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IV. Three-Phase Induction Machines
IV. Three-Phase Induction Machines
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Example 1:
A 480V, 60 Hz, 6-pole, three-phase, delta-connected induction motor has the following parameters:
R 1 =0.461 , R 2 =0.258 , X 1 =0.507 , X 2 =0.309 , X m =30.74
Rotational losses are 2450W. The motor drives a mechanical load at a speed of 1170 rpm. Calculate
the following information:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
This machine has no iron loss resistance, so the equivalent circuit is as follows:
i.
s = (1200-1170)/1200 = 0.025
iii. Now, phase current is given by
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P in = 62.2 kW
v.
Airgap power is the input power minus stator losses. In this case the core losses are grouped
with rotational loss. Therefore
= 471 Nm
Vii.Output power in horsepower is the output power in Watts divided by 746. (there are 746 W in one Hp).
and
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= 55.3/62.2 = 88.9%
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Using the induction machine power and torque equations it is possible to produce the
torque speed curve shown below.
Operating Regions
The torque-speed curve brakes down into three operating regions:
1. Braking, n m < 0, s > 1
Torque is positive whilst speed is negative. Considering the power conversion
equation
it can be seen that if the power converted is negative (from P = ) then the
airgap power is positive. i.e. the power is flowing from the stator to the rotor and
also into the rotor from the mechanical system. This operation is also called
plugging.
This mode of operation can be used to quickly stop a machine. If a motor is
travelling forwards it can be stopped by interchanging the connections to two of
the three phases. Switching two phases has the result of changing the direction of
motion of the stator magnetic field, effectively putting the machine into braking
mode in the opposite direction.
2. Motoring, 0 < n m < n s , 1 > s > 0
Torque and motion are in the same direction. This is the most common mode of
operation.
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indicates that if the power converted is negative, so is the air gap power. In this
case, power flows from the mechanical system, to the rotor circuit, then across the
air gap to the stator circuit and external electrical system.
Motoring Torque Characteristic
The motoring region of the induction machine torque-speed curve is the region of greatest interest.
Starting torque
Torque at zero speed
Typically 1.5 times the full-load torque
Pull-up torque
The minimum torque developed by the motor while accelerating from zero speed
Greater than full-load torque; less than starting torque
Breakdown torque
The maximum torque that the motor can develop
Typically 2.5 times the full-load torque
Normal operation
At full-load, the motor runs at n rpm
Rotor speed decreases slightly from synchronous speed with increasing load torque
Motor will stall when the load torque exceeds the breakdown torque
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Multiple solutions of the above equation for torque at different slips can be made simpler by
simplifying the equivalent circuit model. Consider the diagram below:
The stator part of the equivalent circuit (together with the magnetising branch) can be replaced by a
Thevenin equivalent circuit. In the Thevenin circuit, the stator phase voltage has been replaced by its
Thevenin equivalent,
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Incorporating the Thevenin model into the circuit model results in the Thevenin equivalent circuit
model of an induction machine.
The above expression for rotor current can be squared and substituted into the torque equation
Using the above equation, the variation of torque with slip can be plotted directly .
Note that if power or efficiency calculations are needed, the full equivalent circuit model should
be used (not the Thevenin version).
since synchonous speed is constant, maximum torque occurs at the same slip as maximum airgap power.
Considering the Thevenin circuit, and applying maximum power transfer theory, maximum airgap power and
maximum torque will occur when
2
2
=
+ ( + 2 )2
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Re-arranging it is possible to obtain the slip for maxiumum torque, or pullout torque.
=
+ ( + 2 )2
2
3
2 + 2 + ( + 2 )2
2
The starting torque is proportional to
2
3
2
2 +(
2
[(
)
+
2
+2 ) ]
The starting torque will be reduced if the stator and rotor leakage inductances are increased
The starting torque will be reduced if the stator frequency is increased
When the rotor resistance is increased, the starting torque will first increase and then decrease.
= when 2= 1 + 2
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Solution:
Using Matlab or Excel (or another computer program) plot the torque speed curve for slip in the range
0 to 1
i.
i.
Pullout slip
The slip at which maximum torque occurs can be found from maximum power transfer theory.
Maximum torque and maximum airgap power occur at the same slip, therefore maximum
torque occurs when
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Pullout Torque
Pullout torque can be found by substituting the above pullout slip into the Thevenin torque
equation
i.
Start Torque
Start torque can be found by setting s=1 in the above equation for torque.
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Investigating the torque-speed curve it is apparent that the rotor circuit resistance has significant
impact on speed at which maximum torque occurs. The plots below illustrate two cases, with low
rotor resistance on the left and high rotor resistance on the right.
Example 1: A 460-V, 25-hp, 60-Hz, four-pole, Y-connected wound-rotor induction motor has the following
impedances in ohms per phase referred to the stator circuit:
= .
= .
= .
= .
= .
a) What is the maximum torque of this motor? At what speed and slip does it occur?
b) What is the starting torque of this motor?
c) When the rotor resistance is doubled, what is the speed at which the maximum torque now occurs?
What is the new starting torque of the motor?
Solution: The Thevenin voltage of this motor is
=
=
1 +
1 1.106
12 +(1 + )2
(266 )(26.3 )
(. )2 +(. +. )2
2
.
.+.
(. )
= 255.2
= 0.590
(a) The slip at which maximum torque occurs is given by Equation (2):
=
2 +(
2
+2 )
(0.590 )2 +(1.106+. )2
= 0.198
2
3
2 +(
2
2 +
+2 )
3(255.2 )2
(b) The starting torque of this motor is found by setting s=1 in Equation (1) :
=
2
3
2
2
[( + 2 ) + ( + 2 )2 ]
3(255.2 )2 (. )
= 104 .
(188.5 )[(0.590 + . )2 + (1.106 + . )2 ]
(c ) If the rotor resistance is doubled, then the slip at maximum torque doubles, too. Therefore,
= 0.396
= (1 ) = (1 0.396)(1800 ) = 1087
= 229 .
3(255.2)2 (0.664)
= 170.
(188.5 )[(0.590 + . )2 + (1.106 + . )2 ]
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When the switch S is in the START position, the stator windings are connected in STAR
When the motor picks up speed, say 80% of its rated value, the switch S is thrown quickly to the RUN
position which connects the stator windings in DELTA.
In induction motors that are designed to operate with delta stator connection it is possible, during starting, to
reduce the phase voltage by switching to Y- connection
During Y- connection, the phase voltage V s becomes
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So the line current is three times smaller for Y- connection. The torque is proportional to phase voltage squared
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