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Energy Methods PDF
Energy Methods PDF
These are methods based on linear elastic behavior and conservation of energy, i.e. the
work done by external forces equals the energy stored in the structure under load.
Energy U = Fx/2 = F2/2k where F is the applied force, x is the distance moved in
the direction of the force at its point of application and k is the elastic stiffness of the part,
again in the direction of the force at its point of application.
In tension:
In torsion:
In bending:
F 2L
2 AE
T 2L
U=
2GJ
M 2 dx
U =
2 EI
U=
Castiglianos Theorem:
This is a powerful approach to solving a wide range of deflection analysis situations.
The displacement corresponding to any force applied to an elastic stricture and collinear
with that force is equal to the partial derivative of the total strain energy with respect to
that force.
U
Fi
the direction of Fi.
i.e
i =
e.g.
The truss members are steel rods with a 50 mm diam.
The load F is 4 kN. Find the deflection at the point A
Statics solution gives FAB = 0.75 F = 3 kN (tension)
FAC = -1.25 F = 5 kN (compression)
2
Rod area = x .05 /4 = 0.001963 m2
Total energy
(0.75F )2 1.5 + (1.25F )2 2.5
U=
2 0.001963 205e9 2 0.001963 205e9
N.m.
= 5.902e-9 x F2
U
A =
= 1.18 10 8 F N .m
FA
giving A = 0.047 mm
1.5 m
F
2.5 m
(a)
Fr
M F
F
(b)
Consider the strain energy in the element defined by the angle d. The force F is
resolved into components Fr and F. There are three parts of the strain energy:
F2 Rd
1. due to axial force F we have dU 1 =
2 AE
CFr2 Rd
where C = 1.5 is the
2 AG
correction factor for a rectangular cross section in shear.
M 2 Rd
(for R/h > 10 only)
2 EI
F R F
CFr R Fr
U
MR M
=
=
d +
d +
F 0 AE F
AG F
EI F
0
0
From the figures we find:
M
= R sin
M = FR sin
F
F
F = F sin
= sin
F
Fr
Fr = F cos
= cos
F
Substituting these gives:
U =
=
and,
FR
CFR
FR 3
2
2
d
d
sin
+
cos
+
sin 2 d
AE 0
AG 0
EI 0
FR
2 AE
CFR FR 3
2 AG
2 EI
FR 3
2 EI
FEA comparison: a 4 ID, semicircular aluminum object similar to Figure (a) above has
a wall thickness of 0.15 and a width of 0.75. The force F is 1.0 lb. Using the equation
above gives = 0.006218. FEA analysis of this case gives = 0.006245.
ds
r
O
O
MO
F/2
(a)
(b)
F
(r x ) = M O Fr (1 cos ) as x = r cos
2
2
M 2 ds
M 2 r d
=
2 EI
2 EI
0
Hence, from above we have:
U =
U
r
=
M O EI
/2
as ds = rd
M
d = 0
M O
/2
M d = M
0
Fr
(1 cos ) d = 0
2
Solving gives :
1 1
..........1
M O = Fr
2
hence, from above we get
Fr
2
cos
2
Curved beam theory implies that a uniaxial state of stress is induced along the horizontal
diameter. Since linear elastic behavior has been assumed, the total stress induced at the
horizontal axis is the sum of the stress caused by the normal force and the stress caused
by the bending moment. That is:
F M o ci
F M o co
+
+
at inner surface and =
at the outer surface.
2 A Aeri
2 A Aero
The strains and, hence the strain gauge outputs are readily found from these stresses.