khi tch sng quang.
DEMOD (Demodulator): khi ny ch cn thit khi b thu hot ng ch heterodyne.
4.1.3
Cc dng iu ch quang coherent

a) ASK
C nhiu k thut c s dng iu ch bin tn hiu quang. iu ch cng

s dng trong h thng IM/DD l dng iu ch ASK v tn hiu thu c tch sng theo qui lut
bnh phng. Do tn hiu ASK c th to ra bng cch iu ch trc tip dng kch cho laser.
Tuy nhin k thut ny c vn l khng duy tr c s n nh tn s ng ra khi thay i dng
kch, s thay i ny khong 200MHz/mA.
Ngoi k thut iu ch trc tip, chng ta c th s dng k thut iu ch ngoi to
tn hiu ASK bng cch s dng coupler nh hng DC hoc b giao thoa Mach-Zehnder MZI.
Nhc im ca iu ch ngoi l chng ta ch s dng hiu qu 50% cng sut ca b pht. [1]
Di y xin trnh by chi tit v iu ch ASK.
Nu gi tn hiu s c iu ch l b(t) v tn hiu trng pht ra t laser bn dn l eS(t)
c tn s gc S, ta c:
eS(t) = b(t)Emcos(St)
(4.1)
1 (bit 1)
b(t ) =
0 (bit 0)
(4.2)
vi
Dng sng ca biu thc (4.1) nh hnh 4.2.

Dng ph cng sut tn hiu ASK nh hnh 4.3
Vi f S =
S
l tn s sng mang.
2
B l bng thng ca tn hiu c iu ch b(t).
169
Bin
fS - 2B
fS - B
fS
fS+B
fS+2B
Hnh 4.3 Ph cng sut ca tn hiu ASK.
Tn hiu eS(t) sau khi lan truyn trn si quang v ti u thu s lch pha vi tn hiu pht
l S (gi s b qua suy hao v bin ca tn hiu eS(t)), biu thc (4.1) c th vit li di dng
sau:
eS(t) = b(t)Emcos(St + S)
(4.3)
khi phc tn hiu di nn, chng ta c hai cch sau. Cch th nht l ta nhn tn hiu
eS(t) vi cos(St + S) l tn hiu c to ra t b dao ng ni, ta c:
b(t)Em[cos(St + S)]2 = b(t)Em[1+cos(2St + 2S)] =
= b(t)Em + b(t)Emcos(2St + 2S)
(4.4)
Nh vy tn hiu di nn b(t) xut hin. Vi cch ny i hi chng ta phi to c tn

hiu dao ng ni b thu c cng tn s v cng pha vi tn hiu ti.
Cn cch th hai l ta bnh phng tn hiu eS(t), biu thc (4.3) tr thnh:
[b(t)Emcos(St + S)]2 = [b(t)Em]2[1+cos(2St + 2S)] =
= [b(t)Em]2 + [b(t)Em]2 cos(2St + 2S)]
(4.5)
Sau cho tn hiu ny qua b lc loi b thnh phn tn s 2S ta s thu c tn hiu

di nn b(t).
b) FSK
Cc kiu iu ch FSK c minh ho hnh 4.4.
c tnh thay i tn s ca iu ch trc tip trn laser c th p dng cho h thng
thng tin quang coherent FSK bng rng. C th l i vi tn s iu ch trn 1MHz th s thay
i tn s l t 100 n 500MHz/mA.
K thut iu ch ngoi cng c th p dng cho FSK bng cch s dng cch t Bragg
hoc b giao thoa Mach-Zehnder MZI.
170
Tn hiu vo
FM laser
Tn hiu FSK
(a) FSK s dng iu ch trc tip

Tn hiu vo
Laser
Modulator
Tn hiu FSK
(b) FSK s dng iu ch ngoi

Hnh 4.4 Cu hnh b pht s dng iu ch FSK
Trong dng iu ch FSK, thng tin c truyn trn sng mang c tn s S theo biu
thc (4.1). Vi dng iu ch ny, ng bao sng mang khng thay i, cn tn s S c hai gi
tr l (S - ) v (S + ) ty thuc tn hiu pht i l bit 0 hay bit 1. Do biu thc ton hc
biu din dng iu ch FSK c dng:
eS(t) = Emcos[St + b(t)2f]
(4.6)
1 (bit 1)
b (t ) =
1 (bit 0)
(4.7)
vi
f = /2 gi l lch tn.
Nu gi 2f l lch tn nh - nh th i lng =
2f
c gi l h s iu ch
B
tn s.
Khi = 0,5 th khi ny iu ch FSK c gi l MSK (Minimum Shift-Keying). Dng
ph cng sut c dng nh hnh 4.5, ph b nn cht nn dng iu ch ny rt hp dn cho cc
h thng tc cao.
Bin
fS 0,75B
fS
fS + 0,75B
Hnh 4.5 Ph cng sut t hiu iu ch MSK
171
Khi = (0,5 0,7) th dng iu ch ny c gi l CPFSK (Continuous Phase

Frequency Shift-Keying) hay cn gi l iu ch lch tn hp. Dng ph cng sut ca n b nn
rt cht.
Khi >> 1 th c coi l iu ch FSK lch tn rng. Dng ph cng sut c dng nh hnh 4.6,
ph ca n c chia lm hai thnh phn tp trung xung quanh (fS - f) v (fS + f).
Bin
fS - f
fS
fS + f
Hnh 4.6 Ph ca tn hiu FSK
Nh vy rng bng tn tng rt rng, do kiu ny khng ph hp vi h thng tc

cao. Thc t ch p dng cho h thng n gin, r tin.
Cn trng hp 1 thc tn khng quan tm v tn s ca tn hiu khng l hng s
trong khi iu ch.
c) PSK
iu ch dch pha tn hiu quang cng c p dng cho h thng thng tin quang
coherent. Khi tn s ca laser c iu chnh chnh xc vi tn s tn hiu iu ch, lc ny quan
h pha gia tn hiu ng ra vi tn hiu iu ch l 0. c c s thay i quan h pha l /2
th ta phi iu chnh li tn s ca laser.
Trong dng iu ch PSK, cc bit tin 0 v 1 c truyn ti i thng qua s thay i pha
ca tn hiu quang trong khi bin v tn s khng thay i. Biu thc ton hc biu din dng
iu ch PSK nh sau:
eS(t) = Emcos[St + b(t)]
(4.8)
1 (bit 0)
b (t ) =
0 (bit 1)
(4.9)
vi
Vi gi tr ca b(t) ta nhn thy pha ca tn hiu iu ch nhn hai gi tr l 0 v .

Dng ph ca tn hiu PSK cng ging nh ASK nhng c vch ph sng mang. C th s dng
phng php tch sng homodyne v heterodyne. Tuy vy gii iu ch ca n rt phc tp nn
thc t t dng.
172
Bin
fS - 2B
fS - B
fS
fS+B
fS+2B
Hnh 4.7 Ph ca tn hiu PSK.
i vi dng iu ch PSK, tch sng coherent cn duy tr cng quang khng i v

ton b thng tin c th b mt nu nh tn hiu quang c tch sng trc tip m khng trn n
vi tn hiu dao ng ni.
iu ch DPSK (Differential PSK) l dng iu ch m thng tin c m ho theo s
chnh lch v pha gia hai bit k cn. Chng hn, nu k biu din cho pha ca bit th k th
lch pha = k - k-1 s thay i l hoc 0 ph thuc vo bit th k l bit 1 hay bit 0. u im
ca iu ch DPSK l tn hiu pht c th c gii iu ch thnh cng cho cho n khi pha ca
sng mang duy tr n nh trong khong thi gian hai bit.
d) PolSK
y l dng iu ch phn cc. Trong thng tin quang coherent PolSK, b pht s dng
b iu ch ngoi, cn b thu p dng k thut tch sng Heterodyne. B iu ch ngoi LiNi to
ra s dch pha rad gia cc mod sng TE v TM, tc l quay phn cc tn hiu mt gc 90.
Trng thi phn cc trc giao ny c duy tr trong sut qu trnh lan truyn trong si n mode.
4.2
MY THU QUANG COHERENT
4.2.1
Cc nguyn l tch sng:

M hnh b thu coherent ASK n gin c minh ha hnh 4.8.
IS
eS
Coupler
22
RL
eL
B dao
ng ni
Hnh 4.8 M hnh b thu coherent c bn
173
Trong :
eS = ES.cos(St + S)
(4.10)
c trng cho trng tn hiu vo c bin nh ES, pha S v tn s gc S. V

eL = EL.cos(Lt + L)
(4.11)
c trng cho trng tn hiu ca b dao ng ni c bin ln EL, pha L v tn s gc L.

Gi s c hai trng in t ny c to ra t laser bn dn c lch pha l = S - L.
Tng qut = (t) th hin mi quan h pha gia hai trng cha thng tin truyn trong trng
hp FSK hay PSK. Nu (t) l mt hng s th lc ny thng tin truyn cha trong ES i vi
ASK.
i vi tch sng Heterodyne, tn s ca tn hiu dao ng ni L chnh lch vi tn s
ca tn hiu vo S mt khong IF, tc l:
S = L + IF
(4.12)
IF c gi l tn s gc ca tn hiu trung tn. Tn hiu IF c tn s thng nm trong vng v

tuyn v c gi tr t vi chc MHz n hng trm MHz. Ngc li, vi tch sng Homodyne
khng c s chnh lch gia S v L nn IF = 0. Trong trng hp ny, tn hiu khi phc
c l tn hiu di nn.
Trong c hai trng hp tch sng Heterodyne v Homodyne, b tch sng quang
(photodiode) to ra tn hiu c gi tr dng l Ip, gi l dng photon Ip. Dng Ip ny t l vi cng
nh sng theo qui lut bnh phng cng trng ti photodiode:
Ip (eS + eL)2
(4.13)
Th biu thc (4.10) v (4.11) vo biu thc (4.13) c th c vit li nh sau:

Ip [ES.cos(St + S) + EL.cos(Lt + L)]2
(4.14)
Trin khai v phi ca biu thc (4.15), loi b cc thnh phn tn s cao nh 2S v 2L cui
cng chng ta c:
Ip
1 2 1 2
E S + E L + 2 E S E L cos( S t L t + )
2
2
(4.15)
Nu biu din theo cng sut quang, cng sut quang t l vi bnh phng cng
trng, ta c biu thc (4.16):
Ip PS + PL + 2 PS PL cos( S t L t + )
(4.16)
vi PS l cng sut nh sng ca tn hiu vo v PL l cng sut nh sng ca tn hiu dao ng

ni.
Theo thng tin quang 1, nu tn hiu quang ti photodiode c cng sut P0 th dng photon
Ip c ra s bng
Ip =
e
hf
P0
(4.17)
trong l hiu sut lng t ca photodiode, e l in tch ca in t, h l hng s Planck, v

f l tn s nh sng; P0 l cng sut ti photodiode.
Do , biu thc (4.16) tr thnh:
174
Ip =
e
hf
[ PS + PL + 2 PS PL cos( S t L t + )]
(4.18)
Khi tn hiu dao ng ni ln hn tn hiu vo th thnh phn a.c trong biu thc (4.18) l
quan trng hn c, v tn hiu cn khi phc tp trung nng lng y. Nh vy chng ta khng
quang tm thnh phn d.c. V ta thay Ip thnh IS vi:
IS =
2e
PS PL cos( S t L t + )
hf
(4.19)
Vi tch sng Heterodyne S L v th IF = S - L vo phng trnh (4.19), ta c:

IS =
2e
PS PL cos( IF t + )
hf
(4.20)
Nh vy ng ra ca b tch sng quang tn hiu IS l tn hiu trung tn c tn s IF.

Tn s IF ny c n nh nh vng iu khin tn s cho laser dao ng ni. Thnh phn d.c
ca dng IS c lc trc khi a qua b gii iu ch tn hiu trung tn ny.
i vi tch sng Homodyne, S = L nn phng trnh (4.19) tr thnh:
IS =
2e
PS PL cos( )
hf
(4.21)
Hay
I S = 2 R PS PL cos( )
vi R =
e
hf
(4.22)
l p ng ca photodiode.
T phng trnh (4.20) v (4.21) chng ta thy rng dng in tn hiu IS t l vi
PS
ch khng t l vi PS nh trong tch sng trc tip. Hn na dng photon ny cn c khuch

i vi h s
PL , h s li ny ph thuc vo cng trng ca b dao dng ni. Vi h
s khuch i to ra t b dao ng ni lm tng mc tn hiu thu c m khng cn b tin

khuch i, do khng b nh hng bi nhiu nhit hay nhiu dng ti ca photodiode. l
l do ti sao tch sng coherent cho nhy ca b thu cao hn so vi tch sng trc tip.
4.2.2
S khi tng qut ca b thu quang coherent:
S khi tng qut ca b thu quang s dng tch sng Heterodyne v Homodyne c
minh ha hnh 4.9. i vi tch sng Hetorodyne, tn hiu tng gia tn hiu vo v tn hiu dao
ng ni i qua b tch sng quang (PIN hoc APD) s to ra tn hiu trung tn IF. Tn hiu IF
sau c gii iu ch thnh tn hiu di nn bng cch s dng k thut tch sng ng b
(synchronous) hoc khng ng b (nonsynchronous). Bng thng cn thit ca b thu quang
Heterodyne ln hn nhiu ln so vi tch sng trc tip tc truyn xc nh trc. Ngoi ra
cht lng ca b thu quang Heterodyne s gim khi tn s ca tn hiu trung tn dao ng, cho
nn cn b iu khin tn s t ng AFC n nh tn s ny thng qua ly tn hiu hi tip t
ng ra ca b gii iu ch iu khin dng kch ca laser dao ng ni.
Trong trng hp tch sng Homodyne, pha ca tn hiu dao ng ni c kho vi tn
hiu vo nn phi s dng tch sng ng b. Hn na, kt qu ca qu trnh cng hai tn hiu v
175
a n b tch sng quang to ra tn hiu thng tin l tn hiu di nn nn khng cn b gii iu

ch. Vng hi tip AFC c chc nng n nh tn s gia hai tn hiu.
Tn hiu vo
Coupler
22
B tch
sng quang
B dao
ng ni
B lc
khuch i
trung tn
B gii
iu ch
Mch
quyt nh
bit
AFC
Tn hiu ra
(a) B thu quang Heterodyne
Tn hiu vo
Coupler
22
B lc
khuch i
di nn
Coupler
22
B tch
sng quang
B lc
khuch i
di nn
B dao
ng ni
AFC
Mch
quyt nh
bit
Tn hiu ra
(b) B thu quang Homodyne c kho pha gia tn hiu dao ng ni v tn hiu vo.
Hnh 4.9 Cu hnh b thu quang coherent c bn.
4.2.3
Tch sng Heterodyne ng b
Tch sng Heterodyne ng b c s dng cho gii iu ch PSK. Do vi tch sng

ny cn phi nh gi c pha ca tn hiu IF chuyn tn hiu ny thnh tn hiu di nn. Do
k thut kho pha c s dng b thu d s dao ng pha gia tn hiu vo v tn hiu
ca b dao ng ni. V tn hiu thng tin s c x l trn sng mang IF nn chng ta ch cn
xc nh pha ca tn hiu trong min in. Do c th s dng cc k thut v cc cu hnh
vng kho pha PLL m p dng trong thng tin cao tn v viba. Cc k thut nghin cu
cho gii iu ch PSK ch yu l xc nh pha ca tn hiu vo. Hn na gii iu ch PSK ng
b rt nhy cm vi k thut tch sng Heterodyne. o c pha ca tn hiu PSK th cn phi
176
c pha tham kho da trn pha trung bnh ca tn hiu quang ng vo trong khong thi gian xc
nh. Do mc ch ca vic s dng vng kha pha PLL l cung cp gi tr tham kho ny vi
thi gian trung bnh c xc nh trong bng thng ca vng ny.
K thut vng kho pha theo qui lut bnh phng (gi l vng bnh phng) c minh
ha hnh 4.10-(a).
(*)2
BPF
B lc
vng
VCO
Ng vo
f /2
Dch pha
900
B lc
ng ra
Ng ra
(a)
Ng vo
BPF
LPF
B lc
vng
VCO
Dch pha
900
LPF
B lc
ng ra
Ng ra
(b)
Hnh 4.10 Cc k thut khi phc sng mang c s dng trong b thu quang coherent PSK:
(a) Vng bnh phng; (b) Vng Costas

177
4.2.4
Tch sng Heterodyne khng ng b
K thut tch sng khng ng b c th p dng cho ASK v FSK vi yu cu ti thiu

v s n nh rng ph v pha ca laser. Tch sng ng bao Heterodyne ca tn hiu ASK
c th thc hin bng cch s dng b lc thng di nhn c tn hiu trung tn, sau cho
tn hiu ny qua b tch sng nh khi phc tn hiu di nn. S khi c minh ho
hnh 4.11-(a).
Tn hiu vo
Mch
Tn hiu ra
quyt nh
bit
Coupler
22
Tch sng Khch i
quang
B dao
ng ni
Lc thng
di
B gii
iu ch
Lc thng
thp
(a)
Lc thng
di f1
Lc thng
thp
B tch sng
ng bao
Tn hiu vo
Coupler
22
B dao
ng ni
Tn hiu ra
Tch sng
quang
B tch sng
ng bao
Lc thng
di f2
Lc thng
thp
(b)
Hnh 4.11 Tch sng Heterodyne khng ng b: (a) B thu s dng b tch sng ng
bao n ASK; (b) B thu s dng b lc i FSK. [1]
Bng cch s dng hai b lc c tn s trung tm ca cc knh nh tn s pht mc

song song nhau c th s dng tch ng bao mi knh cho tn hiu FSK nh phn. Cu hnh
ny c minh ho hnh 4.11-(b).
4.2.5
Tch sng Homodyne
Tch sng Homodyne khng ch tng c nhy ca b thu 3dB m cn d dng t

c yu cu v bng thng ca b thu. Hnh 4.12 so snh ph ng ra ca b tch sng
Homodyne PSK v Heterodyne PSK. C th thy rng tch sng Homodyne ch yu cu bng
thng ca b thu tch sng trc tip trong khi tch sng Heterodyne yu cu t nht hai ln
bng thng ny v thng l ba hoc bn ln. Nhng tch sng quang Homodyne s dng ngun
178
pht v laser dao ng ni c lp nhau nn gp phi mt iu cc k kh khn iu khin s

kho pha ca hai tn hiu ny. Tc l lch pha trong cng thc (4.22) phi lun gi gn bng
0 cho cc b thu nhy cao. Hn na, nu tri n gi tr /2 th dng tn hiu IS ng ra s
bng 0 v qu trnh tch sng s kt thc.
Bin
Bin
IF
Di nn
1B
Hz
Ph ca b thu Homodyne PSK
Hz
2B
Ph ca b thu Heterodyne PSK
Hnh 4.12 So snh ph ca tn hiu PSK ng ra ca b tch sng quang Homodyne v

Heterodyne.
4.2.6
Vng kho pha trong my thu quang coherent
Cu trc vng kho pha quang minh ha hnh 4.13 p dng k thut sng mang dn
ng (pilot carrier) s dng cho tch sng quang homodyne PSK. Sng mang dn ng ny
c to ra t iu ch pha khng hon ton ( pha nh hn 180). Sng mang dn ng cng vi
tn hiu vo c t hp coupler nh hng DC (directional coupler) 3dB v sau c tch
sng bng b thu cn bng. Tn hiu ng ra ca b khuch i vi sai s l hm chnh lch pha
c s dng kho pha b dao ng ni di s iu khin ca b VCO sau khi i qua b lc
vng. Lu rng cng sut ca bt k sng mang no c s dng cho qu trnh kho pha u
trc tip lm gim nhy ca b thu mt lng tng ng. Hn na cng sut ca tn hiu
cn thit d pha ca sng mang vo c xc nh chnh xc ph thuc vo nhiu pha ca laser
ngun v laser ca b dao ng ni c t hp cng nh bng thng ca PLL. Do , bng
thng ca vng ti u s cho li pha nh nht v c th lm tng cht lng ca b thu quang
homodyne.
Tch sng pha
(b thu cn bng)
Khch i vi sai
Tn hiu vo
DC
3dB
REG
Tn hiu ra
VCO & B
dao ng ni
B lc vng
Hnh 4.13 B thu vng kho pha quang sng mang dn ng (Pilot carrier)
179
B thu Homodyne s dng vng kha pha Costas p dng cho tn hiu iu ch PSK c
minh ha hnh 4.14. Tn hiu ti b thu v tn hiu dao ng ni c t hp b Optical
Hybrid sao cho hai tn hiu ny s lch pha 90 hai ng ra ca b tch sng quang.
Tch sng quang
Lc thng thp
Tn hiu ra
Tn hiu vo
Mixer
90 optical
hybrid
Q
B dao ng
ni
Tn hiu li pha
Khch i
B lc vng
Hnh 4.14 B thu vng kho pha quang Costas.
Hai tn hiu ng ra ca hai b tch sng quang s c khuch i, ri nhn vi nhau b

Mixer. Pha ca sng mang sau s c xc nh b lc thng thp. Hn na, tn hiu iu
khin cng c lc v c s dng iu chnh tn s ca b dao ng ni theo cch ging
nh p dng cho vng kha pha quang sng mang dn ng. Tuy nhin, s dng PLL quang
Costas c u im l tt c cc mch tn hiu b trc khi trn (mixer) c th c ghp a.c v do
khng khng b tiu tn cng sut truyn nh trong linh kin sng mang dn ng.
4.3
T S LI BIT (BER) TRONG H THNG THNG TIN QUANG

COHERENT
4.3.1
Nhiu trong my thu quang Coherent

Theo biu thc (4.20) v (4.21), dng photon IS t l vi
PS v c khuch i vi h
s PL . Vi h s khuch i ny l c quyt nh bi b dao ng ni nn b thu ny khng

b nh hng nhiu nhit ca b tin khuch i v nhiu dng ti ca photodiode. Chnh iu
ny lm cho b thu tch sng coherent c nhy cao hn b thu tch sng trc tip.
Khi cng sut tn hiu dao ng ni ln hn cng sut tn hiu ti b thu th ngun nhiu
ch yu trong tch sng coherent l nhiu lng t ca b dao ng ni. Trong gii hn ny,
nhiu lng t c th c biu din di dng nhiu bn, v dng nhiu bn bnh phng trung
bnh ca b dao ng ni c dng nh sau:
iSL2 = 2eBI PL
(4.23)
180
trong e l in tch ca electron; B bng thng ca b thu; IPL l dng photon ng ra ca

photodiode ng vi cng sut quang ti photodiode l PL v c gi tr nh sau (theo cng thc
4.17):
I PL =
e
hf
(4.24)
PL
Th (4.24) vo (4.23) ta c:
2e 2BPL
i =
hf
2
SL
(4.24)
Cng sut S ca tn hiu tch sng c l bnh phng ca dng tn hiu trung bnh <IS>,
t (4.19) ta c:
2
e
S = PS PL
hf
(4.25)
T (4.24) v (4.25) ta c t s SNR ca b thu tch sng heterodyen l tng c cng sut
ng ra ca b dao ng ni ln (b qua nhiu nhit ca b tin khuch i v nhiu dng ti ca
photodiode):
2e 2BPL
=
hf
e
S
= PS PL

N heterodyne hf
PS
hf 2 B
PS
hfB IF
(4.26)
Phng trnh (4.26) cho chng ta bit gii hn ca nhiu bn ca tch sng heterodyne c
b khuch i IF c bng thng l BIF v gi s l bng 2B [1].
Da vo (4.26) chng ta suy ra SNR gii hn bi nhiu bn ca tch sng homodyne nh
sau:
P
S
= S

N hom odyne hfB
(4.27)
V d 4.1:
Cng sut tn hiu quang vo b thu tch sng homodyne hot ng bc sng 1,54m
l -55,45dBm. Khi phtodiode ca b thu c hiu sut lng t l 86% bc sng hot ng ny
v SNR thu c l 12dB, hy xc nh bng thng hot ng ca b thu.
Gii:
Theo bi ta c:
PS = -55,45dBm hay Ps = 2,851nW
SNR = 12dB hay SNR = 101,2 = 15,85
Theo cng thc (4.27) ta suy ra bng thng hot ng ca b thu homodyne:
B=
PS S
PS S
=

hf N hom odyne
hC N hom odyne
0,86.2,851.10 91,54.10 6.10 1, 2

= 1,2GHz
6,626.10 34.2,998.108
181
4.3.2
Tch sng heterodyne ASK.
Dng iu ch ASK hay OOK tng t nh truyn dn s trong h thng thng tin quang
IM/DD. Tuy nhin, vic phn tch tn hiu v nhiu trong b thu Heterodyne phc tp hn trong
b thu IM/DD bi v ng ra ca b tch sng quang Heterodyne xut hin tn hiu IF khng
phi l tn hiu di nn. Dng in IF ng ra b tch sng quang IS(t) phng trnh (4.20)c th
c vit li di dng:
I cos( IF t + ), bit 1
I S (t ) = SH
, bit 0
0
(4.28)
vi
I SH =
2e
PS PL
hf
(4.29)
xc nh nhiu ca tn hiu IF ta gi s rng cng sut tn hiu ca b dao ng ni

phi ln hn cng sut ca tn hiu vo sao cho dng nhiu tng xp x bng:
iSL2 =
2e 2PL B
hf
(4.30)
biu thc (4.30) p ng cho c bit 1 v bit 0. Gi s th hai l dng nhiu N(t) ca IF c xem
nh l nhiu bng hp:
N (t ) = x(t ) cos( IF t ) + y (t ) sin( IF t )
(4.31)
vi x(t) v y(t) l hm ca thi gian c tc thay i chm hn tn hiu IF. Gi tr bnh phng
trung bnh ca x(t) v y(t) c th c vit:
x 2 (t ) = y 2 (t ) = iSL2
(4.32)
i vi tch sng heterodyne ng b, b khuch i IF nm ngay sau mch gii iu ch

c pha c ng b vi tn hiu tham kho cos( IF t ) . Do , in p Vd(t) ng ra b tch sng
l:
Vd (t ) = k[ I S (t ) + x(t )]
(4.33)
Hm mt xc sut ca Vd(t) ca tn hiu ASK c IS(t) c biu din phng trnh

(4.28) c minh ho hnh 4.15. C th thy hm mt xc sut ny ging nh trong h thng
s IM/DD. Gi s trng hp ny, mc ngng quyt nh ti u D nm gia dng zero (trng
thi 0) v dng tn hiu nh (trng thi 1) nh sau:
ID
I SH e
=
PS PL
2
hf
(4.34)
Biu thc (4.33), l ng ra ca b tch sng quang, by gi c th xem nh l tn hiu di

nn v phn b nhiu. Do vic phn tch BER c th theo phng php nh trnh by trong
h thng IM/DD trong thng tin quang 1. V vy xc sut li P(e) ca tch sng ASK
heterodyne ng b c vit nh sau:
P ( e) =
I I
1 1
SH
D
erfc
2
2 2
2(i )
SL
0 I
1
D
erfc
+
2
2
2(iSL )
(4.35)
Th gi tr ID t phng trnh (4.34) vo (4.35) ta c:

182
Dng
ng vo
ISH
Ngng quyt
nh
D
Mt xc
sut (p)
Hnh 4.15 Hm mt xc sut ca tch sng ASK heterodyne ng b.
I /2
I /2
1 1
1
SH
SH
P ( e) =
erfc
erfc
+
2 2
2(i 2 )
2(i 2 ) 2
SL
SL
SH
erfc
2
2
2 2(i )
SL
(4.36)
Cui cng th gi tr ca ISH v iSL2 vo (4.36), v thay B bng BIF v tn hiu chng ta
ang kho st l tn hiu IF c bng thng BIF ta c:
P (e) =
2e PS PL
1
erfc
2
hf
PS
1
= erfc
4hfB
2
IF
2 2
2e 2PL BIF
=
fh
(4.37)
Gi RT l tc truyn dn ca h thng c xc sut li P(e), ta c quan h gia RT v BIF

l [1]:
RT = 2B BIF
(4.38)
Do biu thc (4.37) tr thnh:
183
P ( e) =
PS
1
erfc
4hfR
2
T
(4.39)
Biu thc ny c s dng nh gi cht lng ca h thng tch sng ASK

heterodyne ng b b gii hn bi nhiu bn (shot noise).
i vi tch sng ASK heterodyne khng ng b, xc sut li b gii hn bi nhiu bn
c xc nh di iu kin tng t nh trn, v c xc nh bi [1]:
P (e)
I2
1
exp SH2
2
8(iSL )
(4.40)
Th gi tr ca ISH v iSL2 vo (4.40), sau rt gn ta c:

P ( e)
PS
1
exp
2
4hfRT
(4.41)
Lu , ta c biu thc xp x erfc(u ) exp(u 2 ) vi iu kin u ln, nn biu thc (4.41)

c vit gn ng nh biu thc (4.39).
4.3.3
Tch sng heterodyne FSK
Xc sut li trong tch sng FSK heterodyne ng b b gii hn do nhiu bn v nhiu

lng t [1]. Hai thnh phn tn s truyn bit 1 v bit 0 gi s l 1 v 2 :
I cos(1 + ), bit 1
I S (t ) = SH
I SH cos( 2 + ), bit 0
(4.42)
vi ISH c nh ngha nh biu thc (4.29) v l mt hm theo thi gian, c trng cho nhiu
pha ca laser bn dn. Gi s b qua nh hng ca nhiu pha, tc l ch kho st tch sng ch b
gii hn bi nhiu bn.
Gi s tn hiu IS(t) thu c t hai b thu c tn s cng hng vi 1 v 2 , v in p
ng ra tng ng ca b thu 1 v 2 l V1 v V2. Ngoi ra cn gi s hai b thu s dng b chn
lc tn s l tng, tc l khng c nhiu xuyn knh gia 1 v 2 , hay ni cch khc in p
c to ra ch b nh hng bi nhiu bn. Do , hm mt xc sut ng ra ca b thu 1 l:
p1 (V ) =
(I V )2
exp SH 2 1
2(iSL )
2 (iSL2 )
(4.43)
Gi s cng sut ng ra ca b dao ng ni ln hn cng sut ca tn hiu vo sao cho

dng nhiu tng cng xp x bng iSL2 . Nhiu ng ra b thu 2 c th c vit:
p 2 (V ) =
V2
exp 22
2(iSL )
2 (i SL2 )
1
(4.44)
Li xy ra khi V2 > V1, khi xc sut li P(e) tng ng vi xc sut trong trng
hp V1 V2 < 0. T ta c kt qu [1]:
P (e) =
1
I
erfc SH
2
2 i2
SL
(4.45)
184
Th cc gi tr ISH v iSL2 vo (4.45) v bng thng B trong trng hp tch sng

heterodyne l BIF bng vi tc bit RT, ta c biu thc xc sut li nh sau:
P (e) =
PS
1
erfc
2hfR
2
T
(4.46)
So snh phng trnh (4.46) vi (4.39) ta thy rng tch sng FSK heterodyne ng b c
nhy cao hn so vi tch sng ASK heterodyne ng b 3dB. S ci thin nhy ny ca
dng iu ch FSK l do s dng hai tn s [1].
i vi tch sng FSK heterodyne khng ng b hay tch sng ng bao th xc sut
li b gii hn bi nhiu bn c xc nh theo biu thc sau:
P (e)
I2
1
exp SH2
2
4(i SL )
(4.47)
V sau khi th cc gi tr cn thit vo ta c:

P (e)
PS
1
exp
2
2hfRT
(4.48)
Kt qu ny xp x bng vi tch sng FSK heterodyne ng b.
4.3.4
Tch sng heterodyne PSK
dng iu ch ny thng tin c truyn i bng mt sng mang c hai pha khc nhau,
mt pha ng vi bit 1 v mt pha khc ng vi bit 0. S khc pha ny thng c gi tr l , v
biu thc minh ho dng iu ch ny nh sau:
I cos( IF + ),
I S (t ) = SH
I SH cos( IF + + ),
bit 1
bit 0
(4.49-a)
Hay
I cos( IF + ),
I S (t ) = SH
I SH cos( IF + ),
bit 1
bit 0
(4.49-b)
Do tn hiu IS(t) c tch sng ng b c gi tr dng i vi bit 1 v c gi tr m

I
i vi bit 0. Trong trng hp ny, ngng quyt nh ti u l ID = 0 thay v I D SH trong
2
tch sng ASK ng b. Lp lun tng t ta c biu thc tnh xc sut li nh sau [1]:
P (e) =
1
I
erfc SH
2
2
2i
SL
(4.50)
P (e) =
PS
1
erfc
hfR
2
T
(4.51)
Hay:
Nh vy c th thy rng tch sng PSK heterodyne ng b c nhy cao hn 3dB so

vi tch sng FSK heterodyne ng b v 6dB so vi tch sng ASK heterodyne ng b. Tuy
185
nhin, i vi h thng PSK, thc t ch cn s dao ng pha rt nh b pht cng c th lm

gim ng k nhy u thu. [1]
Xc sut li trong h thng tch sng DPSK heterodyne khng ng b c xc nh
nh sau:
P (e)
I2
1
exp SH2
2
2(i SL )
(4.52)
P (e)
PS
1
exp
2
hfRT
(4.53)
Hay:
4.3.5
Tch sng Homodyne ASK v PSK
Trong ba dng iu ch c bn, cc tn hiu ASK v PSK c th s gii iu ch theo kiu

tch sng homodyne. C tn s v pha ca tn hiu ng ra ca b dao ng ni c th c ng
b vi tn hiu sng mang ti b thu.
Tch sng homodyne c th gim bng thng yu cu nhng ci thin c nhy 3dB
so vi tch sng heterodyne ASK. Xc sut li ca tch sng homodyne ASK c th da trn biu
thc (4.36). Trong biu thc ny, thnh phn iSL2 gim mt na v bng thng trong tch sng
homodyne l bng thng ca tn hiu di nn bng mt na bng thng IF. Do xc sut li ca
tch sng homodyne ASK nh sau:
P (e) =
I SH
1
SH
1
erfc
=
erfc
2
2
2 2(i 2 / 2) 2
SL
2 (iSL )
(4.54)
Cn thnh phn cng sut tn hiu trong tch sng homodyne gi ging nh trong tch
sng heterodyne. Do , th cc gi tr ca ISH v iSL2 vo (4.54), ta c:
P (e) =
PS
1
erfc
2hfR
2
T
(4.55)
Trong trng hp ny, tc bit bng bng thng ca tn hiu di nn.

i vi tch sng homodyne PSK, xc sut li c th da trn biu thc (4.50) v sa i
ging nh trng hp ca tch sng homodyne ASK, ta c:
P ( e) =
1
I
erfc SH
2
i2
SL
(4.56)
V sau khi th cc gi tr ca ISH v iSL2 vo (4.56), ta c kt qu:

P (e) =
2PS
1
erfc
hfR
2
T
(4.57)
Kt qu theo phng trnh (4.57) cho thy xc sut li l thp nht v nhy b thu l
cao nht trong tt c cc c ch tch sng coherent.
186
4.3.6
Hm xc sut li
Hm li erf (error function) c nh ngha nh sau:
erf ( x) =
exp(u
(4.58)
)du
Hm li b erfc (complementary error function) c nh ngha nh sau:

erfc( x) = 1 erf ( x) =
exp(u

(4.59)
)du
Hm xc sut li c nh ngha nh sau:

Q( x) =
1
2
exp(
x
u2
)du
2
(4.60)
T (4.59) v (4.60) suy ra quan h gia Q(x) v erfc(x) nh sau:
1
x
erfc( )
2
2
(4.61)
erfc( x) = 2Q( x 2 )
(4.62)
Q( x) =
hay
Gi tr ca hm xc sut li c th xc nh di dng bng hoc th.

Trong ti liu ny xin trnh by bng ca hm Q(x).
Bng 4.1 Bng xc sut li ca hm Q(x)
Q(x)
x
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
0.00
0.5000
0.4602
0.4207
0.3821
0.3446
0.3085
0.2743
0.2420
0.2119
0.1841
0.1587
0.1357
0.1151
0.0968
0.0808
0.0668
0.0548
0.0446
0.0359
0.0287
0.0228
0.0179
0.0139
0.0107
0.0082
0.0062
0.01
0.4960
0.4562
0.4168
0.3783
0.3409
0.3050
0.2709
0.2389
0.2090
0.1814
0.1562
0.1335
0.1131
0.0951
0.0793
0.0655
0.0537
0.0436
0.0351
0.0281
0.0222
0.0174
0.0136
0.0104
0.0080
0.0060
0.02
0.4920
0.4522
0.4129
0.3745
0.3372
0.3015
0.2676
0.2358
0.2061
0.1788
0.1539
0.1314
0.1112
0.0934
0.0778
0.0643
0.0526
0.0427
0.0344
0.0274
0.0217
0.0170
0.0132
0.0102
0.0078
0.0059
0.03
0.4880
0.4483
0.4090
0.3707
0.3336
0.2981
0.2643
0.2327
0.2033
0.1762
0.1515
0.1292
0.1093
0.0918
0.0764
0.0630
0.0516
0.0418
0.0336
0.0268
0.0212
0.0166
0.0129
0.0099
0.0075
0.0057
0.04
0.4840
0.4443
0.4052
0.3669
0.3300
0.2946
0.2611
0.2296
0.2005
0.1736
0.1492
0.1271
0.1075
0.0901
0.0749
0.0618
0.0505
0.0409
0.0329
0.0262
0.0207
0.0162
0.0125
0.0096
0.0073
0.0055
0.05
0.4801
0.4404
0.4013
0.3632
0.3264
0.2912
0.2578
0.2266
0.1977
0.1711
0.1469
0.1251
0.1056
0.0885
0.0735
0.0606
0.0495
0.0401
0.0322
0.0256
0.0202
0.0158
0.0122
0.0094
0.0071
0.0054
0.06
0.4761
0.4364
0.3974
0.3594
0.3228
0.2877
0.2546
0.2236
0.1949
0.1685
0.1446
0.1230
0.1038
0.0869
0.0721
0.0594
0.0485
0.0392
0.0314
0.0250
0.0197
0.0154
0.0119
0.0091
0.0069
0.0052
0.07
0.4721
0.4325
0.3936
0.3557
0.3192
0.2843
0.2514
0.2206
0.1922
0.1660
0.1423
0.1210
0.1020
0.0853
0.0708
0.0582
0.0475
0.0384
0.0307
0.0244
0.0192
0.0150
0.0116
0.0089
0.0068
0.0051
0.08
0.4681
0.4286
0.3897
0.3520
0.3156
0.2810
0.2483
0.2177
0.1894
0.1635
0.1401
0.1190
0.1003
0.0838
0.0694
0.0571
0.0465
0.0375
0.0301
0.0239
0.0188
0.0146
0.0113
0.0087
0.0066
0.0049
0.09
0.4641
0.4247
0.3859
0.3483
0.3121
0.2776
0.2451
0.2148
0.1867
0.1611
0.1379
0.1170
0.0985
0.0823
0.0681
0.0559
0.0455
0.0367
0.0294
0.0233
0.0183
0.0143
0.0110
0.0084
0.0064
0.0048
Multifactor
187

2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
0.0047
0.0035
0.0026
0.0019
0.0013
0.9676
0.6871
0.4834
0.3369
0.2326
0.1591
0.1078
0.7235
0.4810
0.3167
0.2066
0.1335
0.8540
0.5413
0.3398
0.2112
0.1301
0.7933
0.4792
0.2867
0.1698
0.9964
0.5790
0.3332
0.1899
0.1072
0.5990
0.3316
0.1818
0.9866
0.5303
0.2823
0.1488
0.7769
0.4016
0.2056
0.1042
0.5231
0.2600
0.1280
0.6238
0.3011
0.1439
0.6809
0.3191
0.0045
0.0034
0.0025
0.0018
0.0013
0.9354
0.6637
0.4665
0.3248
0.2241
0.1531
0.1036
0.6948
0.4615
0.3036
0.1978
0.1277
0.8163
0.5169
0.3241
0.2013
0.1239
0.7547
0.4554
0.2722
0.1611
0.9442
0.5481
0.3151
0.1794
0.1012
0.5649
0.3124
0.1711
0.9276
0.4982
0.2649
0.1395
0.7276
0.3758
0.1922
0.0973
0.4880
0.2423
0.1192
0.5802
0.2798
0.1336
0.6315
0.2956
0.0044
0.0033
0.0024
0.0018
0.0013
0.9043
0.6410
0.4501
0.3131
0.2158
0.1473
0.0996
0.6673
0.4427
0.2910
0.1894
0.1222
0.7801
0.4935
0.3092
0.1919
0.1179
0.7178
0.4327
0.2584
0.1528
0.8946
0.5188
0.2980
0.1695
0.0955
0.5326
0.2942
0.1610
0.8721
0.4679
0.2486
0.1308
0.6814
0.3515
0.1796
0.0909
0.4552
0.2258
0.1109
0.5396
0.2599
0.1240
0.5856
0.2739
0.0043
0.0032
0.0023
0.0017
0.0012
0.8740
0.6190
0.4342
0.3018
0.2078
0.1417
0.0957
0.6407
0.4247
0.2789
0.1814
0.1168
0.7455
0.4712
0.2949
0.1828
0.1123
0.6827
0.4111
0.2452
0.1449
0.8476
0.4911
0.2818
0.1601
0.0901
0.5022
0.2771
0.1515
0.8198
0.4394
0.2332
0.1226
0.6380
0.3288
0.1678
0.0848
0.4246
0.2104
0.1033
0.5018
0.2415
0.1151
0.5430
0.2537
0.0041
0.0031
0.0023
0.0016
0.0012
0.8447
0.5976
0.4189
0.2909
0.2001
0.1363
0.0920
0.6152
0.4074
0.2673
0.1737
0.1118
0.7124
0.4498
0.2813
0.1742
0.1069
0.6492
0.3906
0.2328
0.1374
0.8029
0.4647
0.2664
0.1512
0.0850
0.4734
0.2610
0.1425
0.7706
0.4126
0.2188
0.1149
0.5974
0.3076
0.1568
0.0792
0.3960
0.1960
0.0961
0.4667
0.2243
0.1068
0.5034
0.2350
0.0040
0.0030
0.0022
0.0016
0.0011
0.8164
0.5770
0.4041
0.2803
0.1926
0.1311
0.0884
0.5906
0.3908
0.2561
0.1662
0.1069
0.6807
0.4294
0.2682
0.1660
0.1017
0.6173
0.3711
0.2209
0.1302
0.7605
0.4398
0.2518
0.1428
0.0802
0.4462
0.2458
0.1341
0.7242
0.3874
0.2052
0.1077
0.5593
0.2877
0.1465
0.0739
0.3692
0.1826
0.0895
0.4339
0.2084
0.0991
0.4667
0.2176
0.0039
0.0029
0.0021
0.0015
0.0011
0.7888
0.5571
0.3897
0.2701
0.1854
0.1261
0.0850
0.5669
0.3747
0.2454
0.1591
0.1022
0.6503
0.4098
0.2558
0.1581
0.0968
0.5869
0.3525
0.2096
0.1235
0.7203
0.4161
0.2381
0.1349
0.0757
0.4206
0.2314
0.1261
0.6806
0.3637
0.1925
0.1009
0.5235
0.2690
0.1369
0.0690
0.3443
0.1701
0.0833
0.4034
0.1935
0.0920
0.4326
0.2015
0.0038
0.0028
0.0021
0.0015
0.0011
0.7622
0.5377
0.3758
0.2602
0.1785
0.1213
0.0816
0.5442
0.3594
0.2351
0.1523
0.0977
0.6212
0.3911
0.2439
0.1506
0.0921
0.5580
0.3348
0.1989
0.1170
0.6821
0.3937
0.2250
0.1274
0.0714
0.3964
0.2179
0.1186
0.6396
0.3414
0.1805
0.0945
0.4900
0.2516
0.1279
0.0644
0.3210
0.1585
0.0775
0.3750
0.1797
0.0853
0.4010
0.1866
0.0037
0.0027
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
0.7364
0.5190
0.3624
0.2507
0.1718
0.1166
0.0784
0.5223
0.3446
0.2252
0.1458
0.0934
0.5934
0.3732
0.2325
0.1434
0.0876
0.5304
0.3179
0.1887
0.1109
0.6459
0.3724
0.2127
0.1203
0.0673
0.3735
0.2051
0.1116
0.6009
0.3205
0.1693
0.0885
0.4586
0.2352
0.1195
0.0601
0.2993
0.1476
0.0721
0.3486
0.1669
0.0791
0.3716
0.1728
0.0036
0.0026
0.0019
0.0014
0.0010
0.7114
0.5009
0.3495
0.2415
0.1653
0.1121
0.0753
0.5012
0.3304
0.2157
0.1395
0.0893
0.5668
0.3561
0.2216
0.1366
0.0834
0.5042
0.3019
0.1790
0.1051
0.6116
0.3523
0.2010
0.1135
0.0635
0.3519
0.1931
0.1049
0.5646
0.3008
0.1587
0.0829
0.4292
0.2199
0.1116
0.0561
0.2790
0.1374
0.0671
0.3240
0.1550
0.0734
0.3444
0.1600
*1.0e-03
*1.0e-03
*1.0e-03
*1.0e-03
*1.0e-03
*1.0e-03
*1.0e-03
*1.0e-04
*1.0e-04
*1.0e-04
*1.0e-04
*1.0e-04
*1.0e-05
*1.0e-05
*1.0e-05
*1.0e-05
*1.0e-05
*1.0e-06
*1.0e-06
*1.0e-06
*1.0e-06
*1.0e-07
*1.0e-07
*1.0e-07
*1.0e-07
*1.0e-07
*1.0e-08
*1.0e-08
*1.0e-08
*1.0e-09
*1.0e-09
*1.0e-09
*1.0e-09
*1.0e-10
*1.0e-10
*1.0e-10
*1.0e-10
*1.0e-11
*1.0e-11
*1.0e-11
*1.0e-12
*1.0e-12
*1.0e-12
*1.0e-13
*1.0e-13
Di y a ra mt s v d gip hiu c cch s dng bng 4.1:

V d 4.2:
Hy xc nh x BER = 10-9.
Gii:
188
BER = 10-9 tc l Q(x) = 10-9. Ta tm trong bng 4.1 xem no c gi tr gn bng 1

ng vi dng c h s (Multi-factor) bng 1.0e-9 hoc no c gi tr gn bng 0,1 ng vi dng
c h s bng 1.0e-8 v Q(x) = 10-9 = 110-9 = 0,110-8.
Tra bng ta thy tng ng vi x = 6.0 + 0.00.
Vy x = 6.
Ta xt mt v d na.
V d 4.3:
Hy xc nh x BER = 10-12.
Gii:
BER = 10-12 tc l Q(x) = 10-12. Ta tm trong bng 4.1 xem no c gi tr gn bng 1

ng vi dng c h s (Multi-factor) bng 1.0e-12 hoc no c gi tr gn bng 0,1 ng vi
dng c h s bng 1.0e-8 v Q(x) = 10-9 = 110-9 = 0,110-11.
Tra bng ta thy tng ng vi x = 7.3 + 0.05.
Vy x = 7,35.
Lu l chn no c sai s l nh nht, tc l sai lch gia Q(x) bit vi gi tr
mnh chn l nh nht.
Ngc li, khi c x chng ta c th xc nh BER.
V d 4.4:
Hy xc nh Q(x) nu x =5.
Gii:
Theo bi:
x = 5 tc l x = 5.0 + 0.00
T bng 4.1, ta xc nh giao gia hng x = 5.0 v ct x = 0.00 v kt qu c c l
Q(5) = 0,286710-6 (v dng ny c h s (Multi-factor) l 1.0e-6)
4.3.7
So snh nhy ca cc h thng coherent
Bng 4.2 s tng kt xc sut li cc c ch tch sng ca cc dng iu ch tn hiu.

Ngoi ra cng so snh cc phong php tch sng coherent vi b thu tch sng trc tip
chng ta c ci nhn tng quan v cc phng php iu ch v tch sng. Trong bng 4.2, c a
kt qu v d v s photon trung bnh / bit cn thit duy tr BER = 10-9 v gi s photodiode l
l tng, tc l kt qu c c vi = 1. Ring vi iu ch ASK, s photon trung bnh phi
tnh trn chu k ca hai bit v bit 0 khng c nh sng truyn. Do s photon trn bit 1 phi
tng gp i c c BER = 10-9. Tuy nhin iu ny khng xy ra i vi dng iu ch FSK
v PSK.
S photon trung bnh /bit trong bng 4.2 c xc nh t cng thc xc sut li tng
ng mt gi tr BER cho trc. Tuy nhin, chng ta cng phi nh ngha s photon trn mt bit
189
n b thu. Nu gi NP l s photon n b thu trong khong thi gian mt bit th chng ta c

biu thc sau:
PS
hfRT
NP =
(4.63)
Trong PS l cng sut quang n photodiode; RT l tc bit hot ng ca h thng.

Hn na tin li ta c th biu din cc biu thc (4.26) v (4.27) theo i lng NP,
trong RT = 2B = BIF:
PS
S
=
= N P

N Heterodyne hfRT
(4.64)
PS
S
=
= 2N P

N hom odyne hf ( RT / 2)
(4.65)
Bng 4.2 Bng so snh nhy ca cc b thu quang[1]
B thu
iu ch
ASK
Heterodyne
Tch sng
Homodyne
N P
1
erfc
2
2
S photon trung
18
bnh/bit
FSK
S photon trung
bnh/bit
PSK
1
erfc 2N P
2
S photon trung 9
bnh/bit
Tch sng trc

tip
Tch sng ng
b
Tch sng khng

ng b
N P
1
erfc
2
4
1
N P
exp
2
4
1
exp( N P )
2
36
40
10.4
N P
1
erfc
2
2
1
N P
exp
2
2
36
40
1
erfc N P
2
18
DPSK
1
exp( N P )
2
20
V d di y minh ho cch tnh s photon trung bnh /bit ca cc phng php tch
sng khc nhau.
V d 4.5:
Hy tnh s photon thu c trn mt bit duy tr BER = 10-9 trong cc trng hp sau:
a) Tch sng heterodyne ng b ASK.
190
b) Tch sng heterodyne khng ng b ASK.

c) Tch sng homodyne PSK.
Gi s cc b thu nh phn u l tng
Gii:
a) i vi tch sng heterodyne ng b ASK, ta c xc sut li c tnh nh sau:

P (e) =
N P
1
erfc
2
4
hay
P ( e) = Q (
N P
2
Theo bi P(e) = 10-9, tra bng 4.1 ta c

Gi s b thu l tng, nn =1 v suy ra
N P
2
=6
NP
= 36 hay NP = 72.
2
Tuy nhin, vi iu ch ASK 72 ht photon ny l tnh trn chu k hai bit. Gi s

s photon bng trn hai (bit 1 v bit 0), t suy ra s photon trung bnh trn bit l 36.
b) i vi tch sng heterodyne khng ng b ASK, ta c xc sut li c tnh nh sau
P (e) =
1
N P
exp
2
4
N
Theo bi P(e) = 10-9, suy ra exp P = 2.10 9 (=1)
4
Do :
NP
20 v NP = 80
4
T suy ra s photon trung bnh trn bit trong trng hp ny l 40

c)
i vi tch sng homodyne PSK xc sut li c tnh nh sau:

Theo yu cu P(e) = 10-9 v = 1 suy ra
Tra bng ta c :
1
erfc 2 N P = Q( 4 N P ) = 10 9
2
4N P = 6
NP = 36/4 = 9
Suy ra:
T bng 4.2 trn, chng ta rt ra cng thc tng qut xc nh xc sut li ca tch sng
heterodyne ng b v homodyne nh sau:
P (e) =
KZN P
1
erfc
2
4
(4.68)
vi K l hng s, K = 1 i vi tch sng heterodyne ng b v K = 2 i vi tch sng

homodyne. Hng s Z xc nh kiu iu ch: vi ASK th Z = 1, vi FSK th Z = 2, vi PSK th
Z = 4.
191
V d 4.6:
Hy xc nh mc cng sut quang ng vo ti thiu tch tn hiu FSK 400Mbit/s

BER = 10-9 s dng b thu heterodyne ng b l tng hot ng bc sng 1,55m.
Gii:
i vi tch sng heterodyne ng b FSK, p dng biu thc (4.68) vi K = 1,

Z= 2. Do
10 9 =
NP
1
= Q( N P )
erfc
2
2
Tra bng 4.1, suy ra:
N P = 6 . T ta tnh c : Np = 36.
T cng thc (4.63), ta c:

PS = N P .hfRT =
N P hCRT
(4.69)
Th s vo (4.69) ta c kt qu:
PS =
36.6,626.10 34.3.10 8.400.10 6

= 1,8nW
1,55.10 6
Hay
PS = -57,4dBm.
Nh vy mc cng sut nh ti thiu cn thit duy tr BER = 10-9 l 57,4dBm.
Hnh 4.16 trnh by biu quan h nhy ca cc dng iu ch v tch sng khc
nhau. Theo hnh 4.16, ta thy tch sng coherent heterodyne ng b ASK ci thin nhy t 10
25 dB so vi tch sng trc tip, trong khi bng 4.2 s ci thin ny khong 6dB. Thc t,
tch sng trc tip cn s photon trung bnh trn bit n b thu khong 400 n 4000 duy tr
BER = 10-9 [1].
IM/DD
10 25 dB
ASK heterodyne
3 dB
ASK homodyne
3 dB
FSK heterodyne
3 dB
PSK heterodyne
3 dB
PSK homodyne
192
Hnh 4.16 S so snh nhy ca cc kiu tch sng [1].

V d 4.7:
Hy tnh khong cch trm lp ln nht duy tr BER = 10-9 trong h thng thng tin
quang coherent hot ng bc sng 1,55m khi suy hao trung bnh ca tuyn cp l 0,2dB/Km
(bao gm c suy hao ca si, suy hao mi hn v khp ni), cng sut quang phng vo si l
2,5mW, v tc truyn dn ln lt l 50Mbit/s v 1Gbit/s trong hai trng hp sau:
a) B thu s dng tch sng heterodyne ng b ASK.
b) B thu s dng tch sng homodyne PSK.
Gi s b thu l l tng.
Gii:
a) B thu s dng tch sng heterodyne ng b ASK:

Theo v d 4.5, ta c NP = 36 (s photon trung bnh/bit).
Nu h thng hot ng tc 50Mbit/s, th s vo biu thc (4.69) ta c:
PS =
36.6,626.10 34.3.10 8.50.10 6

= 0,23nW hay PS = -66,4dBm.
1,55.10 6
Qu cng sut cc i ca h thng:

AM = 4 dBm (-66,4) dBm = 70,4 dB
Suy ra chiu di cc i ca trm lp:
Lmax = 70,4/0,2 = 352 Km
Nu h thng hot ng tc 1Gbit/s, th s vo biu thc (4.69) ta c:
PS =
36.6,626.10 34.3.10 8.1.10 9

= 4,6nW hay PS = -53,4dBm.
1,55.10 6

AM = 4 dBm (-53.4) dBm = 57,4 dB
Lmax = 57,4/0,2 = 287 Km
b) B thu s dng tch sng homodyne PSK:
Theo v d 4.5 ta c NP = 9.
Nu h thng hot ng tc 50Mbit/s th ta suy ra c:
PS =
9.6,626.10 34.3.10 8.50.10 6

= 58 pW hay PS = -72,4dBm
1,55.10 6

AM = 4 dBm (-72.4) dBm = 76,4 dB
Lmax = 76,4/0,2 = 382 Km
Nu h thng hot ng tc 1Gbit/s:
193
9.6,626.10 34.3.10 8.1.10 9

PS =
= 1,15nW hay PS = -59,4dBm
1,55.10 6

AM = 4 dBm (-59.4) dBm = 63,4 dB
Lmax = 63,4/0,2 = 317 Km
4.4
CC YU T NH HNG N NHY MY THU
Phn trc chng ta phn tch nhy v BER ca my thu trong iu kin gi s my
thu l l tng v nhy xem nh ch b gii hn bi nhiu bn. Tuy nhin, thc t c rt nhiu
yu t vt l ko nhy my thu coherent gim xung nh nhiu pha gia chng, nhiu cng
, s khng ph hp v phn cc ca mode sng, v tn sc trong si quang.
4.4.1 Nhiu pha

Yu t quan trng lm gim nhy thu trong h thng thng tin quang coherent l
nhiu pha. Nhiu pha c lin quan n b pht quang v b dao ng ni. T biu thc (4.11) v
(4.12) ta thy, s thng ging v pha gia tn hiu ti v tn hiu dao ng ni s dn n s
thay i v dng ng ra ca b tch sng, iu ny th hin bn cht kt hp ca qu trnh tch
sng quang, t lm gim t s SNR ca tn hiu. C pha ca tn hiu ti S v pha pha ca b
dao ng ni L nn c gi n nh trnh suy gim nhy. Khong thi gian m trong
pha ca laser c gi tng i n nh c gi l thi gian kt hp.
Gi S l rng ph ca laser ca b pht, L l rng ph ca laser ca b dao ng ni,
v RT l tc bit ca h thng th t s rng ph-tc bit c nh ngha nh sau:
T s rng ph-tc bit =
RT
(4.70)
vi
= S + L
(4.71)
c gi l rng ph IF.
i lng t s rng ph-tc bit c s dng c trng cho s nh hng ca
nhiu pha n c tnh ca h thng thng tin quang coherent. Gi tr cho php ca /RT thng
c xc nh sao cho s mt mt cng sut khng c vt qu 1dB, iu ny ph thc vo
dng iu ch v k thut tch sng c s dng. Gi tr in hnh ca /RT l nh hn 5.10-4.
[2]
Cc yu cu v rng ph s c ni lng ng k i vi cc b tu s dng tch sng
heterodyne, c bit l i vi dng tch sng heterodyne khng ng b ASK v FSK. i vi
b thu heterodyne ng b th cn c /RT < 5.10-3. i vi cc b thu s dng tch sng ng
bao th /RT c th ln hn 0,1 v n b qua thng tin v pha. Dng iu ch DPSK yu cu
rng ph hp hn, l do thng tin c cha trong s sai pha gia hai bit k cn, v pha
c gi khng i trong sut khong thi gian hai bit. Mt s kt qu tnh ton cho rng /RT
nn nh hn 1% cng sut mt mt nh hn 1dB. [2]
194
Vic tht k cc h thng thng tin quang coherent i hi cn phi c cc laser bn dn

n mode dc c rng ph hp v bc sng c th iu chnh c phi hp tn s sng
mang S vi tn s ca b dao ng ni L sao cho to ra tn hiu IF c tn s ng nh yu cu.
Mt phng php khc gii quyt vn nhiu pha l thit k cc thit b thu c bit gi
l my thu phn tp pha [2]. K thut ny thch hp cho dng iu ch ASK, FSK v DPSK.
4.4.2 Nhiu cng

Nhiu cng thng c b qua i vi tch sng trc tip nhng trong b thu quang
coherent th khng b qua c. [2]
Mt gii php cho vn nhiu cng l dng cc b thu cn bng, cc b thu ny c
hai cng vi hai b tch sng quang. S b thu cn bng c minh ho hnh 4. 17.
B tch sng
Tn hiu vo
Coupler
22
X l tn
hiu
Tn hiu ra
B tch sng
B dao
ng ni
Hnh 4.17 B thu coherent cn bng hai ca [2].
Coupler 22 l loi coupler 3dB, n trn hai tn hiu: eS(t) l tn hiu vo v eL(t) l tn
hiu ca b dao ng ni. Sau coupler ny chia i tn hiu va trn v dn hai tn hiu ny
qua hai b tch sng khc nhau ,v to ra hai dng photon Ip(+) v Ip(-) trn hai nhnh tng ng:
vi R =
I p (+) =
1
R ( PS + PL ) + R PS PL cos( IF t + )
2
(4.72)
I p ( ) =
1
R( PS + PL ) R PS PL cos( IF t + )
2
(4.73)
e
hf
l p ng ca photodiode trong b tch sng.
Hai dng in ny khi tr nhau s to ra tn hiu heterodyne, thnh phn mt chiu b loi
b hon ton khi hai nhnh cn bng nhau. iu ny xy ra i vi coupler 3dB hon ho vi t s
phn chia ng 50%. iu quan trng y l nhiu cng i km vi s hng mt chiu cng
c loi b trong qu trnh tr hai dng in cho nhau. Nguyn nhn l b dao ng ni cung
cp cng sut cho mi nhnh l nh nhau, do thng ging cng ca cc dng photon
Ip(+) v Ip(-) ca hai nhnh s kh ln nhau khi tr hai tn hiu ny. Tuy nhin, i lng dng ac
l khng kh c cho d l trong mt my thu cn bng, nhng tc ng ca chng nh hng t
nghim trng n c tnh ca h thng v c s ph thuc cn bc hai ca cng sut b dao ng
ni.
B thu cn bng c s dng trong h thng thng tin quang coherent v n c hai u
im sau:
195
4.4.3
Nhiu cng gn nh c loi b.
Tt c cng sut ca tn hiu ti v ca b dao ng ni c s dng mt cch c

hiu qu. Tt c cc b thu cn bng u s dng ton b cng sut ca tn hiu v
trnh c s mt mt ny. ng thi b thu cn bng cng s dng ht cng sut ca
b dao ng ni nn d dng cho h thng hot ng trong gii hn ca nhiu lng
t.
Khng tng xng v phn cc
Trng thi phn cc ca tn hiu thu c khng ng mt vai tr no trong cc b thu

tch sng trc tip n gin v dng photon c tao ra ch ph thuc vo s lng photon ti.
Nhng i vi cc b thu quang coherent li i hi s tng xng v trng thi phn cc ca tn
hiu t b dao ni vi tn hiu thu c. [2].
Phng php thng dng nht c s dng gii quyt vn phn cc l dng my
thu hai cng tng t nh hnh 4.12 nhng khc ch hai nhnh s x l cc thnh phn phn
cc trc giao nhau. Cc thu nh vy c gi l my thu phn tp phn cc [2].
4.4.4 Tn sc trong si quang

Trong h th ng IM/DD, tan sc nh hng n tc bit hot ng ca h thng, c bit
l trong h thng tc cao. Tn sc trong si quang cn nh hng n cc c tnh ca h
thng thng tin quang coherent, mc d khng nghim trng so vi h thng IM/DD. L do l h
thng coherent cn phi s dng cc laser bn dn hot ng ch n mode dc vi rng
ph hp. Hin tng chirp tn s c th trnh bng cch s dng cc b iu ch ngoi, hn na
c th b tn sc ca si quang thng qua k thut cn bng in trong min IF.
4.4.5
Cc yu t hn ch khc
C rt nhiu yu t c th lm gim c tnh h thng thng tin quang coherent v cn

c xem xt n trong sut qu trnh thit k h thng. Hi tip phn x l mt trong nhng yu
t nh vy. Bt k s hi tip no trong my pht laser v b dao ng ni u phi trnh, v n
c th l laser bn dn c ph rng ra hoc lm vic ch a mode. Nh vy cc b Isolator
quang cn c s dng gim hi tip quang trong cc laser bn dn.
C rt nhiu s phn x gia hai b mt phn x dc theo cp si quang c th bin nhiu
pha thnh nhiu cng v nh hng n n c tnh ca h thng quang coherent. S chuyn
i nh vy thm ch c th xy ra trong my thu, ni thng c mt on si quang ngn dng
ni b dao ng ni n cc thnh phn khc ca my thu, chng hn nh coupler quang.
Cc hiu ng phi tuyn trong si quang cng c th lm hn ch cc h thng coherent,
tu thuc vo mc cng sut pht a vo trong si quang. Tn x Raman kch thch SRS khng
phi l mt yu t hn ch i vi cc h thng kt hp n knh v ngng phi tuyn ca pht x
ny rt cao (khong 500mW [4]) nhng li rt quan trng i vi h thng coherent nhiu knh.
Mt khc, tn x Brillouin kch thch SBS c mc ngng thp hn v c th nh hng n cc
h thng coherent n knh. Ngng SBS ph thuc c vo dng iu ch v tc bit. Cn hiu
ng trn bn sng FWM l yu t gii hn ch i vi h thng nhiu knh quang.
4.5
NHNG U DIM CA H THNG THONG TIN QUANG

COHERENT
196
4.5.1 Nng cao nhy thu
nhy tu quang (dBm)
V mt l thuyt, h thng thng tin quang coherent c nhiu c dim hp dn m mu

cht l s ci thin nhy thu. Do nu h thng quang coherent s dng phng php tch
sng heterodyne hay homodyne s cho php ko di khong cch gia hai trm lp, tng tc
truyn dn trong cc tuyn thng tin ng trc v tng s knh trong trong mng ni ht hoc
thu bao.
-40
Thu trc tip
-60
Thu Coherent
Tc truyn (Gbit/s)
-80
0,1
10
Hnh 4.18 S ph thuc nhy vo tc bit truyn. [8]
4.5.2
Nng cao kh nng truyn dn
Khong cch lp (Km)
Vi phng php ghp knh theo tn s, cc h thng thng tin quang coherent c dung lng
truyn dn rt ln. V d, nu trong vng bc sng hot ng 1550nm chn rng ph
truyn th trong vng ny c th truyn khong 109 knh thoi tng ng.
400
Thu Coherent
300
200
Thu trc tip

100
Tc truyn (Gbit/s)
0,01
0,1
10
Hnh 4.19 Khong cch trm lp ph thuc vo tc truyn [8]
4.5.3
Kh nng kt hp thu coherent vi k thut khuch i quang

197
S kt hp gia thu coherent v k thut khuch i quang c th to nn cc tuyn thng

tin s c dung lng truyn dn rt ln v ko di khong cch trm lp (c th t ti 10.000
Km). Kh nng ny c ng dng trong cc tuyn ng trc v tuyn cp quang th bin. [8]
TM TT
Trong h thng thng tin quang Coherent, chng ta c th p dng cc k thut iu ch
s quen thuc nh ASK, FSK, PSK. Trong thng tin quang coherent thng s dng cc tn hiu
nh phn nn cc k thut iu ch kho dch tn s v kho dch pha s l BFSK v BPSK. Ty
thuc vo b dao ng ni to ra tn hiu quang c tn s nh th no m chng ta c cc k thut
tch sng khc nhau. Nu tn s nh sng pht ra t b dao ng ni L bng vi tn s tn hiu
quang ti S th chng ta c k thut tch sng Homodyne v tn hiu sau b tch sng quang l
tn hiu di nn. Cn nu tn s nh sng pht ra t b dao ng ni L khc vi tn s tn hiu
quang ti S th chng ta c k thut tch sng Heterodyne v tn hiu thu c sau b tch sng
quang l tn hiu IF. khi phc c tn hiu di nn t tn hiu IF ny, chng ta phi thc
hin thm mt bc na l gii iu ch, v cc k thut gii iu ch in c th p dng
y.
K thut tch sng Homodyne c th p dng kiu tch sng ng bao v p dng cho
dng tn hiu ASK v BPSK. Vi k thut tch sng Heterodyne, chng ta c th s dng kiu
tch sng Heterodyne ng b v Heterodyne khng ng b. Kiu tch sng Heterodyne ng
b c th p dng cho dng tn hiu ASK, FSK v BPSK. Cn kiu tch sng Heterodyne khng
ng b c th p dng ln dng tn hiu iuch ASK, FSK v DPSK. Mi kiu tch sng khc
nhau s cho chng ta cht lng h thng khc nhau, v chng ta c th nh gi cht lng h
thng thng qua xc sut li P(e) vi mi kiu tch sng nh sau:
P (e) =
PS
1
erfc
4hfR
2
T
(Heterodyne ASK ng b)
P (e)
PS
1
exp
2
4hfRT
(Heterodyne ASK khng ng b)
P (e) =
PS
1
erfc
2hfR
2
T
(Heterodyne FSK ng b)
P (e)
PS
1
exp
2
2hfRT
(Heterodyne FSK khng ng b)
P (e) =
PS
1
erfc
hfR
2
T
(Heterodyne BPSK ng b)
P (e)
PS
1
exp
2
hfRT
(Heterodyne DPSK khng ng b)
P (e) =
PS
1
erfc
2hfR
2
T
(Homodyne ASK)
198
P (e) =
2PS
1
erfc
hfR
2
T
(Homodyne BPSK)
T s tn hiu trn nhiu ca h thng tch sng quang Coherent cng c xc nh nh

sau:
PS
S
=

N Heterodyne hfRT
2PS
S
=

N hom odyne hfRT
Do thng qua yu cu v cht lng ca h thng, chng ta cng c th xc nh c

SNR ti thiu cn thit ca b thu ng vi mi kiu tch sng.
Nh vy k thut tch sng quang coherent c th ci thin nhy my thu so vi k
thut sng quang trc tip. Tuy nhin c th a k thut ny vo h thng vin thng thc t
th cn gp nhng kh khn nht nh nh phi c c ngun quang pht ra tn hiu c n
nh tn s v pha tt. Nh chng ta kho st c tnh ca laser trong thng tin quang 1, khi
hot ng nhit ca linh kin s c khung hng tng ln, iu ny lm cho tn s pht ra tng
ln v rng ph ca laser cng rng ra. Mc khc, khi thay i dng kch ca laser s lm pha
ca tn hiu pht ra s dao ng. l nhng tr ngi v mt k thut lm cho h thng thng tin
quang coherent tuy c nhng u im ng k nhng khng pht trin mnh c k t khi n ra
i. Hin nay, tng c ly chng ta c th thc c mt cch d dng nh vo k thut khuch
i quang. Trong tng lai, k thut thng tin quang s tip tc c nghin cu ng dng c
th tn dng c nhng u im ca n.
CU HI N TP V BI TP
4.1.
Yu cu n nh tn s ca laser dao ng ni trong h thng tch sng heterodyne

ASK l 10MHz. Khi laser pht ra tn s trung tm ng vi bc sng l 1,55m v s
thay i tn s ng ra theo nhit l 14GHz/C, hy xc nh:
a) n nh cn thit cho thit b.
b) S thay i nhit ln nht c th cho php ca thit b khi khng c dng iu
khin tn s no.
c) Bng thng truyn dn ln nht cho php theo n nh ca laser.
4.2.
Hy phn tch ti sao my thu coherent c nhy cao hn my thu tch sng trc tip?
4.3.
Hy cho bit cc kiu tch sng coherent.
4.4.
B thu OOK c bng thng 250MHz v s dng photodiode c p ng 0,6A/W bc

sng hot ng. Thit b ny b gii hn bi nhiu bn v t s SNR cn thit b thu
c c BER chp nhn c l 11dB. Hy tnh nhy ca b thu v dng photon nhn
199
c khi cng sut ng ra ca laser dao ng ni l -3dBm v lch pha gia tn hiu
dao ng ni v tn hiu ti b thu l 12.
4.5.
Cng sut tn hiu ti b thu quang heterodyne ASK ang hot ng gii hn nhiu bn
l 1,28nW v SNR l 9dB. Hy xc nh bc sng truyn dn ca h thng ASK nu
hiu sut lng t ca photodiode l 75% bc sng ny v bng thng truyn dn l
400MHz.
4.6.
Hy cho bit chc nng cc khi trong s hnh 4.9-a.
4.7.
c th tch sng heterodyne ASK khng ng b rng ph ca tn hiu v ca b

dao ng ni phi nh hn 50% tc bit truyn. Hy xc nh rng ph cc i cho
php (theo nm) ca ngun ASK trong cc trng hp sau:
a) ngun ASK pht x bc sng 1,30m v tc truyn dn l 140Mbit/s.
b) ngun ASK pht x bc sng 1,55m v tc truyn dn l 2,4Gbit/s.
4.8.
H thng thng tin quang coherent PSK s dng k thut tch sng heterodyne ng b
i hi mc cng sut quang vo ti thiu l 58,2dBm c th thu vi BER = 10-9. H
thng hot ng tc truyn l 600Mbit/s v hiu sut lng t ca photodiode l
80%. Gi s b thu hot ng gii hn bi nhiu bn, hy xc nh bc sng hot ng
ca h thng.
4.9.
Hy chng minh rng t c BER = 10-9:

a) H thng homodyne ASK l tng cn s photon trung bnh/bit l 18.
b) Tch sng heterodyne FSK khng ng b i hi s photon trung bnh/bit l 40.
4.10.
Hy xc nh mc cng sut quang nh ti thiu c th tch sng c cho c hai h

thng bi tp 4.6 khi bc sng truyn l 1,31m v tc hot ng ca h thng l
100Mbit/s. [12.14]
4.11.
H thng coherent DPSK hot ng bc sng 1,54m s dng photodiode c hiu sut
lng t l 83%. Ch tiu gii hn bi nhiu bn BER = 0,94.10-12 t c b thu
quang coherent vimc cng sut ti thiu l 2,1nW. Hy tnh s photon trung bnh/bit v
tc hot ng ca h thng duy tr c BER trn.
4.12.
H thng thng tin quang coherent OOK s dng tch sng heterodyne khng ng b c
bc sng truyn l 1,55m. Hy xc nh s photon cn thit cho mt bit c c
BER = 10-10 khi tch sng b gii hn bi nhiu bn v p ng ca photodiode bc
sng hot ng l 0,7.
4.13.
H thng thng tin quang coherent FSK s dng tch sng heterodyne ng b c bc
sng truyn l 1,3m vi suy hao trung bnh ca tuyn cp l 0,4dB/Km ( bao gm suy
hao ca si, mi hn v khp ni). Nu 2mW cng sut phng vo si quang v gi s
photodiode l l tng, hy xc nh khong cch cc i ca trm lp duy tr BER =
10-9 cc tc :
a) 140Mbit/s;
b) 2,4Gbit/s
200
4.14.
H thng thng tin quang coherent DPSK hot ng bc sng 1,55m v tc truyn
l 250Mbit/s c khong cch trm lp 300Km. Hy tnh hiu sut lng t ti thiu cn
thit ca photodiode h thng c th hot ng vi BER = 10-10, gi s tch sng b
gii hn bi nhiu bn v suy hao trung bnh ca tuyn cp bc sng hot ng l
0,2dB/Km.
4.15.
Hy lp bng tm tt cc u im v nhc im ca cc k thut tch sng s dng trong

my thu quang coherent.
CU HI TRC NGHIM
4.16.
4.17.
Kiu tch sng no khng quan tm n pha v tn tn s ca sng mang?

a. Tch sng homodyne ASK.
b. Tch sng heterodyne ASK ng b.
c. Tch sng trc tip
d. Tch sng DPSK.
Kiu tch sng no m u thu cn to ra sng mang cng tn s vi tn hiu vo?

a. Tch sng trc tip
b. Tch sng homodyne
c. Tch sng heterodyne

4.18.
4.19.
4.20.
4.21.
4.22.
4.23.
Kiu iu ch no m cc bit tin c cha ng trong bin ca tn hiu iu ch?

a. iu ch ASK.
b. iu ch FSK
c. iu ch PSK
d. iu ch PolSK
Kiu iu ch no m cc bit tin c cha ng trong pha ca tn hiu iu ch?

a. iu ch ASK.
b. iu ch FSK
c. iu ch PSK
d. iu ch PolSK
nhy ca b thu heterodyne PSK ng b tt hn b thu homodyne ASK bao nhiu

dB?
a. 3dB
b. 6dB
c. 9dB
d. 12dB
Kiu tch sng no cho nhy cao hn?

a. Tch sng homodyne ASK.
b. Tch sng heterodyne ASK ng b.
c. Tch sng trc tip.
d. Tch sng PSK ng b.
Trong cc k thut tch sng coherent, kiu no cho my thu c nhy cao nht?
a. Tch sng homodyne PSK.
b. Tch sng. homodyne ASK
c. Tch sng trc tip.
d. Tch sng PSK ng b.
Kiu tch sng yu cu bng thng b thu hp hn?

a. Tch sng heterodyne PSK ng b.
b. Tch sng heterodyne DPSK khng ng

b.
c. Tch sng homodyne PSK.
d. Tch sng heterodyne FSK ng b

201
4.24.
4.25.
4.26.
4.27.
4.28.
4.29.
4.30.
4.31.
4.32.
Nu Q(x) = 10-9 th x bng bao nhiu?

a. 7,35.
b. 6,08
c. 5,95
d. 4,68

a. 6,36
b. 6,07
c. 7,04
d. 5,66

a. 5,08
b. 6,16
c. 7,22
d. 6,71

a. 6,55
b. 6,87
c. 7,25
d. 7,04
Nhiu no nh hng nh k n cht lng ca h thng thng tin quang coherent?

a. Nhiu nhit.
b. Nhiu trng.
c. Nhiu bn.
d. Nhiu dng ti.
Khi cng sut pht ca laser khng n nh s gy nn nhiu g cho h thng quang
coherent?
a. Nhiu pha.
b. Nhiu cng .
c. Nhiu bn.
d. Nhiu dng ti.
Chng ta c th p dng kiu b tn sc nh sng thng qua k thut cn bng in trong

min IF vi kiu tch sng no?
a. Tch sng Homodyne ASK.
b. Tch sng Homodyne PSK.
c. Tch sng Heterodyne.
d. Tch sng Homodyne.
H thng thng tin quang coherent s dng kiu tch sng no s c c ly thng tin di
hn, gi s cng sut pht v suy hao trung bnh si quang nh nhau?
a. Tch sng Homodyne ASK.
b. Tch sng Homodyne PSK.
c. Tch sng heterodyne FSK ng b.
d. Tch sng trc tip.
Yu cu ca laser s dng trong h thng thng tin quang Coherent l g?

a. Pht ra cng sut ln.
b. To ra tn hiu c ph rng.
c. Hot ng ch n mode dc.
d. Pht ta tn s c th iu chnh c.
202
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]
J. M. Senior. Optical Fiber Communications: Principles and Practice. Second edition,

Prentice Hall, 1993.
[2]
G. Keiser. Optical Fiber Communications . Third edition, McGraw-Hill, 2000.
[3]
J. Gowar. Optical Communication Systems. Second edition, Prentice-Hall, 1993.
[4]
G. P. Agrawal. Fiber-Optic Communication Systems. Second edition, John Wiley &

Sons, 1997.
[5]
Silvello Betti, Giancarlo De Marchis, Eugenio

Communications Systems . John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1995.
[6]
Max Ming Kang Liu. Principles and Applications of Optical Communications, 2001.
[7]
Gerard Lachs. Fiber Optic Communications Systems, Analysis, and Enhancements.

McGraw-Hill, 1998.
[8]
V Vn San. H thng Thng Tin Quang, tp 1. Nh xut bn Bu in, 7-2003.
[9]
John G. Proakis. Digital Communications. Third edition, McGrawHill, 1995.
[10]
Herbert Taub, Donald L. Schilling. Principles of Communications Systems. McGrawHill, 1986.
[11]
Fuqin Xiong. Digital Modulation Techniques. Artech HouseBostonLondon.2000
Iannoe.
Coherent
Optical
203
p n cc cu hi
P N V GI TR LI MT S CU HI N TP V BI TP
CHNG 1
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
PthSBS=80.3mW, PthSRS=1.38W.
=1.50m, =0.30dB/km
PthSRS=2.4m
0.01o
1.5.
1.6.
(a) =22.08m v fSAW=170.4 MHz, (b) ttun= 5.87s.

Gi : Thit b y c gi l phn chiu vng (loop mirror).
Input
3 dB coupler
1.14.
1.15.
1.16.
1.17.
1.18.
1.19.
1.20.
1.21.
1.22.
1.23.
1.24.
1.25.
1.26.
1.27.
1.28.
1.29.
1.30.
1.31.
1.32.
1.33.
1.34.
1.35.
1.36.
1.37.
1.38.
1.39.
1.40.
1.41.
1.42.
1.43.
1.44.
1.45.
1.46.
1.47.
1.48.
1.49.
1.50.
1.51.
1.52.
1.53.
CHNG 2
Hng dn tr li v p n ca cc cu 28 39:
2.28.
2.29.
Cng sut nhiu ng ra mi b khuch i tng ln do nhiu ASE ca b khuch i

c cng vo cng sut nhiu pha trc c khuch i n v Watt
Khang cch lp t ti a Lmax = L.(Nmax+1) vi Nmax l s b khuch i ti a c
th lp t c. Nmax c xc nh bng cch xc nh t s SNR ti ng ra ca mi b
khuch i theo cch tnh nh trong cu 28. iu kin c th lp t c l SNR >=
SNRmin = 18dB.
2.30.
2.31.
2.32.
2.33.
2.36.
2.37.
2.38.
2.39.
2.34.
2.35.
204
p n cc cu hi
CHNG 3
3.25.
3.31.
3.26.
3.27.
3.28.
3.29.
3.30.
CHNG 4
4.1.
4.4.
4.5.
4.7.
4.8.
4.10.
4.11.
4.12.
4.13.
4.14.
(a) 1,93 trong 107; (b) 710-4 C; (c) 50MHz

-59,2dBm; 0,76A
1,32m
(a) 410-4nm; (b) 110-3nm
1,57m
(a) 273pW; (b) 607pW
500MHz
164
(a) 771pW; (b) 13,2nW
74%
4.16.
4.17.
4.18.
4.19.
4.20.
4.21.
4.22.
4.23.
4.24.
4.25.
4.26.
4.27.
4.28.
4.29.
4.30.
4.31.
4.32.
205
BNG CC CH VIT TT
ADM
Add-Drop Multiplexer
B xen/rt knh
AOTF
Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter
B lc quang-m iu chnh c
APD
Avalanche Photo-Diode
Photodiode thc l
APS
Automatic Protection Switching
Chuyn mch bo v t ng
ASE
Amplified Spontaneous Emission
Pht x t pht c khuch i
ASK
Amplitude Shift Keying
Kho dch bin
ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Phng thc truyn khng ng b
AWG
Arrayed-Wavegiude Grating
Cch t ng dn sng ma trn
BLSR
Bidirectional Line Switched Ring
Vng chuyn mch ng dy song

hng
BW
BandWidth
rng di thng
CPFSK
Continuous Phase Frequency ShiftKeying
Kho dch tn pha lin tc
CPM
Cross Phase Modulation
iu ch xuyn pha
CR
Coupler Ratio
T s ghp
CW
Continuous Wave
Sng quang lin tc
DC
Directional Coupler
Coupler nh hng
DCN
Data Communication Network
Mng truyn s liu
DD
Direct Detection
Tch sng trc tip
DFA
Doped-Fiber Amplifier
B khuch i quang si c pha tp

cht
DPRing
Dedicated Protection Ring
Vng bo v dnh ring
DPSK
Differential Phase Shift Keying
Kho dch pha vi sai
DWDM
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplex
Ghp knh theo bc sng quang dy

c
DXC
Digital Cross Connect
B kt ni cho s
EDF
Erbium Doped Fiber
Si quang trn Erbium
EDFA
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
B khuch i quang si trn Erbium
Fineness
mm
FM
Frequency Modulation
iu ch tn s
FO
Figure Of Merit
H s phm cht
206
FPA
Fabry-Perot Amplifier
B khuch i Fabry-Perot
FSK
Frequency Shift Keying
Kho dch tn s
FSR
Free Spectral Range
Di ph t do
FWM
Four Wave Mixing
Trn bn bc sng
IF
Intermediate Frequency
Trung tn
IL
Insertion Loss
Suy hao xen
IM
Intensity Modulation
iu ch cng
IP
Internet Protocol
Giao thc mng Internet
MSK
Minimum Shift-Keying
Kho dch ti thiu
MUX
Multiplexer
B ghp knh
MZF
Mach-Zehnder Filter
B lc Mach-Zehnder
MZI
Mach Zehnder Interferometer
B gia thoa Mach Zehnder
NDFA
Neodymium-Doped Fiber Amplifier
NE
Network Element
Phn t mng
NF
Noise Figure
H s tp m
OADM
Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer
B xen/rt knh quang
OCh
Optical Channel layer
Lp knh quang
OCh-P
Optical Chanel-Path
ng knh quang
OCh-S
Optical Channel-Section
on knh quang
OCh-TS Optical Channel-Transparent Section
on knh quang trong sut
OFA
Optical Fiber Amplifier
B khuch i quang si
OLT
Optical Line Terminal
B kt cui ng quang
OMS
Optical Multiplex Section
Lp on ghp knh quang
OSC
Optical Supervision Channel
Knh gim st quang
OSNR
Optical Signal to Noise Ratio
T s tn hiu trn tp m quang
OTDM
Optical Time Division Multiplex
Ghp knh quang phn chia thi gian
OTDR
Optical Time Domain Reflectometer
My o quang di trong min thi gian
OTS
Optical Transmission Section
on truyn dn quang
OTU
Optical Transmit Unit
B chuyn pht quang
OXC
Optical Cross-Connect
B kt ni cho quang
PDFA
Praseodymium-Doped Fiber Amplifier
PDH
Plesiochrounous Digital Hierachy
Phn cp s cn ng b
PLL
Phase - Locked Loop
Vng kho pha

207
PolSK
Polarization Shift Keying
Kho dch phn cc
PSK
Phase Shift Keying
Kho dch pha
RA
Raman Amplifier
B khuch i Raman
REG
Regenarator
Trm lp
RL
Reflectance/Return Loss
Suy hao phn hi
SAW
Surface Acoustic Wave
Sng m b mt
SBS
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
Tn x do kch thch Brillouin
SCM
SubCarrier Modulation
iu ch sng mang ph
SDH
Synchronous Digital Hierachy
Phn cp s ng b
SGL
Sampled Grating Laser
B laser cch t ly mu
SMSR
Sidemode Suppression Ratio
T s trit mode sng ph
SNR
Signal to Noise Ratio
T s tn hiu trn nhiu
SOA
Semiconductor Optical Amplifier
B khuch i quang bn dn
SONET
Synchronous Optical Network
Mng quang ng b
SPM
Self Phase Modulation
T iu pha
SPR
Shared Protection Ring
Vng bo v chia s
SRS
Stimulated Ramam Scattering
Tn x do b kch thch Raman
STM-N
Synchronous Transport Module-N
M un truyn dn ng b cp N
TDFA
Thulium-Doped Fiber Amplifier
TDM
Time Division Multiplexing
Ghp knh theo thi gian
TE
Terminal Equipment
Thit b u cui
TMN
Telecommunication Management
Network
Mng qun l vin thng
TWA
Traveling Wave Amplifier
B khuch i sng chy
ULSR
Unidirectional Line Switched Ring
Vng chuyn mch ng dy n

hng
UPSR
Unidirectional Path Switched Ring
Vng chuyn mch ng dn n

hng
WC
Wavelength Converter
B chuyn i bc sng
WDM
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Ghp knh theo bc sng
XPC
Cross Phase Modulation
iu ch xuyn pha
208
MC LC
CHNG 1 H THNG THNG TIN QUANG WDM ....................................................... 1
Gii thiu ................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1.
NGUYN L GHP KNH THEO BC SNG QUANG (WDM).............................. 2
1.1.1. Gii thiu chung...................................................................................................... 2

1.1.2. S khi tng qut ................................................................................................ 3
1.1.3. c im ca h thng WDM ................................................................................. 5
1.1.4. Li ITU.................................................................................................................. 6
1.2.
CC YU T NH HNG N CHT LNG CA H THNG WDM............... 7

1.2.1. Tng quan v cc hiu ng phi tuyn ...................................................................... 7
1.2.2. Tn x do kch thch Brillouin ............................................................................... 10
1.2.3. Tn x do kch thch Raman ................................................................................. 11
1.2.4. Lan truyn trong mi trng phi tuyn.................................................................. 12
1.2.5. Hiu ng t iu pha SPM..................................................................................... 14
1.2.6. Hiu ng iu ch xuyn pha ............................................................................... 14
1.2.7. Hiu ng trn bn bc sng ............................................................................... 15
1.3.
CC LINH KIN TRONG KIN TRONG H THNG WDM ...................................... 17

1.3.1. B ghp/tch tn hiu (Coupler)............................................................................. 17
1.3.2. B isolator/circulator ............................................................................................ 21
1.3.3. B lc quang ......................................................................................................... 22
1.3.4. B ghp/tch knh bc sng ............................................................................... 42
1.3.5. B chuyn mch quang.......................................................................................... 45
1.3.6. B chuyn i bc sng ..................................................................................... 54
1.4.
MNG WDM ................................................................................................................... 57

1.4.1. Tng quan ............................................................................................................. 57
1.4.2. Tp vt l v tp logic ...................................................................................... 59
1.4.3. Cc phn t mng (NE) WDM ............................................................................. 61
1.4.4. Bo v mng WDM .............................................................................................. 76
Tm tt ......................................................................................................................................... 87
Bi tp chng 1 ........................................................................................................................... 88
CHNG 2 KHUCH I QUANG ...................................................................................... 98
2.1. Tng quan v khuch i quang ......................................................................................... 98
2.1.1. Gii thiu khuch i quang .................................................................................. 98
2.1.2. Nguyn l khuch i quang ................................................................................ 99
2.1.3. Phn loi khuch i quang ................................................................................ 100
ii
2.1.4. Cc thng s k thut ca khuch i quang ....................................................... 101

2.1.5. ng dng ca khuch i quang ......................................................................... 103
2.2.
B KHUCH I QUANG BN DN (SOA)............................................................. 104

2.2.1. Cu trc v nguyn l hot ng ......................................................................... 104
2.2.2. c tnh ca b khuch i FPA v TWA .......................................................... 105
2.2.3. Nhiu xuyn m (Crosstalk) trong SOA .............................................................. 107
2.2.4. u khuyt im v ng dng ca SOA ............................................................... 108
2.3.
B KHUCH I QUANG SI PHA TRN ERBIUM (EDFA) ............................... 108

2.3.1. Cc cu trc EDFA ............................................................................................. 108
2.3.2. L thuyt khuch i trong EDFA ...................................................................... 110
2.3.3. Yu cu i vi ngun bm ................................................................................ 112
2.3.4. Ph khuch i..................................................................................................... 115
2.3.5. Cc tnh cht ca EDFA ...................................................................................... 116
2.3.6. Nhiu trong b khuch i .................................................................................. 119
2.3.7. u khuyt im ca EDFA.................................................................................. 120
2.4.
B KHUCH I QUANG RAMAN (RA) ................................................................. 120

2.4.1. Nguyn l hat ng ........................................................................................... 120
2.4.2. rng bng tn v h s khuch i ............................................................... 122
2.4.3. u khuyt im ca khuch i Raman .............................................................. 123
2.5.
TCH LY NHIU TRONG H THNG THNG TIN QUANG C LI DI ........... 124
Cu hi n tp chng 2.............................................................................................................. 125

CHNG 3 TRUYN TI IP/WDM ..................................................................................... 129
3.1.
GII THIU CHUNG ..................................................................................................... 129

3.1.1. Xu hng tch hp IP over WMD ....................................................................... 129
3.1.2. Cu trc mng IP/WDM ...................................................................................... 130
3.1.3. Cc m hnh lin mng IP/WDM ........................................................................ 131
3.2.
IP V GIAO THC NH TUYN ............................................................................... 132

3.2.1. IPv4 v IPv6......................................................................................................... 132
3.2.2. Cc giao thc nh tuyn IP................................................................................. 133
3.3.
MPLS, GMPLS v MPS................................................................................................. 136

3.3.1. MPLS ................................................................................................................... 136
3.3.2. GMPLS v MPS ............................................................................................... 136
3.4.
NH TUYN MNG IP/WDM .................................................................................... 136

3.4.1. nh tuyn v gn bc sng tnh trong IP/WDM ............................................ 136
3.4.2. nh tuyn v gn bc sng ng trong IP/WDM (D-RWA) .......................... 143
3.4.3. Wavelength reservation (WR) trong IP/WDM ................................................... 156
3.5.
IU KHIN TRONG MNG IP/WDM ....................................................................... 159
iii
3.5.1. C ch iu khin tp trung ................................................................................ 159

3.5.2. C ch iu khin phn b .................................................................................. 159
3.6.
THIT K TI U TP LOGIC QUANG ................................................................. 159

3.6.1. Khi nim tp mng........................................................................................... 159
3.6.2. Tm tt bi ton thit k topo logic .................................................................... 160
3.6.3. nh tuyn cho traffic trn topo logic ................................................................. 162
3.6.4. nh tuyn cho cc ng quang trn topo vt l ............................................... 162
Cu hi n tp chng 3 ............................................................................................................. 163

CHNG 4 H THNG THNG TIN QUANG COHERENT ........................................ 167
4.1.
GII THIU CHUNG .................................................................................................... 167

4.1.1. Khi nim v thng tin quang coherent ............................................................... 167
4.1.2. Cu trc c bn ca h thng thng tin quang coherent...................................... 167
4.1.3. Cc dng iu ch quang coherent ..................................................................... 169
4.2.
MY THU QUANG COHERENT ................................................................................. 173

4.2.1. Cc nguyn l tch sng ...................................................................................... 173
4.2.2. S khi tng qut ca b thu quang coherent................................................. 175
4.2.3. Tch sng ng b Heterodyne .......................................................................... 176
4.2.4. Tch sng khng ng b Heterodyne ............................................................... 178
4.2.5. Tch sng Homodyne ......................................................................................... 178
4.2.6. Vng kho pha trong my thu quang coherent ................................................... 179
4.3. BER TRONG H THNG THNG TIN QUANG COHERENT .................................. 180
4.3.1. Nhiu trong my thu quang Coherent ................................................................. 180
4.3.2. Tch sng heterodyne ASK ................................................................................. 182
4.3.3. Tch sng heterodyne FSK ................................................................................. 184
4.3.4. Tch sng heterodyne PSK ................................................................................. 185
4.3.5. Tch sng Homodyne ASK v PSK ................................................................... 186
4.3.6. Hm xc sut li ................................................................................................. 187
4.3.7. So snh nhy ca cc h thng coherent ........................................................ 189
4.4.
CC YU T NH HNG N NHY MY THU ........................................ 194

4.4.1. Nhiu pha ............................................................................................................ 194
4.4.2. Nhiu cng ................................................................................................... 195
4.4.3. Khng tng xng v phn cc .......................................................................... 196
4.4.4. Tn sc trong si quang ...................................................................................... 196
4.4.5. Cc yu t hn ch khc ..................................................................................... 196
4.5.
NHNG U IM CA H THNG THNG TIN QUANG COHERENT ............. 196

4.5.1. Nng cao nhy thu ......................................................................................... 197
4.5.2. Nng cao kh nng truyn dn ............................................................................ 197
iv
4.5.3. Kh nng kt hp thu coherent vi k thut khuch i quang .......................... 197

Tm tt ........................................................................................................................................ 198
Cu hi n tp v bi tp chng 4 ............................................................................................. 199
P N HNG DN TR LI ....................................................................................... 204
BNG CC CH CI VIT TT ......................................................................................... 206
K THUT THNG TIN QUANG 2

M s: 411TTQ362
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TRUNG TM O TO BU CHNH VIN THNG 1

Thong Tin Quang 2

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Thong Tin Quang 2

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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

Th k 21 l th k ca cng ngh thng tin. S bng n ca cc loi hnh dch v thng

Chng I: H thng thng tin quang WDM. Chng ny trnh by cc nguyn l c bn

Chng II: Khuch i quang. Chng ny tm hiu nguyn l hot ng ca cc loi

Chng III: Truyn ti IP/WDM. Chng ny nghin cu v xu hng tch hp IP trn

Bi ging c bin son nhm phc v cho cc lp thuc h i hc t xa ca Hc vin

Chng 1: H thng thng tin quang WDM

Bi b v ph v s c quyn trong lnh vc vin thng. S bi b s c quyn ny kch

Nguyn l ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng quang (WDM).

Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng ca h thng WDM do s lan truyn ca tn

Cc linh kin, phn t trong mng WDM.

M hnh mng WDM bao gm cc phn t mng, tp vt l, tp logic, v cc k

Chng 1: H thng thng tin quang WDM

NGUYN L GHP KNH THEO BC SNG QUANG (WDM)

Gii thiu chung

Chng 1: H thng thng tin quang WDM

Truyn dn ghp phn bc sng WDM (Wavelength Devision Multiplexing): ghp

Phm vi bc sng (nm)

S khi tng qut

Chng 1: H thng thng tin quang WDM

Truyen tn hieu tren si quang

S chc nng h thng WDM

Truyn dn tn hiu: Qu trnh truyn dn tn hiu trong si quang chu s nh hng ca

Khuch i tn hiu: H thng WDM hin ti ch yu s dng b khuch i quang si

li khuch i ng u i vi tt c cc knh bc sng (mc chnh lch khng

S thay i s lng knh bc sng lm vic khng c gy nh hng n mc

C kh nng pht hin s chnh lch mc cng sut u vo iu chnh li cc h

Chng 1: H thng thng tin quang WDM

c) Phn loi h thng WDM

He thong WDM n hng

He thong WDM song hng

Hnh 1.3 H thng ghp bc sng n hng v song hng

H thng WDM v c bn chia lm hai loi: h thng n hng v song hng nh

Xt v dung lng, h thng n hng c kh nng cung cp dung lng cao gp i so

Khi s c t cp xy ra, h thng song hng khng cn n c ch chuyn mch bo v

ng v kha cnh thit k mng, h thng song hng kh thit k hn v cn phi xt

Cc b khuch i trong h thng song hng thng c cu trc phc tp hn trong h

Thc t nghin cu v trin khai WDM rt ra c nhng u nhc im ca cng

Chng 1: H thng thng tin quang WDM

u im ca cng ngh WDM:

Tng bng thng truyn trn si quang s ln tng ng s bc sng c ghp vo

Nhc im ca cng ngh WDM:

Vn cha khai thc ht bng tn hot ng c th ca si quang (ch mi tn dng c

Qu trnh khai thc, bo dng phc tp hn gp nhiu ln.

Vic chun ho cc b bc sng dng cho cc mng WDM l ht sc cn thit v n bo

Chng 1: H thng thng tin quang WDM

qu f /5 GHz. Vi f =50 GHz v f =100 GHz th n thi im ny ITU vn cha chun

Hnh 1.4 Li bc sng theo ITU

CC YU T NH HNG N CHT LNG CA H

C 3 yu t c bn ca si quang nh hng n kh nng ca cc h thng thng tin

Hin tng phi tuyn xy ra trong si quang.

Tuy nhin, i vi cc h thng khc nhau th mc nh hng ca cc yu t ny cng

i vi cc h thng c ly ngn, dung lng thp th yu t ch yu cn quan tm l

i vi cc h thng tc cao, c ly tng i ln th yu t ch yu cn quan tm

i vi cc h thng c ly di v dung lng rt ln th ngoi 2 yu t trn cn phi

1.2.1 Tng quan v cc hiu ng phi tuyn

Chng 1: H thng thng tin quang WDM

Chng 1: H thng thng tin quang WDM

b) Chiu di v din tch hiu dng

Thng th tuyn di do L >>1/ cho nn Leff 1/. Chng hn nh = 0.22 dB/km

Chng 1: H thng thng tin quang WDM

Vi w0 l bn knh trng mt.

Tn x do kch thch Brillouin