Physics 130 Formula Sheet Stefan Martynkiw

Simple Harmonic Motion

Dampening
F d=bv x
b
x= Acos t
t
2m
x=
Ae
cos ' t
v x = A sin t
k
b2
a x =2 A cos t
'=
2
2
m 4m
a x = x
For underdamped situations,
b2 km , use the above x
=2 f
formula. In Critically damped
k
g
=
=
situations, w' = 0.
m
L
Energy in Damped situations.

1
k
dE
2
f=
=
=b v x
2 2 m
dt
1
m
T = =2
Forced Oscillations
f
k
F max
v 0x
A=
=arctan
x0
km d2 2b2 2d
When k 2d =0 , A has a
v 02
2
A= x 0 2
maximum of d= k /m .

The height is proportional to 1/b.

Energy in SHM
Wave Speed
1
2 1
2 1
2
E= mv x k x = k A
v =f
2
2
2
Wave Number
k
2
v x =
A 2x 2

k=
; v =/k
m

v max occurs at x=0

Mechanical Waves
Wave function to the right
y x ,t =Acos kx to
Wave function to the left
y x ,t =Acos kx to

Metric Prefixes

Linear Mass Density:

mstring = L
F
v wave on string =

Rate of Energy Transfer for a wave

P x ,t =Fk A 2 sin 2 kx t
P x ,t = F A 2 sin 2 kx t Standing Wave Frequencies
Pavg=1 /2 Pmax
This v is speed of wave on a string.
v
f n=
Standing Waves
n
y standing x , t =Asin kx sin t
Fundamental frequency for a string
Shape at a position depends on
fixed at both ends:
sin(kx); Shape at a time depends on
1 F
f 1=
sin(wt)
2L
Nodes: x=0 , /2 , , 3 /2 ,...
Antinodes:
x=/4 , 3 /4 , 5 /4 , ...

Allowed wavelengths for a standing

wave on a string with nodes at x=0,
x=L
2L
n=
n

Sound Waves
Pressure Formulas
Bulk Modulus
P
B=
V /V
Difference in atmospheric pressures in a
sinusoidal soundwave:

p(x ,t )=BkAsin (kx t)

pmax =BkA=(v ) A
Speed of Sound in a fluid:
B
v = , rho is the mass density
Intensity
I =Pressure/ Area

Intensity of sound in spherical waves:

Power from source

I=
4 r2
Inverse square law
I 1 r 22
=
I 2 r 21

Intensity = Pressure X Velocity (relating

intensity to either the displacement or pressure
amplitudes).

Instantaneous Intensity
2
2
I (x , t)=B k A sin (kx t)
Average Intensity, a is displ ampl
I=1/2 B 2 A 2
Average Intensity of a sound wave in a fluid

p2max
I=
2 B
Decibel Scale
=(10 dB) log 10 (
I 0=1012 W /m2

Standing Waves in a Pipe

Two open ends
2L
nv
n=
f n=
n
2L
One closed end (Stopped)
n = 1,3,5, ...
4L
nv
n=
f n=
n
4L
Phase Difference and Path
difference.
Phase difference is based on the creation of the
wave at its source. Path difference is the
different distances the two waves must travel.

Light Rays / Polarization

0

Snell's Law
sin 1 n 2 v 1 1
= = =
sin 2 n 1 v 2 2
Refraction index
n=c/v
Total Internal Reflection
n
sin critical = b , na=water
na
Polarization by reflection

Relating the two:(assuming created At the Brewster angle, all reflected light is
polarized. Where nb is the water in the
in phase)
textbook diagram.
L
n
=
2
tan B= b

na
Beats
Geometric Optics /Spherical
T T
f beat =f a f b
T beat= a b
Mirrors
T b T a
f =R/2
Doppler Effect
h d
1 1 1
= +
vv L
m= i = i
f di do
f L=
f
ho d o
vv s s
Refraction with Spherical
Boundary
nair n glass nair n glass
+
=
do
di
r curvature
nglass r curvature
n d
f=
m= air o
n glassnair
nglass d i
Refraction at a plane
Lateral Magnification is 1.

I
) ,
I0
Sonic Booms and Shockwaves
Shockwave Angle:

v
sin =
vs

vs
Mach Number =
v

Interference

Unpolarized light entering the first polarizer -> In Young's double-slit experiment, only the
Half the Intensity After that:
path length differs. D is space between holes
2
Path Length Difference
I =I cos

nair
n
= glass
do
di
Lens-maker's Equation
1
1
1
=(n1)

f
R1 R 2

n = index of refraction
R's = radii of curvature

L=d sin
Phase Difference
=(d sin )(2 )/
Constructive interference at

=2 m ,(m=0,1,2, ...)
Destructive interference at

=2 ( m+1/2),(m=0,1,2,...)
Fringe locations can be found by combining the
above 3 formulas (whether for constructive or
destructive)
Two Source Intensity
Io = intensity of each source
2 1
I =4I o cos ( )
2

Diffraction
Any pair of rays seperated by a/2 has the same
phase difference. a is width of hole
Dark fringes at

a sin =m , m=1,2

Single Slit diffraction intensity

sin 2 , Im is max intensity

I ()=I m
=1/2 = sin

Circular Aperatures
Location of first dark fringe

sin 1=1.22

Diameter

Rayleigh's Criterion (resolution of two objects.

The angle seperating the two objects.)

R=1.22
D

Interference Intensity for Two Wide Slits

sin
I =I m cos 2 ( )
2