CNG N TP I S 10 ( C Bn )

1. MENH E
1. Khai niem menh e:
Mot menh e la mot phat bieu khang nh mot s kien nao o, sao cho khang nh o
nhan mot trong hai gia tr ung hoac sai.
2. Phu nh cua mot menh e:

Cho menh e A. Phu nh cua menh e A, ky hieu la A .

Hai menh e A va A la hai khang nh trai trc nhau.
Neu A ung th A sai;
Neu A sai th A ung.

3. Phep keo theo va phep tng ng:

a. Phep keo theo:
Cho hai menh e A va B. Mot menh e R c lap t hai menh e A va B bi lien t
neu A th B goi la menh e keo theo, ky hieu A B.

Neu A ung va B ung, th A B la menh e ung.

Neu A ung va B sai, th A B la menh e sai.

b. Phep tng ng:

Cho hai menh e A va B.
Neu menh e A B la ung va menh e B A cung la ung, ta noi menh e A tng
ng vi menh e B, ky hieu la A B va cung noi A khi va ch khi B.

Menh e A B ung neu A va B ong thi ung hoac ong thi sai.

Menh e A B sai neu A sai va B ung, hoac A ung va B sai.

4. Menh e cha bien, cac ky hieu , :

a. Menh e cha bien:

Trong moi phat bieu co cha mot hay mot so bien lay gia tr trong cac tap hp a cho,
ban than cac phat bieu nay cha phai la cac menh e, nhng neu cho cac bien nhng gia
tr cu the th ta c cac menh e cha bien, cac phng trnh va bat phng trnh chnh
la nhng menh e cha bien.
b. Ky hieu pho bien va ky hieu ton tai :

Ky hieu : oc la vi moi. Thng c gan vao cac bieu trong cac menh e cha
bien.

Ky hieu , la ky hieu ton tai, co ngha la co (t nhat) mot, ton tai mot.

c. Phu nh cua cac menh e cha cac ky hieu , :

A = " x X, x co tnh chat P
A = " x X , x khong co tnh chat P

B = " x X , x co tnh chat P

Trang 1

 B = " x X , x khong co tnh chat P.

BAI TAP
Bai 1. Hay lap menh e phu nh cua moi menh e di ay:
a. Tat ca hoc sinh lp B eu co tuoi ln hn 15.
b. So 15 la so nguyen to.
c. Hai Phong la thu o nc Viet Nam.
Bai 2. Xet xem moi menh e di ay ung hay sai, neu sai hay sa thanh menh e ung roi
lap menh e phu nh cua no.
a. So nguyen a chia het cho 5 th no co ch so tan cung bang 5.
b. a Z, 3a = 7.
c. x Q, a2 3.
Bai 3. Hay phu nh cac menh e sau:
a. Hom nay, trong lp co mot hoc sinh vang mat
b. Tat ca cac hoc sinh cua lp nay eu ln hn 14 tuoi
Bai 4. a. Menh e: " x R, y R, x 2 + y 2 = 1" ung hay sai.
b. Hay phu nh menh e tren.
Bai 5. cac menh e sau ay ung hay sai? Giai thch.
a. n N* , n 2 + n + 1 la so nguyen to.
c. x R,

2x
>1
x2 + 1

b.

x Z, x 2 x.

d.

x Z,

3x + 2
Z.
x2 + 1

2. AP DUNG MENH E VAO SUY LUAN TOAN HOC

1. nh ly ieu kien can ieu kien u:
a. nh ly:
Phan ln cac nh ly toan hoc eu la nhng menh e ung co dang: A B.
Ngi ta goi A la gia thiet, B la ket luan cua nh ly.
b. ieu kien can ieu kien u:
Trong nh ly: A B. Ta goi A la ieu kien u e co B, con B la ieu kien can e co A.
2. nh ly ao ieu kien can va u:
a. nh ly ao:
Gia s ta co nh ly : A B (1)
Ta xet menh e

: B A (2)

Menh e (1) la ung (v la mot nh ly) nhng menh e ao (2) co the ung hoac sai.
Neu menh e ao (2) la ung th menh e (2) goi la nh ly ao cua nh ly (1).
b. ieu kien can va u :
Trang 2

Neu ong thi co ca nh ly thuan (1) va nh ly ao (2) th ta co menh e ung : A B.

Luc o ta noi :A la ieu kien can va u e co B va cung noi : B la ieu kien can va u e
co A.
3. Phep chng minh phan chng :
Gia s ta can chng minh nh ly A B

Gia s B (tc la gia s B sai hoac khong co B).

Dung phep suy dien : B B1 B2 ... A (trai gia thiet).

T o suy ra co B (tc la B ung).

Vay, A B c chng minh.

Ghi chu:

Neu nh ly c phat bieu di dang A B th nh ly phat bieu di dang B A

c goi la nh ly ao cua nh ly tren.

Ta co tnh chat: A B B A .

Vay, thay v chng minh A B ta i chng minh B A .

BAI TAP

Bai 6. Phat bieu moi nh ly sau ay di dang keo theo Neu... th...:
a. Cac canh oi bang nhau la ieu kien u e mot t giac la hnh bnh hanh.
b. ieu kien at co e tong a + b > 2 la co t nhat mot so a hay b ln hn 1.
c. ieu kien at co e mot t giac la hnh vuong la cac ng cheo vuong goc.
Bai 7. Phat bieu nh ly di ay di dang ieu kien can va u:
Hai so nguyen eu chia het cho 3 th tong bnh phng cua chung chia het cho 3, ao
lai tong bnh phng hai so nguyen chia het cho 3 th moi so eu chia het cho 3.
Bai 8. Cac menh e sau ay ung hay sai, giai thch:
a. x N, x 2 chia het cho 3 x chia het cho 3.
b. x N, x 2 chia het cho 6 x chia het cho 3.
3. TAP HP
1. Khai niem tap hp:
a. Tap hp la mot khai niem c ban cua toan hoc.
b. Co hai cach xac nh mot tap hp:
Cach 1: Liet ke cac phan t.
V du: A = {1, 3, 5, ... , 97, 99}.
Cach 2: Neu tnh chat ac trng cua cac phan t.
V du: A = {x | x co tnh chat P }
c. Tap rong: La tap hp khong co phan t nao, ky hieu la hoac { }.
Trang 3

Lu y: = {

} { } .

2. Tap con:
a. nh ngha:

A B (x A x B)

b. Tnh chat:
A A.

A
a

b
c

Neu A B, B C th A C
; ; .. .

c. Bieu o ven: ta bieu dien mot tap hp bang nhng iem nam
ben trong mot ng con kep kn goi la bieu o ven. V du A = {a, b, c}.

A = B (A B va B A)

3. Tap hp bang nhau:

4. Cac tap hp so thng dung:

Tap hp cac so t nhien N = {0, 1, 2, ... , n, ...} ; N* = {1, 2, ... , n, ...}
Tap hp cac so nguyen Z = {..., -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ...}
m

Tap hp cac so hu t Q = m, n Z; n 0
n

Tap hp cac so thc R = {x | x hu t hoac vo t} = ( ; + ).

Van e 1:

CACH CHO MOT TAP HP.

1. Khi chuyen cach ac trng sang cach liet ke th phai xet xem nhng phan t nao
thoa tnh chat P.
2. Chuyen t cach liet ke sang cach ac trng th co nhieu hnh thc.
BAI TAP
Bai 15. Hay viet cac tap hp sau di dang liet ke cac phan t:
a. A = {x N |x 2 7 va x < 10}.
b. B = {x N |x 15 va x la boi cua 2}
c. C = {x N | x 4 va x la boi cua 3}
Bai 16. Hay viet cac tap hp sau ay di dang ac trng:
a. A = {0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36}.
b. B = {3, 5}
1 1 1 1 1
c. C = 1, , , , ,

4 9 16 25 36
e. E = { (0, 2); (1, 3)}

d.

1 1 1 1 1
D= , , , ,
2 4 6 8 10
f. F = { 9, 36, 81, 144}

g. G = { 3, 9, 27, 81}

Trang 4

Van e 2:

TAP HP CON
A B ( x : x A x B)

Tap hp co n phan t th:

AB
A

1. A co tat ca 2 . Tap con (ke ca )

2. A co n tap con gom mot phan t.
3. A co

n(n 1)
tap con gom hai phan t.
2

4. A co

n(n 1)(n 2)
tap con gom ba phan t.
6
BAI TAP

Bai 17. Xet quan he bao ham gia cac tap hp sau:
a. A = {x | x 2 3x + 2 = 0} va B = {x | x 2 = 0}.
b. B = {x | x 2 + 1 = 0}

va F = {x | x 2 4 = 0}.

c. G = {2, 3}

va H = [2, 3].

Bai 18. Viet tat ca cac quan he bao ham co the co gia cac tap hp sau:

A : tap hp cac t giac.

B : tap hp cac hnh bnh hanh

C : tap hp cac hnh ch nhat

D : tap hp cac hnh thoi

E : tap hp cac hnh vuong

F : tap hp cac hnh thang vuong.

Bai 19. Tm tat ca cac tap con cua: a. ;

b. {};

c. {}, {}}.

Bai 20. Cho tap hp A = {a, b, c, d, e}.

a. A co bao nhieu tap con?
b. Co bao nhieu tap con cua A cha 3 phan t?
c. Co bao nhieu tap con cua A cha t nhat 3 phan t?
d. Co bao nhieu tap con cua A cha nhieu nhat 4 phan t?
.
4. CAC PHEP TOAN VE TAP HP
1. Giao cua hai tap hp:
a. nh ngha:

x A B (x A va x B)

b. Tnh chat:
A = .

A A = A.

Giao hoan: A B = B A.
Ket hp: A (B C) = (A B) C = (A C) B = A B C.
Trang 5

2. Hp cua hai tap hp:

x A B x A hay x B

a. nh ngha:
b. Tnh chat:
A = .

AB

A A = A.
Giao hoan: A B = B A.
Ket hp: A (B C) = (A B) C = (A C) B = A B C.
3. Tnh chat chung cua giao va hp :

Tnh phan phan phoi cua oi vi : A (B C) = (A B) (A C)

Tnh phan phan phoi cua oi vi : A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
4. Hieu cua hai tap hp:
a. nh ngha: Hieu cua hai tap hp A va B, ky hieu la A \ B la tap hp gom nhng phan t
x thuoc A va x khong thuoc B.
x A \ B (x A va x B)

b. Tnh chat:
A\A=
A\ = A
A B= =

A\B

Lu y: T nh ngha ta thay phep hieu khong co tnh giao hoan.

5. Phan bu:
a. nh ngha: Cho hai tap hp A, B, vi B A . Hieu A \ B c goi la phan bu cua B
B
trong A va ky hieu la: CA hoac CA B.

x CBA (x A va x B)

B A A \ B = C BA

b. Tnh chat:

CBx

CAx

CBA

A = B.

A
B
B A Cx C x .

Van e 3:

XAC NH CAC TAP HP: A B, A B, CAB

Xem nh ngha, tnh chat phan tom tat.

BAI TAP

K
Bai 22. Cho hai tap hp: A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} va B = x N |x = 2 , K N va K 3

Trang 6

Xac nh: A B; A B; A \ B; B \ A.
:
Bai 24. Cho: A B = { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ;

A \ B = { 0, 1} ;

B \ A = { 7, 8, 9}

Xac nh: A va B.
Bai 25. Cho X = { x N | 0 < x < 10} va A, B X sao cho : A B = { 4, 6, 9} ;
A { 3, 4, 5} = { 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9} ; B { 4, 8} = { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
Xac nh: A va B.
Bai 26. Cho hai tap hp: A = { x N | x la c cua 12} ;

B = { x N | x la c cua 8}

Tm tat ca cac tap hp X biet rang X A va X B.

B = { x Z | | x | 2}

2
Bai 27. Cho hai tap hp: A = x R | x x 2 = 0 ;

Viet cac tap hp X sao cho A X = B.

Bai 28. Xac nh cac tap hp: A B; A B; A \ B; B \ A vi :
a. A = ( , 2], B = (0, + ) ;
b. A = [ 4, 0], B = (1, 3] .
Bai 29. S dung cac ky hieu cua khoang, oan, ... Hay viet cac tap hp sau:
a. ( 3, 5] [8, 10] [2, 8)
b. [0, 2) ( , 5) (1, + )
c. [ 4, 7] (0, 10)
e. (3, + ) \ ( , 1].

d.

( , 3] ( 5, + )

Bai 30. Biet [3, 12) \ ( , a) = . Co the ket luan g ve so a?

Bai 31. Cho ta tap hp: A = { x R | 1 < x < 5} , B = { x R | 4 < x < 7} , C = { x R | 2 < x < 6}
Viet cac tap hp: A B; A C; B C; A B.
Van e 4:

CHNG MINH: A B; A = B
1. e chng minh A B , ta phai chng minh: x A x B .
2. e chng minh A = B, ta phai chng minh: A B va B A.
BAI TAP
Bai 33. a. Chng minh rang: neu A B = B th B A.
b. Chng minh rang: neu B A th A B = B .
Bai 34. Chng minh rang neu A B th A B = B va ngc lai.
Bai 35. Cho ba tap hp A, B, C. Chng minh rang:
a. Neu B C th A B A C.
b. Neu A C va B C th A B C.
c. Neu A B = A B th A = B.
e. B (A \ B) = A B).
Bai 42. Ky hieu n(A) la so phan t cua A.
Trang 7

d. A = (A \ B) = A B.
f. A \ (B C) = (A \ B) (A \ C).

Cho biet: n(A) = 17, n(B) = 24, n(A B) = 35. . Tnh: n(A B), n(A \ B) va n(B \ A).
Bai 43. Cho S = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} . Co bao nhieu tap con A cua S trong moi trng
hp sau:
a. A co 5 phan t.
b. A co 5 phan t va phan t be nhat cua A la 3.
CHUYEN E 2
CHNG I

HAM
M SO
SO
HA
1. KHAI NIEM VE HAM SO
I. NH NGHA:
Cho D la mot tap hp con khac rong cua tap hp cac so thc R. Mot ham so f xac nh
tren D la mot quy tac cho ng vi moi phan t x D mot va ch mot so thc y.
Ky hieu: f: D R
x a y = f(x)
D: goi la tap xac nh (hay mien xac nh) cua ham so f.
Phan t bat ky x D goi la bien so.
So thc y tng ng vi bien so x goi la gia tr cua ham so f tai x, ky hieu la f(x)
Cong thc y = f(x) goi la quy tac tm gia tr f(x) cua ham so f tai moi x D .
Mot ham so c xac nh neu ta biet tap xac nh D va quy tac tm gia tr
y = f(x) cua ham so.

II. HAM SO CHO BI CONG THC:

Ngi ta thng cho ham so f bi cong thc: y = f(x). Vi cach cho nay ngi ta
thng khong ch ro tap xac nh cua ham so. Khi o ta quy c:
Tap xac nh cua ham so y = f(x) la tap hp tat ca cac so thc x
sao cho bieu thc f(x) co ngha.

a.
b.
c.

Ngoai cach cho tong quat tren, ngi ta thng cho ham so cu the bi mot trong ba
cach sau ay:
Cho ham so bi bang: o la mot bang so gom hai hang, trong o mot hang ghi cac
gia tr cua bien so x D , con hang kia ghi gia tr tng ng y cua ham so tai x.
Cho ham so bi o th: Ta co the cho ham so f t D en R bi o th cua no trong
mat phang toa o Oxy.
a
Cho ham so bang cong thc: Chang han cac ham so y = ax + b; y = ax 2 ; y = ;...
x
cung co the cho ham so bang cong thc khac nhau tren nhng tap con cua tap xac
nh cua no, chang han:

Trang 8

 1
trong ( ; 1)

y = f(x) = x 1
2x trong [1; + )

III.

O TH CUA HAM SO:

nh ngha: Cho ham so y = f(x) xac nh tren D.

o th cua ham so la tap hp tat ca cac iem M(x; y) trong mat phang toa
o Oxy vi x D va y = f(x).
Cong thc y = f(x) c goi la phng trnh cua o th.
Hoac:
Cho ham so y = f(x) xac nh tren D.
Trong he truc toa o Oxy tap hp cac iem M(x, b), vi b = f(x), a D la
o th cua ham so f.
IV.

S BIEN THIEN CUA HAM SO:

1. nh ngha: Cho ham so y = f(x) xac nh tren khoang (a; b).

Ham so y = f(x) goi la ong bien (hay tang) tren khoang (a; b) neu vi moi so thc
x1 va x2 thuoc (a; b) ta co: x 2 > x1 (x 2 ) < f(x1 ) .
Ghi chu: Khao sat s bien thien cua ham so tren khoang (a; b) la xet xem ham so o
ong bien hay nghch bien tren khoang nay.
2. Bang bien thien: Ta thng bieu dien s bien thien cua ham so dng dang bang goi la
bang bien thien cua ham so nh sau:
x

by

by

Ham so ong bien tren (a; b)

Ham so nghch bien tren (a;

b)
3. o th cua ham so ong bien, nghch bien:

o th cua ham so ong bien la mot ng i len t trai sang phai (h.3a).
o th cua ham so nghch bien la mot ng i xuong t trai sang phai (h.3b).
y

y2
y1

M1

x1

(H.3a)

x2

M1

y1

M2

y2
O

x1

M2

(H.3b)

x2

V. TNH CHAN, LE:

Mot tap con D cua R c goi la co tnh oi xng neu vi moi x D ta cung co x D .

Trang 9

V du: Khoang (-2; 2) la tap co tnh oi xng.

(-3; -1) (1; 3) la tap co tnh oi xng.
Khoang (-4; 2) khong co tnh oi xng.
1. nh ngha: Cho ham so y = f(x) xac nh tren D.

Ham so y = f(x) c goi la chan tren D neu vi moi x D ta co: x D va

f( x) = f(x) .

Ham so y = f(x) c goi la tren D neu vi moi x D ta co: x D va

f( x) = f(x).
2. o th cua ham so chan, ham so le:
nh ly:

o th cua ham so chan nhan truc tung lam truc oi xng.

o th cua ham so le nhan goc toa o lam tam oi xng.

Van e 1:

TM MIEN XAC NH CUA HAM SO

1. a thc f(x) co MX la D = R hay D = ( ; + ) .

f(x)
2. Vi hai a thc f(x) va g(x) th
co MX la D = { x |g(x) 0}
g(x)
3. Vi a thc f(x) th:
f(x) co MX la D = { x | f(x) 0}

2n

2n + 1 f(x)

co MX la D = tp xc nh ca hm s f(x).

4. Neu cac ham so y = f(x), y = g(x) co mien xac nh la D f, Dg th:

a.Ham so y = f(x) g(x) va ham so y = f(x) . g(x) co MX la:
D = Df Dg (giao cua hai mien xac nh).
b.Ham so y =

f(x)
co MX la D = (D f Dg ) \ {x / g(x) = 0}
g(x)
BAI TAP

Bai 1. Tm mien xac nh cua ham so:

a.

e. y =
g. y =

b.

y=

1
x+ 1 x 1

d.

y=

f.

y=

1
x 2 x 2 4

h.

y=

x+ 3 2 x + 2

x 2 +

c. y =

1
+
3 2x

4 x = y

1
xx 2
x+ 2
+
1 x

Trang 10

4 x2
1

x 3x + 2 + x 2 1

i.

y=

x 1

k.

x 2

Bai 2. Tm MX cua ham so y =

y=

x+

5
1
+ 2 x+
4
4

x x2 .

Bai 3. Tm a e ham so y =

x a xac nh vi moi x > 0.

Bai 4. Tm a e ham so y =

x 2 + a xac nh vi moi x > 0.

Bai 5. Tm a e ham so y =

x 2a

Bai 6. nh a e ham so y =

x a+ 1+

x
xac nh vi moi x [ 1; 2]
5
2x
xac nh tren [0; 1].
x + 2a + 1

Bai 7. nh m e ham so xac nh vi moi x dng:

a. y =

x m 1+

4x m

b.

y=

Bai 8. nh m e ham so xac nh tren (-1; 0):

x+ m
a. y =
b. y =
2m + 1 x
Bai 9. Cho ham so y = 2 x
chieu dai bang 1.

x+ m 2 +

x + 4m
x+ m

2x m

x + 2m 1

2x + 3a . nh a e mien xac nh cua ham so la oan co

x
x 1 khi x > 2
Bai 10. Cho ham so y = f(x) = 3
x + 1 khi x < 2
x 3
Tm mien xac nh cua ham so nay.

khi x 1
(1)
2x + 1
2
Bai 11. Cho ham so y = f(x) = x 2x khi1 < x < 2 (2)

1
x+
khi x > 2
(3)

x 5
a. nh mien xac nh cua ham so f.
3
2
2
b. Tnh: f( 2); f(1 a ) vi a R; f ; f b + 6 vi b R .
2

x2 + x
khi x 0

khi 0 < x < 1

Bai 12. Cho ham so y = f(x) = 2x + 1

1
x+
khi x 2

x+ 1

(1)
(2)
(3)

a. Tm mien xac nh cua ham so.

1
2
b. Tnh cac gia tr: f(3); f ; f( a ) vi a R; f( 1).
4
Trang 11

Van e 2:

MIEN GIA TR CUA HAM SO

1. Mien gia tr: Cho ham so y = f(x) vi mien xac nh la D.

Khi x bien thien tren D th gia tr f(x) noi chung cung bien oi, cac gia tr o lap thanh
mot tap hp goi la mien gia tr cua ham so (viet tat la MGT).
2. Phng phap tm MGT:
Phng phap tm MGT cua mot ham so khong phai ch co mot. giai oan au tien
nay ta da chu yeu vao phng phap sau ay: y la mot gia tr cua ham so f(x) khi va
ch khi phng trnh f(x) = y (an x) co nghiem thuoc mien D.
BAI TAP
Bai 1. Tm mien gia tr cua ham so:
a. y = 2x + 1
2x
x2 + 2
2x 1
g. y = 2
x + x+ 4
d. y =

Van e 3:

b.

y = x3 + x + 1

e.

x2
y= 2
x +1
h.

y=

2x + 1
x+ 2

c.

y=

f.

3x2 + 2x + 1
y=
3x

2x 1

XET TNH N IEU HAY KHAO SAT

CHIEU BIEN THIEN CUA HAM SO

Mot ham so co the tang tren khoang nay, giam tren khoang kia. Xet tnh tang, giam cua
ham so c goi la xet tnh n ieu hay xet chieu bien thien cua no.

1. f tang tren (a; b) hoac f giam tren (a; b):

S dung nh ngha:
Vi moi x1 , x2 (a; b) :

[ x2 > x1 f(x 2 ) > f(x1 )] f ong bien tren (a; b)

[ x2 > x1 f(x 2 ) < f(x1 )] f nghch bien tren (a; b).

2. Tnh n ieu cua ham so bac nhat:
Ham so y = f(x) = ax + b tang tren R khi a > 0 va giam tren R khi a < 0.
3. Tnh n ieu cua ham so bac hai:

b
, tang tren
;+
Ham so y = f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c giam tren ;

2a

2a
0.
b

b
;+
Ham so y = f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c tang tren ;
, giam tren

2a

2a

khi a >

khi a < 0.

4. Nhan xet:
a. Neu f(x) tang (giam) tren (a; b) th ham so y = f(x) + K cung tang (giam) tren (a; b),
vi K la hang so thc.
Trang 12

b. Neu f(x) tang (giam) tren (a; b) th:

Ham so y = K.f(x) cung tang (giam) tren (a; b) khi K > 0.
Ham so y = K.f(x) cung giam (tang) tren (a; b) khi K < 0.
c. Neu f(x) va g(x) cung tang (cung giam) tren (a, b) th:
Ham so y = f(x) + g(x) cung tang (giam) tren (a, b).
BAI TAP
Bai 1. Dung nh ngha chng minh ham so:
a. y = x 2 + 6x tang tren ( ; 3) va giam tren (3; + )
b. y =

2x + 1
giam tren moi khoang xac nh.
x 1

c. y = x3 x 2 + x 5 tang tren mien xac nh.

Bai 2. Dung nh ngha e tm khoang tang, giam cua ham so:
a. y =
c. y =

4x2 + 1
x+ 3
x 2

b.

y = 2x2 4x + 3

d.

y=

1
x + 4
2

.
Van e 4:

XET TNH CHAN, LE CUA HAM SO

Tm mien xac nh D cua ham so y = f(x).

Chng minh: x D x D.
Tnh: f(-x).
- Neu: f( x) = f(x), x D th f chan.
- Neu: f(x) = -f(x), x D th f le.
Ghi chu:
1. Neu x D x D th f khong la ham chan, khong la ham le.
2. Neu x D x D nhng f( x) f(x) va f( x) f(x) th f khong la ham chan,
khong la ham le.
BAI TAP

Bai 1. Xet tnh chan, le cua cac ham so sau:

a. y = 1 3 x
d. y =

x3
5

x 1

Trang 13

b.

y = x .x

e.

y=

x4
x2 4

x3 2x
c. y = 2
x 1

2. HAM so y = ax + b

nh ngha: Cho ham so y = ax + b, trong o x la bien so, a va b la cac hang so.

Neu a 0 , ham so y = ax + b goi la ham so bac nhat.
Neu a = 0, ta co y = b, vi moi x R . Ham so y = b goi la ham so hang.

I. O TH CUA HAM SO HANG y = b:

o th cua ham so y = b la ng thang (D) cung phng vi truc hoanh va cat truc tung
tai iem (0; b).
II. KHAO SAT HAM SO y = ax + b (a 0):
1. Tap xac nh: R = R
2. S bien thien:
nh ly:
Neu a > 0, ham so y = ax + b ong bien tren R
Neu a< 0, ham so y = ax + b nghch bien tren R.
Bang bien thien:
3. o th: o th cua ham so y = ax + b (a 0) la mot ng thang (khong song song va
khong trung vi cac truc toa o) cat truc tung tai iem (0; b) va cat truc hoanh tai iem
y
b
a ; 0 .
(d)

Ghi chu: he so a c goi la he so goc cua ng thang.

OT
a = tg =
OH

T(0; b)

Vi la goc nhon hp bi (d) va truc Ox.

Van e 1: KHAO SAT S BIEN THIEN VA VE O TH HAM SO
Phng phap:
Tap xac nh: D = R
a > 0: Ham so ong bien; a < 0: ham so nghch bien.
o th la ng thang i qua 2 iem (0; b) va (-a/b; 0).
Trng hp: o th ham so bac nhat cho bi nhieu cong thc:
T cac cong thc ta tm tap xac nh: D = D1 D2 ... (lay phan hp).

ng vi tng khoang, oan ta co:

- Chieu bien thien tng ng (xet he so a)
- o th la phan ng thang i qua 2 iem A(; ), B(; ).
o th ham so la ng gay khuc ABC
BAI TAP

Bai 1. Khao sat va ve o th cac ham so:

a. y = 2x.
Trang 14

b. y = -3x + 2.

Bai 2. Cho ham so y = (2m 1)x + m 1.

a. nh m e o th ham so ong bien? Nghch bien?
b. nh m e o th ham so i qua iem A(1; 4). Khao sat s bien thien va ve o th
ham so tng ng.
Bai 3. Khao sat s bien thien va ve o th ham so:
neu x 1
x

neu 1 < x < 2

a. y = 1
1x + 3 neu x 2

Van e 2:

b.

2x 2

y= 0
x 2

khi x 1
khi 1 x 2
khi x 2

TM PHNG TRNH CUA NG THANG

Xem phan tom tat

BAI TAP
Bai 1. Lap phng trnh ng thang:
a. Co he so goc la 2 i qua iem (-1; 3).
b. i qua P(2; -1) va Q(-3; 2).
c. i qua (3; 0) va song song vi ng thang 3x + 2y = 100.
d. i qua (-3; -2) va vuong goc vi ng thang -3x + 5y = 4.
.
Bai 3. Cho 3 ng thang (d): y = 2x + 3; (D /): y = x + 4 va (d /): y = -2x + 1. Tm phng
trnh ng thang (D) song song vi (d) va 3 ng thang (D), (d /), (D/) ong quy.
3. HAM SO BAC HAI
I. S BIEN THIEN VA O TH CUA HAM SO y = ax2 (a 0)
1. Tap xac nh: D = R.
2. S bien thien:
nh ly 1:

Neu a > 0 th ham so y = ax 2 nghch bien tren khoang ( ; 0) va ong bien tren
khoang (0; + ) .

Neu a < 0 th ham so y = ax 2 ong bien tren khoang ( ; 0) va nghch bien tren
khoang (0; + ) .
Bang bien thien:
3. o th: o th cua ham so y = ax2 la mot parabol co nh la goc toa o va nhan truc
tung lam truc oi xng.
2
II. S BIEN THIEN CUA HAM SO y = ax + bx + c (a 0) :

1. Tap hp: D = R.
2. S bien thien:

Trang 15

nh ly 2:

Neu a > 0 th ham so y = ax 2 + bx + c nghch bien tren khoang ( ;

bien tren khoang (

b
; + ).
2a

Neu a < 0 th ham so y = ax 2 + bx + c ong bien tren khoang ( ;

b
; + ).
2a
T bang bien thien, ta co:

b
) va ong
2a

b
) va nghch
2a

bien tren khoang (

b
tai x =
.
4a
2a

b
tai x =
.
a < 0: Ham so y = ax2 + bx + c at gia tr cc ai bang
4a
2a
a > 0: Ham so y = ax2 + bx + c at gia tr cc tieu bang

2
3. o th: o th cua ham so y = ax + bx + c la mot parabol co nh

b
b
I
;
va nhan ng thang x =
lam truc oi xng.

2a
2a 4a
Van e 1:

KHAO SAT S BIEN THIEN VA VE O TH

HAM SO BAC HAI y = ax2 + bx + c

Cac bc thc hien:

Tap xac nh: D = R

a
;
nh I

2a 4a
Bang bien thien:
Cac gia tr ac biet:

b
Giao iem vi truc tung Oy: T(O; C) iem oi xng qua Oy: T/ ; c .
a
H1 (x1; 0), H 2 (x 2 ; 0).
Giao iem vi truc Ox (neu co): ax2 + bx + c = 0

b
b
;
o th la mot parabol co nh I
va nhan ng thang x =
lam truc oi

2a
2a 4a
xng (hnh ben).
Ghi chu:

b
;

nh I

2a 4a

Xac nh giao iem vi cac truc Oy; Ox.

Ve o th.
Trang 16

BAI TAP
Bai 1. Ve o th cac ham so:
2x + 1 vi x 0
a. y = 2
x + 4x vi x < 0

b.

x 2 + 2
vi x < 1
y= 2
2x + 4x 3 vi x 1

x 2 + 3x 1 vi x 3
c. y = 2
x 3x 4 vi x > 3
Van e 2: NH MOT HAM SO BAC HAI (TM PHNG TRNH PARABOL)
Phng phap:

nh ham so bac hai la tm cac he so a, b, c trong cong thc y = ax2 + bx + c (a 0) .

T cac gia thiet, ta thiet lap he phng trnh co 3 an so la a, b, c. Giai he nay.

BAI TAP

Bai 1. Tm ham so bac hai biet rang o th qua 3 iem: A(1; 4), B(-1; 6) va C(2; 9).
2
Bai 2. Cho ham so y = ax + bx (1)

a. Tm a va b e o th ham so i qua 2 iem A(2; -3), B(6; -3).

b. Khao sat va ve o th (P) cua ham so (1) vi a, b va tm c phan a.
c. T o th (P) phan b. hay suy ra cach ve o th (P) cua ham so:
x2
y=
+ 2x.
4
2
Bai 3. Cho ham so y = ax + bx + c co o th (P):

a. Tm a, b, c biet (P) qua A(0; -3), B(1; 0), C(-1, -8).

b. Khao sat va ve (P), biet a = -1, b = 4, c = -3.
I.Phng trnh bac nhat,bac hai:
Bai1: Giai cac phng trnh sau:
a) x 5 + x = x 5 + 6.
b) 1 x + x = x 1 + 4 .
c) 4 x 2 x + x = 3 +
d) x 2 7 x + 10 = 3x 1 .
e) 4 x 9 = x 3 .
f) |4x-3|=2x+1.
Bai2: Giai cac phng trnh sau:
3x + 4
1
4

= 2
+ 3.
x 2 x+ 2 x 4
| 3 x 1|
= | x 3|.
c)
x 2

a)

b)

3x 2 2 x + 3 3 x 5
=
.
2x 1
2

2
2
d) | 4 x + 1|= x 2 x + 4 .

Bai3: Giai va bien luan cac pt sau theo tham so m:

a ) (m 2 + 2) x 2 m = x 3.

b ) m(x-m)=x+m-2.

c) m 2 ( x 1) + m = x (3m 2).
Bai4: Giai va bien luan cac pt sau theo tham so m:
(m+1)x-m+2
= m.
x+3
c) |x+m|=|x-m+2|.
a)

mx-m-3
= 1.
x+1
d) |x-m|=|x+1|.

b)

Trang 17

2 x.

Bai5: Giai cac he pt sau:

-2x+5y=9
a)
4x+2y=11
2
3
4 x + 3 y = 16
d)
5 x 3 y = 11
2
5

2x 3y = 5
b)
3x + 2 y = 8

5x+3y=15
c)
4x-5y=6

3 x y = 0
e)
5 x + 2 y = 3

Bai6: Giai va bien luan cac he pt sau theo tham so m.

mx+(m-1)y=m+1
a)
2x+my=2
(m-1)x+2y=3m-1
c)
(m+2)x-y=1-m

mx+(m-2)y=5
b)
(m+2)x+(m+1)y=2
.
(m + 4) x ( m + 2) y = 4
d)
(2m 1) x + ( m 4) y = m

II.Mot so pt quy ve pt bac nhat,bac hai:

1/ Phng trnh cha an trong dau gia tr tuyet oi: Phng phap chung la ta bo dau gia tr
tuyet oi bang cach xet dau hoac bnh phng hai ve.
B 0

: Ta bien oi tng ng.

2
2
A
=
B

2
2
+) | A |= B A = B : Ta bien oi he qua.

Chu y: +) | A |= B

f ( x) = g ( x)
2
= [ g ( x) ] hoac | f ( x) |= | g ( x) |
f ( x) = g ( x)
|3x-1|
= | x 3|.
Bai 1: Giai cac pt sau : a) |2x-3|=x-5. b) |2x+5|=|3x-2|. c)
x+2
| 5x 2 |
2
= | x 2|.
d) | 3x 5 |= 2 x + x 3. e) | x 3 |= | 2 x 1| . f)
x+ 3

+) | f ( x) |= | g ( x) |

[ f ( x) ]

Bai 2: Giai va bien luan cac pt sau theo tham so m: a) |3x+2m|=x-m.

b) |2x+m|=|x-2m+2|.
Bai 3: Tm gia tr cua m e pt sau co nghiem duy nhat : |mx-2|=|x+4|.
2/ Phng trnh cha an di dau can: Ta at ieu kien cua pt va tm cach bo dau can bang
cach bnh phng hai ve cua pt e a ve pt he qua, sau o th lai nghiem co thoa man hay
khong.
Chu y: +)
+)

g ( x ) 0
f ( x) = g ( x)
2 : Bien oi tng ng.
f ( x ) = [ g ( x ) ]

f ( x) = g ( x) f ( x ) = [ g ( x) ] : Bien oi he qua.
2

Bai 4: Giai cac pt sau : a)

3x 4 = x 3 .

d)

x 2 + 6 x + 9 = | 2 x 1| .

x2 + x + 1 = 3 x .

e)

b)

x 2 2 x + 3 = 2 x 1.

f)

c) 3x 2 4 x 4 =

4x 2
= m 1.
2x 1

2x + 5 .

3/ Phng trnh cha an mau thc: e kh an mau thc ta quy ong mau so, khi quy
ong phai chu y en ieu kien xac nh cua pt.
1
2
2x-5 5 x 3
x-1
3x
5
+
= 1. b)
=
. c)

= .
x+ 1 x 2
x-1 3x + 5
x 2x 2
2
a
1
3x+k x k
a)
+
= 1. b)
=
.
Bai 6: Giai va bien luan cac pt sau:
x-2 x 2a
x-3
x+ 3

Bai 5: Giai cac pt sau: a)

Trang 18

4/ Phng trnh trung phng: Co dang ax4+bx2+c=0 (1).at t=x2 0 ,ta a ve pt bac hai
at2+bt+c=0 (2). Giai ptrnh (2) so sanh vi ieu kien ta ket luan.
Bai 7: Giai cac pt sau: a) x4-8x2-9=0. b) x4-13x2+36=0. c)2 x4-8x2-18=0.
Bai 8: Giai va bien luan cac pt sau:
a) x4-mx2-9=0. b) (m+1)x4-8x2-m+1=0.
A. DAU NH THC BAC NHAT f(x) = ax + b
I. nh ly: f(x) cung dau a x >

b
b
va f(x) trai dau a x <
a
a

II. He qua:
1. Dau cua tch hoac thng cua hai nh thc bac nhat:
Cho hai nh thc bac nhat f1(x) = a1x + b1 ; f2(x) = a2x + b2
f1 ( x )

Ta co ket qua: f1(x).f2(x) hoac f x trai dau tch a1a2 khi x trong khoang hai nghiem
2( )
va cung dau tch a1a2 khi x ngoai khoang hai nghiem.
2. Quy tac an dau:
Muon xet dau mot bieu thc gom n nh thc bac nhat nhan nhau hoac nhan chia hon tap ta
se:
- Viet tat ca cac nghiem cua cac nh thc bac nhat len cung mot truc so: Khi ay truc so se
c chia thanh nhieu khoang .
- Trong khoang vo tan ben phai , bieu thc se cung dau vi bieu thc.
- Khi x giam dan t phai sang trai , bieu thc se oi dau moi khi qua mot nghiem n hoac
nghiem boi le va bieu thc se khong oi dau moi khi qua mot nghiem boi chan.
Bai 2. Xet dau: g ( x ) =

Bai 1. Xet dau: f(x) = 3x(2x + 7)(9 3x)

2
2
Bai 3. Xet dau: h ( x ) = ( x 2 x + 3) ( x + x 3)
2

x2 + 2x + 5
x 3
x+ 4
3 x 47 4 x 47
>
Bai 7. Giai bat PT:
3x 1
2x 1

Bai 5. Giai bat PT:

(x

5 x + 6 ) ( 2 x 1)
4 3x

x+ 9
> 5
x 1
x 2 + 3x 1
> x
Bai 6. Giai bat PT:
2 x
9
+ x 4
Bai 8. Giai bat PT:
x+ 2

Bai 4. Giai bat PT:

CHNG VV
CHNG

TAM TH
THCC BA
BACC HAI
HAI
TAM
A. DAU TAM THC BAC HAI
I. Tom tac ly thuyet:
1. nh ly thuan ve dau tam thc bac hai: Cho tam thc : f(x) = ax2 + bx + c ; a 0
- Neu < 0 : th a.f(x) > 0 ; x R.
- Neu = 0 : th a.f(x) 0 ; x R , f ( x ) = 0 x =
Trang 19

b
2a

- Neu > 0 : th f(x) = 0 co hai nghiem phan biet x1 , x2 (x1 < x2)
va a.f(x) < 0 ; x (x1 ; x2)
a.f(x) > 0 ; x (- ; x1)( x2 ; +)
2. nh ly ao ve dau tam thc bac hai:
Ch tam thc f(x) = ax2 + bx + c , neu co so sao cho a.f() < 0 th f(x) co hai nghiem x1, x2
va x1 < < x2
Van e 1: XET DAU BIEU THC - GIAI BAT PT N GIAN
1. Xet dau bieu thc E:
- a E ve dang tch , thng cac nhan t bac hai , bac nhat hoac khong phai la bac hai , bac
nhat nhng co dau hien nhien.
- Lap bang xet dau
2. Giai bat phng trnh:
- Chuyen ve e 1 ve la 0.
- a ve con lai ve tch hoac thng ,
- Xet dau bieu thc va ket luan.
Bai 1: Xet dau tam thc: a. f(x) = 2x2 - x + 3 ; b. g(x) = -x2 + 2x 1 ; h(x) = 2x2 - 7x + 5
Bai 2: Giai cac bat PT: a. x2 - 7x + 10 < 0 ; b. (-x2 + 3x 2)(x2 5x + 6) 0
x2 + x + 3
x 2 3x + 2
< 0 ; d. 2
> 0
1 2x
x 4x + 3
x2 4x + 3
1
2
3
< 1 x ; b.
+
<
Bai 3: Giai cac bat PT: a.
3 2x
x 1 x 2 x 3
c.

CONG THC LNG GIAC.

Cong thc cong:
cos(a b) = cosa.cosb + sina.sinb
cos(a + b) = cosa.cosb sina.sinb
sin(a + b) = sina.cosb + cosa.sinb
sin(a b) = sina.cosb cosa.sinb
tan a tan b

tan(a b) =
(a, b, a b
+ k )
1 + tan a. tan b
2
tan a + tan b

tan(a + b) =
(a, b, a + b
+ k )
1 tan a. tan b
2
Dang toan1: Tnh gia tr cua mot bieu thc.
Bai1: Tnh gia tr cac bieu thc.
cot 2250 cot 790.cot 710
A=
cot 2590 + cot 2510
0

B = tan 20 . tan 80 + tan 80 . tan 140 + tan 140 . tan 20

2
0
2
0
2
0
C = sin 20 + sin 100 + sin 140
/ so:

a) 3

b) -3

Trang 20

c)

3
2

Trng THPT Nguyn Cng Tr

NI DUNG N TP TON 10 ( C BN )

Bai2: Tnh gia tr cac bieu thc.

A=

1 tan15

1 + tan 15

B = tan10 0. tan 70 0 + tan 70 0. tan130 0 + tan130 0 .tan190 0

2

C = cos 10 + cos 110 + cos 130

Dang toan2: Chng minh mot ang thc lng giac.

Bai3: Chng minh.
1) cos(x + y).cos(x y) = cos2y sin2x.

3) sinx cosx =
5) tanx tany =

2 sin(x

2) sinx -

3 cosx = 2sin(x -

4) tanx.tan3x =

tan 2x tan x
2

1 tan 2x.tan x

2 sin(x y)
cos(x + y) + cos(x y)

Bai4: A, B, C la ba goc cua tam giac. Chng minh:

1) tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A. tan B. tan C(A, B, C 2 )

A

A B C

2) tan 2 . tan 2 + tan 2 . tan 2 + tan 2 . tan 2 = 1 ( 2 , 2 , 2 2 )

3) cot A. cot B + cot B. cot C + co t C. cot A = 1
2
4) sin

A
B
C
A
B
C
+ sin 2 + sin 2 = 1 2 sin sin sin
2
2
2
2
2
2

I/. GOC - CUNG LNG GIAC

1) i ra n v radian cc gc (cung) c s o:
a/ 15o
b/ 12o30
2)i ra n v ( pht, giy) cc gc (cung) c s o:
a/

5p
6

b/

p
7

3)Tm im ngn ca cc cung sau:

= kp
a / AM

=
b / AN

c/-

c/ -200o

3p
5

p
p
+ k.
3
2

=c / AP

II/. GIA TR LNG GIAC

1

1)Cho sinx = . Tnh Cosx, Tanx, Cotx bit 0 < x <

2
3
o
o
2)Cho 5cosa + 4 = 0 (180 < a < 270 ) . Tnh sina , tana, cota.

p
k2p
+
3
3

1
tan x + cot x
bit sinx = .
tan x - cot x
3
2
2
2sin x + 3cos x
sin x + 3sin x cos x - 2cos x
5)Tnh B =
bit tanx = -2 6)Tnh C =
bit cotx = -3
1 + 4sin 2 x
3sin x - 2cos x

3)Cho tan15o = 2 - 3. Tnh sin15o ,cos15o ,cot15o.

7) n gin biu thc:

Trang 21

4)Tnh A =

Bi 1:

2cos2 x -1
sin x + tan x
cosx.tan x
A=
; C = sin 2 x (1 + cot x ) + cos 2 x (1 + tan x ); B =
- sin x.cot x; D =
- cot x.cosx
sin x + cosx
tan x
sin 2 x
Chng minh:

a/sin 4 x+cos 4 x=1-2sin 2 xcos 2 x; b/sin 6 x+cos 6 x=1-3sin 2 xcos2 x (s dng nh 1 cng thc)
c/tan 2 x = sin 2 x+sin 2 x.tan 2 x; d/sin 2 x.tanx + cos 2 x.cotx + 2sinx.cosx = tanx + cotx

9) Chng minh:
1-2cos 2 x
1+sin 2 x
cosx
1
2
2
=
tan
x-cot
x;
b/
= 1+2tan 2 x; c/
+tanx =
2
2
2
1+sinx
cosx
sin x.cos x
1-sin x
sinx
1+cosx
2
1-sinx
cosx
sinx+cosx-1
cosx
d/
+
=
; e/
=
; f/
=
1+cosx
sinx
sinx
cosx
1+sinx
sinx-cosx+1 1+sinx
1+cosx 1-cosx
4cotx
sin 2 x
cos 2 x
g/
=
; h/1= sinx.cosx;
1-cosx 1+cosx
sinx
1+cotx 1+tanx
1
tan 2 x-tan 2 y sin 2 x-sin 2 y
i/ (1-cosx )(1+cot 2 x )=
; j/
=
1+cosx
tan 2 x.tan 2 y sin 2 x.sin 2 y
a/

Dang toan3: Chng minh mot he thc lng giac khi cho biet mot ieu kien.
Bai 6: Cho biet sinb = sina.cos(a + b). Chng minh rang: 2tana = tan(a + b) (a, a + b
Bai 7: Cho biet cos(a + b) = 2cos(a - b). Chng minh rang:tana.tanb = -

1
3

(a, b

Bai 8: Cho biet 3sinb = sin(2a + b). Chng minh rang: tan(a + b) = 2tana (a, a +
Bai 9: Cho biet cos(a + 2b) = kcosa. Chng minh rang : tan(a + b).tanb =
2. Cong thc nhan oi:
3. Cong thc nhan ba:
sin3a = 3sina 4sin3a
cos3a = 4cos3a 3cos
3 tan a tan 3 a

tan3a =
(a, 3a + l )
2
2
1 3tan a
4. Cong thc lng giac cua goc a tnh theo tan
a
2

at t = tan ,

a
+ k , k .
2 2

2t
1 + t2
1 t2
cos a =
1 + t2
2t
tan a =
1 t2

sin a =

Trang 22

a
2

1 k
1+ k

+ k
2

+ k )
2

b 2 + k

(a, a + b

+ l
2

5. Cong thc chia oi:

1 cos 2a
2
1 + cos2a
cos2 a =
2

sin 2 a =

tan 2 a =

1 cos 2a
1 + cos 2a

+ l
2

, (a

Dang toan4: Tnh gia tr cua mot bieu thc.

Bai 10: Tnh sin22030; tan22030

2 < < . Tnh gia tr cac ham so lng giac cua goc 2 .

4
sin2 = 5 vi 2 < < 2 . Tnh gia tr cac ham so lng giac cua goc .
1
sin - cos = 5 . Tnh sin2 .
1
1
sina = 3 , sinb= 2 . Tnh sin2(a + b).

Bai 11: Cho sin =

Bai 12: Cho
Bai 13: Cho
Bai 14: Cho

4
5

, vi

Bai 15: Tnh sin180, cos180.

sin x
x 1
, biet tan = .
Bai 16: a) Tnh A =
2 3 cos x
2 2
.

tan x sin x

b) Tnh A =

1
Bai 17: a) Tnh tan biet sin x + cos x =
2
5
x

b) Tnh

tan x + cos x

, biet tan

2)

cos 2 x 2 sin x
cos 2 x + 2 sin x

+ tan 2

= 0.

5) cos a. cos 2 a. cos 4 a. cos 8a =

A = cos 20 . cos 40 . cos 80

3)

A = cos

2
31

. cos

4
31

. cos

8
31

cos x + sin x

2)
31

cos 2 x

tan 2 x.

16 sin a

16

sin16 a

2) tan a. tan

. cos

4) tan a = cot a 2 cot 2a .

Bai 20: Chng minh rang:

cos x
x
= cot .
1)
1 sin x
4 2
Bai 21: Tnh:
1)

cos x sin x

2)

. cos

A = cos

31

Bai 22: Cho a, b la goc nhon dng thoa man cac ang thc.
Trang 23

a . tan

. cos

32

a
2 biet tan x = m
1 + sin a
2

1 - 2sin 2

Bai 18: Tnh A = tan 2 150 + tan 2 750 .

Dang toan 5: Chng minh mot ang thc lng giac.
Bai 19: Chng minh rang:
1) cos3x.sinx sin3x.cosx = 3 sin4x.

4
7

. cos

+ a = tan 3a

5
7

2
15

3sin2a + 2sin2b = 1; 3sin2a 2sin2b = 0. Chng minh a + 2b = 900.

Bai 23: Chng minh rang:

x
3

1) sin3acos3a sin3acos3a = 4 sin4a.

x

Bai 24: Chng minh rang neu tan 2 =

a
b

2) cos3x = 4cos.cos

+ x
3

.cos

th bieu thc

asinx + bcosx khong phu thuoc vao a.

6. Cong thc bien oi tch thanh tong:
1

cos . cos =

sin .sin =
sin . cos =

1
2

cos ( + ) + cos ( )

1
2

cos ( + ) cos ( )

sin ( + ) + sin ( )

Bai 25: Tnh a) sin750sin150.

b) cos100cos300cos500cos700
Bai 26: Bien oi tch cac ham so lng giac sau thanh tong:
a) 2sinasin2asin3a.
b) 8cos(a - b)cos(b - c)cos(c - a).
Bai 27: Chng minh rang:
a) sin100 sin500sin700 =

1
8

b) cos10 0 cos 500 cos 700 =

3
8

3
3

c) tan100 tan 500 tan 700 =

7. Cong thc bien oi tong thanh tch:

+

cos + cos = 2 cos
. cos
2
2
+

cos cos = 2 sin
.sin
2
2
+

sin + sin = 2 sin
. cos
2
2
+

sin sin = 2 cos
.sin
2
2
tg tg =

sin ( )

cos . cos

Bai 28: Chng minh rang:

a) sinx + cosx =

2 sin x +

= 2 cos x
4
4

Bai 29: Chng minh rang:

cos x sin x
0
= tan(45 x)
a)
cos x + sin x

b) sinx - cosx = -

b)
Trang 24

2 cos x +

1 sin 2x
1 + sin 2x

= 2 sin x
4
4

= tan (45 x)

Bai 30: Chng minh rang:

a) tan90 tan270 tan630 + tan810 = 4.
b) sina + sinb + sinc sin(a+b+c) = 4sin

a+ b

c) cosa + cosb + cosc + cos(a+b+c) = 4cos

sin

2
a+ b
2

b+ c

cos

sin

2
b+ c
2

c+ a

cos

2
c+ a
2

Bai 31: A, B, C la ba goc cua tam giac. Chng minh rang:

A

1)

sinA + sinB + sinC = 4cos cos cos .

2)

cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = 1 4cosA.cosB.cosC.

CNG N TP HNH HC 10 ( C Bn )
I. TM TT GIO KHOA
1. Php cng hai vect
r
r
uuur r
r
uuur
rr
Cho hai vect a v b . Ly mt im O ty , v OA = a , a.a = b . Khi vect OB c gi
r
r
l tng ca hai vect a v b . Php ton tm tng ca hai vect c gi l php cng hai vect. Nu
r
r
r
r
r
r
tng ca hai vect a v b l vect khng th a l vect i ca b hoc b l vect i ca a . Vect
r
r
r
r
i ca a c k hiu l - a . Vect i ca vect 0 l vect 0 .
2. Hiu ca hai vect r
r
r
r
r
r
r r
Cho hai vect a v b . Ta gi hiu ca hai vect a v b l vect a + (- b ) c k hiu l a - b .
r
r
Php ton tm hiu ca hai vect cn c gi l php tr hai vect a v b .
3. Cc quy tc thng c s dng khi thc hin cc php ton v vectuuur
uuur uuur
a) Quy tc hnh bnh hnh: Nu ABCD l hnh bnh hnh th AB + AD = AC .
b) Quy tc ba
im: Vi ba im A, B, C ty ta c:
uuur uuur uuur
AB = AC + CB (phn tch mt vect thnh tng ca hai vect)
uuur uuur uuur
AB = CB - CA ( biu th mt vect thnh hiu ca hai vect c chung im u).
4. nh ngha tch v hng
ca hai vect
r
r
r
r
r
r
Cho hai vect a v b u khc vect 0 . Tch v hng ca hai vect a v b l mt s, k hiu l a
r r
r
r r
r r
. b c xc nh bi cng thc a . b = a b .cos( a , b ).
r r
r r
r r
Nu a = 0 hoc b = 0 ta quy c a . b = 0.
r r r r
r
r r
r
Nu a 0 , b 0 ta c a . b = 0 a b .
r
r r
r r
r
r
r
Khi a = b ta c a . a = a 2 l bnh phng v hong ca vect a . Khi ta c a 2 = a 2.
5. Cc ng dng ca tch v hng
r
rr
Tnh di ca vect: a = a.a .

rr

a.b
r r
Tnh gc gia hai vect: cos( a , b ) = r r .
a.b

6. Ta trung im ca on thng v ta ca trng tm tam gic

Trang 25

I( xI ; yI ) l trung im ca on thng AB khi v ch khi

x + x
y + yB
xI = A B ; y I = A
.
2
2
G( xG ; yG ) l trng tm ca tam gic ABC khi v ch khi
x + x + x
y + yB + yC
xG = A B C ; yG = A
.
3
3

7. Khong cch gia hai im A( x A ; y A ) v B( xB ; yB )

uuur
AB = AB = ( x B x A ) 2 + ( y B y A ) 2 .
r
8. Gc gia hai vect khc vect 0
ur
r
Vi hai vect a = ( x; y ) v a ' = ( x ' ; y ' )
r ur'
r ur'
a.a
cos (a, a ) = r ur' =
a.a

xx ' + yy '
x 2 + y 2 . x '2 + y '2

r r
a b xx ' + yy ' = 0 .
Bi tp
uur Gi
uuurD, E, F ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh BC, CA, AB ca tam gic ABC. Chng minh rng
EF = CD .
Bi tp
uuur uuur uuur uuur
Cho bn im phn bit A, B, C, D bt k. Chng mnh rng: AC + BD = AD + BC
Bi tp
uuur
uuur
Cho ba im A, B, M tha mn h thc MA = k MB (k 1). Chng minh rng vi im 0 bt k ta lun
c h thc:
uuur uuur
uuuur OA kOB
OM =
1 k
Bi tp
Cho tam gic OBA. Gi M, N ln lut l trung im ca hai cnh OA v OB. Hy tm nhng s m v n
thch
thc sau y:
uuuuhp
r trong
uuur ccuuung
r
uuuur
uuur uuur
a) OM = mOA + nOB
b) MN = mOA + nOB
Bi tp
uuur uuur
uuur uuur
Tam gic ABC vung ti C c AC = 18, CB = 10. Tnh AB. AC v BC.BA
Bi tp
Tam
trng
tm G. Tnh cc tch v hnguuusau:
uuurgic
uuuru ABC c cnh a v
uuurcuuu
r
r uuur
a) AC.CB
b) AG. AB
c) BG.GA
Bi tp
Cho hnh bnh hnh ABCD c A(-1; 3), B(2; 4), C(0; 1).
a) Tm ta nh D ca hnh bnh hnh.
b) Tm ta tm O ca hnh bnh hnh .

Trang 26

Bi tp
Cho hnh thoi ABCD c cnh a v c gc nhn A bng 600 .
uuur uuur
uuur uuur
a) Tnh di cc vect AB + AD v BA + BC .
uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur
b) Tnh cc tch v hng AB. AD , AB. AC , AD.CA
Bi tp
Trong mt phng ta , cho ba im A(-3; 4), B(1; 1), C(9; -5)
a) Chng t rng ba im A, B, C thng hng.
b) Tm ta im D sao cho A l trung im ca BD.
c) Tm im A i xng vi A qua gc ta O.
HC K II
I.
TM TT KIN THC
1. nh l csin
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2bccosA
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 - 2accosB
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2abcosC
2. nh l sin
a
b
c
=
=
= 2R
sin A sin B sin C
Vi R l bn knh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic.
3. di ng trung tuyn ca tam gic
b 2 + c 2 a 2 2(b 2 + c 2 ) a 2
ma2 =

=
2
4
4
2
2
2
2
a +c b
2(a + c 2 ) b 2
mb2 =

=
2
4
4
mc2 =

a 2 + b 2 c 2 2(a 2 + b 2 ) c 2

=
2
4
4

4. Cc cng thc tnh din tch tam gic

1
1
1
S = aha = bhb = chc
2
2
2
1
1
1
S = ab sin C = ac sin B = bc sin A
2
2
2
abc
S=
vi R l bn knh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic.
4R
5.
II.
BI TP
Bi tp
Tam gic uuu
ABC
r uuurc AB = 5 cm, BC = 7 cm, CA = 8 cm.
a) Tnh AB. AC ri suy ra gi tr ca gc A.
uuur uuur
b) Tnh CA.CB ri tnh gi tr ca gc C.
Bi tp
Cho tam gic ABC bit a = 21 cm, b = 17 cm, c = 10 cm.
a) Tnh din tch S ca tam gic.

Trang 27

b) Tnh chiu cao ha v di ng trung tuyn ma .

PHNG TRNH NG THNG
1. Phng trnh tham s ca ng thng i qua im M 0 ( x0 ; y0 ) v c vect ch phng
r
u = (u1 ; u2 ) l:
x = x0 + tu1 2
(u1 + u22 0).

y = y0 + tu2
2. Phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng i qua im M 0 ( x0 ; y0 ) v c vect php tuyn
r
n = (a; b) l:
a ( x x0 ) + b( y y0 ) = 0 (a 2 + b 2 0) .
Nu ng thng c phng trnh tng qut l ax+by+c=0 (a 2 + b2 0) th c vect php
r
r
tuyn l n = (a; b) v c vect ch phng l u = ( b; a) .
3. Phng trnh ng thng i qua im M 0 ( x0 ; y0 ) v c h s gc k l:
y y0 = k ( x x0 ).
r
Nu ng thng c vect ch phng l u = (u1 ; u2 ) vi u1 0 th h s gc ca l
u
k = tan = 2 .
u1
r
Ngc li nu c h s gc l k th c mt vect ch phng l u = (1; k ).
4. Gc gia 1 v 2 c xc nh theo cng thc
a1a2 + b1b2
cos( 1 , 2 ) =
a12 + b12 a22 + b22
V tr tng i gia hai ng thng 1 v 2 ph thuc vo s nghim ca h phng trnh
a x + b1 y + c1 = 0
(I ) 1
a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0
1 ct 2 h (I) c mt nghim
1 P 2 h (I) v nghim
1 2 h (I) c v s nghim.
5. Khong cch t im M 0 ( x0 ; y0 ) n ng thng : ax + by + c = 0 c tnh theo cng thc
ax 0 + by0 + c
d (M 0 ; ) =
a 2 + b2
6. Phng trnh ng trn (C) c tm I(a;b) bn knh R l:
( x a ) 2 + ( y b) 2 = R 2 hay x 2 + y 2 2ax - 2by+c = 0 vi c = a 2 + b 2 R 2
Ngc li, nu a 2 + b 2 c > 0 th x 2 + y 2 2ax - aby + c = 0 l phng trnh ca ng trn tm I(a;b)
bn knh R =

a 2 + b2 c .

Trang 28

7. Phng trnh tip tuyn vi ng trn ( x a )2 + ( y b) 2 = R 2 ti im M 0 ( x0 ; y0 ) l

( x0 a )( x x0 ) + ( y0 b)( y y0 ) = 0 .
7. Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng rbit rng:
a) i qua im A(2;3) v c vect ch phng u = (7; 2).
r
b) i qua im B(4;5) v c vect php tuyn n = (3;8) .
c) i qua im C(9;5) v c h s gc k = -2.
x= 1
8.Cho ng thng d c phng trnh tham s
y = 1 + 2t
Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng
a) i qua M(8;2) v song song vi d.
b) i qua im N(1;-3) v vung gc vi d.
9. Vit phng trnh tng qut ca ng
r thng bit rng:
a) i qua im A(1;2) v c vect php tuyn n = (4;1).
r
b) i qua im B(1;0) v c vect ch phng u = ( 2;5) .
c) i qua im C(2;1) v c h s gc k = 2.
10. Cho tam gic ABC vi A(2;1), B(4;3) v c C(6;7). Hy vit phng trnh tng qut ca
ng cao AH.
11. Vit phng trnh ca ng trn (C) trong cc trng hp sau
a) (C) c tm I(3;-1) v i qua im M(2;1)
b) (C) c ng knh l AB vi A(1;0), B(7;6)
c) (C) c tm I(1;2) v tip xc vi ng thng : 3x 4y + 15 = 0

Trang 29