Bai Giang Thong Tin Ve Tinh

Mt h thng truyn tin s dng b chuyn tip t trn v tinh nhn to ca

qu t c gi l h thng truyn tin v tinh (satellite communication system) m
ta vn quen gi l thng tin v tinh. Thut ng v tinh nhn to c dng phn
bit vi cc v tinh thin to v y gi tt l v tinh (k hiu l SL - Satellite).
Cng ngh truyn tin v tinh c bt ngun t hai cng ngh pht trin mnh
trong th chin II, l cng ngh viba v cng ngh tn la. Nhng thp k trong
thi k chin tranh lnh sau nh th chin, mt cuc chy ua tuy khng n o
nhng rt quyt lit gia mt s cng quc cng nghip nhm tranh ginh mi
trng khng gian v tr. Hin nay c hng trm v tinh vin thng trn bu tri
phc v nhiu dch v vin thng khc nhau, tuy vy nhn li qu trnh pht trin c
th ghi nhn cc du mc u tin sau:
Ngy 04/10/1957, Lin X (c) phng thnh cng ln qu o v tinh nhn to
SPUTNIK v ngy c xem l bt u ca k nguyn thng tin v tinh.
Mt nm sau (thng 12/1958), tp on NASA ca M phng ln qu o v
tinh SCORE v pht i li chc mng Noel ca tng thng M Eisenhower. Tip
theo cc v tinh ECHO (1960) COURIER (1960), TELSTAR v RELAY (1962),
SYNCOM (1963), INTELSAT-1 (1965), MOLNYA (1965) c tip tc phng
ln qu o. Cc v tinh u tin ca Lin X (c) v M l cc v tinh khng a
tnh, mang tnh nghin cu. V tinh SYNCOM-1 (14/2/1963) v tip theo l v tinh
SYNCOM-2 l v tinh i tnh c phng ln qu o nhm phc v i hi th dc
th thao OLYMPIC Tokyo.
C th ni rng cc dch v vin thng c thc hin qua cc v tinh c
bt u pht trin t gia nhng nm 60 ca th k XX. V cng t y, cc cng
ngh v ti v tinh (Satelitte Payload), k thut truyn dn, k thut ngten, kh nng
b phng cng khng ngng pht trin lm cho cng ngh truyn tin v tinh ngy
cng hon thin. Cc h thng thng tin v tinh khng nhng phc v cc mc ch
chuyn dng, quc phng an ninh m c th cung cp rng ri cc dch v vin thng
cng cng. V d, cc h thng truyn tin c th phc v truyn hnh 24/24 gi trn
ton th gii hoc h thng nh v ton cu GPS (Global positioning System) c th
cung cos thng tin cho ngnh o to hng (hng khng, hng hi) bt k u, bt
k lc no.
1
Bi ging: Thng tin v tinh
Phm Vn Ngc
1963 AT&T Americal Telephone & Telegraph ln u tin th nghim lin lc

v tuyn bng v tinh chuyn tip tch cc Telstar1 vi qu o elip (vi cn im
935km v vin im 5632 km) c nghing 450 so vi mt phng xch o.
1963 V tinh a tnh u tin c tn l SYNCOM c a ln qu o.
1965 phng v tinh a tnh INTELSAT I v thnh lp t chc INTELSAT,
m u cho k nguyn thng tin quy m ton cu bng v tinh.
1965 Lin x a vo khai thc h v tinh vin thng MOLNYA c qu o
elip dt (550 40000km) nghing 630 so vi mt phng xch o vi 3 v tinh cch
u nhau trn cng qu o ph ton b Lin x c. (Do phn ln Lin x v cao
v im phng nm xa xch o)
1975 Lin x ch to thnh cng tn la Proton sc a v tinh ln qy o
a tnh.
Qu trnh pht trin v tinh thng tin
Nhng v tinh u tin ch c kh nng cung cp mt dung lng thp vi gi
thu tng i cao nh:
+ V tinh Intelsat I c dung lng 480 knh thoi vi gi thu l 32500$ 1
knh/nm do chi ph phng v tinh v tui th ca v tinh cn thp (1.5 nm)
Vi s tin b ca tn la y v Anten a bp sng ph hp vi hnh dng
vng phc v v cng vi k thut s dng li tn s n cho php v tinh pht tn
hiu mnh v tit kim di tn hn.
+ Nh v tinh Intelsat VI c 80000 knh thoi vi gi thu l 380$ 1 knh/nm
- Hin nay khai thc n th h v tinh Intelsat VII v VIII. V nhiu cc v
tinh thng mai khc dng cho truyn hnh v kt ni mng d liu Internet trn ton
th gii.
Hin nay trn qu o c trn 2000 v tinh trong vng trn xch o chung cho tt c
cc nc trn ton th gii, do m s lng v tinh a tnh l c hn.
Hai v tinh a tnh ln cn nhau phi cch nhau xa sng ca chng khng
b can nhiu ln nhau.
Thng thng l 1 cung 30 vi knh bng C (6/4), v cung 20 vi knh bng
Ku (14/11) cho thng tin v cung 60 cho bng Ku (14/11) dng cho truyn hnh n
tn nh (DTH - Direct To Home) v vic phn b tn s lm sao cho 2 v tinh ln cn
pht tn s xa nhau:
Khi c th b tr: 200 v tinh cho bng C, v 400 v tinh cho bng Ku
2
Phm Vn Ngc
Vit Nam ngy 19-04-2008 phng v tinh Vinasat1 ln qu o. Ngy

16/5/2012 (theo gi Vit Nam), ti bi phng Kouru (Guyana Nam M), Vinasat-2
c phng thnh cng ln qu o bng tn la Arian 5
Hnh 1.1 M t ta cc v tinh a tnh trn qu o ang hot ng bng
tn C.
Kinh
Hnh 1.1 M hnh v tinh a tnh
Thng tin v tinh tuy ra i mun so vi nhiu phng tin truyn thng khc
nhng n c pht trin nhanh chng nh c nhiu u im li th, l:
Vng ph sng ca v tinh kh rng, ch cn ba v tinh a tnh c th ph
sng ton cu.
Thit b pht sng dng trong h thng truyn tin ch cn cng sut b.
Vic lp t hoc di chuyn cc thnh phn trong h thng truyn tin t
trn mt t tng i nhanh chng, d dng v khng ph thuc vo cu hnh mng
cng nh h thng truyn dn.
H thng truyn tin v tinh c th phc v nhiu dch v khc nhau: thoi
v phi thoi, thm d a cht, nh v ton cu, quan st mc tiu, thm d d bo
kh tng, phc v cc mc ch quc phng an ninh, v.v
Thng tin v tinh rt n nh. c nhiu trng hp bo to, ng t,
trong lc cc phng tin truyn thng khc khng th hot ng th duy nht ch c
h thng truyn tin v tinh hot ng.
3
Phm Vn Ngc
Cc thit b in t t trn v tinh c th tn dng nng lng mt tri

cung cp hu nh c ngy ln m.
Tuy vy, thng tin v tinh cng c mt s nhc im, l:
Kinh ph ban u phng mt v tinh vo qu o l kh ln v cng
ngh phng cng nh vic sn xut thit b khng phi nc no cng lm c.
Bc x ca sng v tuyn thng tin v tinh b tn hao trong mi trng
truyn sng, c bit l nhng vng my m, nhiu ma. Nu mun dng anten b,
trng lng thit b nh th tn hao vo gi thnh s gia tng.
Cng trng ti im thu trn mt t ph thuc vo khong cch
truyn sng v gc phng v gia anten thu-pht. iu c ngha l ph thuc vo
ta ca v tinh so vi vng c ph sng.
4
Phm Vn Ngc
V tinh
Tri t
V tinh
V tinh
V tinh qu o a tnh
Hnh 1.2 M t ba v tinh trn qu o a tnh ph sng ton cu

Tn hiu ca tuyn ln v tuyn xung trong h thng truyn tin phi chu
mt thi gian tr ng k (khong 0.25s vi v tinh a tnh) do trong qu trnh x
l phi tnh n.
Cu trc mt h thng truyn tin v tinh gm 2 phn on: phn on khng

gian (Space Segment) v phn on mt t (Ground Segment).
Phn khng gian
Tuyn ln
Tuyn xung
Trm K
(TT&C)
Cc trm pht
Cc trm thu
Phn mt t
TT&C: Tracking Lemetry and Command

Hnh 1.3 Cu trc tng qut mt h thng thng tin v tinh
5
Phm Vn Ngc
1.3.1 Phn on khng gian

Phn on khng gian ca mt h thng truyn tin v tinh bao gm v tinh
cng cc thit b t trong v tinh v h thng cc trang thit b t trn mt t
kim tra theo di v iu khin hnh trnh ca v tinh (c h thng bm, o c v
iu khin). Bn thn v tinh bao gm hai phn: Phn ti hu ch (Payload) v phn
thn nn v tinh (Platform). Phn ti hu ch bao gm h thng cc anten thu/pht v
tt c cc thit b in t phc v cho vic truyn dn v x l tn hiu qua v tinh.
Phn thn nn v tinh bao gm cc h thng phc v cho phn ti v tinh hot ng,
v d cu trc v v khung v tinh, ngun cung cp in, h thng iu khin nhit
, iu khin hng chuyn ng v qu o, bm, o c, v.v
Cc sng v tuyn c truyn t trm mt t ln v tinh c gi l tuyn
ln (Uplink). V tinh thu cc sng t tuyn ln, x l, bin i tn s, khuch i v
truyn cc sng v tuyn tr v cc trm mt t theo tuyn xung (Downlink).
Cht lng ca mt lin lc qua sng v tuyn c xc nh bi t s nng lng
sng mang theo trn nng lng tp nhiu C/N ca ton tuyn, trong bao gm c
k thut iu ch v m ha c s dng.
Cc b pht p (Transponder) c t trong v tinh thu tn hiu t tuyn
ln, bin i tn s, khuch i cng sut v truyn tr li theo tuyn xung. Hnh 1.4
m t s khi mt b pht p n gin. y khng c nhim v gii iu ch
v x l tn hiu thu c. N ch ng vai tr nh mt b chuyn i tn s sang tn
s tng xung, b khuch i cng sut c h s khuch i cng sut ln. B
khuch i cng sut trong b pht p thng dng hai loi: Khuch i dng n
sng chy TWTA (Travelling Wave Tube Amplifier) v khuch i dng bn dn
SSPA (Solid State Power Amplifier). Cng sut bo ha ti u ra ca TWTA thng
t 20W n 40W. Trong cc v tinh loi mi c trang b cc b pht p c a
chm tia (Multibean satellite transponder) v cc b pht p ti sinh (regenerative
transponder). Do hn ch v kch thc v trng lng cho nn cc anten thu/pht
ca b pht p thng c kch thc nh, v vy tng ch ca anten v tinh c
gii hn.
Hnh 1.4 S b pht p n gin
6
Phm Vn Ngc
Trong :
LNA b khuch i tp m thp

LO b dao ng ni (tn s fo)
D/C b i tn xung (Down convert)
HPA l b khuch i cng sut cao
V tinh trong trng hp ny ng vai tr mt trm trung chuyn tn hiu gia

cc trm mt t v c xem nh mt im nt ca mng vi hai chc nng chnh
sau y:
1. Khuch i cc sng mang thu c t tuyn ln s dng cho vic
truyn li trn tuyn xung. Cng sut u vo ca my thu v tinh c yu cu t
100pW n 1nW, cn cng sut ti u ra ca b khuch i cng sut pht cho
tuyn xung c yu cu t 10W ti 100W. Nh vy tng ch anten ca b pht p
v tinh c yu cu t 100dB ti 130dB. Nng lng sng mang trong bng tn c
bc x n cc vng ph sng trn b mt qu t theo cc nc EIRP tng ng ph
sng.
2. Thay i tn s sng mang (gia thu v pht) nhm trnh mt phn cng
sut pht tc ng tr li pha u vo u thu. Kh nng lc ca b cc b lc u
vo i vi tn s sng mang tuyn xung, c tnh n tng ch thp ca anten,
cn m bo s cch bit khong 150dB.
Ngoi hai nhim v ch yu trn, thng thng cc v tinh cn c mt s
chc nng khc. V d, i vi v tinh c nhiu bp sng hoc bp sng qut th b
pht p v tinh phi c kh nng to tuyn sng mang n cc vng hoc m ph
sng yu cu. Trng hp i vi v tinh ti sinh th b pht p cn c chc nng
iu ch v gii iu ch.
Phn ti ca v tinh vin thng c c trng bi cc thng s k thut sau:
Di tn cng tc
S lng b pht p
rng di thng ca mi b pht p
Phn cc sng ca tuyn ln v tuyn xung
Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng (EIRP: Equivalent Isotropic
Radiated Power) hoc mt thng lng cng sut to ra ti bin ca vng ph
sng phc v
Mt thng lng cng sut bo ha ti anten thu ca v tinh (SDP:
Saturated Power Density)
H s phm cht (G/T) ca my thu v tinh ti bin vng ph sng hoc
gi tr cc i
7
Phm Vn Ngc
Vng ph sng yu cu
Cng sut u ra ca b khuch i cng sut pht
Cu hnh d phng cho my thu v b khuch i cng sut pht.
Bng tn phn b cho b pht p v tinh c th t vi trm MHz ln n vi
chc GHz. Bng tn ny thng c chia thnh cc bng tn con (theo phn nh
ca ITU). Hu ht cc b pht p thng c thit k vi di thng 36MHz,
54MHz, 72MHz, trong di thng 36MHz l chun c dng ph bin cho dch
v truyn hnh bng C (6/4 GHz). Hin nay mt s loi b pht p c x l tn hiu
c a vo s dng v nh vy c th ci thin c cht lng tn hiu.
1.3.2 Phn on mt t
Phn on mt t bao gm tt c cc trm mt t ca h thng v chng
thng c kt ni vi cc thit b ca ngi s dng thng qua cc mng mt t
hoc trong trng hp s dng cc trm VSAT (Very Small Aperture Ternimal: Thit
b u cui c khu rt nh), cc h thng thng tin di ng v tinh S-PCN
(Satellite- Personal Communication Network: Mng thng tin c nhn v tinh) th v
tinh c th lin lc trc tip vi thit b u cui ca ngi s dng.
Gc ngng
Dn ng v bm
v tinh
B phn tuyn
B khuch i cng
sut (HPA)
B khuch i tp
m thp (LNA)
iu ch IF
Gii iu ch
IF
Cc tn hiu bng
c s (t ngi s
dng)
Cc tn hiu bng
c s (ti ngi s
dng)
Hinh 1.5 S khi chc nng trm mt t.

Cc trm mt t c phn loi ty thuc vo kch c trm v loi hnh dch
v. C th c cc trm mt t va thu va pht sng nhng cng c loi trm mt
t ch lm mt nhim v thu sng, v d trm TVRO (television receiver only: Ch
dng thu sng truyn hnh). Cc trm mt t ln c trang b anten c ng knh
ln t 15 n 30m, trong khi cc trm mt t loi nh ch dng anten ng knh c
60cm, hoc thm ch nh hn (Cc trm di ng, cc my cm tay).
8
Phm Vn Ngc
Vng ph sng kh rng, c th s dng 3 v tinh a tnh c th ph sng ton

cu
Tnh qung b rng ln cho mi
V tinh
loi a hnh
C di thng rng
(6/4 14/12 30/20
50/40
GHz...)
Tri t
Kh nng a truy cp. H thng

v tinh c th phc v nhiu dch
v khc nhau nh: thoi, phi
V tinh
thoi, thm d a cht, nh v

ton cu, quan st mc tiu, tham V tinh
d d bo kh tng, phc v
V tinh qu o a tnh
mc ch quc phng, an ninh

Hnh 1.6 M hnh 3 v tinh trn qu o a tnh ph sng ton b tri t
Thit b pht sng dng trong h thng truyn tin v tinh ch cn cng sut b
Hiu qu kinh t cao trong thng tin c ly ln
Lp t hoc di chuyn cc thnh phn trong h thng truyn tin v tinh t trn
mt t tng i nhanh chng, d dng v khng ph thuc vo cu hnh mng
nh cc h thng truyn dn
Intelsat vi 2 trm mt t 2 b i ty dng c th truyn thng tin cho nhau
Nhanh chng v d cu hnh li khi cn thit nh l truyn hnh s phn gii
cao HDTV High Difinition Television, pht thanh s, dch v ISDN, DTH
Direct To Home thng qua v tinh VSAT
Thng tin v tinh rt n nh. Trong trng hp bo to, ng t cc h thng
truyn dn khc khng th suy tr n nh trong khi ch c h thng truyn dn
v tinh hot ng
Cc thit b t trn v tinh c th tn dng nng lng mt tri cung cp in
nng c ngy v m.
9
Phm Vn Ngc
Khng c nh (v tinh lun di chuyn vi v tr tng i so vi mt t vi

khong cach xp x 75km)
Khong cch truyn dn xa, do suy hao ln v c nh hng ca tp m ln. (do
khong cch t v tinh ti trm mt t khong 36000km vi tr vo khong 0.25s
cho c ng ln v ng xung) do qu trnh x l cn tnh ton n tr
Gi thnh lp t h thng rt cao, chi ph phng v tinh tn km v vn cn ri ro
(10triu USD anten 30m. 5 7tr USD/anten 18m. 500 50000USD/anten t 0.6 3.5m
Bc x ca sng v tuyn thng tin v tinh b tn hao trong mi trng truyn
sng, c bit l nhng vng my m, nhiu ma.
Cng trng ti im thu trn mt t ph thuc vo khong cch truyn
sng v gc phng v gia anten thu v pht (ph thuc ta v tinh vi vng
ph sng).
Thi gian s dng hn ch, kh bo dng, sa cha v nng cp (trc y t 3 5
nm, nay tng ln khong 15 20 nm)
Hin nay cc h thng thng tin di ng v tinh lm vic nhiu bng tn

khc nhau, ph thuc vo dng dich dch v. Lc u lin minh vin thng Quc t
(ITU) phn nh ph tn cho cc dch v di ng v tinh l t bng tn L n bng
tn S. Cc h thng v tinh v cc yu cu dch v ngy cng gia tng do yu cu
v bng tn cng gia tng. Tn s lm vic ca h thng di ng v tinh hin c th t
cn trn bng tn Ka v i khi n bng tn V, W, Cc bng tn s c la chn s
ph bin nht trong cc bng tn c la chn s dng ph bin nht trong cc h
thng thngb tin di ng v tinh l bng tn C v K Bng 1.1 lit k cc bng tn c
th cng vi k hu tn gi theo khuyn ngh ca ITU trong c cc bng cc
bng tn c phn nh cho cc h thng thng tin v tinh.
Bng C v Ku, Ka dng cho truyn d liu v truyn hnh
Bng X, Q dng trong qun s (chnh ph)
Bng L dng trong thng tin di ng v tinh, bng S dng trong pht thanh
10
Phm Vn Ngc
Bng 1.1 Phn nh bng tn cho cc h thng thng tin v tinh

P
L
S
C
X
Ku
Ka
Q
V
W
225 390
390 1550
1550 3900
3900 8500
8500 1090
1090 17250
17250 36000
66000 46000
46000 56000
56000 - 10000
Tuyn xung
3,4
3,7
Tuyn ln
4,2 4,5
4,8
5,925
6,425
7,075
6/4 - GHz
bng C
FS
S
300
500
75
300
7,25
7,75
7,9
500
650
rng bng
(M Hz)
8,4
FSS chnh ph
8/7 - G H z
bng X
FSS chnh ph
500
500
FSS quc t
12,2
10,7 10,95 11,2 11,45 11,7
FSS
250 250 250 250
12,7
14,0
13,2
BS S
500
500
17,7
20,2
500
14,5 14,8 17,3 17,8 18,1

BS S
14/11 FS S
G Hz
FS S
bng K u
500
300
500
300
30,0
27,0
21,2
FSS
31,0
30/20-G Hz
bng K u
FSS
2500
1000
3000
FSS chnh ph
1000
FSS chnh ph
K hoch phn nh tn s s dng trong thng tin v tinh

Cc v tinh u tin c phng ln qu o ch yu phc v th nghim.

n cui nm 60 ca th k 20 cc v tinh mi c cung cp nhng dch v vin
thng cng cng. Dch v c pht trin nhanh chng u tin l cung cp cc
ng kt ni in thoi v truyn hnh gia cc chu lc. Cc ng kt ni b
11
Phm Vn Ngc
sung cho cc ng cp ngm i dng lm gia tng ng k dung lng truyn tin.
Cc dch v truyn hnh u tin TVRO s dng k thut a truy cp phn chia theo
tn s/iu tn/mi sng mang ring cho mi knh (FDMA/FM/SCPC Frequency
Division Multiple Access /Frequency Modulation /Channel Per Carrier) a dch
v truyn hnh n cc vng thn ho lnh, ni m cc mng mt t trc cha ph
sng n.
Cc tn hiu truyn hnh cht lng qung b c chuyn chuyn tip qua v
tinh nh cc b pht b pht p n (di thng 36 MHz), mi b pht p s dung
cho mt tn hiu TV (n knh) qua trnh thc hin bng cch iu ch tn hiu di
thng 4.5 MHz (NTSC), 5.5 MHz (PAL) hoc 6.5 MHz (SECAM) vo mt sng
mang FM/6GHz. tn hiu hnh hp gm c tn hiu video en trng, cc chuyn tip
qua cng mt b pht p bng cch iu tn tn hiu vo sng mang ph c s
iu ch vi tn s sng mang my pht.
Theo l thuyt, di thng qua tn hiu FM/6GHz c th tnh c theo nguyn
tc carrson. lch nh (d tn nh) ca tn hiu video hn hp l 10.5 MHz cn
di tn nh ca sng mng ph l 2 MHz
Nh vy di tn ton b l F = 12.5 MHz di thng tin hiu bng c s xp
x 6.8MHz. Nh vy di thng knh truyn s l :
BT = 2x(F + B) =1 x (12.5 +6.8) = 38.6 MHz
Di thng ny c b pht p c di thng 36 MHz chp nhn
Tn hiu video hn hp vo
(di thng 4.5, 5.5, 6.5 MHz)
Ti v tinh
My pht FM
Fc = 6GHz
( F)video = 10.5MHz
( F)c = 2MHz
Tn hiu Audio vo
(di thng 15kHz)
Hinh 1.7 M t tuyn truyn hnh qung b qua v tinh

Bng 1.2 : Phn nh bng tn dung cho dch v v tinh c nh v dch v qung b
qua v tinh ti 31GHz
FS
2.655 -2.690
Ch R2
12
Phm Vn Ngc
FS
2.690 2.535
BS
2.500 2.690
FS
2.655 -2.690
FS
3.400 4.200
FS
4.500 4.800
FS
5.725 5.850
FS
5.850 7.075
FS
FS
7.250 7.750
Ch R2, R3
Ch R1
7.900 8.400
FS
FI
Ch R2
10.700 11.700
10.700 11.700
Ch R1
BS
11.700 12.500
Ch R2
BS
11.700 12.200
Ch R3
FS
11.700 12.300
Ch R2
BS
12.100 12.750
Ch R2
FS
12.500 12.750
Ch R1, Ch R3
BS
12.500 12.750
Ch R3
FS
12.500 12.750
Ch R2
FS
12.700 12.750
Ch R2
FS,FL
14000 12.500
FS
17.300 18.100
17.700 21.200
FS
27.000 27.500
Ch R1, Ch R3
27.500 31.00
FS dch v v tnh c nh
BS Dch v v tinh qung b
FL Tuyn cung cp cho dch v v tinh qung v tinh qung b
Vng 1(R1), Vng 2 (R2),Vng3 (R3).
13
Phm Vn Ngc
Bng tn 3.400 7.075 GHz ; y l bng tn c s dng nhiu nht so vi

cc bng tn khc. Cng v vy m vic sp xp v tr trn qu o l tng i kh.
Mt khc, do sn c mt thi trng rng ln cho bng tn ny cho nn c nhiu nh
sn xut ch to cc thit b tiu chun, gi thnh canh tranh.suy hao truyn sng
trong tng khi quyn ca bng tn ny c ln hn so vi bng tn 2.5 2.7 GHz
nhng nu tnh ton hp l s m bo c dch v thng tin cht lng cao cho tt
c cc vng trn th gii. Lu rng, bng tn ny s, bng tn ny s c can
nhiu vi cc h thng viba mt t s dng cng bng tn.
K thut TDMA/PSK (Time Division Multiple Access/Phase Shift Keying) v
CDMA/PSK(Code Division Mutiple Access/Phase Shift Keying) c a vo ng
dng k tip sau .
Cc mng truyn tin di ng v tinh (S-PCN: Satellite - Personel
Communication Network) vi cc trm v tinh t bo u c nhn thu bao di ng.
Tn s lm vic ca cc h thng thng tin v tinh c th t cn trn bng tn VHF
cho n bng tn Ka v i khi n bng tn V, W cc bng tn hin ang c la
chn s dung ph bin nht l bng tn C v bng tn K. Bng tn X c dnh ring
cho mc ch chuyn dng.
cc h thng thng tin v tinh khng gy cn nhiu ln nhau. Lin minh
vin thng quc t (ITU) cng c cc khuyn ngh v phn nh tn s cho tuyn trn
v tuyn xung ng vi cc vng a l trn qu t. Ba vng c phn nh l: vng
R1 bao gm chu u, Lin X (c) v chu Phi; vng R2 bao gm Bc M v Nam
M; vng R3 bao gm chu v chu c.
Cc phn nh bng tn c gii thiu trong bng 1.2 ch l khuyn ngh
trong thi k cc h thng thng tin v tinh bt u pht trin. Trong thc t s dng
c s linh hot, ph thuc mt phn vo c tnh truyn sng v a l.
Ti bng tn 2,5-2,7 GHz suy hao truyn sng trong tng kh quyn nh hn
so vi cc tn s khc, song v bc sng tng i di cho n kch thc anten
phi ln hn so vi cc bng tn khc. Bng tn cha c s dng rng ri cho nn
t nh sn xut ch to cc thit b chun cho bng tn. Bng tn t r li th nhng
yu cu khim tn nhng im khng tc nghn v khe qu o l lun lun c sn
s dng
Bng tn 3,400-7,075GHz;y l bng tn c s dng nhiu nht so vi cc
bng tn khc cng v vy m vic sp xp cc khe qu o l tng i kh. Mt
khc, do sn c mt th trng rng ln cho bng tn ny cho nn c nhiu nh sn
xut ch to cc thit b tiu chun, gi thnh cnh tranh. Suy hao truyn sng trong
14
Phm Vn Ngc
tng kh quyn ca bng tn ny c ln hn so vi bng tn 2,5-2,7 GHz nhng nu

tnh ton hp l s m bo c dch v thng tin cht lng cho tt c cc cng
trn th gii. Lu rng, bng tn ny c can nhiu so vi cc h thng viba mt
t s dng cng bng tn.
Bng tn 10,7 14,5 GHz; bng tn cng ang c s dng rng ri. Cc
angten ti cc bng tn ny c kch thc nh, c th lp t thun tin trn cc mi
nh cao tng. Ni no khng c cc sng mang chung trong bng tn th h thng c
th tn dng cng sut ln hn v khng c can nhiu. iu bt loij ch yu ca
bng tn ny l suy hao truyn sng ln do ma, my m v hi nc.
Bng tn trn 17GHz, c c tnh truyn sng ging bng tn 10,7-14,5 GHz
v cng ang c pht trin. Tuy vy thit b v cng ngh s dng kh phc tp v
t tin.
Tng quan
Cc v tinh a tnh c s dng cung cp cc dch v truyn tin c nh

v di ng cng trn 20 nm nay. Qu o a tnh l mt dng qu o i ng
b c chu k qu o l 23 gi 56 pht 4.1 giy. Chu k thi gian cn c gi l
ngy thin vn v bng thi gian thc m qu t quay mt vng quanh trc ca n.
Nh vy v tinh a tnh xem nh ng yn tng i so vi mi im trn qu t.
qu o ca v tinh a tnh l trn v nm trn mt phng xch o.
Ngoi tr cc vng cc, vi 3 v tinh a tnh c th ph sng ton cu. Hnh
1.2 m t 3 v tinh ph sng ton cu. Qu o ca cc v tinh a tnh c dng
hnh trn, nm trn mt mt phng xch o v c cao mt t khong 35.786 km.
H thng thng tin v tinh a tnh c nhim v u vit trong vic cung cp cc
dch v truyn tin qung b v c nh. Thi gian tr truyn dn ca mt bc nhy
n l khong 250 280 ms v nu tnh c qu trnh x l v m th c th n
300ms. iu i hi s dng mt s kiu trit hi m khi truyn tin thoi. Lin
minh Vin thng Quc t (ITU) quy nh tr cc i cho thng tin in thoi l
400ms cho mt bc nhy n i vi thng tin v tinh a tnh. i vi thng tin v
tinh di ng khi cn lin lc trc tip gia hai my di ng m khng s dng bc
nhy kp (nh m t hnh 1.8) khi cn c b x l ring t pha v tinh cng vi
cc chc nng gim st cuc gi hoc c th t on mt t.
Vic ph sng lin tc theo vng hoc theo lc a c th c thc hin vi
mt v tinh n v trong nhiu trng hp c th s dng mt v tinh th hai lm d
15
Phm Vn Ngc
tr m bo lin lc trong trng hp v tinh th nht gp s c. Hin nay c

mt s h thng thng tin v tinh di ng s dng chm v tinh a tnh phc v
cho cc dch v di ng ton cu hoc theo vng lc a.
Hinh 1.8 Thng tin v tinh qua mt bc nhy

Trc y, khi m cc v tinh a tnh mi bt u a vo ng dng th vic
lin lc gia v tinh v mt t phi thng qua cc trm mt t c ln. Nhng nm
gn y, cung vi s tin b ca cng ngh ti v tinh, cng ngh ng ten, cng ngh
xr l tn hiu, cc h thng thng tin v tinh cung cp cc vng ph sng a bp
sng , bp sng nhy n cc thit b u cui di ng ca ngi s dng. iu
dn n vic gim ng k yu cu v EIRP ca v tinh, gim quy m cc trm mt
t v cc thit b di ng v tinh cm tay nh b ging nh cc my di ng mng t
bo mt t cng xut hin trn th trng. Cc v tinh a tnh ngy nay c th
cung cp nhiu dch v khc nhau, bao gm c c nh v di ng c kh nng ph
sng ton cu. Hin nay c ti hng trm v tinh ang hot ng trn qu o a tnh
v c v tr ta ca chng c phn phi bi Lin minh Vin thng Quc t
(ITU)
H thng thng tin v tinh a tnh INMARSAT, c xy dng nm 1979 vi

mc ch ban u l phc v cng tc hng hi quc t (qun l c con tu trn bin
v cu nn). Nm 1982, h thng c m rng sang cc dch v thng mi v tip
sau l cc dch v truyn thng khc. INMARSAT c 64 thnh vin tham gia, tr
s ca n t ti Lun n (Anh).
H thng INMARSAT c 3 lnh vc phn chia phc v cho c v tinh a tnh
sau y :
16
Phm Vn Ngc
1- Cc v tinh ph sng phc v cc vng ng i Ty Dng (AOR-E) v i

Ty Dng (AOR-W), Thi Bnh Dng (POR) v n Dng (IOR);
2- H thng cc trm mt t (LES) cung cp kt ni vi cc mng mt t. hin
nay INMARSAT c 40 trm ch mt t phn chia theo vng a l kt ni vi
cc mng mt t;
3- Cc trm mt t di ng phc v cho ngi s dng c kh nng lin lc
thng qua v tinh.
Hin ti INMARSAT s dng 4 v tinh a tnh INMARSAT-3 ph sng
v v tinh d phng bao gm 3 v tinh INMARSAT-3 v 3 v tinh INMARSAT-2.
INMARSAT cng c 3 v tinh khc cho thu.
H thng INMARSAT c nhng dch v ty chn v qua cc giai on pht
trin nng cp nh sau:
INMARSAT a vo s dng nm 1982, cung cp dch v thoi (300-3400
Hz), s dng sng mang iu ch tn s trn knh n (FM/SCPC). iu ch BPSK
c dng truyn d liu tc 19,2 kbit/s v dch v fax tc 14,4 kbit/s.
h thng cng c th tng tc truyn d liu ln n 64 kbit/s bng s dng iu
ch QPSK (kha dch pha cu phng ) v s dng k thut ALOHA cho thit lp
cuc gi. INMARSAT A pht di tn 1.636,5 1.645 MHz v thu di tn
1.535-1.543,5 MHz. knh thoi cch bit nhau mt khong 50 KHz, trong khi
knh d liu c cch bit nhau 25 KHz. Cc thit b u cui INMARSAT-A
khng cn c sn xut na.
Bng 1.3: Vng ph sng v to cc v tinh IMARSAT
AOR-W
INMARSAT-3 F4 (540w)
INMARSAT-2 F2 (980W)
INMARSAT-3 F2 (15.50W)
AOR-E
INMARSAT-3 F2 (15.50W)
INMARSAT-3 F5 (250E)
INMARSAT-3 F4 (540W)
IOR
POR
INMARSAT-B c a co dch v nm 1993. Vi mc ch cung cp ty

chn s ha cho cc dch v thoi ca INMARSAT-B. H thng kt hp hot ng
thoi vi iu khin cng sut ti thiu ha cc yu cu v EIRP ca v tinh. Cc
thit b u cui hot ng mc 33.29 hoc 25 dBW, vi gi tr t s G/T l -4dB/k.
17
Phm Vn Ngc
Tn hiu thoi c to ra khong 16kbit/s khi s dng m ha d on thch nghi

APC (Adaptive Predictive Coding), v sau s dng m chp tc , tng tc
knh ln 24kbit/s. Tn hiu c iu ch dng offset-QPSK (QPSK b). D liu
c truyn tc nm trong khong 2.4 n 9.6 kbit/s v fax c truyn tc
ln n 9.6 kbit/s s dng iu ch b offset-QPSK. Cc dch v d liu tc
cao (HSD) ca INMARSAT-B cung cp truyn tin vi tc 64kbit/s cho cc ngi
s dng trn mt t v trn bin cng nh kt ni vi mng ISDN thng qua cc
trm ch mt t LES. Mt thit b u cui cn c mt knh thit lp mt cuc
gi bng cch truyn mt tn hiu iu ch QPSK b p 24kbit/s khi s dng giao
thc ALOHA. Cc knh c phn nh bng cch s dng mt knh BPSK TDM.
H thng INMARSAT-B hot ng trong bng tn 1626,5-16465MHz cho ch
pht v bng tn 1525,5-1545,5 cho ch thu.
INMARSAT-C cung cp cc dch v tc d liu thp khong 600 bit/s,
h thng s dng m chp tc , chiu di c nh l 7 truyn vi tc
1200bit/s. Tn hiu pht s dng iu ch BPSK trong mt di tn l 2.5 kHz. Cc
thit b u cui gn nh s dng anten v hng v hot ng vi mt t s G/T l 23 dB/K., EIRP trong phm vi 11-16 dBW. Knh quay v s dng iu ch ALOHA
BPSK khong 600 bit/s. Cc knh c phn chia theo tn hiu iu ch TDM
BPSK. H thng INMARSAT-C hot ng trong di tn pht 1626,5-1645,5 MHz v
di tn thu l 1530,0-1545,0 MHz, s dng bc nhy khong 5KHz.
INMARSAT-M a vo dch v thng mi thng 12 nm 1992 vi s tuyn
b u tin v in thoi v tinh di ng cm tay c nhn [t chc v tinh hng hi
quc t]. H thng ny cung cp dch v in thoi 4.8kbit/s, s dng m ha kch
thch a bng tn c ci tin (IMBE), v m chp tc tng tc truyn
dn ln n 8 kbit/s. Ngoi ra, my fax 24kbit/s v cc dch v d liu (1.2-2.4 kbit/s)
cng c d phng. INMARSAT-M l h thng phc v ch yu trong lnh vc
hng hi v di dng mt t. Cc thit b u cui hng hi hot ng trn b hot
ng vi EIRP l 27 hoc 21 dBW v mt t s G/T l -10dB/K, c thit b u cui
hot ng vi EIRP l 25 hoc 19dBW v mt t s G/T l -12dB/K. Knh quay v s
dng cc tn hiu iu ch BPSK ALOHA c chia khe khong 3kbit/s. Cc knh
c phn nh theo tn hiu iu ch TDM BPSK. H thng INMARSAT-M hng
hi hot ng trong di tn pht l 1626,5-1646,5 Mhz v di tn thu l 1525,52559,0 MHz vi mt khong gia cc knh l 10kHz.
Ngoi cc h thng thng gp trn INMARSAT cn c INMARSAT MINIM (s dng cc loi u cui nh hn), INMARSAT-D (nh v hin th cc on tin
nhn ln ti 128 k t), INMARSAT-E (dch v thng tin hng hi ton cu), MINI-
18
Phm Vn Ngc
MAERO (cung cp dch v thng tin hng khng), v mng truy cp ton cu GAN
(Global Access Network) cung cp dch v ISDN di ng v cc dch v di ng
IP (Mobile Internet Protocol- MIP).
1.7.1.3 H thng thng tin v tinh EUTELSAT
T chc thng tin v tinh chu u EUTELSAT (European
Telecommunication Satellite Organisation) c hai h thng thng tin v tinh
EUTELRACS (chuyn dng) v EMSAT (thng mi).
H thng EUTELRACS
H thng EUTELRACS l mt h thng thng tin qun l hm i, c s

dng truyn tin, lin lc gia cc phng tin tu b, xe c di ng thn qua mt
v tinh a tnh. u tin h thng l mt mng thng tin v tinh di ng thng mi
sau pht trin thm nhin v truyn tin v theo di nh v cc phng tin vn
chuyn di ng.
EUTELRACS hot ng trong bng tn Ku v t chc mng theo kiu cu
trc tp trung quanh mt mng ch tm c iu hnh bi t chc v tinh vin
thng chu u (EUTELSAT). Mng ny gm c 5 phn t, l: trm ch mt t
trung tm, phn on khng gian, trung tm qun l mng cung cp dch v (SNMC),
thit b u cui truyn thng c nh v thit b u cui di ng.
Hinh 1.9 Cu trc mng EUTELRECS

H thng EMSAT
EUTELSAT c mt h thng cung cp dch v d liu v thoi di ng vi tn
thng mi l EMSAT. Cc dch v c th l: thoi 4.8kbit/s, my fax nhm 3 tc
2,4 kbit/s, truyn d liu tc 2,4kbit/s, nhn tin 44bit/gi v xc nh v tr
bng cch s dng mt card tch hp GSP. H thng lm vic bng tn L v s
19
Phm Vn Ngc
dng ti v tinh di ng chu u EMS (European Mobile Satellite) ca v tinh

ITALSAT-F2.
1.7.1.4 H thng thng tin v tinh t bo chu , THUARAYA v cc h thng khc.
Hin nay c kh nhiu h thng thng tin v tinh phc v cc dch v truyn
thng di ng. Cc h thng phc v theo tng vng tp trung v cung cp dch v
theo cc vng th gii, v d cc h thng c trin khai c (OPTUS) [NEW-90],
Nht Bn(N-star) [FUR-96], Nam M (MSAT) [JOH-93], ng Nam (ACeS), n
, Nam Phi v Trung ng (THURAYA).
H thng v tinh t bo Chu (ACeS) cung cp cc dch v n cc khu vc
c gii hn bi Nht Bn pha ng, Pa-ki-xtan pha Ty, bc Trung Quc
pha bc v In-do-ne-xi-a pha nam [NGU-97]. Vng ny c ph sng bi tng
cng ca 140 bp sng trong bng tn L cng vi mt bp vng ph sng n
trong bng tn C. khu vc ny c khong 3 t dn c sinh sng v l mt vng m
cc phng tin truyn thng mt t cha vi ti. Chu l mt vng c yu cu
v truyn thng v tinh rt ln v vng ny rt thch hp cho v tinh a tnh.
V tinh ACeS u tin l v tinh GARUDA-1 c phng ln qu o vo
ngy 12-2-2000. V tinh ny thit k c thi gian hot ng c 12 nm v h tr t
nht 11 nghn knh thoi tc thi vi d tr tuyn l 10dB. cung cp vng ph
sng bng tn L, v tinh ny dng ngten pht v ngten thu ring, c hai u c
ng knh l 12m. Ti v tinh lm nhim v chuyn mch v nh tuyn cc cuc
gi, cho php thc hin c cc cuc gi di ng- i ng thc hin qua mt bc
nhy.
Mng ny bao gm mt trung tm iu khin mng NCC, trm iu khin v
tinh (SCS), cc thit b u cui ca ngi dng v cc cng chnh vng. NCC v
SCS c t o Batam Indonexia s dng ngten c ng knh 15,5m. trung
tm NCC c chc nng iu khin mng. cc cng ra vo khu vc (cng chnh) c
t Indonexia, philipin, i Loan v Thi Lan. Cng nh mng GSM, cc thu bao
AceS c ng k vi mt cng ra vo a phng mnh v c th chuyn vng
n cc cng khc. Cc cng chnh cung cp vic tnh cc v truy cp n mng li
mt t. NCC v cng chnh hot ng trong bng tn C-/S tng ng di tn 64256725 MHz (tuyn mt t ln v tinh) v 3400-3700 MHz t v tinh xung mt t.
Cc thit b u cui ca ngi s dng nh Fax, thoi v d kiu, hot ng
trong cc bng tn L-/S, c th l cc di tn 1626,5-1660,5MHz (t mt t ln v
tinh) v 1252,0-1559,0 MHz (t v tinh n mt t).
20
Phm Vn Ngc
Cc thit b u cui c th c phn loi thnh thit b u cui di ng,

my di ng cm tay hoc thit b u cui c nh. Cc thit b u cui di ng v
xch tay cho php lm vic song song vi mng GSM. Bi v khi giao din AceS
c lp t v da vo GSM nn n cho php vic cung cp cc dch v gi nh
GPRS hoc truyn d liu vi cng ngh GSM (EDGE)
Cc v tinh GARUDA ang c phng n m rng vng ph sng sang Chu
u v Trung .
Mt h thng thng tin v tinh khc ph sng n th trng trung ng v
trung l h thng THURAYA-1,n bt u hot ng vo nm 2001 vi mt thi
gian hot ng l 12 nm. V tinh THURAYA-1 c ta 44 ng. C vng ph
sng gii hn t -200 ty n 1000 ng v 600 Bc n -20 Nam. V tinh c th h
tr n 13750 cuc gi ng thi v xc sut nghn cuc gi l 2%. V tinh
THURAYA-2 ng vai tr nh l mt v tinh d phng.
Cng ging nh ACeS, h thng THURAYA c thit k tng thch vi
mng GSM cc thit b u cui cm tay.
Tuyn di ng hot ng trong bng tn N-/S, c th trong di tn 1626,51660,5 MHz (cho cc tuyn ln ) v 1525,0 v 1559,0 MHz (cho tuyn xung) c
tuyn cung cp lm vic bng tn C-/S, vi di tn 6425,0 6725,0 MHz (t di
ln) v 3400,0-3625,0 MHz (t trn xung). ang truy cp s dng k thut
PDMA/TDMA v QPSA c s dng iu ch cc tn hiu. magnj h tr cc
dch v thoi, fax v d liu cc tc 4; 4,8 ;9,6 kbit/s;
Gi cc h thng thng tin v tinh tm thp loi nh little LEO satellite l

bi v cc h thng ny ch cung cp cc dc v nhn tin, tc di ng bit thp v d
th in t (e-mail), gim st t xa v ghi c c thng s o lng t xa trn phm
vi ton cu vo vic s dng c v tinh hot ng qu o thp so vi tri t vo
khong 700-2000km. cc dch v hot ng theo thi gian thc hoc l theo dng
c nh v ph thuc vo kh nng vng ph sng ca mng. Mc ca vng ph
sng ph thuc vo chm v tinh v kh nng ca mng mt t m chum v tinh
h tr. V d mt v tinh ch c kh nng ghi nhn cc d liu khi n i ngang qua
mt vng ph sng no , tng ng vi v tr ca mt cng chnh v tinh c ni
vi mng mt t.
Thut ng h thng loi nh (little LEO satellite) y s dng l c so
snh vi cc h thng v tinh khng a tnh c dung cung cp c dch v mng
21
Phm Vn Ngc
thng tin v tinh c nhn (PCN) cho ngi s dng, n c cu trc c thit k phc
tp hn nhiu.
Bng tn lm vic ca cc h thng thng tin v tinh tm thp cng theo quy
ch phn chia tn s ca Lin minh Vin thng Quc t (ITU) (xem phn nh tn s
theo 3 vng ITU).
Sau y s gii thiu mt s h thng v tinh tn thp loi nh in hnh
ORBCOMM
ORBCOMM l mt h thng v tinh tng thp loi nh (ca M) c bt
u khai thc dch v vo ngy 30.11.1998, hin ti hot ng vi mt chm vi 36
v tinh v d kin pht trin ln 48 v tinh trong tng lai. Chm cc v tinh ny
c sp xp nh sau:
+ Ba mt phng qu o c gc nghing 45 vi 8 v tinh trn mt mt
phng v cao l 825km.
+ Hai mt phng qu o c gc nghing vi nhau mt gc 70 v 108 ,
trn mi mt phng c 2 v tinh , t cch nhau 180 v cao l 780km.
+ 8 v tinh t trn mt phng xch o
Hinh 1.10 Cu trc mng ORBCOMM

H thng ORBCOMM cung cp tc truyn d liu cho ngi dng l 2,4
kbit/s cho tuyn ln v 4,8 kbit/s cho tuyn xung v c kh nng tng ln n
9,6kbit/s. c tuyn ln v xung u dng k thut kha dch pha vi phn i xng
(SDPSK) v b lc cosin nng. Tuyn thu bao v tinh hot ng trong di bng tn
t 148 149,9 MHz cho tuyn ln v 137 138 MHz cho tuyn xung.
22
Phm Vn Ngc
V tinh cng pht mt tn hiu dn ng vi tn s 400,1 MHz. ngoi tr cc

v tinh, mng ORBCOMM cn bao gm : thit b truyn thng thu bao (SC); mt
NCC v cc cng ra vo. NCC c t M v kin trc mng ORBCOMM c
m t hnh 1.10.
E-SAT l mt h thng v tinh tm thp loi nh gm c 6 v tinh t trn cc

qu o cc cao 800 km. Chm v tinh ny c trin khai trn hai mt phng
v c trung tm iu khin t ti Guildford (Anh), cng chnh t ti Spitzbergen
(Nauy).
Cc thit b u cui E-SAT hot ng di tn 148-148,55 Mhz cho tuyn
ln, phng thc a truy cp tri ph dy trc tuyn (DS-SSMA), tc d liu 800
bit/s. k thut BPSK c dng iu ch m tri ph vi cc k t v k thut
MSK c iu ch sng mang. Cc thit b u cui c cng sut pht l 49w vi
mc EIRP l 5,4dBW. Mi v tinh E-SAT c th h tr n 15 thit b u cui cng
mt lc.
Di tn 137,0725-137,9275MHz c dng cho tuyn xung. Mng cung cp
cc dch v o xa, gim st v nh v.
H thng LEO ONE s dng mt chm v tinh 48 v tinh , b tr 6 v tinh

trn mt mt phng qu o, cao 930km v gc nghing l 500 so vi ng
xch o [GOL-99], LEO ONE c thit k hot ng ch c nh, tc d
liu khong 24kbit/s, di tn tuyn ln l 137-138MHz v tc 2,4-9,6kbit/s, di
tn tuyn xung l 149,5-150,05 MHz v di tn 400,15-401 MHz.
Mi v tinh s c kh nng gii iu ch v gii m tt c cc gi tn hiu thu
c v nh, sau s pht li hoc truyn trc tip n trm mt t cng chnh.
Mi v tinh c 4 thit b pht sng v 15 thit b thu sng.
Nh phn tch cc phn trn, bt u t nm 1990 cc h thng thng tin

di ng v tinh nh du mt mc quan trng trong s pht trin truyn thng di
ng, trong cc h thng v tinh khng a tnh.
Nm 1990 cng nh du bc chuyn tip quan trng cuc cch mng
truyn thng v tinh di ng, cng vi mt s xut cho h thng v tinh khng a
tnh. Trong phn trc trnh by s pht trin ca nhng v tinh little LEO.
Cng vo thi gian , mt h thng thng tin v tinh khng a tnh n c nhn
23
Phm Vn Ngc
thu bao nhm mc ch cung cp cc dch v thoi cng c nhng th nghim v

cc mng truyn thng tin thng qua cc v tinh n c nhn thu bao c k
hiu l S-PCN (Satellite Personal Communication Network).
Mc ch ca mng S-PCN l cung cp cc dch v thoi v cc dch v tc
d liu thp, tng t nh mng t bo mt t, s dng cc in thoi cm tay
lin lc thng qua cc v tinh cc qu o tm thp (LEO) hoc l qu o tm
trung (MEO). Cc v tinh qu o tm trung MEO c t cao 1000020000Km so vi mt t vi thi gian c chu k qu o l 6h. Cc v tinh trong qu
o thp c gi l big LEO v c chu k qu o l 90. Nhng v tinh ny c
trin khai cao 750-2000km.
Cc v tinh qu o tm thp LEO c thi gian sng khong 5-7 nm, cc v
tinh trn qu o tm trung MEO c thi gian sng khong 10-12 nm.
Cc mng S-PCN hot ng trong bng tn L v bng tn S. Bng 1.5 lit k
cc di tn c phn nh cho thng tin di ng s dng qu o tm thp LEO v
tm trung MEO.
Nhng S-PCN cung cp vng ph sng dch v ton cu bng cch s dng
cc chm a v tinh. S lng cc v tinh trong mt chm l mt hm ca cao qu
o v cc yu cu c tnh dch v. Hin nay c mt s mng S-PCN c th
cung cp cc dch v thng tin di ng n cc my di ng cm tay phm vi ton
cu v va c th s dng di ng v tinh va s dng di ng mt t. Trong cc
mng , c nhiu mng ang trong thi k va khai thc va th nghim. Sau y s
gii thiu mt s mng in hnh
Bng 1.4: Phn nh tn s cho thng tin v tinh di ng bng tn L v S
1492 1525
Tuyn xung
Vng 2
1525 1530
Tuyn xung
Vng 2/vng 3
1610 1626.5
Tuyn ln
Ton cu
1631.8 1626.5
Tuyn xung
Ton cu
1626.5 1631.5
Tuyn ln
Vng 2/vng 3
1675 1710
Tuyn ln
Vng 2
1930 1970
Tuyn ln
Vng 2
1970 1980
Tuyn ln
Vng 2
24
Phm Vn Ngc
1980 2010
Tuyn ln
Ton cu
2120 2160
Tuyn xung
Vng 2
2160 2170
Tuyn xung
Vng 2
2170 2200
Tuyn xung
Ton cu
2483.5 2500
Tuyn xung
Ton cu
2500 2520
Tuyn xung
Ton cu
2670 2690
Tuyn ln
Ton cu
Hng Motorola (M) pht trin h thng IRIDIUM vo nm 1990. Vo

ngy 01-11-1998 IRIDIUM tr thnh S-PCN u tin bc vo lnh vc dch v. hin
c 88 v tinh c phng thnh cng trn qu o tm thp. c 3 loi dn
phng khc nhau c s dng phng v tinh ln qu o. h thng b phng ca
M phng c 55 v tinh, h thng ca Nga phng c 21 v tinh v ca
Trung Quc phng c 14 v tinh.
Khi u h S-PCN ca IRIDIUM s dng 77 v tinh, (v th tn ca n l
IRUDIUM do s nguyn t ca nguyn t IRIDIUM l 77). Cc v tinh ny c
phn b u trn 6 mt phng qu o cc, vi gc nghing l 86,40. Qu o v tinh
c cao so vi mt t l 780km. mi v tinh c trng lng 689 kg v c thi gian
sng khong t 5-8 nm.
S kt ni vi mng mt t thng qua cc cng chnh t 11 quc gia v kt
ni vi mng ton cu. cng chnh v cc tuyn iu khin hot ng trong bng tn
Ka, tng ng vi di tn 19,4-19,6 GHz (tuyn xung) v di tn 29,1-29,3 GHz
(tuyn ln).
H thng IRIDIUM cung cp cc dch v thoi song cng, fax v d liu tc
thp 2,4 kbit/s. tc d liu c th n 10 kbit/s. cc tn hiu c iu ch
QPSK v s dng a truy nhp FDMA/TDMA.
IRIDIUM do khng tm c khch hng cho mng ca mnh cho nn
ngng cc dch v vo thng 3-2000.
Tuy vy cc chm v tinh vn hot ng trn qu o, cc dch v vn c cung cp
cho cc khch hng cng nghip, hng khng, hng hi v du kh hng th trng
M .
25
Phm Vn Ngc

Cng thi k vi IRIDIUM, mt h thng thng tin v tinh qu o tm thp
khc do Qualcomm v Loran khi xng c tn l h thng GLOBANSTAR. Trong
vng 4 nm t 1996-2000 h thng trin khai 48 v tinh trn 8 mt phng qu o c
gc nghing 520 so vi mt phng xch o v cc qu o tm thp c cao so vi
mt t l 1414km. h thng GLOBALSTAR khng cung cp ph sng ton cu m

ch gii hn trong vng gia v tuyn 700 Bc v Nam so vi qu o xch o. Cng
ging nh IRDIUM, cc v tinh ca GLOBALSTAR l trong sut. tuyn ng
truyn tin gia ngi s dng di ng v mng c nh ch c th c thit lp khi
m c thit b u cui v cng chnh cng nhn thy v tinh. Bi v cc v tinh qu
o tm thp ch cung cp mt vng ph sng nh cho nn h thng phi s dng
nhiu cng chnh m bo dch v ton cu. vic kt ni vi mng mt t cng
c thc hin thng qua nhiu cng chnh phn b trn ton cu. cng chnh bao
gm trm chuyn mch v c t 3 n 4 anten cung cp kt ni cc mng di ng
v c nh.
Cc tuyn cng chnh l vic bng tn C, c th l di tn 6,875-7,055 GHz
cho tuyn xung v di tn 5,091-5,520 GHz cho tuyn ln. Ngoi cng chnh,
GLOBALSTAR cng t trung tm iu khin hot ng mt t (GOCC) v trung
tm iu khin v tinh (SOCC). Cc cng chnh, GOCC, SOCC c kt ni vi
nhau thng qua mng d liu GLOBALSTAR.
Cc tuyn di ng n v tinh l vic bng tn S, di tn 1610-1626,5 MHz
cho tuyn ln v di tn 2483,5-2500,7 MHz cho tuyn xung. rng bng tn
c chia lm 13 knh FDM, mi knh c rng l 1,23 MHz, giao din khng
gian ca GLOBALSTAR c xy dng trn c s gii php Cdmaone (IS-95), nh
cp cc mc trc, dch v thoi ca GLOBALSTARD c cung cp thng
qua mt b m ha/ gii m thoi codec thch nghi tc l 0,6-9,6 kbit/s (trung
bnh 2,2 kbit/s). vic truyn d liu h tr thng qua knh thoi tc c s l 2,4
kbit/s. tn hiu c iu ch QPSK v a truy cp s dng k thut CDMA.
Mi cng chnh c th truy cp n 128 knh CDMA, mi knh c ly t
mt dng ca ma trn Walsh Hadamard 128x128 vi s dng c nh s t 0 n
127. Mt trong cc knh , ng vi hm Walsh 0 c s dng truyn tn hiu
dn ng (pilot), bao gm tt c l s 0. Mt knh ng b c s dng cung
cp cho c thit b u cui cc thng tin iu khin, v d nh nhn dng cng chnh,
thi gian h thng m nh s knh uc gn. Cng ging nh IS-95, knh ng b
lun truyn tc d liu l 1,2 kbit/s.
26
Phm Vn Ngc
Cn li l 126 knh c ginh cho lu lng. h thng GLOBALSTAR h

tr hai loi tc khc vi mng t bo : loi tc th nht l 2,4 v 4,8 kbit/s, loi
tc th 2 l 2,4-4,8 hoc 9,6 kbit/s. d liu c nhm trong c khung c di l
20ms v sau chng c m ha bng b m ha xon tc v di rng
buc l 9. c tc khng i l 9,6kbit/s cho loi tc th nht v c 19,2
kbit/s cho loi tc th 2, k thut an xen c s dng. tn hiu 9,6 kbit/s hoc
19,2 kbit/s sau c ghp knh vi cc bit iu khin cng sut c tc 50 kbit/s.
m Walsh c gn cho knh lu lng ca ngi s dng sau tn hiu c tri
trc khi c tri bi mt b to dy bi mt b to dy m gi ngu nhin PNc
di l 288 chip tc l 1200 chip PN/s. dy PN bn ngoi c s dng
nhn dng v tinh v c iu ch vi dy m gi ngu nhin bn trong ca knh I
v knh Q, c di l 215 chip v tc chip l 1,2288 Mchip/s.
hng truyn ngc li, knh lu lng h tr tc d liu 2,4;4,8 v 9,6
kbit/s. d liu c t chc trong cc khung 20 ms. Vi tc loi 1, d liu c
gii m ha chp mt ln na tc v chiu di c nh l 9. Tn hiu sau c
iu ch Walsh cho to dy 64 bit tng ng vi mt dng ca ma trn Walsh
Hadamard 64x64 bit. Mi mt thit b di ng pht mt m Walsh khc nhau v iu
cho php trm gc nhn dng c my pht. Sng mang c iu ch OffsetQPSK. iu i hi lch thi gian ca knh cu phng (Q) l mt na chip. Cp
qun phng cu chui m gi ngu nhin PN sau c s dng tri tn hiu
1,2288 Mchip/s vi chu k l 215-1 chip. Tn hiu sau c qua b lc bng c s
m bo cc thnh phn ca iu ch nm trong knh trc khi iu ch cc tn
hiu cng pha v tn hiu qun phng trong CDMA.
Ngoi mt s h thng S-PCN s dng cc v tinh qu o tm trung MEO

v tm thp LEO nh nu trn, cng trong khong thi gian ny, c mt s h
thng S-PCN khc c xy dng cng vi cc v tinh c phng ln cc qu o

tm thp. Cc h thng S-PCN , v d nh: NEW ICO, CONSTELLATION,
ELLIPSO, v.v Cc bng 1.5, 1.6 v 1.7 nu mt s thng s so snh ch yu v s
v tinh, qu o s dng cc c tnh k thut v dch v ca cc h thng .
cao qu o
780
1414
10390
2000
7605/8050
Loi qu o
LEO
MEO
LEO
Lai/ghp
LEO/HEO
27
Phm Vn Ngc
Trng lng phng
66
48
10
11
10/7
S v tinh/qu o
11
11
5/7
ISL
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
OBP
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
S bp sng vt
48
16
24
61
Nm phng
1998,
2000, 2001
2000
2004
Tc
truyn d
liu
2.4kbps
0.6 9.6 kbps

(thoi)
4 kbps
(thoi)
2.4kbps (d
liu)
2.4, 4.8,
9.6 kbps
(d liu)
2001
2000
Dch v
Thoi, Fax, Thoi, Fax, d Thoi, Fax, Thoi, Fax, d Thoi,

Fax,
d
d liu
liu, SMS
d
liu, liu
SMS,
liu. Email
Internet
Ph sng
Ton cu
Ton cu gii Ton cu

hn v tuyn
700
Ton cu
trn 500 v
tuyn nam
Ton cu
Tn s ln di 1616 1626.5 1610 1625.5

ng (MHz)
1985 2015
2843.5 2500
1610
1626.5
Tn s xung di 1616 1626.5 2483 2500

ng (MHz)
2170 2200
1610 1625.5
2483.5
2500
a truy nhp
FDMA/TDMA
CDMA
W-CDMA
iu ch tn hiu
FDMA/TDMA
CDMA
QPSK
QPSK
GMSK (tuyn ln), QPSK, O-QPSK

BPSK/QPSK
(tuyn xung)
28
Phm Vn Ngc
Qu o ca hnh tinh l hnh trnh ca v tinh trong khng gian m trong

v tinh c cn bng bi hai lc i nhau. Hai lc l lc hp dn ca qu t v
lc ly tm c hnh thnh do cong ca hnh trnh v tinh (hnh 1.11). Qu o
ca v tinh nm trn mt mt phng c dng hnh trn hoc elip. Nu qu o l trn
th tm ca qu o trng vi tm ca tri t. Nu qu o l elip th c mt u elip
nm xa qu t v u kia nm xa qu t nht. im xa nht trn qu o so vi qu
t c gi l vin im (aprogee) v im gn nht c gi l cn im (perigee),
hinh 1.12:
V
Lc ly tm = (mV2)/2
Lc hp dn = GMm/R2
V tinh khi lng m
Khong cch r
Qu o v tinh
Tri t khi lng M
Hnh 1.11 - M t cc lc tc ng ln chuyn ng ca v tinh trn qu o

Cc v tinh c s dng trong vin thng c phn thnh bn dng qu o

sau y theo cao ca qu o v tinh so vi mt t:
1. Qu o a tnh, GEO(Geostationary Orbit )
2. Qu o elip tm cao, HEO(hightly Eliptical Orbit)
3. Qu o mt t tm trung, MEO(Medium Earth Orbit)
4. Qu o mt t tm thp, LEO(Low Earth Orbit)
Trong s cc qu o trn th qu o a tnh c s dng nhiu nht.
Qu o i tnh (GEO) l mt dng c bit ca qu o ng b a tnh, c
chu k qu o l 23 gi 56 pht 4,1 giy chnh bng thi gian m tri t quay mt
vng quanh trc ca n. Nh vy, v tinh a tnh xem nh ng yn so vi mt v
tr bt k trn tri t. Dng ca qu o a tnh l trn, nm trn mt phng xch
o v c cao l khong 35,786 km.
Qu o elip tm cao (HEO) l cc qu o dng elip v c chiu cao so vi
mt t xp x v ln qu o a tnh cng xp vo loi qu o trn tm cao .
29
Phm Vn Ngc
Qu o tm thp (LEO) l cc qu o c chu o c chiu cao so vi mt

t khong 700 2000 km
Qu o tm trung (MEO) l cc qu o c chiu cao so vi mt t nm
gia qu o tm cao (HEO) v qu o tm thp (LEO)
Hnh 1.12 Qu o v tinh trong khng gian

Nghin cu s chuyn ng ca v tinh c quan h cht ch vi cc nh lut

v chuyn ng ca vt th trong vt l v v tr ca v tinh trong khng gian. T xa
xa, ngi Trung Quc nghin cu s chuyn ng ca mt trng quanh qu t
v xy dng m lch. Nm 1609 v 1619 Johannes Kepler a ra ba nh lut v s
chuyn ng ca cc hnh tinh quay quanh mt tri (mt tri l tm hp dn). Ba
nh lut c th p dng cho s chuyn ng ca v tinh quanh qu t (qu t l
tm hp dn) nh sau :
nh lut Kepler thu nht (1602):
Qu o ca hnh tinh (v tinh) dng elip nhn mt tri (tm hp dn l tri
t) l mt trong hai tiu c ca elip.
nh lut Kepler th hai(1603):
Bn knh vc t ni hnh tinh (v tinh) vi h mt tri (tri t) qut nhng
30
Phm Vn Ngc
vng c din tch bng nhau trong nhng thi gian bng nhau.
nh lut Kepler th ba(1618):
Bnh phng chu k qu o ca hnh tinh (v tinh) t l thun vi ly tha
bc ba ca bn knh trc ln ca qu o elip. Nm 1618, Isaac Newton cng b ba
nh lut c bn v chuyn ng l :
nh lut Newton th nht :
Mi vt gi nguyn trng thi ngh hoc chuyn ng thng u ca n cho
n khi c lc tc dng buc n phi thay i trng thi .
nh lut Newton th hai:
o hm ca ng lng ca vt im theo thi gian t l vi lc tc dng .
nh lut Newton th ba :
Tc dng bao gi cng bng v ngc vi phn tc dng, ni mt cch khc
cc lc tc dng ca hai vt i vi nhau bao gi cng bng v ngc chiu nhau .
nh lut th hai ca Newton biu th khi nim v qun tnh .
nh lut th hai ca Newton c th biu th khi nim v qun tnh .
nh lut th hai ca Newton c th biu th bng biu thc ton hc :
F =m
d 2r
= mr
dt 2
Trong F l vct ca tt c cc lc tc ng ln khi lng m; r l gia tc

vc t ca khi lng .
Ngoi ba nh lut c bn trn, Newton cng a ra bi ton hai vt th v
pht biu nh lut hp dn v tr :
Gia hai vt c khi lng m1v m2 cch nhau mt khong r, c cc lc ht
tng h bng nhau tc dng, ln ny t l vi tch cc khi lng m1 v m2 v t
l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch gia chng :
r
1 r
F = Gm1 m2 2
r r
Trong : F l lc vc t ln khi lng m1 do m2 theo hng t m1 n m2;

G = 6.672x10-11 Nm/kg2 l mt hng s hp dn v tr;r l khong cch gia hai vt
r
th v r r l vc t n v t m1 n m2 .
Ba nh lut c bn v chuyn ng v nh lut hp dn v tr ca Newton
c s dng xc nh gn ng chuyn ng theo qu o ca v tinh quanh mt
t v chng minh s ng n ca ba nh lut ca Kepler .
31
Phm Vn Ngc
Gc nhn c xc nh theo h ta vi anten trm mt t v v tinh dng

truyn thng tin vi gia trm mt t v v tinh (n c ch ra bi gc phng
v Az v gc ngng El)
Qu tch thin nh
ng ti v tinh
V tinh
Trm mt t
Trc Bc
El
Az
Hnh chiu
ca V tinh
Hng ng
ng hnh chiu ln mp
Hnh 1.13 Xc nh gc phng v Az v gc ngng El

Gc phng v ( ) c xc nh theo hng ng t trc bc ti phn hnh
chiu ca v tinh trn mt mt phng nm ngang ca trm mt t.

Gc ngng ( ) l gc c xc nh theo hng ln t mt phng nm ngang

ca anten trm mt t hng ti v tinh.
im v tinh con l giao im ca b mt tri t vi ng thng ni tm tri

t ti v tinh. (vi v tinh a tnh im v tinh con nm trn ng xch o)
S
R
P
O
Re
B
Lp T
LS
A
I Is
Ip
Hnh 1.1 Hnh hc tri t v v tinh

To ca v tinh: v v tinh l Ls, kinh v tinh l Is so vi ng kinh
tuyn chun
To ca im cn xt l P vi v Lp v kinh l Ip so vi ng kinh
tuyn chun.
32
Phm Vn Ngc
Hiu kinh gia v tinh v im P trn b mt tri t l I = I = |Ip - Is| (1-1)

R l khong cch t im P ti v tinh S.
r l khong cch t tm tri t ti v tinh, h l khong cch t v tinh S ti
im v tinh con ( cao ca v tinh so vi b mt tri t)
Re l bn knh tri t Re = 6370km
l gc tm, l gc gia im v tinh con v giao im ca im P

= BOT
vi ng xch o (cung PB)
l gc tm gia im v tinh con v im P

= POT
Xt tam gic OPS ta c:
R 2 = Re2 + r 2 2Rer cos( )
R = Re2 + r 2 2R e r cos( )
(1 2)
Trong tam gic cu TPB theo nh lut cosin ta c
cos( )=cos( )cos(Lp )+sin( )sin(L p )cos(PBT)
(1 3)
Xt tam gic BTA ta c
) sin(TBA
)
sin(TAB
=
sin( )
sin(L s )
(1- 4)
= PBA
= / 2 do ng kinh tuyn vung gc vi ng xch o (v )
Vi TAB
= ( / 2) TBP
Do TBA
(1 - 5)
Thay vo cng thc (1-4) ta c
) cos(PBT)
sin( / 2) sin( / 2 PBT

=
=
sin( )
sin(Ls )
sin(Ls )
sin( )cos(PBT)=sin(L
s ) hay cos(PBT)=sin(L s )/ sin( ) (1 6)
Trong tam gic vung TBA ta c
cos( )=cos(I)cos(L s )
(1 - 7)
Thay cng thc (1-6), (1-7) vo (1-3) ta c:
cos( )=cos(I)cos(L s )cos(L p ) + sin(L p ) sin (L s )

(1 8)
Gc ngng ( ) l gc c xc nh theo hng ln t mt phng nm ngang ca

anten trm mt t hng ti v tinh.
33
Phm Vn Ngc
V tr ng nm ngang
V tinh (S)
r
El
Trm mt t (P)
Re (O)Tm tri t
Hnh 1.15 Phng din hnh hc tnh ton gc ngng.

Trong :
- r l vector t tm tri t ti v tinh (khong cch t tm tri t ti v tinh)
- R l vector t trm mt t ti v tinh (khong cch t trm mt t ti v tinh)
- Re l vector t tm tri t ti trm mt t (l bn knh tri t)
Khi 3 vector ny cng nm trong mt mt phng v to thnh mt tam gic.
Gc l gc tm gia trm mt t v v tinh, l vecto gia Re v r

l gc (trong tam gic) c xc nh t vect Re v R.
Gc tm lin h vi v Lp (Le) v kinh ty Ip (Ie) ca trm mt t v v
Ls v kinh ty Is ca v tinh bi cng thc sau:
cos( ) = cos( Lp ) cos( Ls ) cos( I s I p ) + sin( L p ) sin( Ls )
(1 9)
Theo cng thc (2) ta c khong cch t trm mt t ti v tinh nh sau: (theo
nh l cosin trong tam gic)
1
R 2
2
Re
e
R = r 1 + 2 cos( )
r
r
Gc ngng c xc nh t v tr mt phng nm ngang trm mt t hng ti

v tinh lin h vi gc ti trm mt t ca tam gic SPO nh sau
El = 90 0
Theo quy lut hm sin trong tam gic ta c:
r
R
=
sin( ) sin( )
Kt hp 3 phng trnh cui trn ta c phng trnh rt gn li nh sau:
34
Phm Vn Ngc
r sin( )
R
sin( )
cos(El ) =
Cos(El)
Re
Re
1 + r 2 r cos( )

(1 10)
1
2
Phng trnh (1 9) v (1 - 2) cho gc ngng (El) c tnh t cc h ta v

tinh v trm mt t, bn knh qu o v tinh r v bn knh tri t Re. Thng thng
Re = 6370 km.
Gc phng v ( ) c xc nh theo hng ng t trc bc ti phn hnh

chiu ca v tinh trn mt mt phng nm ngang ca trm mt t.

Xt tam gic cu QPT, PQ T = I v cung PT = , p dng nh lut cosin ta c:

sin( )
sin( I )
=
0
sin(90 Ls ) sin( )
cos Ls sin I
sin
Hay = sin 1
(1 13)
Lp
T
LS
A
I Is
P
O
Re
R
h
Ip
Hnh 1.16 Phng din hnh hc tnh ton gc phng v

Biu thc trn cha tnh n v tr tng i ca v tinh so vi trm mt t.
Bng 1.8: Lit k gc phng v Az so vi v tr tng i ca v tinh S
Bn cu Bc
S Ty Bc ca G
3600
S Ty Nam ca G
3600
35
Phm Vn Ngc
Bn cu Nam
S ng Bc ca G
S ng Nam ca G
S Ty Bc ca G
1800 +
S Ty Nam ca G
1800 +
S ng Bc ca G
1800
S ng Nam ca G
1800 -
im cc
im cc
Q
E
Az
c
S
Az
(b) SSP pha ng

nam ca ES
Az =
(a) SSP pha ty

nam ca ES
Az = 360 0
a
E
(c) SSP pha ty

bc ca ES
Az = 180 0 +
Az
im cc
(d) SSP pha ng

bc ca ES
Az = 180 0
a
Az
im cc
Hnh 1.17 Phng din hnh hc xc nh gc phng v

L gc gia phng ca tm tri t O v phng ca trm mt t hng ti v

tinh.
S
36
Phm Vn Ngc
V tr ng nm ngang
V tinh
r
El
Trm mt t
E
Re Tm tri t
Hnh 1.18 Phng din hnh hc xc nh gc thin nh ti v tinh

Trong tam gic OES ta c:
sin( ) = sin( )Re / R

Do = arcsin[R e sin( )/ R ]
(1 14)
Nu bit gc ngng El ta c
= / 2 El
sin( ) = Re sin(90 0 + El ) / r = Re cos( El ) / r
Do = arcsin[R e cos(El ) / r ]
(1 15)
iu kin cho mt v tinh cc nhn thy t mt trm mt t l El 0.

T hnh di iu kin c php tha mn l
Re + h Re/cos
(1 - 16)
T c th rt ra iu kin kh nng nhn thy v tinh l:

Cos Re/(Re + h )
(1 17)
37
Phm Vn Ngc
V tinh
rs
R
im v
tinh con
El
Trm mt t
Re
cos
Re
O
Tm tri t
Hnh 1.19 Gc ngng ti thiu

Theo quan im hnh hc th iu kin ti thiu m v tinh nhn thy t mt
trm mt t l ng vi gc El =0 c mt gi tr ti thiu no , c gi l gc
ngng ti thiu Elmin cho php cc yu t truyn sng. V d vic b che khut.
Thng thng gc ngng ti thiu nm trong khong 5-7. T hnh 1.19 xt tam gic
SEO gc tm cng c th biu th theo gi tr ca gc Elmin nh sau:
= cos-1 [(Re cos Elmin) (Re + h)] - Elmin
(1 18)
Trn mt qu o ng b a tnh, rt gn phng trnh cui ta c

81.3 0 cho tm nhn thy ca v tinh.
i vi cc qu o a tnh th gc nghing i = 0 , lch tm e = 0 v v

tinh nm trong mt phng xch o. Ls = 0 . Mt khc, i vi cc v tinh a tnh
th cao ca v tinh tnh t tm tri t. V tinh c kinh Is, trm mt t c v tr
kinh Ie v v Le.
Vi cao ca v tinh l r = Re + h 42,164 km. S dng cc thng s , gc
tm theo biu thc (1 - 9) trong trng hp ny c th vit li nh sau :
Cos = cos Le cos I
(1 - 19)
38
Phm Vn Ngc
Gc ngng theo biu thc (1 - 10) trong trng hp ny l :

1 cos 2 Le cos 2 I
Cos(El) =
Re
Re
cos Le cos I
2
1 +
Re + h
Re + h
(1 - 20)
Gc phng v Az theo biu thc (1 13) l :
1 cos 2 ( Le ) cos 2 (I )
sin I
= sin 1
(1 - 21)
Khi p dng gii hn kh nng nhn thy, c ngha l El = 0, th lc gc

tm c th tnh c t biu thc (1 - 13) v c gi tr l :
Cos = Re /(Re + h ) = 0,151
Mt khc, theo hnh 1.19 c :
Cos(Le)= Cos / Cos I
(1 - 22)
Nh vy, trong trng hp nu nh v tinh v trm t cng nm trn mt

kinh tuyn c ngha l I = 0 . Nh vy, v tuyn cc i Le max m v tinh nhn thy
c th biu th bi biu thc sau
Cos Le max = cos = 0.151
iu c ngha l Le max = 81.3
Trong hnh 1.19 ta s i xc inh khong cch t trm v tinh ti trm mt t

Xt tam gic OES ta c
R 2 = Re + r 2 2 Re r cos
2
hoc R = Re 2 + r 2 2 Re r cos
Trong :
(1 23)
R l khong cch t trm mt t ti v tinh

Re l bn knh tri t = 6370km
r = h + Re l khong cch t v tinh n tm tri t
l gc tm cos( ) = cos Ls cos Le cos( I s I e ) + sin Ls sin Le
Gc ngng (El): l gc hp thnh gia ng chn tri tnh t im t trm

mt t v ng thng ni trm mt t vi v tinh.
39
Phm Vn Ngc
Gc ngng nm trong mt phng cha 3 im l v tinh, trm mt t v tm

tri t:
V tr ng nm ngang
V tinh (S)
r
El
Trm mt t (E)
Re (O)Tm tri t
T hnh v ta c
Cos El = (r/R)sin
r
Hay El = arcos sin

R
(1 - 24)
Gc phng v Az: L gc xc nh phung v ca trm mt t v c hp

thnh bi phng Bc (ca qu t) vi giao tuyn ca mt phng cha v tinh v
tm qu t.
Gc phng v bin i t 0 n 360 v ph thuc vo v tr tng i ca
v tinh v im xem xt. L gc QES
cos Ls sin I
sin
= sin 1
(1 25)
Bng 1.9: Xc nh gc phng v

ng Nam
Az = 1800
ng Bc
Az =
Ty Nam
Az = 1800 +
Ty - Bc
Az = 3600
Quan h gia Az v
Thi gian truyn sng t trm mt t n v tinh c tnh theo cng thc:
= R/c
(1 26)
40
Phm Vn Ngc
l thi gian truyn sng
Trong :
R l khong cch t trm mt t ti v tinh

c l vn tc nh sng, c = 3x108 m/s
Khi v tinh c s chuyn ng so vi tri t th khong cch R t v tinh n
trm mt t cng c s thay i. S chuyn ng tng i ca n gy nn s tng
gim tn s ti pha my thu. Hin tng ny c gi l hiu ng Doppler.
Hiu ng Doppler xut hin c tuyn ln v tuyn xung
dch tn s Doppler l f D so vi tn s f c xc nh l:
f D = Vr f / c = V D cos ( f / c)
(1 27)
Trong : f D l dch tn Doppler

Vr l tc gc tng i ca v tinh
VD = dR/dt l tc tc thi di chuyn ca v tinh
V l vn tc ca v tinh
l gc gia phng ca im xem xt v tc V ca v tinh
f l tn s hot ng ca tuyn
c l vn tc nh sng
Qu o v tinh truyn thng thng dng thng s dng qu o elip c gc

nghing ln hoc qu o trn trn mt phng xch o (v tinh a tnh). Chu k ca
cc qu o c quan h vi chu k quay ca qu t quanh trc ca n
- Qu o elip c gc nghing khc 0.
Qu o elip c tc ca v tinh khng phi l hng s. Tc bay ca v
tinh c gi tr cc i cn im v c gi tr cc tiu vin im. Do v tinh
vng vin im c thi gian ph sng ln hn nhiu so vi vng cn im v hiu
ng s gia tng nu nh lch tm gia tng. V tinh vng vin im cng nhn
thy cc trm mt t trong mt phn ln chu k ca qu o v iu cho php
thit lp tuyn lin lc trong mt khong thi gian ln.
Vi mt qu o c gc nghing khc khng th v tinh i qua nhng vng v
hai pha ca xch o, c kh nng ph sng cc vng cc nu gc nghing ca qu
o gn 900.
V d v tinh MOLNYA: l v tinh truyn thng ca lin x c qu o nm
v tuyn cao ca bc bn cu. Chu k ca qu o l 12 gi vi bn trc ln qu o
41
Phm Vn Ngc
l 26556km, cn im l 1250km, vin im l 39150km, vi nghing 63.40 v

lch tm l 0.6 0.7
V d v tinh TUNDRA: l v tinh c chu k qu o 24 gi. vi bn trc ln
42164km, cn im l 25231km, vin im l 46340km v lch tm 0.25 0.4
- Qu o v tinh a tnh
Qu o v tinh a tnh dng trn (gc lch tm 00) v nm trn mt phng
xch o (gc nghing i = 0). Tc gc ca v tinh ng bng tc gc ca tri
t quay quanh trc ca n. Khi mt ngi ng trn mt t th v tinh c xem
nh l ng yn trn bu tri, khng chuyn ng. Thng s v tinh a tnh:
Bn trc ln qu o l 42164.2km, tc ca v tinh 3075m/s, cao v tinh
(h) 35786.1km, bn knh tri t xch o (Re) 6378.1km
Khong cch t v tinh ti trm mt t l
R = Re + r 2 2 Re r cos
2
Trong r = Re + h
cos = cos Le cos I
Trong Le l v ca trm mt t
I = Is Ie l hiu kinh tuyn tng i ca trm mt t v v tinh vi v
Ls = 0
- Ngoi ra cn c qu o thp, qu o tm trung v qu o tm cao
Vn a truy cp phn phi theo quan im tn s v thi gian:

Cn gii quyt vn sao cho cc sng v tuyn pht t cc trm mt t ring
l khng can nhiu ln nhau do trong thng tin v tinh phn lm 3 dng a truy
cp l: FDMA, TDMA v CDMA. Trong
FDMA: L k thut c dng ph bin trong thng tin v tinh, trong

FDMA th cc trm mt t ring l pht i cc sng mang vi tn s khc nhau v
cc bng tn c bo v thch hp sao cho cc tn s sng mang ny khng chng
ln ln nhau.
42
Phm Vn Ngc
B pht p
Thi gian
FDMA
fA
fB
fC
fD
Tn s
Hnh 1.20: a truy cp phn chia theo tn s trong TTVT
TDMA: Khi chng ta c 1 khung xc nh, 1 khung c ch ra theo thi

gian cho mt trm mt t. Khi mi trm mt t s pht i mt sng mang trong
khe thi gian c phn trong mt chu k thi gian c nh.
D
Thi gian
TDMA
B
Mt khung TDMA
A
f0
Tn s
Hnh 1.21 a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian trong TTVT
TDMA cc sng mang pht t trm mt t cn c iu khin chnh xc
sao cho sng mang ca chng nm trong khong thi gian c phn phi bng cch:
-> Truyn tn hiu mt cch gin on
-> D phng thi gian bo v
Do s c mt trm chun pht i mt tn hiu chun
43
Phm Vn Ngc
V tinh
Xung thng tin
Khung TDMA
A
B
N
A
Trm chun
B
A
Cc trm thng tin
Hnh 1.22 Truy cp ca trm mt t ti v tinh thng qua k thut TDMA
CDMA: Khi mi tram mt t s pht i cng mt tn s sng mang. Cc

sng mang ny trc c iu ch bng cch s dng mt mu bit c bit
quy nh cho mi trm mt t trc khi pht tn hiu c iu ch.
Vn a truy cp phn phi theo quan im knh ta c:
a truy cp phn phi trc: L phng php truy nhp trong cc knh v
tinh c phn b c nh cho cc trm mt t khc nhau (khi c hoc khng c
cuc gi)
a truy cp phn phi theo yu cu: L phng php truy nhp trong cc
knh v tinh c sp xp li mi khi c yu cu thit lp knh c a ra t cc
trm mt t lin quan.
=> a truy cp phn phi theo yu cu cho php s dng hiu qu dung lng
knh ca v tinh. c bit cho mt trm mt t c dung lng knh nh s dng
chung mt b pht p nh trong h thng Space h thng in thoi v tinh trn
bin INMARSAT.
Cng ngh TDMA l mt phng php thng tin rt tt cho php t c dung
lng knh ln trong b pht p v tinh n.
44
Phm Vn Ngc
Tng kh quyn l mt mi trng truyn sng c nh hng trc tip n

sng truyn trong h thng thng tin v tinh. Trong tng kh quyn th cc tc ng r
nt nht n knh truyn l cc nh hng ca tng i lu v ca tng in li.
Lp khng kh trn mt t di cng ca tng kh quyn c gi l tng

i lu (troposphere).Tnh t mt t ln,tng i lu c cao 8 n 10 km cc v
tuyn t Bc v Nam cc; 10 n 12 km cc v tuyn trung bnh v 16-18 km cc
v tuyn gn xch o
Cc thnh phn kh trong tng i lu (ch yu l oxy) khng bin i nhiu
theo chiu cao n cng ging nh trn mt t ngoi tr ch c hi nc (H2O) l ph
thuc nhiu vo cc kh tng thy vn v gim mnh theo chiu cao.
Tnh cht quan trng ca tng i lu l s gim nhit theo chiu cao.
Gradient trung bnh ca nhit theo chiu cao ca tng i lu l 60/Km ( na
phn di ca tng i lu l 50/Km v phn na trn ca tng i lu l 70/Km).
Gii hn ca tng i lu c xc nh khi khng c s thay i ca nhit theo
chiu cao.
Dui gc vt l c th gii thch s hp th sng trong cc ht nc nh

nh sau:
- Do tc ng trng ca sng truyn lan, trong cc ht nc c tnh bn dn
in s c dng in dch. Mt cc dng in dch c mt gi tr tung i no
, bi v bit rng h s in mi ca nc c gi tr ln hn khong 80 ln h s
in mi ca khng kh xung quanh. Mt dng in dch cng t l vi tn s, do
n ch c gi tr ng xem xt di sng siu cao (sng cm v sng mm). Chnh
s tn hao nng lng trong cc ht nc gy nn s hp th nng lng sng
truyn lan.
- S xut hin dng cc ht nc hoc my m chnh l nguyn nhn gy nn
cc ngun bc x khuch tn hoc bc x th cp. Trong thc t s khuch tn nh
vy to nn hiu ng hp th theo phng truyn lan ca sng mang nhng cng
chnh s khuch tn li l bc x th cp theo phng truyn lan cn thit.
45
Phm Vn Ngc
Kch thc ca cc ht nc trong my m c ng knh t 2 n 60 micron.

Cc ht c kch thc ngng t ln hn chuyn ng ri xung mt t di dng
ma. nhit khng kh dng, phn ln cc ht c kch thc t 5 n 15 micron,
cn nhit m chng c kch thc t 2 n 5 micron. S lng cc ht trong 1
vo khong 5-100 trong sng m yu v vo khong 500-600 trong my m
dy c. Mt c tnh quan trng cn c xem xt y i vi cc dng my m
ni chung l s lng nc c ngng t, tnh theo n v g/m3. Vi my m yu
tn nhn khong 1 km v i vi my m dy c tm nhn ch c th vi m. y
cc dng ny, sng m c gi chung l my m. V bng 2.1 biu th lng
nhng t (g/m3) v s lng ht nc i vi mt s dng my m khc nhau.
Bng 2.1 Cc t tnh c bn ca my m
Yu
Trung bnh
Dy c
5
5
10
60
600
600
0.03
0.3
2.3
Cc ht nc trong my m to thnh ma c ng knh ln hn 60 micron v

gii hn trn ca chng c th n 7 mm. Phn ln, trong thc t thng gp cc ht
ma c kch thc t 0, 25 n 2 mm. Bng 2.2 trnh by s liu v kch thc cc
ht ma v lng nc i vi mt s dng cng ma khc nhau.
Lng nc trong kh quyn khi tri ma ni chung ln hn nhiu so vi
trng hp my m. Lng nc trong khng kh m cng ln hn, nhit 250C
lng nc trong tng kh quyn m bo ho l 23 g/m3, ln hn gp 5 ln lng
nc khi ma ro.
Trong di sng siu cao (cm v mm) th s hp th nng lng sng trong cc
ht nc l do tn hao hit v qu trnh khuch tn. Cc tn hao khc nh phn x
sng thng t gp trong cc vng ma. Trong thc t k thut ngi ta thng thit
lp cc biu s liu thc nghim. Bng cc thc nghim, th h s hp th
c thit lp ph thuc vo thong s cung ma. Gi tr tuyt i ca h s hp
th t 2,64x10-2 (Km-1) trn mi mt mm lng nc ma trong mt gi, tng
ng vi h s hp th 0,25 dB/km trn 1 mm/h.
Nh vy, c c tin cy trong cc ng truyn sng trong di tn
sng siu cao trong trng hp c ma hoc my m cn c cc s liu xc xut
46
Phm Vn Ngc
thng k v kh tng thu vn ph thuc vo tng vng trong knh truyn sng
c thc hin.
Bng 2.2 - Mt s c tnh c bn ca ma
(mm/h)
(mm)
Ma phn
0.25
0.1
0.092
Ma nh
0.22
0.144
Ma va
0.5
530
12
0.28
Ma to
15
0.75
450
0.83
Ma rt to
40
1.9
Ma ro
100
1.5 2.5
400
14
5.4
Qua nhiu kho st thc nghim cng nhn thy rng sng v tuyn truyn
trong vng c ma th i vi sng c di sng siu cao, nu tn s cng cao th hp
th cng ln. i vi cc sng trong di quang th hp th trong my m li ln hn
hp th sng trong ma. H s hp th i vi cc sng trong di tn s quang trong
trng hp my m dy c c th t n hng trm dB/km. Gii thch cc hin
tng trn bng phn tch phn t.
Cc sng v tuyn c bc sng ngn hn 1,5 cm (f > 20GHz) th s hp th

ca sng n cc phn t kh trong tng i lu, Cc dng hp th c gi l hp
th phn t v c quan st xem xt trong iu kin tri trong, khng ma v khng
my m. Trong trng hp ny nng lng sng truyn lan b tiu hao do t nng
vt th, ion ho hoc kch thch cc nguyn t, phn t kh di dng ho quang. Khi
hp th, cc nguyn t v phn t chuyn t trng thi nng lng thp n trng thi
nng lng cao. Do phn ln cc mc nng lng c tnh ri rc cho nn cc qu
trnh chuyn ho cc mc nng lng cng c c tnh cng hng chn lc, v do
hp th sng v tuyn trong trng hp ny cng c tnh chn lc. C ngha l s
c nhng tn s m h s hp th s b hn mt cch t ngt ch khng tng
theo quy lut.
Trong s cc phn t kh trong tng i lu gy ra hp th sng v tuyn th
ch yu l xy v hi nc. Qua nhiu nghin cu v thc nghim thy rng, trong
47
Phm Vn Ngc
di sng cm v mm th xy v hi nc c nhng gi tr cng hng (hp th ln t

xut) i vi cc bc sng nh sau:
= 1,35 cm - hp th trong hi nc
= 0,5 cm - hp th trong O2
= 0,25 cm - hp th trong O2
H s suy hao
20
10
(b)
(a)
Ca s tn s
(c)
0.5
(d)
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.5
10
20
30
(a) Thng ging in ly
(c) Cc cht kh trong kh quyn
(b) Suy hao do ma
(d) Thng ging tng i
Tn s GHz
Hnh 2.1 M t gi tr h s hp th (dB/km) ph thuc vo tn s, trong di tn

t 1 GHz (=30 cm) n 30 GHz (= 10 mm)
Nu nh s hp th do xy l mt gi tr c tnh cht c nh, khng bin i
bao nhiu th thng ngui ta quan tm n hi nc, v n thay i ph thuc vo
m ca khng kh. Gi tr tuyt i ca m khi tin n bo ho (gi tr gii hn
ca m) cn ph thuc vo nhit khng kh. Bng 3.3 m t gi tr tuyt i
ca m t n bo ho tng ng vi cc nhit khc nhau. m khng kh
ph thuc vo cc iu kin kh tng thu vn ca tng vng a l c th trn tri
t.
Khng kh nhit cao th lng nc trong khng kh m cn ln hn c
lng nc so vi ma ro.
48
Phm Vn Ngc
T th hnh 2.1 cng thy rng, trong tng i lu i vi di sng cm v

mm, chng tn ti cc ca s nm gia cc nh cng hng. V d ca s gia cc
nh : =0,5 cm v =1,35 cm, h s suy hao sng =0,86 cm t gi tr 0,05
dB/km, ca s trong k thut gi l ca s
Cc thng s v c tnh tn hao hp th c biu th trong hnh 3.1 l c

trng ca tng kh quyn chun. Tn hao hp th sng do xy v hi nc trong tng
i lu l gi tr tng ca hai hp th: hp th xy v hp th do hi nc.
dB
(2.1)
Trong :
l tng gi tr hp th;
l h s hp th (dB/km) v chiu cao
tng ng ca xy trong tn i lu;
l h s hp th (dB/km) v chiu
cao tng ng ca hi nc trong tng i lu. Cc gi tr c tnh theo chiu

ng so vi mt nc bin. ng vi gc ngng
.
mt h s
th biu thc (2.1) s c nhn vi
Mt hp th sng v tuyn quan trng trong tng kh quyn l hp th sng do

ma. Lng ma trung bnh trn th gii l khng ng u theo vng a l. Cng
tc kh tng thu vn thng a ra cc bn v d bo lng ma trung bnh
(tnh theo mm/h) trong nm theo cc vng a l trn th gi. Cng c nhiu m
hnh nghin cu a ra cc d n v tn hao sng v tuyn do hp th ca ma. Nhn
chung cc phng php d on u tin hnh theo hai bc: bc th nht l d
on phn b xc sut lng ma v bc th hai l tnh tn hao sng do ma a
vo h s hp th c xc nh.
H s tn hao sng do ma, R , c tnh t lng ma trung bnh, R0.01,
theo biu thc sau:
R = k ( R0.01 ) dB/km
Trong : R0.01 l lng na trung bnh; k v
(2 - 2)
l cc h s ph thuc vo tn
s v s phn cc ca sng.
i vi sng c phn cc ng thng v phn cc trn th biu thc tnh
h s k v
s l:
(2 - 3a)
(2 - 3b)
49
Phm Vn Ngc
Trong :
l gc ngng v
l gc nging phn cc so vi mt ngang ( s
c gi tr bng 450 nu l phn cc trn).

Bng 2.3 Cc h s hi quy xc nh tn hao sng v tuyn do ma
0,00500387
0,0000352
0,912
0,880
0,0000154
0,0000138
0,963
0,923
0,0000650
0,0000591
1,121
1,075
0,000175
0,00155
1,308
1,265
0,00301
0,00265
0,963
1,312
10
0,101
0,00887
1,308
1,264
12
0,0188
0,0168
1,217
1,200
15
0,0367
0,0335
1,154
1,228
Tng cc tn hao sng v tuyn trong tng i lu theo cc phn tch trn c
th c xc nh theo biu thc:
AT ( p) = AG + AR ( p ) + Ac2 ( p )
(2 - 4)
Trong AT(p) l tng tn hao ng vi xc xut cho; AR(p) l tn hao do ma

ng vi xc xut cho; Ac(p) l tn hao do my m v l tn hao do hi nc v xy.
Cc tham s trong biu thc trn ph thuc vo mi trng c th.
i vi di sng cc ngn v siu cao th tng in li c xem l trong sut.

nh hng r nt nht ca tng in li i vi cc knh truyn thng tin v tinh l
hiu ng Faraday v tr nhm,
Cc hiu ng ca tn in li c nh hng kh ln n cc sng v tuyn c
tn s n khong 10 GHz v c bit l i vi cc v tinh khng a tnh c tn s
lm vic di 3 GHz. Cc phn t mang in (cc electron) trong tng in li s tc
ng n sng v tuyn khi truyn xuyn qua tng in li v s gy nn hin tng
quay i vi cc sng mang c phn cc ng thng v mt s tr thi gian ung
truyn sng. Hin tng quay phn cc tuyn tnh c gi l quay Faraday v tr
l tr nhm.
Gi tr quay Faraday k hiu l , c xc nh bi biu thc:
50
Phm Vn Ngc
Trong
rad
(2 - 5)
l cng t trng trung bnh ca qu t (Wb/

el/m2 (gi tr cc in t tch in/
),
) v f l tn s (GHz).
Hin tng quay Faraday c nhng nghin cu vi cc s liu d on kh

chnh xc.
Hin tng quay Faraday khng c nh hng ng k i vi phn cc trn,
chnh v vy chng thng c s dng trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh- di
ng.
thng c xc nh theo biu thc:
tr nhm, k hiu l
(2 - 6)
Trong f tnh theo Hz.

Xem xt i gc truyn sng v tuyn, tng in li l mt tng m c cc
tham s khng n nh. S khng n nh c v chiu cao ca tng in li. So vi
mt t, dy cc tng in li, s xut hin cc tng in li theo phn lp v mt
cu trc bn trong tng in li. Cc tham s cn ph thuc vo vng a l trn qu
t, ma nm thng trong nm v chu k 11 nm hot tnh bc x mt tri. Cc s liu
tham kho [ITU-99k]. Cc hin tng trn c gi chung l s bin ng khng
bnh thng ca tng in ly. S bin ng ca tng in li cn ph thuc vo cc
vng a l c th ca qu t.
Anten l mt thit b quan trng trong tuyn lin lc thng tin v tinh, n
khng nhng c tc dng n cht lng ng truyn m cn c lin quan n quy
m cc trm mt t v cc thit b thu pht t trn v tinh. Cc tham s phn tch
sau y c quan h n phn tch tuyn lin lc thng tin v tinh.
tng ch ca anten
Theo l thuyt anten, tng ch ca mt anten G c biu th bi biu thc:
G(Az, El) = D(Az, El)
(2 7)
Trong :
- G(Az, El) l tng ch ca anten theo gc phng v (Az, El);
- l hiu sut anten;
- D(Az, El)l th phng hng ca anten theo (Az, El);
51
Phm Vn Ngc
Vi cc anten sng siu cao, v d anten parabol s dng trong thng tin v
tinh th tng ch cc i Gmax ca anten c th c xc nh theo biu thc:
G max =
(2 - 2)
Aeff
Trong :
- l bc sng ( = c/f vi c =3.108 m/s l tc nh sng v f l tn s
sng mang).
- Aeff l din tch hiu dng ca anten ( Aeff = A vi
, D l ng
knh anten).
Nh vy, vi anten c hiu sut th (2 - 2) c th vit:
(2 8a)
hoc c th biu th di dng dB:
(2 8b)
Hiu sut l tch ca cc hiu sut thnh phn, bao gm hiu sut chiu
sng, suy hao do trn cng nh cc suy hao khc. Thng thng hiu sut ca anten
parabol t trong khong (55- 75%).
th phng hng bc x ca anten
th phng hng bc x ca anten biu th s bin i tng ch ca
anten theo cc hng xem xt. th phng hng bc x ca anten thng c
biu th theo to cc hoc to vung gc.
Hnh 2.2a biu th th phng hng bc x ca mt anten parabol trong h
to cc v hnh 2.2b, trong h to vung gc.
Trong thc t thng s dng khi nim rng bp sng hoc gc na cng
sut, tc gc gia hai vc-t m cng sut gim i mt na (3 dB) so vi mc
cng sut cc i. Trn hnh 3.4 gc na cng sut hoc rng bp sng chnh c
. i vi anten parabol th rng bp sng chnh
k hiu l
vo t s
ph thuc
. Ngoi bp sng chnh th phng hng bc x ca anten cn c
th c cc bp sng ph. Nu bp sng ph cng gim th kh nng tp trung nng

lng cho bp sng chnh cng ln v kh nng trnh can nhiu cho cc h thng
khc cng cao.
52
Phm Vn Ngc
Hnh 2.2 V d th phng hng bc x ca mt anten parabol

a. Trong h to cc
b. Trong h to vung gc
Biu thc thng c s dng tnh ton rng bp sng
ca mt
anten parabol thng c s dng l:

(0)
(2 - 9)
T cc biu hc (2 - 8) v (2 - 9) c th rt ra quan h gia tng ch cc

i Gmax v rng bp sng:
(2 - 10)
Nu anten c gi tr hiu sut
= 0,6 th s c:
(2 - 11)
c tnh theo n v .
Trong
Theo l thuyt v trung in t v truyn sng bit rng, sng in t bc x

t mt anten pht gm c hai thnh phn in trng v t trng vung gc vi
nhau; chng cng vung gc vi phng truyn lan. Phng ca vc t in trng
v t trng
c s bin i trong qu trnh truyn lan, hin tng c gi l s
phn cc ca sng. Vic xc nh phn cc sng c quy c theo vc- t cng

in trng . Phn cc c th l elip, trn hoc ng thng. Trong trng hp tng
qut phn cc elip. Phn cc trn hoc phn cc ng thng l dng c bit ca
phn cc elip. Hnh 2 -3 m t cc dng phn cc ca sng.
53
Phm Vn Ngc
Trng ti mt im no trn phng truyn lan (z=const)

r
r
E x = i E 0 x cos t
Ey
r
r
E y = j E 0 y cos(t + )
Phung truyn lan
Phn cc elip
Ex
wt
Nu = 90 (cc trc chnh elip nm

0
Ey
trn trc x v y).
Ex
|Eoy|
|Eo|
Phn cc trn
; = 900
wt
Ey
Ex
Phn cc l ng thng
Ey
hoc
; tgk =
Ey
Ex
Ex
Hnh 2.3 M t cc dng phn cc ca sng

S phn cc ca sng c c trng bi cc tham s sau y:
- Chiu quay ca vc- t
(so vi phng truyn lan) l quay phi
(thun chiu kim ng h).

- T s trc k hiu AR (axial ratio);
trn trc b ca elip. Trong trng hp phn cc l trn th
, l t s trc ln
dB. Khi elip
gim xung ch cn mt trc, tc AR l v cng th phn cc l ng thng.

- Gc nghing k ca elip (hnh 2.3).
Hai sng l phn cc trc giao nhau nu nh cc vc- t in trng ca
chng c biu th bi cc elip i nhau. C th l:
- Hai phn cc trn trc giao nhau oc biu din bi mt vng trn quay theo
chiu bn phi v mt vng trn quay theo chiu bn tri.
54
Phm Vn Ngc
- Hai phn cc ng thng trc giao nhau c biu th bi hai vc- t vung
gc nhau.
Mt anten c thit k pht hoc thu sng ca mt phn cc c th v n
c th hoc khng pht hoc khng thu cc dng sng phn cc trc giao,
Tnh cht trc giao ny cho php hai tuyn lin lc c th dng thi c thit
lp vi cng tn s nh l vic s dng li tn s bng phn cc trc giao. thc
hin c iu ny c th v d s dng hai chn t trc giao nhau (l thuyt anten).
Tuy nhin trong thc t cn tnh n s khng hon ho ca anten v s thay i
phn cc ca sng trong mi trng truyn lan, Cc hiu ng s dn n s can
nhiu ln nhau gia hai tuyn lin lc trc giao.
Cng sut bc x vi mt gc c ca mt anten pht v hng c cp in

bi mt ngun tn s v tuyn, k hiu l PT c xc nh bi biu thc: PT/4
(W/rad khi). i vi hng bc x c tng ch l GT th lc anten s bc x
(W/rad khi).
mt cng sut trn n v gc c s l

Tch s
c gi l cng sut bc x n hng tng ng, k hiu
l EIRP (Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power) v c s dng nhiu trong tnh ton
cc tuyn lin lc thng tin v tinh.
(W)
(2 - 12)
Trong PT l cng sut u ra ca my pht a vo anten v GT l tng

ch ca h thng anten v phi .
H s tng ch
ca anten ni ln vic tp trung cng sut bc x ca my
pht cung cp cho anten vo bp sng hp ca anten. Cng sut bc x ng hng l

cng sut pht c bc x vi anten v hng, trong trng hp ny c th xem GT
= 1 Nu nh anten c bp sng ca th phng hng cng hp th gi tr EIRP
ca n cng ln, Vic pht sng vi bp sng hp ngoi mc ch tp trung nng
lng bc x theo hng xc nh cn c tc dng hn ch nhiu v gim tn hao
nng lng trong mi trng truyn sng.
Biu thc EIRP theo (2 - 12) cng c th c biu th di dng dB l
EIRP = PT + GT (dBW)
(2 13a)
Hoc:
(2 - 13b)
Hoc:
55
Phm Vn Ngc
(2 13c)
Trn mt din tch hiu dng A cch xa anten pht mt khong R tng ng
vi gc y tnh t anten pht l
th cng sut thu s l:

(W)
i lng
th nguyn l W/
(2 - 14)
c gi l mt thng lng cng sut c

.
V d 2.1
, h s tng ch ca anten
Mt anten pht c cng sut bc x

. Hy xc nh:
a. Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng, tnh theo W, dBW, dBm.

b. Mt cng sut ti im cch xa anten 10 km.
c. Mt d cng sut cng ti im nhng anten v hng,
Gii
a. Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng EIRP tnh theo (2 - 13a), (2 13b) v (2 - 13c) s l:
b. Mt cng sut ti im cch xa anten 10 km, tnh theo (2 - 14):
c. Mt cng sut ti im ca anten v hng:
V d 2.2
Mt anten pht c tr khng bc x
, h s hng tnh
tr khng tn hao ca anten

v cng sut my pht a vo anten
. Hy xc nh:
56
Phm Vn Ngc
a. Hiu sut anten.

b. H s tng ch (dB) ca anten.
c. Cng sut bc x theo W, dBW v dBm.
d. Cng sut bc x ng hng.
Gii
a. Hiu sut ca anten, theo l thuyt anten:
b. H s tng ch ca anten, theo ( 2 - 2):
hoc
c. Cng sut bc x ca anten (cha c hng tnh):
hoc
hoc
d. Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng theo (2 - 12), (2 - 13)
hoc
hoc
Mt din tch hiu dng A cch xa anten pht mt khong cch R, i din vi
gc y
vi anten pht, n s thu c cng sut
l:
(2 - 15)
i lng =
c gi l mt thng lng cng sut (W/
bc x ca anten. Hnh 2.4 m t mt thng lng cng sut ca anten v hng

v anten c hng tnh.
57
Phm Vn Ngc
GT = 1
Anten v hng
Cng sut bc x/n v
gc c = PT / 4
RT
GT
Tit din A gc c =A/R2

Anten hung tnh
RT
Cng sut bc x/n v

gc c = ( PT / 4 )GT
Cng sut thu c trn tit din A l:
= ( PT / 4 )GT ( A / R 2 ) = ( PT GT / 4R 2 ) A = A
Hnh 2.4 - Mt thng lng cng sut ca anten c hng tnh v anten v hng
Mt anten thu c din tch hiu dng ca anten l

anten pht mt khong cch R, s thu c mt cng sut
(W)
Trong
c t cch xa
l:
(2 - 16)
l mt thng lng cng sut pht

(2 -17a)
l din tch hiu dng ca anten thu

(2 17b)
Nh vy cng sut thu c
s l:
(W)
(2 -18)
Trong LFS = 4 R c gi l tn hao truyn sng khng gian t do (Free

Space) v n c trng cho t s ca cng sut thu v cng sut pht trong mt tuyn
lin lc gia hai anten v hng.
58
Phm Vn Ngc
Gi tr tn hao
ph thuc vo tn s i vi mt tuyn lin lc gia
mt trm mt t vi mt v tinh a tnh c khong cch R = R0 = 35.786 km, bng

cao ca v tinh.
Trong trng hp khong cch R gia trm mt t v v tinh ln hn gi tr
cao
, tc
LFS = 4 R
th biu thc c nhn thm vi h s
4 R0
, tc:
R
R
R0 = LFS ( R0 ). R0 (2 -19)
Tn hao trong khng gian t do t l vi bnh phng khong cch
Bi v khong cch gia trm mt t v v tinh l kh ln cho nn tn hao khng

gian t do trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh cng kh ln.
V d 2.3. Cng sut thu tuyn ln trng hp tn hao khng gian t do
- Cng sut my pht trm mt t
(20 dBW)
- ng knh anten
- Tn s pht cho tuyn ln
- Khong cch gia trm mt t v v tinh a tnh R = 40000 km
- rng bp sng ca anten thu v tinh
- Trm mt t trung tm vng ph sng ca v tinh
v hiu sut ca anten trm mt t
- Hiu sut ca anten v tinh
Kt qu tnh c:
- tng ch ca anten trm mt t:
= 0, 6 ( .4.14.109 3.108 ) = 206340 = 53,1dB

2
- Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng EIRP ca trm mt t (tnh trn

trc lin lc):
- Mt thng lng cng sut:
(W/
- Cng sut thu c (tnh theo dBW) ti anten v tinh:
59
Phm Vn Ngc
tn hao khng gian t do + tng ch anten thu

- Tn hao khng gian t do
- Tng ch ca anten thu v tinh
Vi
c th tnh c
v nh vy
G R max = (70 / 3dB ) 2 = 6650 = 38.2dB
Lu rng, tng ch ca anten khng ph thuc vo tn s khi vng ph

sng ca anten v tinh c tn dng.
- Cng sut thu c ca anten v tinh:
tng ng 250 pW.
V d 3.4. Cng sut thu tuyn xung trng hp tn hao khng gian t do
- Cng sut pht t anten ca v tinh a tnh
W (10 dBW)
GHz
- Tn s pht tuyn xung

- rng bp sng anten
- ng knh anten thu ca trm mt t R=40.000 km

- Hiu sut anten v tinh = 0,55 v hiu sut anten ca trm mt t =
0,6.
Kt qu tnh ton:
- Mt thng lng cng sut ti trm mt t:
(W/
- tng ch ca anten vtinh ch pht cng ging nh ch v
rng bp sng ca chng cng ging nhau. Do cng sut bc x ng hng
tng ng EIRP ca v tinh c gi tr l:
Nh vy mt thng lng cng sut l:
- Cng sut (tnh theo dBW) thu uc ti anten thu ca trm mt t s l:
60
Phm Vn Ngc
- tn hao khng gian t do+ tng ch anten thu

Tn hao khng gian t do
ca anten trm mt t l:
tng ch
Nh vy cng sut thu c ti trm mt t s l:

tng ng 25pW.
Tng kh quyn l mi trng truyn sng c nh hng trc tip n sng

truyn trong h thng thng tin v tinh. Tc ng r nt nht n sng v tuyn
truyn trong tng kh quyn l cc nh hng ca tng i lu v tng in li. Cc
nh hng dn n tn hao v hp th sng, gi chung l tn hao kh quyn
(Atmosphere loss) v nh vy, trong biu thc (2 - 13) khi xc nh cng sut
ti
im thu, trong trng hp c tnh n tn hao ca tng kh quyn chng ta s thay

gi tr tn hao
bng gi tr tn hao tng cng L.

(2 20)
Trong :
L l tn hao tng cng
l tn hao trong khng gian t do
l tn hao kh quyn
Tp m (noise) l mt dng tn hiu khng cha ni dung thng tin c trn

ln vo tn hiu hu ch, N lm gim chnh xc ca vic phc hi ni dung thng
tin ti my thu. Ngun gy ra tp m c th l:
- Tp m c pht ra t nhng ngun bc x t nhin trong vng thu sng
ca anten.
- Tp m c to ra bi cc thnh phn in t trong bn thn thit b.
- Cc tn hiu t my pht khc m khng phi l htng tin cn truyn cng
c coi l tp m, tp m ny c gi l nhiu (interference).
61
Phm Vn Ngc
Cng sut tp m gy hi l nhng ngun cng sut tp m xut hin trong

rng di tn ca tn hiu hu ch. Thng thng s xut hin c xem xt pha
my thu. Dng tp m thng xut hin nhiu nht l tp m trng, c mt ph
cng sut
(W/Hz) v c mc ng u trong bng tn (hnh 2.6). Cng sut tp
m tng ng o c trong rng bng tn

(W)
(Hz) c gi tr l:
(2 - 21)
N0(f)
W/Hz
Tn s (Hz)
Hnh 2.6 M t mt ph ca tp m trng

Trong thc t tp m trng khng phi c mt ph cng sut l hng s, tuy
vy m hnh trn thch hp xem xt tp m trng trong rng bng tn c gii hn.
Anten thu thng c c trng bi tham s G/T, trong G l tng ch

ca anten v T l nhit tp m hiu dng ca my thu. Nhit tp m hiu dng
T bao gm nhit tp m tng ng ca anten v ng dy phi cng thm
ton b nhit tp m ca my thu (hnh 3.7).
Trong v d hnh 2 - 7, khi u vo my thu gm 5 khi con: anten, ng
dy phi , tng th nht khuch i tp m thp LNA, tng th hai l b to sng
dao ng ni (LO) v tng khuch i trung tn (IF). Bn thn mi mt tng c tp
m ni b ca tng . Tp m h thng T l tp m ca tt c cc tng tnh t u
vo n im xem xt. Tp m u vo my thu i lc c tnh t u vo ng
dy phi .
62
Phm Vn Ngc
Angten
GA,
TA
Tng th nht LO
G 2 T2
TR
T0
Tng khuch i IF
G 3 T3
LNA
G1 T1
Hnh 2 - 7: M t cc tng u vo ca my thu

Cng sut tp m nhit c to ra bi mt thit b c th c biu th bi
biu thc:
(W)
(2 22)
J/K hoc
Trong :
dBW/K/Hz l hng s
Boltzman; T l nhit tp m ca thit b (K ) v B l rng di tn (Hz).

T biu thc (2 - 22) ta thy rng, cng sut tp m u ra ca chui cc khi
ca my thu trn s l:
P0 = k (Tvao + T1 )G1G2G3 B + kT2G2G3 B + kT3G3 B (W) (2 - 23)
l nhit tp m tng ng ca anten v ng dy phi .
Trong
Nu im xem xt l u vo ca tng th nht LNA th biu thc trn l:

(W)
(2 - 24)
Rt ra nhit tp m tng ng ca T my thu l:

T = Tvao + T1 +
T2
T
+ 3 = Tvao + TR (K)
G1 G1G2
(2 - 25)
T nhn xt rng, c th ti u ho chui cc my thu gim tp m

tng ng v y tng u tin ng vai tr quan trng nht.
T biu thc (2 22) cng sut tp m ton b s l:
N = kTB
(W)
(2 -26)
Trong cc biu thc trn th tp m do anten v phi c c trng n

gin ho bi tham s
i vi mt mng c tn hao vi suy hao l L(dB) th nhit tp m
tng ng phn u ni s l:
63
Phm Vn Ngc
Te = T0 (1 1/ L) (K)
(2 - 27)
Trong L l tn hao tnh theo t s cng sut u vo trn u ra

v
l nhit xung quanh thng c gi thit l 290K.

T cc biu thc trn, c th rt ra:
Tvao = TA / L + T0 (1 1/ L ) (K)
Tvao = TA / L + 290(1 1/ L) (K)
hay
(2 - 28
Nhit tp m TA l do thu cc ngun tp m khng mong mun t khng

gian v mt t khu vc gn anten.
Cc ngun tp m khng mong mun thng c biu th di dng
nhit tp m chi
. Nh vy, nhit tp m ca anten TA s l s chng nhau
ca li anten v nhit chi

TA =
1
4
2 2
(G ( El , Az ), T
ch
( EL, Az ))d
(K)
(2 29)
0 0
Trong Tch(El, Az) l nhit chi (K) ca mt vt th bc x theo hng

(El, Az) v G ( El , Az ) v c trng cho li anten gc ngng El v gc phng v
Az; d l gc y phn t theo hng .
Nhit tp m ca anten ca mt trm mt t l do s hn hp ca hai
ngun tp m: tp m v tr k hiu l
v tp m do anten thu cc tn hiu khng
mong mun t vng xung quanh anten, k hiu l Tmd Kt qu l:

TA = Tkg + Tmd
2 30)
Cc ngun tp m khng gia l mt tri, mt trng, hp th ca xy, ca hi

nc v ma. Mt tri c nhit chi trn 10.000 K tn s di 10 GHz v do
m anten cc trm mt t thng trnh hng v mt tri. Mt trng c nhit chi
khong 200 K. Tp m nn v tr c gi tr khong 3 K v khng ph thuc vo tn s.
Cc ngun quan trng nht ca tp m khng gian l hp th do cc cht kh v
do ma trong tng kh quyn. Nh cp trong cc mc trc, vic tng gim nhit
tp m c quan h vi tn s v gc ngng, Khi tnh ton trong iu kin tri trong,
nhit tp m c gi tr khong 15-30 K tn s 4-11 GHz gc ngng l 100
Tp m t mt t l do vic thu cc tn hiu khng mong mun thng qua cc
mi ph ca anten v mt phn t mi chnh ca anten. iu yu cu phi cn
nhc, khi anten lm vic vi v tinh gc ngng nh (thp), nh hn 100. Nu gc
64
Phm Vn Ngc
ngng ca anten tng th cng ca nhit mt t tc ng n nhit tp m

anten cng s gim ng k.
i vi cc h thng thng tin v tinh lm vic tn s trn 10 GHz th tc
ng ca ma khng nhng lm suy gim tn hiu mong mun, m n cn lm gia
tng nhit tp m ca anten. T biu thc (2.30) c th xc nh c suy gim do
ma tc ng vo nhit anten.
TA =
Tkg
Amua
+ T0 (1
1
) + Tmd
Amua
(2 - 31)
=290 K.
Trong
Nhit tp m ca anten chu tc ng bi v tr ca v tinh, tn s cng tc

v vng c ph sng bi anten v tinh. Cc vng ph sng trn mt t c nhit
tp m cao hn so vi cc vng ph sng trn i dng. V d i vi v tinh a
tnh th nhit chi trn Thi Bnh Dng l 110 K tn s 1 GHz, cao nht l
250 K tn s 51 Ghz. Cng tng t nh vy, nu chu Phi th nhit chi l
180 K tn 1 GHz v 260 K 51 GHz.
H s tp m F ca mt thit b c nh ngha l t s tn hiu /tp m u

vo ca thit b trn t s tn hiu/ tp m u ra ca thit b .
Svao
Nvao
F=
(2 - 32)
Sra
N ra
Biu thc (2 - 27) c th vit:

T
F = 10 lg(1 + T0e )
dB
(2 - 33)
Trong Te l nhit tp m hiu dng ca thit b (K) v T0 l nhit i

xung quanh (thng c gi thit l 290 K).
Vi cc thit b hoc cc tng thit b u ni tip (nh hnh 2.7) th h s tp
m ton b c xc nh bi biu thc:
..
(2 - 34)
V d: Cc tng ca my thu nh m t hnh 3.11 v thng s ca cc tng

c gi tr nh sau:
dB;
dBi;
K;
K;
dB;
K;
;
dB;
K;
K;
65
Phm Vn Ngc
Hy tnh nhit tp m tng ng T ca my thu v h s tp m ca my

thu theo G/T
p dng biu thc (2 -19) v xem u vo ca tang khuch i th nht l
im tham chiu s c:
20
1000
T = 1,5
+ 290(1 1,51 ) + 150 + 600
10 + 1000 = 260, 7 K
H s tp m:
Tng hp cc biu thc v cng sut thu c PR v tng tp m (2 - 21) s c

quan h t s cng sut sng mang trn cng sut tp m.
2
C
G 1 1
= PT GT R
N
T 4 R kB AP
(2 -35a)
Hoc biu th di dng dB:

C
GR

= 10 lg( PT GT ) 20 lg
+ 10 lg
N
4 R
T
10 lg( AP ) 10 lg(kB ) (dB) (2 - 35b)
Trong :
N l cng sut tp m tng cng (W; dBW), v N0 l mt ph cng sut tp
m (W/Hz; dBWHz-1) v c gi tr bng N-10lg(B) tnh v mt pha.
10lg(AP) l c trng cho tn hao kh quyn, dB.
Biu thc trn c gi tr cho tnh ton c tuyn ln n v tinh v tuyn xung
t v tinh n trm mt t.
y, nu l tuyn ln th EIRP c tnh cho thit b u cui di ng v
trm c nh mt t, cn
G
T
c tnh cho anten v tinh. Nu l tuyn xung th
EIRP c tnh cho v tinh cn
G
T
c tnh cho trm mt t v thit b u cui di
ng. Bng 2.3 sau y cho v d cc s liu tnh ton v d tr tuyn. Trong bng
cc ch nghing l cc thng s tuyn bit.
Bng 2.3: V d d tr tuyn
Trm mt t
Cng sut pht (W)

ng knh anten (m)
10
2
Hiu sut anten (%)

rng bp sng 3dB (0)
55
1.9
66
Phm Vn Ngc
Tn hao ng ln
H s tng ch pht (dB)
28.6
EIRP pht (dBW)
38.6
Tn s pht (GHz)
Khong cch truyn (km)
6.0
38000
Tn hao khng gian t do (dB)

Tn hao kh quyn (dB)
-199.6
0.3
V tinh
Mt lu lng cng sut thu c (dBWm-2) -124

G/T (dBK-1)
-1.0
150
rng di tn (kHz)
Cc thng s tuyn
C/N (dB)
C/N mc tiu
D tr tuyn
14.54
8.0
6.2
Trong cc v d mc 2.3 l ch tnh ton sng trong khn gian t do. Trong
thc t ng truyn cn phi tnh n cc tn hao khc, l cc dng tn hao:
1. Tn hao sng do hp th v nh hng ca tng kh quyn (nh phn tch
trong mc 2.2)
2. Tn hao bn trong ni b thit b pht v thit b thu
3. Tn hao do s khng ng trc ca anten pht v anten thu
4. Tn hao do phn cc sng
Nu tnh n cc tn hao th khi tnh ton, cng sut ti im thu PRX s
c biu th theo biu thc:
P G
PRX = TX T max
LT LFTX
GR max
LFS LA
(W)
L
L
L
FRX
POL
(2-36)
Trong :
LT LFTX l tn hao pha ni b my pht. LT l tn hao do lch trc anten
pht v LFTX l tn hao do fid t my pht ti anten pht.

LFSLA l tn hao trn ng truyn trong LFS l tn hao khng gian t do v
LA l tn hao kh quyn.
L R .LFRX l tn hao pha ni b my thu. L R l tn hao do lch trc anten thu
v LFRX tn hao phi t anten thu ti my thu.
67
Phm Vn Ngc
LPOL l suy gim do phn cc ca anten thu

Hnh 2.8 m t ng truyn mt tuyn ln ca trm mt t n v tinh. Ga

thit rng trm pht sng mt t c t bin ca vng phu sng 3 dB ca anten
thu v tinh.
PR
PRx
RX
LFRX
GT max
R
Trm mt t
(ES) 3dB
(C/N0)u
Bin ca vng
ph sng (-3dB)
GR max
Vng ph sng
ca anten v tinh
Hnh 2.8 M t ung truyn mt tuyn ln

Cc thng s cho:
- Tn s ng ln fu = 14 GHz.
- Cc thng s i vi trm mt t (ES):
+ Cng sut ca b khuch i pht 100W: PT = 100W
+ Suy hao gia b khuch i pht v anten LFTX = 0,5 dB
+ ng knh anten: D = 4m
+ Hiu sut anten: = 0,6
+ Sai s ln nht cho php ca anten pht trm mt t l 0,10 ; T = 0,10
- Khong cch gia v tinh v trm mt t R = 40000 km
- S suy gim sng trong tng kh quyn ti tn s ny vi gc ngng l 100 l 0.3dB
- Cc thng s i vi v tinh (SL)
+ Gc m na bp sng aten thu l 20 ; R = 20
+ Hiu sut anten: = 0,55
+ H s tp m kt ni my thu v anten thu: F = 3dB
68
Phm Vn Ngc
+ Suy hao gia anten v my thu LFRX = 1 dB

+ Nhit tp m ca u ni T0 = 290 K
+ Nhit tp m ca anten TA = 290 K
- Tnh ton EIRP ca trm mt t:
EIRPES =
vi
PTX GT max
LT LFTX
(W)
(2 - 37)
W = 20dB
LT (dB) = 12(T / 3dB ) 2 = 12(T Df u / 70c)2 =0,9 dB
(suy hao gia my pht v anten pht)

Ta c:
- Tnh ton suy hao ca tuyn ln:
Lu = LFS.LA
Vi
Do c:
- T s G/T ca v tinh:
(G / T ) SL = GR max / ( L LFRX LPOL ).[TA /L FRX +T0 (1-1/L FRX ) + TR ]
(2 - 38)
vi:
L R (dB ) = 12( R / 3dB )2
Ti trm mt t, gn vng bin ca vng ph sng ca v tinh c:

L R = 3(dB)
TA = T0 = 290K
l:
Do tnh c gi tr ca
69
Phm Vn Ngc
Lu rng, khi nhit ng nhit ca vic kt ni gia anten v my thu v

tinh gn bng nhit tp m ca anten, y l trng hp thng thy trong thc t,
th lc nhit tp m tng ng u vo my thu s l: T T0 + TR Do vy
v tinh cn b tr my thu c khuch i tp m thp.
- Tnh t s C/N0 ca ng ln:
(Hz)
(2 39)
Nh vy ta c:
Trm mt t - ES GT max/LT
Tx
PTX
GR max/LR V tinh - SL
L = LFSLA
LFTX
LFRX
PR
PT
Rx
PRX
71.7 dBW
+52.2 dBW
20 dBW
-207.7
dBW
19.5 dBW
-100.8 dBW
+35.2 dBW
Cu
PRX
-101.8 dBW
-136 dBW
Nou = -201 dBW/Hz
Hnh 2.9 - M t mc cng sut tn hiu ca tuyn ln theo v d tnh ton

Nu tri ma th suy gim sng truyn trong tng kh quyn s ln hn so vi

tri trong. suy gim do ma Arain gy ra cho sng truyn t trm mt t trong
vng c kh hu n i c gi tr khong 10 dB. Ngoi ra hp th sng ca cc cht
kh trong tng kh quyn cn tnh n c gi tr khong 0,3 dB. Nh vy, trong trng
hp c ma th gi tr tn hao trong tng kh quyn LA phi tnh ton thm s l: LA
10 dB + 0,3 dB.
Do tn hao ca tuyn ln Lu s l:
70
Phm Vn Ngc
Cc iu kin khc l khng i cho nn c:
Hnh 2.10 m t mt ng truyn tyn xung (t v tinh ti trm mt t).

PTX
TX
LFTX
PT
GR max
T
Trm mt t
(ES)
3dB
GT max (C/N0)D
Bin ca vng
ph sng (-3dB)
Vng ph sng
ca anten v tinh
Hnh 2.10 - M t ng truyn tuyn xung

Gi thit rng, trm mt t thu c t ti bin 3 dB ca vng ph sng ca
anten thu v tinh.
Cc thng s cho:
- Tn s tuyn xung: fD = 12 GHz
- i vi trm v tinh (SL)
Cng sut ca b khuch i pht

Tn hao gia b khuch i v anten
W
dB
Gc m bp sng pht
Hiu sut anten = 0,55
- Khong cch gia vtinh v trm mt t R = 40000 km
- Tn hao kh quyn
dB (gi tr c tnh vi tn s cho ng vi gc
ngng l 100.
- i vi trm mt t (ES)
H s tp m my thu F=2,2 dB
71
Phm Vn Ngc
Tn hao gia anten thu v my thu

Nhit ng nhit ca kt ni
dB
= 290 K
ng knh anten parabol thu
Hiu sut anten = 0,6

khng thng hng (anten pht v thu) ln nht
Nhit tp anten thu trm mt t l 650K
Tnh ton gi tr EIRP ca v tinh
EIRPSL =
PTX GT max
LT LFTX
(W)
(2 - 40)
W = 10 dBW
Vi
LT = 3( dB )
Do c:
- Tnh ton tn hao tuyn xung (D):
vi:
Do c:
- Tnh ton t s G/T ca trm mt t
-1
(G / T ) ES = GR max / ( L LFRX LPOL ).[TA /L FRX +T0 (1-1/L FRX ) + TR ] (K ) ( 2 - 41)

R
vi
L R (dB ) = 12( R / 3 dB ) 2 = 12(T Df u / 70c)2 = 0, 6dB
LFRX = 0,3dB
LPOL = 0dB
TA = 65K
T0
290K
K
T tnh c:
72
Phm Vn Ngc
- Tnh ton t s C/N0 ca tuyn xung (D)

(C/N0)D = EIRPSL(1/LD)(G/T)ES(1/k)
(Hz) (2 - 42)
Thay cc gi tr vo c (theo n v dB):
V tinh - SL
Tx
PTX
GR max/LR Trm mt t - ES
GT max/LT
L = LFSLA
LFTX
LFRX
PR
PT
Rx
PRX
44.2 dBW
+35.2 dBW
10 dBW
1 dBW
9 dBW
-206
dBW
-111 dBW
CD
+51.2 dBW
-162.2 dBW
PRX
-115 dBW
Nou = -204.1 dBW/Hz
(C/N0)D = -92.6dBHz
Hnh 2.11 - M t s bin i mc cng sut tn hiu trn xung c tnh ton
Gi s suy gim do ma c gi tr Arain = 7 dB i vi trm mt t ng vi

nhit bnh thng v tn s lm vic ca trm mt t l 12 GHz th s tn hao s
tng 0,01% so vi gi tr trung bnh trong nm, n vy tn hao:
T c tn hao ca tuyn xung:
Nhit tp m anten nh bit, c xc nh nh sau:

(K)
73
Phm Vn Ngc
Cho
Nh vy:
T c:
i vi tuyn xung s dng biu thc sau:
tnh ton t s
(Hz)
Thay th vo s c:
Gi thit rng trm mt t pht TVRO (Television Receiver Only) truyn tn

hiu n mt trm mt t khc thng qua mt v tinh a tnh vi cc thng s ca
chng nh sau:
- Trm mt t pht
Tn hiu u vo: -30 dBW = 1 mW

Khuch i cng sut HPA
dB
Tng ch anten pht: :
dB
Tn hao thit b v anten pht:
dB
- Tn hao ung truyn tuyn ln:
- V tinh (SL)
Khuch i b pht p: 82,5 dB

Tng ch anten thu v tinh:
dB
Tng ch anten pht v tinh:
dB
Tn hao thit b: -3 dB
- Trm mt t thu
Tng ch anten thu:
dB
74
Phm Vn Ngc
Khuch i tp m thp: GLNA = 50 dB

Khuch i thu: GR =45 dB
EIRP
1GW Anten pht

ca trm mt
t
Tn hao dn
sng v
MUX
Tn hao dn
sng
EIRP
B khuych
i cng sut
cao
TWTA
Tn hao ng truyn t
v tinh ti
tri t
Driver
Tn hao ng truyn t
i tn tri t n
ln
v tinh
B
khuych
i thu
1nW
Tn hiu
ti v tinh
1pW
Tng ch
anten pht
ca v tinh
Anten thu
v tinh
V tinh
chuyn
tip
Trm mt
t pht tn
hiu
video out
10 9
10 8
10 7
10 6
10 5
10 4
10 3
10 2
10 1
10
10 1
10 2
10 3
10 4
10 5
10 6
10 7
10 8
10 9
10 10
10 11
10 12
10 13
10 14
10 15
10 16
10 17
10 18
video in
Cng sut (W)
Bng phng php tnh ton nh cc v d trnh by cc mc trc, kt qu

cng sut trn ton tuyn (ln v xung) c m t hnh 2 - 12.
Khuych i
IF v i tn
xung
B khuych
i tp m
thp
Anten thu
mt t
Trm mt
t thu tn
hiu
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20 dBW
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
-110
-120
-130
-140
-150
-160
-170
-180
Hnh 2.12 - M t mc cng sut trn ton tuyn qua v tinh INTELSAT
Cht lng ca ng tryn gia mt my pht v mt my thu trong h

thng thng tin v tinh c c trng bi t s cng sut tn hiu trn mt ph
cng sut tp m C/N0. y l mt hm ph thuc vo cc thng s: cc c tnh ca
cc thit b u cui c trang b trong tuyn, cng sut bc x ng hng tng
ng EIRP ca my pht, h s tp m G/T ca my thu v cc c tnh ca mi
trng truyn ln.
Trong mt tuyn lin lc gia hai trm mt t thng qua v tinh th tuyn ln
c c trng bi t s (C/N0)u v tuyn xung c c trng bi t s (C/N0)D.
Cc tc ng ca tng kh quyn i vi tuyn ln v tuyn xung l khc nhau: v
d ma s lm gim gi tr ca t s (C/N0)u do cng sut thu c Cu b gim trong
75
Phm Vn Ngc
lc ma s lm gim gi tr (C/N0)D do cng sut thu b gim v gi tr nhit

tp m li tng ln.
Gia s c th biu th bi
:
(2 - 43a)
(2 - 43b)
Cc suy hao kh quyn trong iu kin tng kh quyn bnh thng l c th d

on c. Do vic chn lc cc thit b trong tuyn sao cho m bo hiu
nng tuyn cao nh l mt yu t quan trng trong thit k tuyn.
76
Phm Vn Ngc
Trm mt t ca h thng thng tin v tinh (ES-Earth Station) c hai chc

nng ch yu, l:
1. Tip nhn cc tn hiu t cc mng mt t hoc trc tip t thit b u
cui ca ngi s dng, x l cc tn hiu , bin i thnh sng mang v truyn ln
v tinh theo tuyn ln vi cng sut v tn s thch hp.
2. Thu cc sng mang t tuyn xung ca v tinh, x l v chuyn chng
thnh tn hiu bng c s cung cp cho cc mng mt t hoc trc tip n thit
b u cui ca ngi s dng.
Ngoi hai nhim v thu/pht nu trn, mt s trm mt t cn c trang b
mt h thng ph iu khin hoc bm v tinh. Ph thuc vo yu cu c th m
trm mt t c th c c h thng pht v thu hoc ch c h thng thu. V d h
thng TVRO (Televison Receiver Only) ch c nhim v thu tn hiu truyn hnh v
truyn cho trm mt t. Mt s trm mt t c th c trang b thm chuyn
mch, ghp knh hoc cc giao din kt ni.
Hnh 3 1 m t s khi chc nng ca mt trm mt t in hnh. Cu
trc ca h thng gm nm phn h:
1. Phn h anten-phi
2. Phn h thu;
3. Phn h pht;
4. Phn h ghp knh v giao din;
5. Phn h bm v tinh v iu khin;
Dui gc phn tch tn hiu, trm mt t bao gm nm phn h sau:
1. Phn h anten;
2. Phn h tn s v tuyn;
3. Phn h x l tn hiu trung gian;
4. Phn h ghp knh v giao din mng;
5. Phn h gim st, bm v iu khin v tinh.
77
Phm Vn Ngc
Hnh 3.1 - S khi chc nng mt trm mt t in hnh

-
Anten dng thu tn hiu t v tinh, c hng tnh cao ti v tinh. Kch
c v phc tp ca anten ph thuc vo dch v cn cung cp
cng sut do v tinh pht x
H thng bm duy tr anten ch theo hng ti v tinh, bt chp s

chuyn ng tng i ca v tr v trm mt t. Ch tiu cn
thit cho h thng bm bin i theo c tnh ca chm anten v
qu o ca v tinh. i vi anten nh th h thng bm khng cn
thit.
B chuyn mch s dng chuyn mch sang thit b d phng ti

b pht.
B khuch i cng sut cao c chc nng khuch i tn hiu li

vo vi cng sut li ra ln a ti anten pht v tinh.
B i tn thc hin i tn s sng mang bng tn c s thnh

sng mang cao tn ng ln ph hp vi bng tn s dng trong
tuyn ln trm mt t pht v ngc li
B iu ch thc hin gii iu ch tn hiu li vo cc trm u

cui bn ngoi kt ni vi trm pht tn hiu v tinh nhm iu ch
thnh cc tn hiu ph hp vi loi iu ch s dng trong h thng
v tinh.
Yu cu u tin ca anten trm mt t l c tng ch ln v bp sng

nhn hng v pha v tinh. Trong nhiu trng hp anten thu v pht ca trm mt
t thng c s dng chung v tn hiu ca hai ng thu/pht c tch bit
nhau qua mt b chia (hoc cn gi b phn lung). C hai loi anten c s dng
78
Phm Vn Ngc
ph bin nht cc trm mt t, l : anten parabol (i xng hoc khng i

xng) v anten Cassegrain.
3.2.1.1. Anten gng Parabol
Cu trc ca anten parabol gm hai b phn ch yu: gng phn x hoc cn
gi l cho phn x hnh parabol v phn t tch cc c gi l b chiu x. Thc
cht b chiu x l mt anten s cp (c th l mt dipol, dn dipol hoc anten loa),
n bc x sng in t hng v cho parabol phn x (parabol reflector). Gng
phn x l mt thit b th ng, n ch c nhim v phn x nng lng sng tp
trung vo bp sng hp theo hng ngc li. Sng phn x theo hng ngc li
l cc sng phng , c cc mt sng ng pha ti mt gng.
iu c th thc hin c khi chn phng trnh
mt cong ca gng sao cho cc tia bc x t ngun s cp t
ti tiu im ca gng sau khi phn x v truyn ti ming
gng c di ng i bng nhau (tc chiu di quang l
nh nhau). iu kin ny ph hp vi gng parabol c b
chiu x t ti tiu im.
Thc vy, gi s c mt gng phn x parabol v b pht x pht sng hnh
cu t ti tiu im F vi cc kch thc k hiu hnh 3.2. Bit rng, trong mt
phng, ng parabol c phng trnh ton hc y = ax 2 v c nh ngha l qu
tch ca cc im m tng khong cch t cc im n tiu im v n cc
ng chun l mt hng s . Nh biu th hnh 3.2, th quan h l:
FA + AA = FB + BB = FC + CC = k
(3 - 1)
V:
X l tiu c ca parabol ;
k l hng s ;
T s gia tiu c v ng knh ca ming gng (FX/WZ) c gi l t s
khu , cn gi tt l khu (aperture) ca parabol. Thut ng ny cng c dng
cc thu knh camera.
Nng lng in t c phn x t gng v tp trung xung quanh trc X, Y
c gi l bp sng chnh ca th phng hng, c mt s bp ph do giao thoa
v thm thu (hnh 3 - 2c).
79
Phm Vn Ngc
Hnh 3 - 2 : M t kch thc hnh hc v th phng hng ca anten parabol

rng ca bp sng chnh, tnh mc -3dB ca th phng hng ca
anten c th tnh theo biu thc gn ng :
3 dB =
70
D
(3 - 2a)
3dB =
70c
fD
(3 - 2b)
Hoc :
Trong :
3dB
l rng bp sng ng vi mc na cng sut (0) ;
l bc sng cng tc (m);
l tc truyn sng (c = 3.10 8 m/s) ;
l ng knh ming anten (m);
l tn s (Hz)
V
0 = 3dB / 2
(3 - 3)
Trong 0 l gc m ng vi cng sut khng theo hng bc x chnh (0).

Biu thc 3 - 2a, 3 - 2b v 3 - 3 chnh xc i vi anten parabol c khu ln
(tc bp sng hp).
Hiu sut ca anten parabol .
80
Phm Vn Ngc
anten parabol, khng phi tt c cc nng lng bc x t ngun s cp (b

chiu x) u c phn x t gng parabol. Mt s nng lng sng c hp th
t gng v mt s nng lng khc s b nhiu x xung quanh mp gng. Hin
tng gi l hin tng r r v trn. Do , nng lng bc x t b chiu x ch
c phn x t gng khong 50% - 75% . Thm vo , b chiu x khng phi l
mt ngun im , n c mt vng din tch hu hn no nm i din vi gng.
Vng che khut to nn mt vng ti i din vi gng. Cng v cc l do m
trong thc t hiu sut ca anten parabol t c khong 55% cng sut bc x t
b chiu x.
H s tng ch ca anten parabol.
H s tng tch ca anten paranol G P , c th tnh theo biu thc gn ng:
D
G P =

(3 - 4a)
Trong :
l hiu sut anten
D l ng knh ming parabol (m)

l bc sng cng tc (m)
Vi hiu sut ca anten l 55% ( =0,55), biu thc 3 - 4a c th vit :

GP =
5,4 D 2 f
c2
(3 - 4b)
Trong : c = 3.10 8 m/s l tc truyn sng v f l tn s; hoc c th vit

di dng dB :
G P (dB) = 20 lg f ( MHz) + 20 lg D(m) 42,2
(3 -4c)
Nu nh anten c hiu sut l 100% th cng thm 2,66dB vo biu thc (3 4c).
T cc biu thc (3 - 4a, b, c) nhn thy rng, h s tng ch ca anten parabol
t l thun vi bnh phng ng knh ming parabol. iu c ngha l, tn s
cng cao v gng parabol cng ln th h s tng ch G P ca parabol cng ln. Hoc
ni cch khc t s gia din tch hiu dng trn bc sng cng tc ca anten cng
ln th h s tng ch ca anten cng ln. i vi anten parabol dng lm anten thu
th khng phi ton b din tch b mt ca gng phn x c phn x sng, do
vng din tch hiu dng phn x s b hn vng din tch thc t tnh ton. Din tch
thc t thu ca anten parabol thu, AR , c th tnh theo biu thc :
81
Phm Vn Ngc
AR = k R . AP
(3 - 5)
Trong :
AP l din tch thc t ( m 2 ) ;
kR l h s ph thuc vo hnh dng kch thc ca anten (kR = 0,55 vi anten

c gng phn x parabol v b thu x l chn t na sng).
Nh vy, h s tng ch ca anten parabol thu, G R , s l :
GR =
4 . AP
4 .k R . AP
(3 - 6a)
Thay th din tch ming parabol vo (3.6a) v hiu sut anten ly l 0,55 th
lc h s tng ch ca anten parabol thu c th tnh theo biu thc gn ng:
D
GT = 5,4
(3 - 6b)
Trong :
-
D l ng knh ming parabol (m) ;
l bc sng (m) ;
H s k trong (3 - 5) c gi l hiu sut phn x hoc hiu sut khu ,

thng s v hiu sut khu kR c th lin quan n th phng hng ca b
thu x v t s gia tiu c ca parabol v ng knh ming parabol.
V d
Mt anten parabol c ng knh ming parabol D = 2m , cng sut bc x
ca b chiu x l 10W, tn s cng tc f = 6 GHz, hiu sut anten = 0,55 v hiu
sut khu thu AR l 0,55. Hy xc nh:
1. rng bp sng chnh ( rng bp sng na cng sut).
2. H s tng ch ch pht
3. H s tng ch ch thu
4. Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng, EIRP.
Bi gii
1. Theo biu thc (6.2b) rng bp sng chnh mc na cng sut l :
3dB =
70c 70.(3.10 8 )
=
= 1,75 0
fD
(6.10 9 ).2
2. H s tng ch ch pht, tnh theo (3 - 4c) :
82
Phm Vn Ngc
G P = 20 lg f ( MHz ) + 20 lg D (m) 42,2

= 20 lg 6000 + 20 lg 2 42,2 = 39,4dB
3. H s tng ch ch thu, tnh theo (3 - 6b) v chuyn sang dB :

2 2
D 2
G R ( dB ) = 10 lg 5,4 = 10 lg 5,4
= 39,4dB

0,05
4. Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng, EIRP:

EIRP = G T (dB ) + PT (dBm) = 39,4 + 10 lg
10
0,001
= 39,4 + 40dBm = 79,4dBm
B chiu x
B chiu x anten parabol dng bc x nng lng sng in t t gng
phn x cn c gi l anten s cp (primary antenna). Bi v b chiu x c t
tiu im ca parabol cho nn bn thn n s to nn mt bng khut v trong k
thut gi l hiu ng bng khut (shadow effect). Trong thit k c th c gng ti
a sao cho bng khut theo hng bc x chnh l ti thiu. C ba dng s cp ca b
chiu x i vi anten gng phn x parabol thng gp l : chiu x tm,
chiu x dng anten loa v chiu x kiu Cassegrain . Hnh 3 - 3 m t mt s dng
b chiu x ca anten parabol.
rng bp sng ca b chiu x dng anten loa (xem mc anten loa) ni vi
ng dn sng, trong mt phng E v trong mt phng H , c tnh theo biu thc
gn ng sau :
E =
56
dE
(3 - 7a)
H =
56
dH
(3 - 7b)
Trong :
- E l gc m na cng sut trong mt phng E ( 0 ) ;
- H l gc m na cng sut trong mt phng H ( 0 ) ;
- l bc sng cng tc (m) ;
- d E l kch thc ming loa m rng mt phng E , (m) ;
- d H l kch thc ming loa m rng mt phng H , (m) ;
83
Phm Vn Ngc
Hnh 3.3 - M t mt s dng b chiu x ca anten parabol

3.2.1.2. Anten Cassegrain
Anten Cassegrain l anten c gng phn x parabol v b chiu x theo kiu
Cassegrain, tn mt nh thin vn hc vo cui th k 18 pht minh ra v c s
dng u tin cc knh vin vng thin vn. Trong mt s ti liu anten Cassegrain
cn c gi l anten gng kp.
Hnh 3.4 m t b tr hnh hc ca mt anten Cassegrain.
Cu to ca anten Cassegrain gm c: (1) gng phn x paraboloid, cn gi
l gng chnh ; (2) gng phn x hyperboloid cn gi l gng ph v (3) b chiu
x dng anten loa ni vi ng dn sng cp in . Tiu im ca gng ph hyperbol
c b tr trng vi tiu im ca gng chnh parabol (im F1 ).
Hnh 3-4 - Anten Cassegrain v cc k hiu hnh hc

Tiu c ca nhnh hyperbol th hai (nhnh o) nm nh paranol trn trc
chnh ca gng (im F2 ). B chiu x c b tr sao cho tm loa nm gia nh
parabol (im F2 ).
84
Phm Vn Ngc
u im ca anten Cassegrain l rng bp sng chnh ca th phng

hng trc nh hn so vi anten parabol n v kt cu b chiu x t ngay nh
parabol nn rt tin li cho vic cp in. Tuy vy, anten Cassegrain cng c nhc
im l gng hyperbol chim mt phn khng gian trc gng chnh parabol
gty ra mt vng ti, m iu s dn n bin ca trng khng ng u , nh
hng n h s nh hng ca anten.
Anten Cassegrain cng c s dng thu cc tn hiu rt yu v trong
trng hp ng truyn dn t anten my thu di th c th t b tin khuch i
tp m thp (low noise preamplier) ngay b thu x.
Bit rng, cc thng s quan trng nht ca mt anten trm mt t l c tnh

bc x ca bp sng chnh c trng bi tng ch G , rng bp sng 3dB v
cch ly phn cc. tng ch ca anten c quan h trc tip vi cng sut bc x
ng hng tng ng (EIRP) v t s G/T ca trm mt t. rng ca bp
sng cng ng thi lin quan n h thng bm v tinh. Gi tr cch ly phn cc
xc nh dung lng ca mt anten trong trng hp h thng s dng phn cc giao.
Phn ln cng sut c bc x (hoc c thu) trong bp sng chnh. Trong
thc t, c mt phn cng sut c phn tn cc bp sng ph. Cng sut bc x
t cc bp sng s gy nhiu cho cc v tinh khc trn qu o (trng hp anten
pht), hoc thu cc sng nhiu (trng hp anten thu).
gii hn mc gy nhiu cho cc v tinh ln cn, Hip hi vin thng
Quc t ITU cng c cc chun khuyn ngh v hn ch mc nhiu ca cc bp
sng ph i vi cc loi anten pht trm mt t ng vi cc ng knh khc nhau [
CCIR-580]. V d, khuyn co cc nh sn xut anten sao cho gi tr tng ch bp
sng ph ca anten trm mt t khng vt qu:
Gbp ph ( )= 29 - 25lg( )
(3 - 8)
Trong l gc lch tng ng vi bp sng ph xem xt.

Khuyn ngh cng nu ln mt s chi tit (hnh 3.5) [CCIR-39]:
i vi mt anten c ng knh D ln hn 100 trong l bc sng
G ( ) = G max 2,5.10 3 (D / ) 2 vi 0 < < m (dB)
G ( ) = G1 = 2 + 15 lg(D / )
vi m < < r
(3 - 9)
dB
Trong G1 l h s khuch i trong bp sng u tin.

G ( ) = 32 25 lg vi r < 48
dB
85
Phm Vn Ngc
vi 48 0 < 1800 dB
G ( ) = 10
m = ( 20 / D) (G max G1 )
r = 15,85( D / ) 0, 6 ()
Gmax
dB
(3 - 10)
A: Bp sng chnh
B: bp sng ph th nht
B
G1
C: Cc bp sng ph khc
00
480
1800
Hnh 3.5 - Tng ch ca anten trm mt t theo khuyn ngh ca ITU

i vi mt anten c ng knh D b hn 100 :
G ( ) = G max 2,5.10 3 (D / ) 2 vi 0 < < m (dB)
G ( ) = G1 = 2 + 15 lg(D / )
vi m 100 / D (dB)
G ( ) = 52 10 log( D / ) 25 log vi 100 / D 48 0 (3 - 11)
vi 48 0 180 0 (dB)
G ( ) = 10 10 log( D / )
hn ch hn na can nhiu gia v tinh ln cn, CCIR [CCIR-Rec 580]

khuyn khch cc nh sn xut anten ch to cc anten sao cho h s khuch i G
ca t nht 90% nh ca bp ph khng c vt qu :
G = 29 25 log
(3 - 12)
Trong l gc gia hng ang xt vi trc ca s vi 10 20 0

v cc vng trng to bi gc 30 so vi qu o a tnh. Khuyn ngh ny ph hp
vi cc anten c D / > 100 .
Vi cc anten c D / b hn 100 (v ln hn 35), h s khuch i G ca t
nht 90% bp ph th hai phi khng vt qu:
G = 59 10 lg( D / ) 35 log
(3 - 13)
86
Phm Vn Ngc
Dng cc gi lch vi hai mt phn x l cch tt nht c c c c tnh

tt v tn s v tuyn (h s khuch i v kh nng cch ly phn cc) i vi bp
sng chnh v mc bp ph thp [ANS-89], [CCIR-Rep 998]. Ngi ta cng c th
thu nh mc ca bp ph bng cch kt hp cc mu bc x bi cc ngun ph
[ARN-83], [BRU-89], [HAR-89], [SCH-89].
3.2.3.1. Tng quan

Khi nim v nhit tp m ca anten c gii thiu trong chng 2. i
vi anten trm mt t th ngun tp m xut pht t bu tri v t mt t [CCIRRep 868]. Cc tp m ny ph thuc vo tn s, gc ngng ca anten v cc iu kin
kh quyn xung quanh anten (tri trong hoc tri ma, my m). Mt hin tng
quan trng lm tng ng k nhit tp m ca anten xy ra trong thc t l trng
hp giao hi gia mt tri, v tinh v anten trm mt t; tc trng hp chng nm
v tr thng hng nhau. Vic tng nhit tp m ca anten lm gim ng k cht
lng thu tn hiu ca trm mt t v i lc c th lm gin on lin lc. Hin
tng c th xy ra mt ln trong ngy hoc trc v sau khi xy ra giao hi.
3.2.3.2. Nhit tp m ca mt tri
Nhit tp m ca mt tri tng ln khi xy ra hin tng giao hi ph thuc
vo nhit tp m ca mt tri trong bng tn xem xt. Bit rng, nhit chi ca
mt im trn b mt ca mt tri bin i ph thuc vo bc sng, v tr ca n
trong a mt tri v hot ng ca mt tri. Cng c nhiu m hnh nghin cu
a ra xc nh nhit chi trung bnh ca mt tri ph thuc vo bc sng.
Biu thc gn ng i vi nhit chi trung bnh ca mt tri (khng tnh nhng
lc mt tri hot ng mnh) i vi bng tn C c th c biu th nh sau [RAU85].
TSUN = (1,96 10 5 / f )[1 + sin 2 {[log 6( f 0,1)] / 2,3}) / 2,3] (K)
(3 - 14)
Trong f l tn s hot ng tnh bng GHz.

Cc biu thc trn cho php ta tnh c cc gi tr nhit chi trung bnh
trn b mt mt tri vi gi thit l nhit ny khng thay i. Trn thc t nhit
ny thay i rt ln t im ny n im kia v xy ra rt ln min tn s thp. Ti
4 GHz, nhit thay i t 25000 K n 70000 K. Ti 12 GHz, nhit trung tm
ca mt tri (im lnh) khong 12000 K v nhit trung bnh ca ton b a mt
tri c 16000 K n 19000 K. S bin i ca nhit sng ca mt tri l mt hm
ca bc sng i vi vng tn s v tuyn [BOI-83].
87
Phm Vn Ngc
Trong khong thi gian mt tri hot ng mnh, ngi ta quan st c

nhit chi ca mt tri ln ng k, c bit l ti vng tn s thp - hn 50%
trong khong 1% thi gian trong bng C [CCIR-Rep 390]. Ti tn s 12GHz, nhit
chi ca mt tri c th t n 28000 K hoc hn na.
ng knh biu kin ca mt tri cng ph thuc vo bc sng bc x ca
nh sng mt tri bin i t l nghch vi tn s, c bit ln i vi cc tn s di
10 GHz . Trong bng tn Ku, ng knh biu kin ca mt tri ch nhnh hn ng
knh ca a mt tri trong vng nh sng nhn thy, tc l khong 0,5 0 .
S gia tng nhit tp m ca anten trong trng hp mt tri, v tinh v
anten trm mt t giao hi (thng hng) c xc nh bng cch ly tch phn ca
tch s gi tr nhit chi TSUN ( , ) v tng ch ca anten G ( , ) . Cc hm ny
c biu th trong h ta cu ( , ) theo gc c nhn t mt tri [HO-61] :
T A =
1
4
SUN
( , )G ( , ) sin d
(3 - 16)
Sun Disk
C mt nh gi gn ng khc l xc nh vic gia tng nhit anten ch tp

trung trong bp sng bc x ca anten vi nhit chi trung bnh ca mt tri.
Gi tr nhit tp m trong trng hp ny s gia tng t l vi t s gc nhn thy
mt tri v rng tng ng ca bp sng anten, c , nu nh rng ny ln
hn ng knh biu kin ca mt tri. Trong trng hp ngc li, gi tr gia tng
nhit tp m ca anten s bng nhit tp m ca mt tri.
T A= TSUN (0,5 c ) 2 nu c > 0,5 0 (K)
(3 - 17a)
nu c < 0,5 0 (K)
(3 - 17b)
T A max = TSUN
ung knh biu kin ca mt tri c ly l 0,5 0 . rng tng ng c

ca chm sng c th c ly bng 3dB .
Sng in t pht ra t mt tri c phn cc ngu nhin. Cc anten ca trm
mt t hot ng ch ti s dng tn s bng cch dng phn cc trc giao
thng c trang b cc b tch phn cc m bo sng n c phn cc ph hp ti
u vo my thu tng ng cn c cch ly. Vi nhng iu kin nh vy, cng
sut tp m thu c t mt tri s lm cho tng nhit tp m ca anten gim i
mt na (i vi mi phn cc). V vy nu s dng b tch phn cc th tng
nhit tp m anten c tnh nh sau:
T A max = 0,5T A max unpol (K)
(3 -18)
88
Phm Vn Ngc
Vi T A max unpol c tnh theo cng thc (3 - 17).

Biu thc (3 - 17) cho thy mt anten c ng knh b (ti mt bc sng
xc nh), gi tr nhit tp m tng ln nh hn i vi cc anten c ng knh
ln. V d, trong bng K u ( f = 12 Ghz) mt anten c ng knh 1,2 m c trang b
b tch phn cc ( 3dB = 0,35 0 ) chu mt tng nhit ln n 8000K.
Trong chng 2, khi tnh ton d tr tuyn trong iu kin thi tit bnh
thng (tri trong) c mt khong d tr M 1 i vi t s sng mang/tp m
( C / N 0 ) m bo yu cu cht lng dch v (theo s phn trm cho trc).
Trong iu kin tri ma th phi chp nhn gim cc ch tiu cht lng ni
chung vi mt s phn trm no . Gi tr gim i ny ca cht lng c xem nh
l mt khong d tr M 2 cng thm vo t s C / N 0 trong iu kin thi tit bnh
thng. Khong d tr M 1 + M 2 (tnh bng dB) c lin quan n h s phm cht
G / T ca trm mt t, cho php mt gi tr gia tng nhit tp m cho php T
trong nhit tp m ca mt t.
Vi khong d tr M = M 1 + M 2 gi tr tng nhit tp m c th tnh theo
biu thc:
T = T (10 0 ,1M 1) L FRX
(K)
(3 - 19)
Trong M l khong d tr tnh theo dB: T l nhit tp m h thng khi

tri trong v LFRX l tn hao do kt ni gia anten v my thu.
Trong trng hp nhit tp m ca anten c mt s gia tng T A th t s
nng lng sng mang trn tp m cng s gim i mt i lng (C / N ) hoc
(C / N 0 ) tng ng:
(C / N ) = (C / N 0 ) = T / T = 10 log[TL FRX /(TL FRX + T A )]
(3 - 20)
Trong T l nhit tp m ca h thng khi tri quang v LFRX l tn tht

do kt ni gia giao tip anten v u vo my thu.
3.2.3.3. Vng can nhiu do mt tri
Vng can nhiu do mt tri c nh ngha l vng tri cha trung tm mt
tri m tng nhit tp m ca anten, T , gy ra bi mt tri vt qu gii hn
cho php. S thay i nhit tp m ca anten khi c s chuyn ng biu kin ca
mt tri qua bp sng ca anten, nh m t hnh 3 - 6 nhn thy rng:
89
Phm Vn Ngc
Khi mt tri cch xa trc ca anten, nhit tp m anten chnh bng gi

tr danh nh ca n khi tri quang (cht lng dch v ln hn gi tr danh
nh v cn c khong d tr M 1 .
Khi mt tri n gn chm sng ca anten th nhit tp m ca anten

tng ln v ko theo nhit tp m ca h thng cng tng ln. u tin
l khong d tr M 1 b cho tng nhit ca h thng v cht lng
danh nh vn c m bo.
Khi nhit trong h thng vt qu khong d tr M 1 , cht lng dch

v s gim xung di ch tiu danh nh. Nhng chng no cht lng
vn ln hn gi tr tng ng vi hot ng gim cp v tng thi gian tch
lu vn b hn s phn trm thi gian i vi ch gim cp th hot
ng ca h thng vn c m bo. tng nhit h thng c
php tng ng vi khong d tr M 2 .
Khi tng tng nhit anten ln n mc m ch tiu cht lng khng

cn nm trong khong gim cp na ( TA = TAall , l mt hm ca
M 1 + M 2 ), th s xy ra gin on dch v. V tr ca trung tm mt tri i
vi trc ca chm sng v th c nh ngha bng mt na gc phng to

ca vng can nhiu (hnh 6.6).
Trong khi i ngang qua vng can nhiu, tng ca nhit tp m vt

qu gi tr cc i cho php TAall v dch v b gin on.
Hnh 3.6 - S thay i nhit tp m ca anten theo s chuyn ng biu kin ca

mt tri
90
Phm Vn Ngc
Khi mt tri cch xa vng can nhiu, dch v c ti thit lp khi cht
lng dch v tr nn ln hn ch tiu ch gim cp.
Gc ca vng can nhiu ph thuc vo bn knh ca anten trm mt t v
t s gia nhit tp m cho php ca anten trn s gia tng cc i ca nhit
tp m anten trong thi gian mt tri, v tinh v anten trm mt t giao hi.
V d:
Cho h thng my thu c c trng bi :
-
Nhit h thng T = 400K
Tng d tr M = M 1 + M 2 = 5dB
Tn hao kt ni LFRX = 0,5dB
S gia tng nhit cho php ca anten tnh theo biu thc (3 -19) c gi tr l 970K.
Bit rng, phng ca mt im bt k trn b mt qu t hng v v tinh

c xc nh bi hai gc, l gc phng v v gc ngng. y cng chnh l hai
gc nh v ca anten trm mt t i vi v tinh. Trong chng 2 c nhng gii
thiu chi tit v cc tnh ton v gc phng v v gc ngng i vi v tinh a tnh.
Cc gc c tnh ton theo cc gi tr ca v Le v kinh tng i I ca
trm mt t ( I l gi tr tuyt i ca hiu s gia kinh ca v tinh v kinh
ca trm mt t).
Gc phng v Az (azimuth angle) l gc m anten trm mt t cn phi quay
quanh trc thng ng, theo hng chiu kim ng h tnh t im gc l cc Bc,
n trc ca anten nm trong mt phng ng c cha phng ca v tinh. Mt
phng qua cc im: tm qu t, trm mt t v v tinh
(hnh 3 - 7a). Gc phng v Az c gi tr trong khong t 0 n 3600 .
Gc ngng El (elevation angle) l gc anten cn phi quay trong mt phng
ng c cha v tinh, tnh t mt phng nm ngang cho n khi nhn thy v tinh
(hnh 3 - 7b). th 3 - 8 cng m t cc gi tr ca cc gc ngng El tng ng
theo cc gi tr v v ca trm mt t v kinh tng i ca v tinh. Trong
th c tham s a l mt gi tr trung gian tnh ton vi:
= arcsin(
sin I cos Ls
)
sin
(3 - 20)
I = |Is Ie| hiu 2 kinh , Ls l v ca v tinh, l gc tm gia v tinh v
trm mt t
91
Phm Vn Ngc
: M t gc phng v (Az) v gc ngng (El)

V tinh pha ng
V tinh pha ty
trm mt t
trm mt t
Trm mt t Bc bn cu
Az =
Az = 3600
Trm mt t Nam bn cu
Az = 1800 -
Az = 1800 +
i vi trm mt t c nh lm vic vi mt v tinh a tnh ring bit th

vic nh v anten trm mt t tng i n gin. Trong nhiu trng hp, trm
mt t c nhu cu cung cp nh v bp sng c th thit lp tuyn lin lc vi
cc v tinh a tnh khc nhau hoc vi cc v tinh khng a tnh. Trong cc trng
hp cn c h thng iu khin anten bm v tinh.
3.2.5.1. Tng quan

Bm v tinh l gi cho trc bp sng chnh ca anten trm mt t ng theo
hng ca v tinh d cho c s chuyn ng no ca v tinh hoc ca trm mt
t. C th c mt s dng (kiu) bm v tinh v mi kiu c c trng bi sai s
bm (sai s gc nh v). Vic chn s dng kiu bm no ph thuc vo rng bp
sng ca anten trm mt t v bin chuyn ng biu kin ca v tinh. Theo l
thuyt anten, rng bp sng 3dB i vi anten phn x gng parabol ng vi
cc bc sng cng tc khc nhau ph thuc vo ng knh D ca ming parabol
theo biu thc:
3 dB = 70
(0)
(3 21)
trong : 3dB l rng bp sng ( 0 )ng vi mc na cng sut

l bc sng cng tc (m)
D l ng knh ca gng phn x parabol
92
Phm Vn Ngc
Nu nh gc lch nh v so vi phng trc tng ch cc i c gi tr l

th s c gi tr mt mt tng ch tng ng l G c xc nh theo biu thc:
G ( ) = 12( / 3dB ) 2 (dB)
(3 - 22)
Vic la chn quyt nh kiu lp t anten hoc th tc bm tu thuc vo

rng bp sng ca anten trm mt t cng vi gi tr bin ca chuyn ng biu
kin ca v tinh.
S chuyn ng biu kin ca v tinh
S chuyn ng biu kin (apparent movement) ca v tinh c gii thiu

trong chng 2 v qu o v tinh. i vi cc v tinh c qu o elip nghing th s
chuyn ng s lm thay i gi tr gc ngng ca anten v s thay i ph
thuc vo dng qu o, s v tinh s dng trong h thng v phm vi ca vng dch
v. i vi v tinh a tnh th chuyn ng biu kin ca v tinh nm trong ca s
dnh cho trm mt t (station-keeping window) theo s chnh xc ca kch thc
ca s (v d 0,10 theo hng Bc-Nam v ng-Ty). Ti mt thi im, v tinh
c th nm mt v tr no trong ca s ch c trm iu khin v tinh mi xc
nh c v tr .
3.2.5.3. Anten trm mt t c t c nh khng dng h thng bm
Trong nhiu trng hp anten trm mt t khng cn c h thng bm m khi
rng bp sng ca anten rng so vi ca s ca v tinh a tnh dnh cho trm
mt t, hoc nu l v tinh c qu o elip nghing th l trng hp khi m rng
bp sng vt qu kh nhiu gc y i vi chuyn ng biu kin ca v tinh. Vic
la chn tu thuc vo tuyn lin lc gia trm mt t v v tinh trong gii hn
li cho php.
Trong trng hp vic nh v anten trm mt t hng v v tinh a tnh th
gc lch nh v cc i c th c gim thiu theo rng ca s cho v rng
ca bp sng anten ( 3dB ), hoc theo t s / D xc nh vic nh v tr khi m
v tinh nm v tr gia ca s. Vic iu chnh th anten c th da vo cc biu
thc tnh ton gc phng v v gc ngng ca anten i vi v tinh. Vic iu chnh
tnh sau c th da vo vic d tm tn hiu dn ng (beacon signal) ng vi
mc thu cc i. Tn hiu dn ng c pht t v tinh.
3.2.5.4. Anten trm mt t c s dng h thng bm
Nhim v ca h thng bm l phc v iu chnh anten trm mt t sao cho
hng bp sng chnh hng ng vo v tinh. C th c nhiu h thng bm hot
ng theo cc phng php khc nhau. Sau y l mt s h thng bm thng gp:
93
Phm Vn Ngc
- H thng bm v tinh theo chng trnh: Trong trng hp ny cc gi tr

ca gc phng v v gc ngng ca anten c tnh ton trc vi cc thng s cho
theo chng trnh lp sn. Anten c iu chnh theo cc gi tr tnh ton gc
phng v v gc ngng ng vi mi thi im cho. Cc thng s tnh ton c lu
gi trc trong b nh trong c tnh n s chuyn ng biu kin ca v tinh. Sai
s nh v trong trng hp ny ph thuc vo chnh xc tham s cho. H thng
bm v tinh theo chng trnh lp sn thng c s dng vi cc v tinh qu o,
anten trm mt t c t s / D ln (tc bp sng chnh ca anten c rng kh
ln) v cc h thng khng yu cu nh v tht chnh xc. Nu nh h thng c
yu cu chnh xc nh v cao (trng hp t s / D nh) th vic bm theo
chng trnh ch s dng iu chnh s b anten hng vo vng khng gian v
tinh xut hin c th thu c tn hiu dn ng pht t v tinh.
H thng bm theo chng trnh i lc cng c s dng i vi v tinh a
tnh nu nh h thng c gi tr t s / D ln, cn trong trng hp nu t s / D
nh th thng anten c lp t c nh v s dng tn hiu dn ng iu
chnh anten.
- Cng c trng hp h thng c gi tr t s / D trung bnh th c th s
dng mt my tnh tnh ton iu khin bm v tinh vi cc thng s thng
xuyn c cp nht (thng l vi ngy mt ln)
- Trong nhiu trng hp khi m gi tr t s / D nh, tc anten c rng
bp sng nh hoc trm mt t di ng th vic bm v tinh thng da vo tn hiu
dn ng c pht t v tinh. chnh xc nh v trong trng hp ny ph thuc
vo phng php c s dng nh hng sng dn ng thu c t v tinh v
cc sai s truyn sng.
Bm v tinh bao gm vic gi trc ca anten theo hng ti v tinh bt chp

s chuyn ng biu kin ca v tinh trn qu o.
Vic la chn kiu bm ph thuc vo rng bp sng ca anten trm mt
t v chuyn ng biu kin ca v tinh trn qu o.
Do c tnh sai li ca suy hao tng ch ca anten i vi lch trc so
vi hng c tng ch cc i l:
LT = 12
3 dB
[dB]
94
Phm Vn Ngc
V do chuyn ng biu kin ca v tinh so vi v tr qu o thc ca n l

0.10 bc nam v ng ty
1. Bm v tinh c lp trnh
Vi vic bm c lp trnh, s ch hng ca anten t c nh cung cp
cho h thng iu khin hng anten cc gi tr gc phng v v gc ngng tng
ng ti mi thi im. Cc gc phng v v gc ngng ny c tnh ton trc khi
c cc thi im k tip nhau c tnh n chuyn ng biu kin d on trc ca
v tinh, v cc gi tr ny c lu tr trong mt b nh. Khi vic chnh hng
c thc hin theo mt vng m m khng cn xc nh sai li ch hng gia
hng thc ca v tinh v hng nhm ti mi thi im.
Vic bm c lp trnh c s dng ch yu cho cc v tinh ang trn qu o
vi cc anten trm mt t c t s / D ln, do vy c bp sng chnh tng i ln
v khng yu cu chnh xc cao
2. Bm v tinh dng cho my tnh
H thng ny l mt bin th ca trng hp trc v rt thch hp bm cc
v tinh a tnh vi cc anten c mt gi tr / D trung bnh
Vi kiu bm pha ny, mt my tnh nm trong h thng ch hng dng
nh gi cc tham s iu khin s nh hng anten. thay i gc bm ca anten
ti v tinh, vic ny c thc hin sau 2 n 3 ngy
3. Bm theo vng khp kn t ng
Vi cc anten c mt gi tr t s / D nh, v do vy c rng chm ca
anten nh so vi i lng biu kin ca chuyn ng v tinh
chnh xc ph thuc vo phng php c s dng xc nh hng i
ti ca tn hiu pha v tuyn, lch gi hng i ti vi hng thc t ca v
tinh v chnh xc ca h thng iu khin phn hi.
Ngoi mt mc chnh xc c th rt cao sai li bm c th nh hn 0,0050
C hai k thut c s dng bm theo hi ng v tuyn bm bng vic tch
bin lin tip v bm n xung.
4. Tch bin lin tip
Cc h thng bm bng tch bin lin tip li dng cc bin thin mc tn
hiu thu do kt qa chuyn dch iu khin c ca trc ch hng ca anten.
Nhng bin thin mc tn hiu to ra theo cch nh vy cho php hng ca tng ch
cc i
95
Phm Vn Ngc
Phn h tn s v tuyn ca trm mt t trong trng hp tng qut bao gm

hai phn: phn thu v phn pht.
Phn thu bao gm: b khuch i tp m thp, b chuyn i tn s xung v
thit b nh tuyn cc sng mang thu c n cc knh gii iu ch tng ng.
Phn pht bao gm: thit b ghp cc sng mang c pht, cc b chuyn i
tn s v cc b khuch i cng sut.
Tu thuc vo cu hnh trm mt t m c th c trm mt t lm nhim v
c pht v thu hoc c th trm mt t ch lm nhim v thu (v d trm TVROTelevision Receiver Only).
H s phm cht G/T v nhit tp m ca my thu
Mt trong nhng ch tiu quan trng nh gi cht lng thit b thu ca

trm mt t l t s gia li (h s khuch i) G v nhit tp m T ca thit
b thu (t s G / T ) hoc cn gi l h s phm cht ca thit b thu.
Gi tr nhit tp m ca thit b thu ( T ) c xc nh bi biu thc:
T = (TA / LLRX ) + T0 (1 1 / LFRX ) + TR
(3 - 23)
Trong : T l nhit tp m ca h thng

T A l nhit tp m ca anten
LFRX l tn hao kt ni gia giao din anten v u vo thit b thu
T0 l nhit vt l ca mi trng kt ni
TR l nhit tp m tng ng ca my thu.
Khi nim v nhit tp m ca anten c gii thiu trong chng 2.

ng vi mt gi tr tp m cho th nhit tp m ca h thng ( T ) s c gim
thiu khi gim thiu suy hao kt ni gia giao din anten v u vo thit b thu cng
vi s gii hn nhit tp m tham chiu u my thu.
L thuyt v my thu cng chng minh rng, nhit tp m tng ng
ca my thu ph thuc ch yu vo tng u tin ca my thu (cn c h s tp m b
v h s tng ch ln). Cng v l do m trong phn ln cc thit b thu, tng u
tin thng l tng khuch i tp m thp LNA (Low Noise Amplifier).
96
Phm Vn Ngc
n khi trung tn
L1
T anten n
LNA
TLNA, GLNA
fi
a)
hoc
LF
b)
TA
fi
IFA
B dao
ng ni
B
chia
Hnh 3.8 - M t cc tng u vo my thu

a) Chuyn i tn s theo khi, b) Chuyn i tn s theo tng sng mang
Trong s hnh 3.8 c ghi cc tham s nhit tp m T v li G ng
vi phn t tng ng. H thng c th theo ng (a) s dng b trn tn chung
hoc i theo ng (b) chuyn i tn s theo tng sng mang. C th c nhiu kiu
tp m thp (LNA) khc nhau, sau y s gii thiu mt s kiu LNA thng gp.
B khuch i tham s
Hnh 3.9 m t s khi chc nng mt b khuch i tham s (parametric

amplifier), mt kiu khuch i tp m thp. B khuch i tham s l b khuch i
lm vic theo nguyn l phn x theo tn hiu (cng sut) c khuch i l do
s phn x ca tn hiu t mt phn t tch cc (active element). nh tuyn gia tn
hiu n v tn hiu phn x c thc hin bi vng nh tuyn (Circulator). Phn t
tch cc y l mt it c in dung bin i (cn gi l it varicap) v n lm
vic nh mt tr khng m i vi tn hiu n. it varicap c ba ng tn hiu
kt ni
Tn hiu c tn s FS , l tn hiu thu c, tn hiu c tn s l F p l ca b
to sng bm (pump oscillator) v Fi l tn hiu tn s nh (image frequency). Khi
m F p > FS v Fi = F p Fs , th theo cc biu thc chng minh ca Manley Rowe,
c s khuch i xut hin ti tn s Fs v cng sut cung cp cho mch ngoi s l
PS = PP ( F S / FP ) , trong Ps v PP l cng sut ti u ra ca it in dung ng vi
cc tn s FS v FP . y c xem nh l mt s chuyn i t cng sut bm sang

cng sut tn hiu. Vng nh tuyn c nhim v nh tuyn tn hiu thu c t
anten (cng 1) sang it in dung (cng 2) v it in dung (cng 2) sang u ra
(cng 2) sau khi tn hiu c khuch i.
97
Phm Vn Ngc
Vng nh tuyn
FS
FS
B to
sng bm
iu chun
FS
FP
Fi
B lc
FP
iu chun
Diode in dung bin i

S khi chc nng b khuch i tham s
u im ca it varicap l n cho php thc hin khuch i vi mt tr

khng m v l thuyt l khng c cc phn t in tr tp m.
Nu nh Bs v Bi l rng di tn ca cc mch c iu chun ng vi
tn s ca tn hiu ( Fs ) v tn s nh ( Fi ) th khuch i cng sut G v rng
di tn B c quan h theo biu tha gn ng sau :
B Q = 2[(1 / Bs ) + (1 / BS )]
(3 - 24)
Trong Q l h s phm cht ca mch.

Trong mt s trng hp, b khuch i tham s c th c lm lnh gim
thiu nhit tp m.
3.3.2.3. B khuch i dng transistor
B khuch i tp m thp, trong nhiu trng hp c th ng transistor vi
mch khuch i ging khuch i thng thng. B khuch i transistor v l
thuyt chnh l mt mng bn cc, tn hiu u ra c khuch i. Phn t tch cc
y chnh l transistor c h s khuch i ln hn mt, nhng transistor cng gy
ra tp m (tp m shot v tp m nhit). C th chn s dng loi transistor thch hp
c tp m thp. S xut hin mt s loi transistor mi, v d cc transistor in t
chuyn ng cao (HMET-high mobility electron transistors) c th s dng cho cc
mch khuch i tp m thp cc my thu tn s cao n 20GHz
3.3.2.4. B khuch i c lm lnh
Cc b khuch i tham s hoc cc b khuch i transistor nu c lm
lnh th nhit tp m s c gim thiu ng k. Bng cch s dng kh him
Helium ho lng c th lm lnh thit b n vi chc Kelvin. Nhc im ca h
thng c s dng hn hp lm lnh l thit b phc tp, gi thnh cao v phi bo
98
Phm Vn Ngc
dng. Bng 3.1 lit k mt s gi tr hiu nng v nhit tp m v li mt s

b khuch i tp m thp c lm lnh ng vi cc di tn cng tc khc nhau.
Bng 3.1 : M t hiu nng b khuch i tp m thp
Tham s
20
<100K
0.5
30dB
Lm lnh
35K
0.5
30dB
Tham s (peltier)
12
85K
0.5
30dB
20
150K
0.5
30dB
Bao quanh
55K
0.5
30dB
Tham s
12
150K
0.5
30dB
20
200K
0.5
30dB
FET lm lnh kh ho lng
20
75K
0.5
45dB
FET
70K
0.6
60dB
12
120K
0.75
60dB
20
350K
22dB
13K
0.5
30dB
Hn hp sinh hn
T bng 3.1 nhn thy rng, li G ph thuc vo s tng c s dng v

mi tng t trong khong 10-25 dB ph thuc vo cng ngh s dng v yu cu v
rng gii tn. Di tn ca b khuch i thng s dng l nm trong khong t
vi trm MHz n 2 Ghz v n c quan h vi nhit tp m, s n nh h s
khuch i v t s sng ng.
Trong thc t s dng iu quan trng nht l vic kim tra cc bin i ca
nhit tp m v li trong bng tn cng tc vi cc gii hn cho php. iu
c thc hin vi t s sng ng SWR (Standing Wave Ratio) v ni ln s phi
hp tr khng ca anten v u v b khuch i. Gi tr SWR c th gim thiu nu
s dng b cch ly (isolator) t u vo b khuch i tp m thp.
3.3.2.5. B phn phi sng mang v chuyn i tn s
Mt khi vic khuch i tp m thp c thc hin th cng c ngha l cc
sng mang thu c trong di tn cng s c chuyn i sang trung tn (IF) v ti
tn s trung tn cc cng vic nh lc, x l tn hiu s c n gin hn (xem l
thuyt v my thu). Vic chuyn i sang trung tn c th thc hin theo c gi cho
ton b tn s trong gii tn (ng a hnh 3.8) hoc c th chuyn i theo tng
sng mang mt (ng b hnh 3.8).
99
Phm Vn Ngc
Vic chuyn i theo c gi cho ton b tn s trong bng tn thng c s

dng cho cc thit b thu trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh c cc sng mang n
knh SCPC (single channel per carriers). Vic phn b cc sng mang n cc gii
iu ch khc nhau c thc hin trung tn (v d 140 MHz) v vic la chn mt
tn s mang c th (c bng tn hp v d 30 kHz) c thc hin b gii iu ch.
Vic chuyn i cho c gi cho ton b tn s trong bng tn cng thng
c s dng vi cc thit b thu tn hiu truyn hnh hoc d liu dng anten loi
kch thc nh. Trong trng hp ny, b i tn thng c kt hp vi b khuch
i tp m thp (LNA) v c t ngay tiu im ca anten. Tn s u ra ca b
i tn trong trng hp ny l khong 1GHz (900-1700 MHz) v nh vy c th
gim c tn hao trn ng phi dng cp ng trc gia b i tn v thit b
thu trong trng hp thit b thu t xa anten.
Vic chuyn i tn s theo tng sng mang mt yu cu thit b chuyn i
tng sng mang sang trung tn tng ng vi vic iu chun c thc hin ti b
i tn cng vi b to sng ni b c iu khin. iu cho php chun ho thit
b trung tn v nh vy gi thnh s gim v vic bo dng cng n gin hn. Cc
tn s trung tn thng c s dng l 70 MHz hoc 140 MHz.
Khi m trm mt t cn phi gii iu ch ng thi mt vi sng mang th
lc cn phi c s phn phi cng sut ti u ra ca b khuch i tp m thp
LNA theo cc knh tng ng. Vic phn phi do b chia (splitter) m nhim.
3.3.3 Phn pht
3.3.3.1. Cng sut pht
Hnh 3.10 m t s khi chc nng ca phn pht in hnh ca mt trm
mt t. Tn hiu bng c s dng FDM hoc PCM/TDM qua b iu ch trung tn
IF, chuyn i trung tn IF thnh cao tn RF, khuch i cng sut (HPA) v cung
cp cho anten pht (tuyn ln).
Cng sut pht PT trong cc biu thc tnh ton v cng sut bc x ng
hng tng ng EIRP cc chng mc trc l cng sut a vo anten pht.
Nu gi PHPA l cng sut u ra ca b khuch i cng sut HPA (High
Power Amplifier) th gia chng c quan h :
PT = PHPA .(1 / LFTX ).(1/ LMC )
(3 25)
Trong :
-
LFTX l tn hao kt ni gia u ra my pht v anten ;
100
Phm Vn Ngc
LMC l tn hao a sng mang (multi-carrier) ph thuc vo s sng mang

c ghp.
B khuch i cng sut pht thng c s dng trong cc trm mt t l

cc b khuch i dng n in t klyston hoc n sng chy TWT (Travelling
Wave Tube) trong trng hp cng sut ra yu cu ln, hoc c th dng bn dn
transistor trong trng hp yu cu cng sut ra b. B khuch i cng sut ra c
ni trn l bao gm c tin khuch i v trong mt s trng hp bao gm c h
thng thit b lm lnh i km.
Tn hiu
iu ch
bng c s
Lc BPF
Trn tn
Lc BPF
K cng
sut HPA
n v
tinh
Hnh 3.10 - M t s khi chc nng phn pht
B khuch i cng sut dng n klyston

Nguyn l chung v hot ng ca cc n in t l ging nhau, l dng
mt nng lng nh (nng lng ca tn hiu) iu khin hoc chuyn ho mt
nng lng ln (dng do chm tia in t pht ra t ca-tt) theo quy lut ca tn hiu.
Phng php iu khin v chuyn ho nng lng i vi mi n c khc nhau.
Dng ln cc in t bc x t ca-tt c t nng, chng c hi t gia
tc v hng v a-nt. H thng cu trc mt s ti liu cn gi l "sng in t"
(electron gun).
u ra sng in t
u vo sng in t
Chm tia in t
Sng
in t
L vo
Cc l trung gian
L ra
B gom chm tia

in t
Nam chm tp trung chm tia in t
Hnh 3.11 - M t cu trc n Klyston
101
Phm Vn Ngc
n klyston, b phn chuyn i nng lng gm mt lot cc hc cng

hng sng viba (microwave resonant cavity) m bp tia cc in t s i qua. Sng
in t ca tn hiu mc thp kch thch hc u tin to nn mt s iu ch tc
vi chm tia in t. Sng iu ch li kch thch hc th hai lm gia tng iu
ch. Qu trnh c lp li cc hc tip theo v nng lng tn hiu c khuch
i. Sng tn s v tuyn c mc cng sut ln c to ra u ra ca hc cui
cng. Cng sut nhn c u ra ca n khuch i klyston c th t t vi
trm W (800W) n vi kW (5kW). rng di thng ca n khuch i klyston c
b gii hn do sng tn hiu phi qua cc hc cng hng. rng di thng c
gi tr l 40-80 MHz i vi bng tn C (6 GHz) v c gi tr l 80-100 MHz i vi
bng tn Ku (14 Ghz).
B khuch i cng sut dng n sng chy TWT

B phn ch yu ca b khuch i cng sut dng n sng chy TWT l n
TWT. Cu trc ca n gm ca-tt, cc li iu khin, cun dy sng chy v cc ant (hnh 3.12).
Hnh 3.12 - M t cu trc n sng chy TWT

Cc in t bc x t ca-tt c t nng chuyn ng hng v a-nt (cc
dng). Cc li c nhim v hi t v gia tc chm tia in t. H thng cc b
phn ny to ra chm tia mnh, mt ln, tc cao v cng do c ti liu cn
gi l sng in t (electron gun). Cun ay xon c c u vo l tn hiu vo v
u ra l tn hiu ra (cng sut ra ca b khuch i). Dng nng lng ln ca chm
tia i qua gia cun dy c lm chm v chuyn ho nng lng (theo quy lut
in t). Sng tn hiu trong cun dy c gia tng nng lng v l sng chy-
102
Phm Vn Ngc
cng v vy m n c gi l n sng chy TWT. Nng lng tn hiu c gia

tng (khuch i) c ly ra u ra ca cun dy.
Cc a-nt va lm nhim v gia tc, hng chm tia v thu nhn nng lng d tha.
Cng sut ra ca n khuch i TWT c th t c trong khong t vi chc W
n vi kW. rng di thng c gi tr khong 600 MHz i vi bng tn C (6
GHz) v c gi tr khong 3 GHz bng tn Ka (30 Ghz).
Cc b khuch i cng sut ca trm mt t thng c yu cu cng sut ra
ln do thng s dng cc n klyston hoc n TWT. Vic la chn s dng loi
n no l ph thuc vo yu cu ca cng sut ra, rng di thng v gi thnh.
C mt vn cn lu khi s dng b khuch i klyston hoc TWT l :
in p cung cp cho cc cc kh ln (c th xp x hoc ln hn 10 kV); in nng
cung cp cho n (bao gm c si t) l kh ln. Cng v vy m nhit lng ta ra
ca h thng l kh ln, h thng cn phi c mt h thng ph lm lnh, H thng
lm ngui hoc lm lnh c th l nc, gi hoc cht kh lm lnh.
3.3.3.3. B khuch i cng sut pht dng cht bn dn
Trong mt s trng hp, nu nh yu cu cng sut pht khng ln lm v
thit b pht yu cu gn nh, v d vi cc trm mt t VSAT di ng, th b
khuch i cng sut pht c th dng bn dn transistor. Cc transistor cng sut
thng c la chn s dng l cc transistor hiu ng trng FET (field effect
transistor). Cng sut ra trong cc trung hp ny thng khong vi chc W. Cc
FET thng s dng l loi FET arsenid-gallium (GaAs-FET). u im ca cc b
khuch i transistor l gi thnh thp, gn nh v gii thng rng. Tuy vy, cng
sut ra b gii hn,
c tuyn ca b khuch i cng sut v vic la chn ch lm vic
c tuyn ca v khuch i cng sut l ng cong biu th quan h gia

cng sut ra Pout v cng sut vo Pin ca b khuch i cng sut. T s cng sut
ra/cng sut vo (Pout/Pin) chnh l h s khuch i cng sut ( li) ca b khuch
i. ng c tuyn ca b khuch i cng sut cao c dng ng cong (hnh
3.13). ng c tuyn l khng tuyn tnh. Vi cng sut vo nh th h s khuch
i cng sut c th xem l tuyn tnh, tc cng sut ra tng t l thun vi cng sut
vo, cn nu nh cng sut vo ln th cng sut ra s khng tng theo t l thun vi
cng sut vo. Cng sut ra c gi tr cc i ti im bo ho (saturation), sau s
gim. Tham s cng sut cc i ca n m cc hng sn xut cung cp chnh l
cng sut bo ho i vi trng hp khuch i sng mang n, thng c k
hiu l Pout sat
103
Phm Vn Ngc
im b9o ho
Nng lng u ra (dB)
-10
12 dB
Backoff u ra
-20
-30
Backoff u vo
-40
-40
-30
-20
-10
Nng lng u vo (dB)
Hnh 3.13 - M t ng c tuyn b khuch i cng sut ra

Do s khng tuyn tnh ca ng c tuyn b khuch i cho nn khi b
khuch i lm vic vi mt s sng mang (a sng mang) th s xut hin hin
tng xuyn iu ch (intermodulation) nh phn tch trong cc chng trc.
Tch xuyn iu ch nm trong di thng s gy can nhiu v mi sng mang c mt
ph can nhiu xuyn iu ch l (N0)im. gii hn hin tng xuyn iu ch
trong trng hp b khuch i lm vic vi nhiu sng mang thng chn ch
104
Phm Vn Ngc
lm vic ca b khuch i ngoi vng bo ho. Cng sut ra trong trng hp ny s

gim. Hin tng xuyn iu ch trong cc b khuch i cng sut cng nh trung
hp hin tng iu ch tn hiu trong cc b trn tn.
Trong mt s ti liu. Khi tnh ton d tr cng sut ra v hin tng xuyn
iu ch, thng s dng hai thng s :
IBO : (Input Back Off- khong li cng sut vo)
OBO : (Output Back Off- khang li cng sut ra)
vi nh ngha l :
-
IBO = (Pi(n)/Pi(1))sat
OBO = (Po(n) /Po(1))sat
Hnh 3.14 - ng c tuyn IBO v OBO ca b khuch i

Trong :
- Pi(1) l cng sut sng mang u vo b khuch i (i=input) trong trng
hp sng mang n ;
- Pi(n) l cng sut ca mt sng mang u vo b khuch i trong trng
hp a (n) sng mang.
- Po(1) l cng sut sng mang u ra b khuch i (o=output) trong trng
hp sng mang n.
- Po(n) l cng sut ca mt sng mang u ra b khuch i trong trng
hp a (n) sng mang.
V cng sut ca tch xuyn iu ch IM bc X u ra b khuch i c
k hiu l Poimx. Nh vy, cng sut u ra ca b khuch i i vi mt sng
mang N no Po(n) s c gi tr l :
105
Phm Vn Ngc
Po(n) = Po(1).OBO = PHPA.OBO

Gi tr ti thiu ca IBO v OBO c la chn ph thuc vo cc yu cu c
th lin quan n t s mt ph sng mang trn mt ph nhiu xuyn iu ch
(C/N0)IM ca tuyn lin lc, s lng sng mang s dng v ng c tuyn ca b
khuch i. Ngoi hin tng xuyn iu ch do c tuyn khng tuyn tnh, b
khuch i cng sut cng c cc yu cu khc, v d nh n nh h s khuch i,
ghp khng mong mun, h s sng dng, phi hp tr khng v.v ging nh cc
b khuch i cng sut thng thng khc.
Phn h x l tn hiu trung gian bao gm cc thit b x l v chuyn i

tn hiu bng c s thnh cc tn hiu sng mang v tuyn khuch i nu l
nhim v pht v ngc li nu l thu th chuyn i cc sng mang t u ra b
khuch i tp m thp (LNA) thnh tn hiu bng c s.
Tn hiu bng c s c th l s (digital) hoc tng t (analog). Nu l tn
hiu tng t th n c th l mt knh thoi trong trng hp h thng l n knh
hay n sng mang (SCPC- Single Channel per Carrier); hoc c th l mt trong
nhng knh thoi no nu h thng l ghp knh; c th l mt tn hiu truyn
hnh (television) hoc pht thanh qung b. Nu tn hiu l s th thng l dui dng
cc chui bit tng t vi cc tn hiu tng t c s ho hoc di dng cc gi
d liu.
Chc nng ca x l tn hiu trung gian v pha thu c th tm tt l:
- Chuyn i tn hiu tn s sng mang (RF) thnh tn hiu tn s trung bnh
(cn gi l trung tn IF);
- Lc v cn bng;
- Gii iu ch;
Nu nh vic truyn l s dng phng thc a truy nhp theo thi gian
(TDMA) th cn phi thit lp li th t lin tc chui bit t cc gi ca khung thu
c. V pha pht cn nhm cc bit ca tn hiu bng c s trong cc khung b tr
vo cc khe thi gian c phn phi cho khung.
Chc nng x l tn hiu trung gian v pha pht c th tm tt l:
- iu ch tn hiu bng c s vi sng mang tn s trung gian.
- Lc v cn bng
- Chuyn i sng mang iu ch thnh sng mang cao tn.
106
Phm Vn Ngc
3.4.2.1. Tn s trung gian

Chc nng ca b bin tn (hay cn gi l b i tn) l la chn mt sng
mang c th trong bng tn thu t u ra ca b khuch i tp m thp LNA v
chuyn i ph tn ca sng mang thnh tn s trung gian (thng gi l trung tn
IF) c la chn sn.
Vic s dng trung tn IF chung ca nhiu sng mang cao tn khc nhau cho
php s dng thit b c chun ho (theo trung tn la chn). Vic la chn trung
tn da theo cc iu kin sau y :
1. Gi tr trung tn IF phi ln hn rng ph bin chim dng ca sng
mang c iu ch.
2. Gi tr trung tn thp thun tin cho b lc thng di ca sng mang
c iu ch.
chn lc f ca mt b lc c c trng bi h s phm cht Q ca b
lc v c xc nh bi t s f/Q , trong f l tn s gia ca b lc.
Gi thit b lc c h s phm cht Q l 500 v yu cu cch bit mt tn hiu
chim dng bng thng l 1 MHz th tn s lm vic ca b lc phi l 500 MHz.
Trong cc h thng thit b trm mt t gi tr trung tn thng c chn s dng
l 70 MHz v 140 MHz. Cc thit b c th s dng mt trung tn (mt ln bin tn)
hoc hai trung tn (hai ln bin tn).
Bin tn n tc ch s dng mt trung tn IF. Tn hiu sng mang tn s v

tuyn t u ra b khuch i tp m thp LNA, qua b chn lc tn s c a vo
b trn sng. y tn s sng mang tn hiu fc c trn vi tn s ca b dao
ng ni fLO (LO: Local Osilator) c tn hiu trung tn fIF. Hnh 3.15 m t s
khi chc nng bin tn n.
Nguyn l hot ng ca b bin tn y hon ton ging nguyn l hot
ng trong cc my thu siu ngoi sai (superheterodyne) thng gp trong pht thanh
qung b. B lc iu chnh c nhim v va chn lc c tn hiu sng mang fc
mong mun, va c nhim v lc c cc tn s nh. Cc tn s nh , theo l
thuyt my thu, chng c gi tr l fc 2fIF. y tn s tn hiu v trung tn l kh
ln cho nn chn lc f / Q cn phi c la chn cn thn. V d nu trung tn
la chn fIF = 70 MHz v tn s tn hiu sng mang fc = 4 GHz th chn lc vo
khong 50 ; cn nu fc =12 GHz th chn lc vo khong 200.
107
Phm Vn Ngc
Hnh 3.15 - M t s khi chc nng bin tn n

Nhc im ca b thu bin tn mt ln l b lc u vo phi c chn lc
cao, nu khng th tn s nh fi (i= image) lt vo v n cng s c iu bin vi
tn s fLO tr thnh trung tn fIF cng vi trung tn ca tn hiu. C th chng minh
bng iu nh sau :
Nu chn f IF = f LO f c (tc f c = f LO f IF ) th cng s c ( f c + 2 f IF ) f LO = f IF
Khc phc hin tng lt tn s nh v thun li cho b lc u vo, cc b
thu cht lng cao thng s dng phng thc iu bin hai ln.
3.4.2.3. Bin tn hai ln
Bng phng thc bin tn hai ln, tc b thu s s dng hai trung tn l trung
tn mt ( f IF 1 ) v trung tn hai ( f IF 2 ) s loi tr c tn s nh. y do gi tr ca
trung tn mt
kh ln so vi trung tn hai
cho nn tn s nh u vo c gi
tr l fim = f c + 2 f IF 1 cng kh ln, n s nm ngoi di thng ca b lc. iu ph

hp vi thu tn hiu trong thng tin v tinh c di thng kh rng. V d, vi bng tn
b thu l f1 = 3,625 GHz n f2 = 4,2 GHz ( rng bng tn f2 - f1= 575 MHz) ; trung
tn mt la chn l f IF 1 =1400 MHz. Nh vy nu b lc c nh u vo c rng
di thng l 575 MHz th vn m bo loi tr c cc tn s nh. Bi v trong
trng hp xu nht (trng hp tn hiu thu ng vi tn s thp nht ca bng tn),
fc =3,625 MHz th lc tn s nh fim = f c + 2 f IF 1 = 3,625 MHz + 2x1400 MHz =
108
Phm Vn Ngc
6,425 MHz, n s c gi tr ln hn tn s cao nht ca bng tn (f2 = 4,2 GHz) mt

gi tr l 2225 MHz. Tn s nh fim hon ton nm ngoi bng tn v nm ngoi
di thng.
Trung tn mt f IF 1 sau c tip tc bin tn ln th hai to thnh trung
tn hai, thng c la chn l f IF 2 = 70 MHz. Hot ng ca b bin tn hai cng
ging nh b bin tn mt : f IF 2 = f c f IF 1 = 1470 MHz -1400 MHz = 70 MHz. Hnh
3.16a m t tn s nh fim nm ngoi di thng v hnh 3.16b m t s khi chc
nng b thu c hai bin tn.
f1
Anten thu
LNA
f2
fc
BPF
(RF)
fc
fIF1
fLO1
Hoc
a)
fim
BPF
(IF1)
fIF1
fIF2
fLO2
BPF
(IF2)
b)
Hnh 3.16 - a, Tn s nh nm ngoi di thng

b, S khi chc nng ca b thu c hai ln bin tn
3.4.2.4. Bin tn ton b bng tn s dng
Cc m hnh bin tn trnh by mc 3.4.2.2 v 3.4.2.3 trn l gi thit rng
cc sng mang c tch bit trc b bin tn v nh vy ch c mt sng mang
tng ng vi trung tn. Mt phng thc bin tn khc c th bin i ton b bng
tn thu c, c ngha l ton b sng mang trong bng tn, thnh mt bng trung tn
109
Phm Vn Ngc
cng mt lc. M hnh cu trc ny thng gp trong cc h thng n sng mang

n knh (SCPC) ca thng tin v tinh.
Hnh 3.17 m t v d s khi chc nng b pht v b thu vi hai ln bin
i tn s: cc sng mang c iu ch trong bng tn 52-88 MHz s c bin
i thnh bng tn 5,850-6,425 GHz vi hai ln bin tn, trong trung tn hai l
825 MHz.
Pha thu, cc sng mang thu c trong bng tn 3,625-4,200 GHz c chuyn
i thnh bng tn 52-88 MHz (vi trung tn hai l 1400 MHz). C hai ln bin tn
s dng b tng hp tn s n.
Hnh 3.17 - M t s khi chc nng phn thu/pht ca b bin tn ton b bng
tn s dng
3.4.2.5. Khuch i trung tn v cc b lc
Cc chc nng khuch i, lc v cn bng tr nhm thng c thc hin
mt cch thun tin trong khi trung tn bi v cc mch c chun ha vi mt tn
s (trung tn) c nh, khng ph thuc v cc sng mang m n c quan h.
V pha thu, cc b khuch i trung tn bao gm c b t ng iu khin h
s khuch i AGC (Automatic Gain Control) gi cho mc in p u vo b
gii iu ch khng i. V pha pht c th s dng cc b AGC h tr iu
chnh back-off u vo b khuch i cao tn.
B lc di thng khi trung tn xc nh ph ca sng mang c iu
ch v hn ch di thng ca tp m. c tnh ca b lc ph thuc vo cc c tnh
ca sng mang c lin quan. Cc b lc trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh thng
s dng cc phn t LC (cm khng v dung khng) v c thit k theo cc m
hnh khc nhau. M hnh thng gp l m hnh (Burtterworth) v m hnh
110
Phm Vn Ngc
(Chebyshev). Cc b cn bng thng c kt hp vi cc b lc. B lc c tc

dng loi tr c nhiu gia cc k hiu (ICI) v nhiu a sng mang (MCI).
3.4.2.6. iu ch v gii iu ch
Vic iu ch tn hiu ( pha pht) v gii iu ch ( pha thu) c thc
hin khi trung tn. K thut iu ch tn hiu, la chn gii php iu ch no ph
thuc vo:
- Phng thc a truy nhp (c th l FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, FAMA hoc
hn hp) ;
- Dng ca tn hiu bng c s oc iu ch vi sng mang (iu ch tng
t hoc iu ch s) ;
- Knh truyn (n knh hay c ghp knh).
Phn h giao din mng l giao din gia cc tn hiu bng c s ca cc thit
b ca h thng thng tin v tinh vi tn hiu bng c s theo khun dng ca mng
mt t. Cc chc nng ch yu l ghp knh (v tch knh) i vi cc knh thoi
(bao gm c thoi s ho), nn (hoc trit) hi m v mt s chc nng c th khc
v giao din.
i vi cc knh thoi trong mng mt t PSTN, mc d c ghp knh

theo cc chun nhng khi truyn qua knh thng tin v tinh th ti cc trm mt t
cc knh thoi c sp xp li. S sp xp tu thuc vo phng thc truy
nhp ca trm mt t n b pht p v tinh v dung lng knh m trm mt t
c phn phi.
Cc knh thoi c cng a ch ch s c tp hp vo mt s nhm iu
ch vi cng sng mang v c xem nh l mt s ghp knh n sng mang.
Chng c tch knh ti trm mt t thu v kt ni vi mng mt t. Cc knh
hoc cc nhm knh c th c iu ch vi cc sng mang khc nhau.
Vi phng thc truyn tng t (analog), ghp knh phn chia theo tn s th
vic sp xp cc knh thoi c ghp knh mng mt t theo khuyn ngh
G.322 v G.423 ca CCITT nh sau : nhm u tin l 12 knh thoi, mi knh
chim 4 kHz v nm trong di tn 60-108 kHz. Nm nhm hp thnh mt siu nhm
c bng tn l 312-522 kHz, Vic ghp cc nhm tu thuc vo dung lng knh c
th v bng tn chim dng ca cc mc ghp knh.
111
Phm Vn Ngc
Qu trnh ghp knh y, a sng mang c s dng, do h thng cn

thit lp mt khun dng a truy nhp cho php phn bit c ng truyn
tuyn ln, tuyn xung v cc trm mt t khc nhau. Mi mt khun dng c
nhng c im, u khuyt im khc nhau, tu thuc vo yu cu c th.
Cc chun ghp knh s y ch cp hai loi phn cp l loi 24 knh

(chun ca M c tc l 1,544 Mbit/s) v loi 30 knh (chun ca CEPT- chu u
c tc l 2,048 Mbit/s). Cc dng phn cp ny ang c s dng ph bin cc
mng mt t v cc tuyn thng tin v tinh.
Thit b ghp knh cc trm mt t trong trng hp ny c nhim v kt
hp cc chui bit n t cc ngun khc nhau v c cng a ch ch. C mt vn
c t ra y l vic ng b gia ng h ca trm mt t v cc ng h ca
cc chui bit t cc ngun khc nhau. S thiu ng b cn do s khng n nh
v sai lch ca cc b pht sng cng nh nhng bim ng v thi gian truyn ca
cc tuyn.
Mt khi m cc chui bit khng ng b th cn phi c cc b nh m
to ng b chnh xc v cng tc bit trc khi ghp knh. Cng vic s thun li
hn nhiu nu cc chui bit c ng b (ng h ng b).
a truy nhp TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) c hiu l phng
php ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian cc sng mang c iu ch s gia cc
trm mt t trong mt mng v tinh thng qua mt b pht p v tinh chung.
Vi a truy nhp TDMA th mi trm mt t pht mt burst (chui bit)
ngn ca mt sng mang c iu ch s trong mt khe thi gian ca khung
TDMA. Mi mt burst ca trm mt t s c ng b sao cho cc burst n b
pht p v tinh ng vi cc thi im khc nhau khng b va chm nhau. C ngha l
ch c sng mang ca mt trm mt t c mt b pht p ti mi thi im cho
no . B pht p ch lm nhim v thu sng t tuyn ln, chuyn i tn s v
truyn li tuyn xung. Mi mt trm mt t s thu nhn cc burtst t tt c cc
trm mt t v cn chn ra lu lng c gi n cho chnh n.
Vi a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s FDMA th mi trm mt t b gii

hn rng bng tn xc nh trong knh v tinh hoc trong h thng nhng chng
khng b gii hn mi khi cn truyn. Vi a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian
TDMA th mi mt cuc truyn ca trm mt t c phn nh chnh xc trong
mt khe thi gian nhng n khng b gii hn bi tn s hoc rng di thng m
112
Phm Vn Ngc
n c th c s dng trong mt h thng v tinh hoc trong s phn nh knh xc

nh. Vi a truy nhp phn chia theo m CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
th khng c s hn ch no v thi gian hoc rng di tn. Mi mt my pht ca
trm mt t c th pht bt k khi no mun v c th s dng mt phn no
hoc ton b rng di tn (hoc knh) c phn nh cho mt h thng v tinh c
th. Bi v khng c s gii hn v rng di tn cho nn a truy nhp phn chia
theo m CDMA cn c gi l a truy nhp tri ph (Spread Spectrum Multiple
Access) ; vic truyn c th tri trong ton b rng di tn c phn nh.
Vic truyn theo m y khng lin quan n k thut mt m. Tm tt y l,
cc cuc truyn ca mi trm mt t c m ha vi mt t nh phn duy nht
c gi l mt m chip (chip code). Mi mt trm thu cng c mt m chip duy
nht. c th thu mt cuc truyn ca mt trm mt t c th no th trm thu
cn phi bit m chip ca trm pht .
Vi a truy nhp CDMA th tt c cc trm mt t trong h thng c th pht
trin cng tn s v cng thi gian. Mt my thu ca trm mt t trong trng hp
c th ng thi thu nhiu tn hiu m ha PSK ca nhiu trm pht. Trong trng
hp , cng vic ca b tng quan c phn kh khn. B tng quan lc cn
phi so snh m chip thu c vi ton b ph tn thu c v phn tch ra ch mt
m chip t my pht ca trm mt t mong mun. Nh vy m chip t mt trm mt
t cn phi khng tung quan vi cc m chip t cc trm mt t khc.
113
Phm Vn Ngc
Chc nng chnh ca phn h thng tin trn v tinh nh sau:

- Thu cc tn hiu v tuyn pht bng tn v phn cc cho trc ca trm
mt t trong mng c lin quan
- Thu cc tn hiu khng mong mun
- Khuch i cc tn hiu nhn c, hn ch tp m v mo tn hiu
- Bin i tn s sng mang thu ng ln thnh sng mang pht ng
xung
- Cung cp cng sut yu cu bng tn xc nh cho anten pht
- Pht cc tn hiu v tuyn bng tn xc nh cng vi phn cc cho trc
n ni nh l vng dch v trn mt t
Cc thng s c trng ca phn h thng tin trn v tinh l:

- Bng tn cng tc (bng tn pht v thu)
- Phn cc tn hiu ca tuyn ln v tuyn xung
- Vng ph sng (Ph sng vng thu v pht)
- S lng b pht p
- rng di thng ca mi b pht p
- Cng sut pht x ng hng tng ng (EIRP) (hay mt cng sut
t c trong vng cho)
- Mt cng sut yu cu ti anten thu a n u ra b pht p mt gi
tr cn thit
- H s phm cht (G/T) ca h thng thu trong vng cho
- Cc c tnh khng ng hng
- Cng sut u ra ca b khuch i cng sut pht
- Cu hnh d phng cho my thu v b khuch i cng sut cao.
- tin cy sau N nm n nh ca cc knh lm vic tt
Cc thng s chnh:
EIRP ca tuyn xung , G/T ca tuyn ln
114
Phm Vn Ngc
Xt trng hp tuyn thng tin v tinh t trm mt t thng qua phn h thng
tin (b qua cam nhiu v truy cp n)
T s cng sut sng mang trn mt ph cng sut tp m (C/N0)T i vi
tuyn xung
(C/N0)T-1 = (C/N0)U-1 + (C/N0)D-1
Hnh 4.1 Mi quan h gia G/T v EIRP

Trong (C/N0)U t l vi G/T
(C/N0)D t l vi EIRP ca knh
i vi mc ch thc hin khng i xc nh gi tr (C/N0)T nh sau:
C = A(G/T)-1 + B(EIRP)-1
A, B, C l hng s i vi cu hnh cho
Vi h s tng ch ca anten thu v pht l c nh i vi mt vng ph cho.
Khi mi quan h gia cng sut PTX ti u ra b khuych i v nhit tp
m h thng T vi mc tiu thc hin c th b vic tng nhit tp m h thng
bng cch tng cng sut pht u ra ca b khuych i knh ph hp vi vic gim
cng sut v gii hn h s tp m.
Gm 2 phn:
Ti hu ch
Tu v tr
115
Phm Vn Ngc
- Phn khng gian l khi nim ch mt phn ca h thng bao gm tt c cc

thit b tr gip cho hot ng ca n nh trm iu khin v trung tm gim st v
tinh.
Trm iu khin v trung tm gim st hot ng gim st, o lng t xa v
iu khin (TT&C) thc hin vi mc ch l gi v tinh c nh trong khng gian
(qu o) ng thi kim tra cc thng s hot ng ca v tinh nh t0 an ten, ngun
in c quy, nhin liu..
(ti hu ch)
Cc b pht p
Cc Anten
Chc nng chnh ca ti hu ch l:
Thu cc tn hiu t trm mt t pht ln
Khuych i tn hiu thu v gim mc nhiu n ti a
i tn s sng mang tuyn ln thnh sng mang tuyn xung
Cp tn hiu vi mc cng sut yu cu trong di tn nh ra Anten
pht
Truyn tn hiu cao tn trong di tn v phn cc nh n Anten ca
trm mt t
Cc tnh nng k thut ca ti hu ch:
Thu v pht cc knh sng trong di tn v phn cc a tnh
m bo vng ph sng trn mt t theo yu cu
m bo cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng EIRP trn cc vng
ph sng
m bo h s phm cht G/T ca h thu i vi tn hiu pht t vng
ph sng ni trn.
m bo yu cu v tuyn
m bo tin cy ca knh truyn trong sut tui th ca v tinh.
B pht p n bp sng l b pht p lm vic vi anten n bp sng v

ng thi cng l mng n bp sng.
116
Phm Vn Ngc
Nhim v l thu tn hiu sng mang t tuyn ln, khuch i tp m thp,

chuyn i tn s (1 hoc 2 ln), khuch i cng sut a ra anten truyn tuyn
xung.
Lc
thng di
K tp m
thp
Trn
tn
Lc
thng di
Anten thu
Dao ng
ni (fLO)
T TM
K cng
sut
Anten pht
Chuyn
Ti TM
Hnh 4.2 S chc nng b pht p n bp sng

B lc thng di (BPF) dng lc gii hn bng thng u vo
B pht p thc cht l b lp chuyn i t tn s sng mang v tuyn RF t
tuyn ln sang tn s v tuyn RF tuyn xung. B khuch i cng sut cao
(HPA) thng s dng b khuch i n sng chy (TWT) c nhim v khuch i
cng sut tn hiu truyn tuyn xung
Cc b pht p c chc nng chnh l nhn tn hiu thu c, khuych i

ln, i tn v truyn xung mt t qua Anten pht
S khi ca b pht p nh sau:
Hnh 4 3: S khi b php p trn v tinh
Tn hiu nhn c t ng uplink qua b khuych i tp m thp LNA

qua b dao ng ni LO, b khuych i AMP, ti b phn knh u vo
(IMUX) sau qua b tin khuych i Driver, ri qua b khuych i cng
sut cao HPA, ri qua b phn knh u ra OMUX v pht tr li bng
Anten pht xung trm mt t
s dng hiu qu bng tn ngi ta s dng 2 b hp knh v phn

knh u vo v u ra cho cc nhm knh chn l.
B khuych i n sng chy TWTA v khuych i transistor trng

SSPA.
117
Phm Vn Ngc
Cc tng u vo ca b pht p lm vic vi ton b bng tn ca h thng

v c rng vi trm MHz. Nh vy trong bng tn kh rng c th vi chc
sng mang xut hin. iu s gy ra mt s ln tch xuyn iu ch do cc sng
mang i qua cc tng c c tuyn ni chung l khng tuyn tnh
gim s lng cc tch xuyn iu ch, t gim mc tp m xuyn iu
ch cn phi gii hn s lng cc sng mang i cng mt b khuch i. Phng
php n gin l phn chia bng tn thnh cc bng tn con khuch i chng theo
cc b khuch i ring bit nhau. Hnh 4.4 m t c tuyn khng tuyn tnh, mc
tp m xuyn iu ch v s phn chia bng tn thnh cc bng tn con vi cc b
khuch i ring hay cn gi l phn knh.
Hnh 4.4 c tnh b khuch i
118
Phm Vn Ngc
S phn knh nh trn c u im sau:

- Cho php thc hin khuch i cng sut vi mt s gia tng c gii hn
xuyn nhiu iu ch do s sng mang qua mi b khuch i gim
- Tng cng tng cng sut pht ca b php p c th chn la cng ngh
thch hp cho mi knh
Tuy vy, vic chia cc knh song song nh vy cng gy nn mo khi m mt
phn nng lng tn hiu ca cc knh ln cn s b nh hng ln nhau
S b phn knh u vo nh sau

T my thu ti
IMUX
Ra knh chn
Ra knh l
Knh 1
Knh 3
Knh 5
Hnh 4.5 S phn knh u vo

Vi tn hiu li vo qua b tch sng phn cc quay tri phi ta c cc knh
chn, l tch bit nhau v tn s, vi cc knh l c cng phn cc quay, cc knh
chn c cng phn cc quay khi qua b tch sng phn cc ta s thu c cc tn
hiu ph cc khc nhau theo cc ng thu khc nhau.
Ly ra knh 1, 3, 5, vi khong cch xa nhau cho vic tch knh d dng.
Hnh 4.6 S ghp knh chn l
119
Phm Vn Ngc
Tn hiu sau khi c tch sng phn cc s c cho qua b lc tch knh
u ra, vi b lc c tn s trung tm v rng bng ph hp vi bng tn nh
tch knh cn thit li ra.
Hnh 4.7 S phn knh u ra

Tn hiu vo cc knh s cho qua b lc cn bng knh sau qua b ghp
sng mang phn cc tn s cao, cc knh c ghp theo kiu phn cc xoay tri v
xoay phi cho cc knh chn l khc nhau. Sau cui cng cho qua b ghp knh
phn cc xoay tri v phi ghp kt hp cc knh chn l a n anten pht
phn cc ln v tinh.
- Vn d phng cho thit b phn ti trng i vi IMUX v OMUX, cc
b lc th t l h hng l rt thp v d phng kh khn. Ch yu trong phn
ti trng v phn khuych i vi cng ngh pht trin hin nay ngi ta s
dng cc ma trn chuyn mch d phng nh sau:
- Chuyn mch d phng 2/3
120
Phm Vn Ngc
Hnh 4.8 S chuyn mch d phng

Vi b chuyn mch d phng nh trn th tn hiu li vo knh 1 c th cho
qua b khuch i 1a hoc 2a.
Vi b chuyn mch d phng nh trn th tn hiu li vo knh 1 c th cho
qua b khuch i 2a hoc 3a.
Tc khi hot ng ch c 2 trong 3 b khuch i tng ng vi mi knh u
vo hot ng cn b cn li dng d phng, khi c b khuch i no hng
khng hot ng th b chuyn mch t ng chuyn sang b khuch i d phng
hot ng v phn h hng c th c bo dng hoc thay th m vn m bo
cht lng ca tuyn
Cc c tnh ca b lc thng di c xc nh nh l mt hm ca tn s bin v tr nhm, cc c tnh v bin v tn s c biu th bi:

1 Bin v dc cc i ca hm truyn trong di thng
2 Tc gim ca bin ti gii hn ca di thng
3 Gi tr cc tiu ca suy gim bn ngoi di thng.
Nhim v ca tng khuch i cng sut u ra l m bo cng sut u ra

cho mi knh v chnh cng sut xc nh gi tr ca cng sut bc x ng hng
tng ng (EIRP) ca knh.
Cng sut danh nh c nh ngha l cng sut bo ho vi sng mang n
ca b khuch i. im cng tc ca b khuch i c iu chnh vi cc tn hiu
c pht trong knh ng vi mc tp m xuyn iu ch cho php.
Vic chn im lm vic tng ng vi khong li u vo IBO hoc li u
ra OBO ca ng c tuyn khuch i. Khong li u ra OBO ca ng c
tuyn khuch i do s dung ho ca cng sut hu dng u ra v tp m xuyn
iu ch
- Nu khong li b th c cng sut u ra ln, tp m xuyn iu ch ln
- Nu khong li ln th c th hn ch tp xm xuyn iu ch nhng cng
sut u ra gim
121
Phm Vn Ngc
c tnh khuch i ca b khuch i cng sut l

- Cng sut ra (t 10W n 50W)

- Hiu sut: t 20 35%
- Cng sut ra ch bo ho
- Hiu sut: t 40 50%
- H s khuch i bo ho: 50dB (ph

thuc vo s tng khuch i)
- T s (C/N)im bo ho: t 10 n 12dB - T s (C/N)im bo ho: t 14 n 18dB
- H s khuch i bo ho: 55dB
V tinh a bp sng l v tinh c mt s bp sng ph sng cho cc vng

dch v khc nhau. pha thu, b php p, tn hiu c th xut hin cc u ra ca
mt hoc nhiu anten thu. Cc tn hiu u ra cu b php p cn cung cp cho cc
anten pht khc nhau. C 2 m hnh c bn l
Phi hp my thu my pht to nn cc mng c lp (v tinh s c

mt s b pht p c lp lm vic di tn khc nhau)
Cc trm mt t nm trong vng ph sng khc nhau s c kt hp

vi nhau trong cng mt mng v tuyn lin lc cn c thit lp gia
mt cp trm no phi phi nm trong cc vng khc nhau
Hnh 4.9 V tinh n bp sng, a bp sng

Ta thy khi ph sng bng v tinh n bp sng th rng bp sng
3dB = 17.5 0 trong khi s dng v tinh a bp sng th ta c rng bp sng
3dB = 1.75 0
u im ca v tinh a bp sng l:
1.
Do rng bp sng hp, tng ch ca anten ln nn s c t s (C/N0)

v EIRP ln, do c th gim c cng sut pht ca v tinh.
2.
C th s dng li tn s vi cc vng ph sng hp.
Nh trong chng 2 ta c:
122
Phm Vn Ngc
(C/N0)u = EIRPES(1/Lu)(GR/T)SL(1/k)
Hz
Gi thit tp m u vo my thu v tinh l TSL = 800K = 29dBK v c lp

vi vng ph sng, cho rng tn hao tuyn ln l Lu = 200dB v b qua cc tn hao
khc. Nh vy biu thc trn ta c th vit li l
(C/N0)u = EIRPES + GR_SL 0.4 dB (Hz)
Trong GR_SL l tng ch anten thu v tinh
Vi vng ph n bp sng 3dB = 17.5 0 , khi ta c GR_SL = 29000/( 2 3dB ) =
20dB
Vi vng ph bp sng hp ca anten v tinh a bp sng 3dB = 1.75 0 , khi
ta c GR_SL = 29000/( 2 3dB ) = 40dB
Biu thc (C/N0)D i vi tuyn xung l
(C/N0)D = EIRPSL(1/LD)(G/T)ES(1/k)
Hz
Gi s cng sut pht sng mang trn v tinh l PT = 10W = 10dB, cho rng
tn hao tuyn xung l LD = 200dB v b qua cc tn hao khc. Nh vy biu thc
trn ta c th vit li l
(C/N0)D = GT_SL + (G/T)ES + 38.6 dB (Hz)
Vi vng ph n bp sng 3dB = 17.5 0 , khi ta c GT_SL = 29000/( 2 3dB ) =
20dB
Vi vng ph bp sng hp ca anten v tinh a bp sng 3dB = 1.75 0 , khi
ta c GT_SL = 29000/( 2 3dB ) = 40dB
Vic s dng li tn s y l s dng cng bng tn tng dng lng ca
mng m khng phi tng rng bng tn, v d s dng li tn s trong cng mt
bp sng bng gii php s dng phn cc trc giao. Trong trng hp v tinh a
bp sng th do cc bp sng l cch nhau..
Nhc im ca v tinh a bp sng
- S can nhiu gia cc bp sng khi s dng cng tn s. vng chng ln
gia cc bp sng gy nhiu ng knh CCI
Vic xem xt anten v tinh c lin quan n vng ph sng. Chi tit v anten
xem phn anten trm mt t (chng 3). Cc chc nng chnh ca anten v tinh l:
123
Phm Vn Ngc
1. Thu cc sng v tuyn c pht t trm mt t t trong mt vng c th

theo bng tn v phn cc xc nh.
2. Loi tr cc tn hiu khng mong mun trong trng hp c th (v d t
khc vng khc, khng thch ng vi phn cc hoc c tnh ca anten)
3. Pht cc sng v tuyn n mt vng ph sng c th trn b mt qu t
theo bng tn v phn cc xc nh.
D tr tuyn (link budget) gia v tinh v mt t ph thuc vo gi tr ca
cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng (EIRP). ng vi mt cng sut pht PT th
gi tr EIRP tng theo tng ch ( li) GT ca anten pht. Tng t nh vy, vi
tuyn ln mt gi tr cao ca t s (h s phm cht) G/T i vi v tinh th yu cu
phi c mt gi tr v li GR ca anten thu ln.
Gi tr li ca anten ln khi s dng anten c hng tnh cao. Hng tnh
anten ph thuc vo yu cu dch v - tc vng ph sng tng th ca mt t, vng
hoc m ph sng ca anten. Anten c hng tnh cao kt hp vi vic t chc bp
sng theo vng a l c ph sng cho php vic phn b khng gian s dng
li tn s, s dng ph tn trong bng tn hiu qu hn.
Vic s dng li tn s yu cu phi gim ti a cc mi ph ca th
phng hng ca anten trnh can nhiu. Hnh 4.10 m t gii hn tng ch
tham chiu theo khuyn ngh ca CCIR v th phng hng ca anten.
Trong hnh 4.10 tng ng vi phn ca bp sng chnh ngoi ca vng ph
sng, s thay i tng tch c biu th bi:
G()=Gmax-3(/0)2
(dB)
(4 - 1)
Trong 0 = 3dB / 2
Vng B xem nh l s tch bit rng cho php cc v tinh hot ng
trn cng v tr qu o cung cp cho vng ph sng. tch bit ti thiu khong t
-20 n -30 dB. Vng C l kt hp cc mi xa. tng ch trong vng D l G0 = 0dB.
Vic s dng li tn s c th dng phn cc trc giao v trong trng hp ny cn
c s cch bit phn cc ln trnh can nhiu ln nhau.
124
Phm Vn Ngc
Hnh 4.10 M t cc gii hn tham chiu v th phng hng anten dch v c

nh. (CCIR-R558-4)
Tm li cc c tnh ca anten v tinh l :
1. m bo bp sng ph hp vi vng ph sng;
2. th phng hng ca anten c cc bp sng ph nh;
3. Gia cc phn cc trc giao c cch bit ln;
4. nh v bp sng chnh xc.
Vng ph sng v rng bp sng c quan h cht ch vi cao ca v
tinh v cc th tc n nh ca qu o. Cc bp sng hp v cc c tnh nh v
nghim khc c th phi s dng mt h thng nh v anten tch cc.
EIRP cho tuyn xung
G/T cho tuyn ln
Thit k bp sng ph hp theo yu cu ph sng
Mu bc x Anten c bp sng bn gim thiu
cch bit cao gia cc phn cc trc giao
nh hng bp sng chnh xc
Thng thng vi v tinh n nh dng Anten ng hng vi Anten sng cho

bp sng ton tu v Anten phn x cho bp sng im.
125
Phm Vn Ngc
Mt trong nhng s mnh ca thng tin v tinh l xc nh hiu nng ph sng

ca mt vng a l theo cc yu cu ti thiu v tn s v tuyn, c th l cng sut
bc x ng hng tng ng EIRP hoc mt thng lng trn mt t, t s
G/T hoc mt thng lng ti v tinh. Hiu nng dn c thc hin cc v
tinh v c c trng bi cc ta a l ca chng. Cc v tr l cc im tham
chiu vng ph sng. C mt s khi nim v vng ph sng :
1. Vng ph sng a l: l mt ng bao dch chuyn r rng ca vng ph
sng a l t v tr danh nh ca v tinh.
2. Vng ph sng hnh hc: l mt ng bao dch chuyn r rng ca vng
ph sng a l do cc hiu ng chuyn ng ca v tinh.
3. th vng ph sng v tuyn: l ng bao c trng cho mt gi tr ca
hiu nng cng sut tn s v tuyn.
Vng ph sng v tuyn ca v tinh l vng a l trn mt t m trong vng
cc trm mt t c th thu c cc sng v tuyn pht xung t v tinh. Vng
ph sng ph thuc vo bp sng pht ca anten v tinh v cng trng bc
x ca cng sut pht,c trng bi cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng EIRP
ti cc im thu trn mt t.
T l thuyt anten bit rng,bp sng ca anten c th c nhiu dng khc
nhau;c th bp sng trn,elip hoc hnh dng bt k ph thuc vo cu trc
anten(theo thit k nhm phc v yu cu ph sng) hoc bp sng nhy.
Bp sng trn l bp sng c mt ct ngang ca bp sng chnh dng trn .
rng ca bp sng, k hiu l -3dB, l gc m nm gia hai phng ca cng sut (3dB) so vi phng ca trc chnh(0 dB).
H s tng ch trn trc chnh (Gmax) ca anten (c mt phn x parabol) c
tnh theo cng thc sau:
Gmax = (D/)2
(4 - 2a)
Hoc
Gmax=48360/23dB
(4 - 2b)
Trong l hiu sut ca anten v -3dB c tnh theo n v (0).

rng ca bp chnh, tnh mc -3dB c th tnh theo cng thc sau:
3dB = k(/D) = 70/D = 70(c/fD)
(4 - 3)
126
Phm Vn Ngc
Trong k l mt h s c trng cho quan h ph thuc gia rng bp

sng 3dB vi t s /D; l bc sng (=c/f) v D l ng knh ming anten
(parabol). Gi tr ca k c th thay i trong khong t 57 n 80, ph thuc vo cu
trc, chiu x v phn x ca anten; y ly gi tr trung bnh thc nghim l 70.
Cc bin i v tng ch (theo t s /D) ca hng chnh bp sng (0 dB) v
hng na cng sut (-3dB) l khng hon ton tuyn tnh vi nhau.
Mt bp sng hp c dng elip c th cung cp mt cch linh hot mm do
thch hp vi vng ph sng. Bp sng c c trng bi hai rng gc A v
B tng ng vi trc ln v trc b ca elip v hng ca elip so vi khung tham
chiu
Gi thit rng, rng gc 3dB ca bp sng tng ng vi cc gc A v B,
tng ch theo hng trc chnh ca bp sng (Gmax) s l:
Gmax = 48360/AB
(4 - 4)
Trong l hiu sut ca anten v A v B c tnh theo n v (0)

Cc gc A v B c quan h vi ng knh D ca anten theo biu thc =
70(/D) nh nu cc mc trc. Qu trnh tnh ton c tng ch cc i
bin vng ph sng ca anten cng ging nh vi bp sng trn.
Trong thc t, vng ph sng dch v thng c hnh dng bt k, khng phi
trn cng khng phi elip. Vic ph sng ra ngoi vng dch v yu cu va lng ph
cng sut va gy can nhiu cho cc vng dch v khc. C mt gii php l o gt
bp sng sao cho th bc x ca anten ph hp vi vng ph sng yu cu. Trong
k thut dng bp sng ny c gi l bp sng c o gt. (shaped beam)
V nguyn l, c hai phng php thc hin vic o gt bp sng theo a
hnh vng ph sng mong mun, l:
1. Thay i s phn b cng sut trong mt bp sng c to ra bi mt ngun
n. Vic o gt bp sng c thc hin bng cch thay i hnh dng c
kh ca gng phn x (xem l thuyt anten). K thut ny, mt khi anten c
thit k sn xut v c lp t trn v tinh l bt di bt dch, khng th thay
i c hnh dng bp sng.
127
Phm Vn Ngc
Hnh 4.11 M t v d cc vng ph sng ca v tinh INTELSAT VI.

2. Vic o gt bp sng c th c thc hin bng cch phi hp s bc x
ca mt vi bp sng phn t. Cc bp sng c pht bi mt anten c vi
phn t c kch thch bi cc tn hiu thch hp (coherent) c phn b pha
v bin xc nh. u im ca gii php k thut ny l c kh nng thay
i vng ph sng tn s v tuyn ca anten bng cch iu khin s phn b
bin v pha ca cc phn t bc x. Kh nng c th c thc hin
ngay khi v tinh ang hot ng trn qu o bng h thng iu khin t xa.
Nhc im k thut l h thng anten phc tp hn.
Vng ph a bp sng.
Khng ging nh cc vng ph sng gii thiu cc mc trc s dng
mt bp sng (multiple beam coverage) l vng c ph bi nhiu bp sng v
chng c th c cc bng tn v phn cc khc nhau. Cc bp sng c th cch bit
nhau v cng c th lin k nhau.
Vng ph a bp sng cch bit nhau l vng ph sng bao gm nhiu vng
a l cch bit nhau. Cc vng c dng hnh hc n gin v c chiu bi cc
bp sng trn (mt ct ngang bp sng trn) t anten v tinh. Cc vng c th l
thnh ph, th x v gia chng c yu cu cn thit lp cc tuyn lin lc dung lng
ln. Cc bp sng c th phn phi cng tn s nu nh cch bit gc gia chng
m bo. Trong trng hp s tch bit gc nh, khng m bo th c th s
128
Phm Vn Ngc
dng phn cc trc giao. Hnh 4.12 m t mt vng a l c ph sng theo kiu
a bp sng cch bit nhau.
Hnh 4.12 Vng a l c ph sng theo kiu a bp sng tch bit nhau
Dch v i vi mt vng ph sng hnh hc xc nh c th s dng gii php
nhiu bp sng hp lin k nhau thay v s dng mt bp sng n (hnh 4.13). Bi
v bp sng hp cho nn n khng th ph sng ton th vng yu cu dch v,
nhng b li mi bp sng tng ng vi tng ch ca anten ln hn. iu
thch hp vi cc trm mt t s dng loi anten c ng knh b.
Bi v cc bp sng c phn chia lin k nhau c s gi ln nhau cho nn
tn s s dng ca chng cn c s khc bit nhau. S phn chia gi tn c th
thc hin theo khuyn ngh ca ITU. Dung lng ca mi bp sng trong trng hp
ny c th gii hn c bit l khi s bp sng tng nhiu. m bo s kt ni
trong h thng, y cn c mt k thut m bo nh tuyn c cc tn hiu cn c s
lin lc gia cc bp sng.
129
Phm Vn Ngc
Hnh 4.13 M t cu hnh vng ph a bp sng

Li bp sng.
Cc khi nim v a bp sng c gii thiu trn c th kt hp vi vic s
dng li tn s m rng vng ph sng. Vic s dng li tn s c th l gim
rng bng tn cho mi bp sng. Gii php v nguyn l cng ging nh vic phn
chia t bo trong thng tin di ng. Hnh 4.14 m t cc bp sng s dng cc tn
s khc nhau v vic s dng li tn s.
Hinh 4.14 M t ph sng theo li bp sng:

Trong hnh 4.14 cng m t s thay i v khong cch gc gia cc bp sng
c s dng li tn s. Khong cch c lin quan n nhiu trong bng tn v s
phn chia vic s dng li tn s.
Nguyn l hot ng ca anten trong h thng vin thng ni chung khng c

g khc nhau. Ph thuc vo cc yu cu pht v thu sng c th m c s la chn
130
Phm Vn Ngc
thit k thch hp. Di tn cng tc c thng tin v tinh l thuc siu cao, do tt c
cc anten sng siu cao v nguyn l c th s dng trong thng tin v tinh. Cc loi
anten thng c s dng trn v tinh thng gp l khe bc x (loa), anten c mt
phn x, anten thu knh hoc anten dn.
Anten loa l mt loi anten c hng tnh n gin nht. N thng c s

dng cho vng ph sng rng. rng bp sng -3dB ca anten l 17.50 tn s
cng tc l 4GHz v ng knh khe h l 30cm. Nu c yu cu rng bp sng
nh hn th rng khe h loa phi ln hn v vic kch thc ln s kh khn
cho vic lp t antan v tinh. Anten loa c c tnh bp sng ph nh. C nhiu loi
anten loa c kt cu khc nhau. Chiu di ca loa c th gim bng cch s dng h
thng kch thch vi mt anten vi di.
Anten loa trn v tinh thch hp nht l dng lm b chiu x (ngun s cp)
cho anten c mt phn x.
Anten phn x thng c s dng to cc bp sng vt hoc cc bp

sng c phn chia.Anten phn x thng gp nht l anten parabol,gm c m
gng phn x parabol c chiu bi mt hoc nhiu phn t bc x t ti tiu
im ca parabol
Cp in a
bp sng
Cp in a
Phn x ph
bp sng
b/ Anten hai a phn x
a/ Anten mt a phn x
Hnh 4.15 Anten phn x parabol

Gng phn x parabol c hnh dng paraboloid, c ch to t hai lp si
cc-bon trn nha ph ln hai mt li (parabol) nhm c c l nh t ong. K thut
131
Phm Vn Ngc
c kh nng chc bn v c kh v chu nhit tt. Tn hao phn x l kh nh, b

hn 0,1dB bng tn Ku.
Chi tit v cu trc v th phng hng xem mc 3.2.2 (anten trm mt
t). C kh nng thay i phng nh v ca bp sng anten trn qu o bng mt
thit b iu khin t xa. Vi anten s dng dn chiu x th vic nh v c th thc
hin bng cch thay i pha ca ngun cung cp in cho cc b chiu x.
Anten c th c hai gng phn x: Gng phn x chnh (parabol) v gng
phn x ph (hyperbol); l la anten Cassegrain hoc anten Gregorian.
Anten Cassegrain c u im l chc chn v c kh do b chiu x c t
nh parabol v b phn x s cp c gia i xng, tuy vy n c nhc im l
bp sng ph ln do bp sng b che chn mt phn bi b phn x s cp v cc gi
.
Vic s dng mt phn b phn x chnh parabol (tc parabol b ct b i mt
phn) s trnh c vic b chiu x v gi che chn bp sng cng nh to c
bp sng ph hp vi vng ph sng mong mun. Anten cng c th gp li khi
phng v tinh.
V nguyn l, anten phn x c mt phn x l trn, v d ming parabol, th

mt ct ngang ca bp sng c dng trn. Vic un nn bp sng c th thc hin
mt cch n gin bng thay i hnh dng ca b phn x. N cng ging nh
trng hp mt b phn x dng elip to ra bp sng c mt ct ngang dng elip.
Trong thc t, vic o gt bp sng bng cch thay i hnh dng m
(aperture) ca anten gii hn bp sng c mt ct elip. Mt mt phn x c hnh
dng qu phc tp s gp nhiu kh khn trong vic phi hp th chiu x tp
chung v iu dn n hiu sut chiu x thp, cc bp sng ph gia tng. Cng c
th s dng b phn x c m dng trn nhng chiu x nghing th mt ct cng
c dng elip.
Bng cch t mt dn chiu x ti tiu im ca anten phn x v dn chiu

x c cp in cng mt tn hiu nhng bin v gc pha ca mi b chiu x
khc nhau th c th to ra mt bp sng c o gt hoc a bp sng. S phn b
v bin v pha c th thc hin bng cc b lm lch pha (phase shifters), cc
b ghp (couplers) v cc b chia cng sut (power splitters)
132
Phm Vn Ngc
K thut s dng nhiu b chiu x cng c s dng to ra vng ph

sng dng li. Kch c ca dn chiu x cng gia tng theo kch c ca li v
trong trng hp ny, cc b chiu x t bin ca dn s cnh xa tiu im mt
on no : iu ny dn n vic suy gim th bc x tng ng. Khi m s bp
sng yu cu nhiu th vic gim s lng b chiu x c th thc hin bng cch
phn chia cc b chiu x theo mt s bp sng: mt s bp sng theo hng xc
nh s nhn c mt s phn b thch ng v bin v pha ca mt sng mang t
mt s b chiu x.
C th sng bc x phn cc hon ton trc giao bng mt anten phn x c

hai b chiu x dng thanh c t vung gc nhau. B chiu x y l cc thanh
dn in (dng trn t) t song song nhau (kiu dn trn t th ng dt song song).
L thuyt v trng in t bit rng, khi c sng v tuyn chiu vo cc
thanh trn t thu ng th ch c thnh phn in trng song song vi thanh c
phn x. Dng in c th chy trong thanh nhng thnh phn in trng vung gc
khng tn ti.Sng phn x t hai b chiu x dng thanh t vung gc s c c
tnh trc giao cao v c th s dng to ra bc x trc giao qua b phn x chnh.
Gi l cc thanh nhng vi tn s siu cao, kch thc chng rt b (v d bng tn
Ku, thanh c kch thc 0,2m, khong cch gia cc thanh l 1mm) thng c sn
sut theo mt cng ngh c bit.
B phn x lng hng (dichroic reflector) hay cn gi l mt lng tnh

(dichroic surface) l b phn x ch phn x cc sng v tuyn trong mt bng tn
xc nh nhng li trong sut vi cc tn s nm ngoi bng tn .
Bng cch s dng hai b phn x (mt b phn x chnh parabol v mt b
phn x ph lng hng) v hai b chiu x c hai tn s khc nhau c th t t
mt b phn x chnh c th c bc x ca hai sng c tn s khc nhau. Hn na
mt trong hai b chiu x c th thc hin bc x sng phn cc trc giao. Cc b
chiu x c t trn cc tiu im. Hnh 4.16 m t s nguyn l anten c b
phn x lng hng c thit k lm vic vi hai tn s thuc bng tn Ka v Ku
(12GHz v 20GHz). Tn s 12GHz s dng sng phn cc trc giao.
133
Phm Vn Ngc
Hnh 4.16 M t cu trc nguyn l anten c s dng b phn x lng hng sc

bc x sng c hai tn s khc nhau
Anten thu knh thuc loi anten mt. Nguyn l hot ng ca anten thu lnh
tng t nh nguyn l ca thu knh quang hc. Tia sng i qua thu knh s bi khc
x. Ty thuc vo thng s v chit sut, cu trc hnh hc ca thu knh m c th
bin i cc mt sng s cp u vo thu knh c mt sng v cc tia sng
u ra c dng mong mun. Nu anten thu knh l pht v c cc cu to sao cho cc
mt bc x l cc mt phng ng pha th sng bc x l cc sng phng. Vi anten
thu knh thu th qu trnh bin i ngc li, thu knh s bin i sng phng thnh
sng cu hi t ti tiu im (b thu)
Mt anten thu knh gm c hai phn chnh: Thu knh v b chiu x. Ty
thuc vo loi thu knh m b chiu x c cu trc thch hp.
Vic to thnh tia song song mt ra ca thu knh c th do s khc x sng
ti mt mt ca thu knh hoc c th ti c hai mt ca thu knh ty thuc vo kt
cu c th.
C hai loi thu knh c s dng ph bin trong cc anten thu knh, l
thu knh chm (gi l thu knh li) v thu knh nhanh (thu knh lm).
Cc phng php thu knh c th l:
134
Phm Vn Ngc
1- Dng cht in mi ng nht. Thu knh snar sut theo phng php ny
c u im l di thng rng nhng khi lng ln.
2- Dng cc ng dn sng kim loi ghp li (thu kch chia theo bc hoc
theo vng)v sp xp sao cho c th bin i cc sng cu n thnh sng phng.
Thu knh loi ny nh nhng di thng tng i hp.
3- Dng cc ng dy tr kt ni vi cc phn t bc x. rng di thng
loi thu knh ny tng i ln v trng lng trung bnh (gia thu knh ng dn
sng v thu knh in mi).
Ni chung, anten thu knh c khi lng ln v ng dng dnh ring cho v
tinh qun s do dung lng i vi cu hnh ng c th to c th bc x cu
anten c tng ch bng khng ti mt vng mong mun c th no . V d v
tinh DSCS ca M c mt anten thu vi 61 bp sng 20 v hai anten pht, mi anten
c 19 bp sng.
Anten thu knh c u im so vi anten phn x i xng l dn chiu x
c t pha sau mt bc x (radiating aperture) do khc phc c hin tng
che bp sng (blocking the beam).
Anten dn s dng mt s ln cc phn t bc x t phn bit trn mt din

tch to ra mt bc x (hnh 4.17). th bc x c to ra l do s hn hp v
bin v pha ca cc sng bc x t cc phn t ca dn (nguyn l ca dn anten).
V nguyn l hot ng ca dn cng tng t nh mt dn chiu x t tiu im
ca anten phn x. Khc nhau y l s phn t bc x v din tch b mt: Cc yu
t c xc nh bi yu cu v tng ch v rng ca bp sng ca anten
theo hng bc x ca dn. Cc phn t chiu x c th l anten dng loa, dipol, hc
cng hng, cc phn t mch in v.v..
Hiu sut ca anten l hm ca chiu sng (c gi tr t 0,8 n 1) v c
xc nh bi trng s bin bin ca dn v tn hao trong cc b chia cng sut,
cc b lm lch pha.
Bng vic cp in c bin v pha theo cc gi tr xc nh c th cho cc
phn t xc nh c th c cc phn t bc x c th to c mt bp sng o
gt v din tch vng ph sng theo mong mun. Vic iu khin ng c thc
hin cc b chia cng sut v cc b lm lch pha.
Khong cch gia cc phn t bc x ca anten dn l khong 0.6. th
bc x ca anten c chnh sa bng cch thay i bin v gc pha ca ngun
135
Phm Vn Ngc
cp in cho cc phn t bc x qua mt b chia cng sut v dch pha c th iu

khin c.
V d, nu cp in cho cc phn t bc x l ng pha v ng bin th
bp sng nhn c ging nh bp sng c to ra bi anten phn x vi chiu
ng nht: tng ch cc i t l vi t s (D/)2 v rng bp sng 3dB l
khong /D radian (khong 60/D ).
Bng cch gim bin trn vng bin ca mt bc x c th lm gim mi
ph v tng rng bp sng
Bng cch cp in cho cc phn t bc x c s thay i pha mt cch tuyn
tnh t phn t ny sang phn t khc, c th lm thay i hng bp sng.
Hnh 4.17 Dn anten pha

Anten tch cc l loi anten m vic cp in cho cc phn t bc x c

thc hin trc tip bi mt modun khuch i c u ni trc tip vi mt phn t
bc x n hoc mt nhm cc phn t bc x.
Trong trng hp anten thc hin chc nng c pht v thu sng th modun
tch cc bao gm c b khuch i tp m thp v b khuch i cng sut ra. Chng
136
Phm Vn Ngc
c tch bit nhau bi b nh hng vng (circulartor). V nguyn l, mt anten

thch hp gm mt dn bc x trc tip. C th phi hp anten tch cc vi mt hoc
hai mt phn x. V d mt phn x parabol. Vic la chn s dng anten dn bc x
trc tip hoc dn c cc mt phn x ph thuc vo hnh dng v s bp sng yu
cu cng nh cng ngh v cng sut s dng.
Cc phn t c s dng o gt bp sng (nh cc b suy gim cng
sut v cc b lm lch pha) u l cc b phn ca cc m-un tch cc. Chng
c t ngc vi cc b khuch i cng sut v thun dng vi cc b khuch i
tp m thp. Vic o gt bp sng c th thc hin hoc ti tn s cng tc ca
anten hoc ti tn s trung gian.
u nhc im ca cc anten tch cc s dng cc b khuch i cng sut
nh dng cht bn dn l c tuyn tnh, tin cy ln c th kt ni song song
mt s ln cc phn t ng nht. Anten tch cc cng cho php c c cng sut
bc x ng hng tng ng (EIRP) ln, thch hp ng dng trong thng tin v
tinh qung b trc tip hoc thng tin di ng v tinh. Vi mt anten cho (c xc
nh bi vng ph sng) th gii hn ca cng sut bc x ph thuc vo cc gii hn
v k thut ca cng sut ca b khuch i n cho mi knh (cng sut c gi tr
khong 250W) nu dng anten sng chy khuch i tng cui. Cng sut bc x
ca anten tch cc cn ph thuc vo cng sut ca mdun tch cc c s phn t bc
x s dng.
Nhc im ca anten tch cc ch yu xut hin trong phn kt ni v tn
hao trong cc mdun (tn hao Ohm).
Gm 6 h thng con nh sau:

-
H thng iu khin trng thi bay ca v tinh c chc nng duy tr v tr

v hng ca v tinh trn qu o sao cho Anten hng trc tip vo
vng c phc v
Yu cu v n nh t th l 0.10 hng Bc - Nam v 0.05 0

hng ng Ty.
H thng gim st o xa v iu khin (TT&C): h thng ny c chc

nng chnh nh sau:
Cung cp nhng thng tin d liu kim tra iu khin cc h thng con
trn v tinh cho trung tm iu khin mt t
137
Phm Vn Ngc
Nhn lnh t trung tm iu khin mt t thc hin iu khin

trng thi, v tr ca v tinh v nhng cng vic phc v cho thng tin
Gip trm mt t theo di tnh trng thit b
-
H thng ngun in: Cung cp ngun in 1 chiu cho cc thit b
H thng iu khin nhit: Nhm duy tr mc t0 khc nhau cho cc h

thng con khc nhau trong gii hn t0 cho php
H thng y: to ra nhng lc y a v tinh ln qu o v duy tr v

tr v tinh trn qu o
H thng khung: Cung cp nhng chng c hc i vi ton b cu trc v

tinh.
V tinh c trang b cc b pht p ti sinh c gi l v tinh ti sinh

B pht p ti sinh khc b pht p truyn thng l b pht p ti sinh c
b gii iu ch v gii iu ch li m cc b pht p truyn thng khng c. Tc
l tn hiu bng c s c iu ch vi sng mang tuyn ln c thu qua b
khuch i tp m thp, gii iu ch thnh tn hiu bng c s sau iu ch li
thnh tn hiu bng c s, sau iu ch li vi sng mang tuyn xung v khuch
i cng sut truyn tuyn xung
Tn hiu bng c s sau gii iu ch c th c x l (lu tr, m ho)
tu thuc vo yu cu x l tn hiu ca h thng.
138
Phm Vn Ngc
Hnh 4.18 M hnh b pht p tnh sinh v truyn thng

Knh xem xt y l knh truyn tin s. Gi thit rng xc sut li bit y

l tnh u ra b gii iu ch, ph thuc vo dng iu ch s v ph hp vi l
thuyt phn tch iu ch s. Ch xt nh hng ca tuyn lin lc
Hnh 4.19 So snh tuyn lin lc vi b pht p ti sinh v khng ti sinh

- i vi tuyn lin lc s dng b pht p truyn thng (hnh 4.19) th hiu
nng ca tuyn c c trng bi xc sut li ti u ra ca b gii iu ch ca
trm mt t. Xc sut li bit l hm ca t s (E/N0) ca ton tuyn.
(E/N0)T = (C/N0)T/Rc
139
Phm Vn Ngc
Trong (E/N0)T v (C/N0)T l t s nng lng bit trn nng lng tp m v

t s mt cng sut sng mang trn mtt cng sut tp m ca ton tuyn. Rc l
tc d liu sng mang. (C/N0)T ton tuyn l bao gm (C/N0)U ca tuyn ln
(C/N0)D ca tuyn xung. Ta c
(C/N0)T-1 = (C/N0)U-1 +(C/N0)D-1
Bi v (E/N0)U = (C/N0)U/Rc v (E/N0)D = (C/N0)D/Rc cho nn ta c
(E/N0)T-1 = (E/N0)U-1 +(E/N0)D-1
- i vi tuyn lin lc s dng b pht p ti sinh th xc sut li bit c
biu th bi xc sut li tuyn ln BERU v xc sut khng li tuyn xung (1BERU) hoc vi xc sut khng li tuyn ln (1- BERD) v xc sut li tuyn
xung BERD. ta c:
BER = BERU(1 BERU) + (1 BERD)BERD
Cho rng BERU v BERD kh nh so vi 1 ta c
BER = BERU + BERD
Trong BERU l hm ca (E/N0)U v BERD l hm ca (E/N0)D
T ta c xc sut li bit yu cu l khng i vi mi tuyn.
Hnh 4.20 So snh tuyn trm mt t - Trm mt t vi BER = 10-4, knh

tuyn tnh vi b pht p ti sinh v khng ti sinh
+ Vi v tinh khng ti sinh, gi tr ca (E/N0)T c xc nh bi xc sut li
c trng cho tuyn, ta thu c ng cong A
140
Phm Vn Ngc
+ i vi tuyn v tinh ti sinh bng cch tnh ton BERU v BERD theo biu
thc trn vi t l li bit BER = 10-4, ta thu c ng cong B v C
Knh khng tuyn tnh, khng c can nhiu l gn ng vi h thng thc,

khng tuyn tnh v c bng tn gii hn. S khng tuyn tnh y l c trm mt
t v b pht p bao gm cc b lc. i vi cc b pht p ti sinh th c s cch
bit gia tuyn ln v tuyn xung do y ch c mt pha khng tuyn tnh v
cc b lc. Hnh 4.21, m t trng hp (E/N0)U ln hn nhiu so vi (E/N0)D ta thy
vi b pht p ti sinh c th cho php E/N0 gim t 2 5dB so vi b pht p
truyn thng m thu c cng mt li BER
T l li bit (BER)
10-2
QPSK
B pht p ti sinh
HPA: TWTA, IBO = 2.0 dB
10-3
B pht p khng ti sinh

HPA: IBO = 3.0dB
= 7dB
= 12dB
10-4
10-5
B pht p
khng ti sinh
B pht p
ti sinh
10
-6
10-7
dB
10-8
8
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
E/N0
Hnh 4.21 Xc sut li bit vi = (E/N0)U/(E/N0)D p dng cho tuyn s

dng b pht p ti sinh v khng ti sinh
i vi b pht p khng ti sinh th gi tr (C/N0)T ca ton tuyn ph thuc

vo (C/N0)T khng nhiu v gi tr (C/N0)T c nhiu c tuyn ln v tuyn xung.
(C/N0)T-1 = (C/N0)-1T khng nhiu + (C/N0)-1D
Trong (C/N0)-1T khng nhiu = (C/N0)U-1 + (C/N0)-1D
141
Phm Vn Ngc
(C/N0)i-1 = (C/N0)-1i u + (C/N0)-1i-D

Thay th (E/N0)T-1 = (E/N0)-1T khng nhiu + (E/N0)i-1
Mi quan h trn c biu th trn hnh 4.22
- i vi b pht p ti sinh th ng cong di hnh 4 22, m t quan h
gia (E/N0)T khng nhiu v (E/N0)i. vi gi tr c lng BER = 10-4 th (E/N0)i
nh hn so vi tuyn c s dng b pht p ti sinh.
(E/N0) T
dB
18
17
16
(E/N0) T = 11dB
15
14
13
12
(E/N0) T = 9dB
11
10
dB
13
12
14
15
16
17
(E/N0) T khng nhiu

18
Hnh 4.22 So snh mc nhiu cho php ca tuyn s dng v tinh ti sinh v khng
ti sinh
Do b pht p ti sinh c gii iu ch sng mang tuyn ln thnh tn hiu

bng c s cho nn cc tn hiu bng c s y c th c x l theo mong mun.
vic x l c th l m ho, chuyn mch, chuyn i tc bit, qut bp sng.
Trong thng tin v tinh, vi b pht p ti sinh c th thc hin vic m ho

knh pht hin v sa li c tuyn ln v tuyn xung. Vi b m ho knh
tuyn xung th b m ho c t trong b pht p v tinh ti sinh v c kch
hot bi mt b iu khin t xa. Trong trng hp ny tuyn s gim c li bit.
Nhng ngc li l cn phi tng tc truyn dn ca tuyn v tng tc tuyn
142
Phm Vn Ngc
dn t l nghch vi t l m ho. iu ny hm tuyn b gii hn bi cng sut ch

khng b gii hn bi bng tn. Nu tuyn xung b gii hn bng tn th tc
truyn phi gi nguyn. Nh vy tc truyn tin c tuyn ln v tuyn xung s b
gim. Vic gim thng lng s tnh trong d phng (C/N0)D ca tuyn xung tng
ng vi li m ho
Cho rng (C/N0)1 v (C/N0)2 l cc gi tr trong trng hp khng m ho
knh v c m ho knh, ta c:
(C/N0)1 = (Eb/N0)1 Rb1
Rb1 l tc thng tin bng vi tc iu ch sng mang Rc
(C/N0)2 = (Eb/N0)2 Rb2
Trong Rb2 = RC ( l t l m ho)
d tr ni trn c tnh theo cng thc sau:
D tr = (C/N0)D
= (C/N0)1 - (C/N0)2
= [(Eb/N0)1 - (Eb/N0)2] 10lg
= li m ho + li gim tc truyn
V d m ho s dng m knh tc l 1/3 v li gii m l 3dB, rng
di tn khng i. Gi tr d tr liu cu (C/N0)D phi l 10dB
b pht p ti sinh th u ra ca b gii iu ch sng mang tuyn ln l

cc tn hiu s bng c s. iu cho php thc hin chuyn mch gia anten thu
v pht ngay ti bng c s. Mt loi chuyn mch bng c s ang c s dng
hin nay l chuyn mch thi gian khng gian - thi gian (TST) c cu trc nguyn
l nh sau
1 - B nh (T) cho php lu tr cc s nh phn ca tuyn ln (sau gii iu
ch) theo chu k xc nh
2 - Mt ma trn kt ni S
3 - B nh T cho php lu tr cc s trc khi truyn di dng ghp knh vi
cc thng tin c tp hp b trm mt t thu
Nh vy, chui cc trng thi chun mch camt ma trn chuyn mch tn s
v tuyn c thay th bi b nhi v km theo l vic ghp cc s nh phn wocj
nh trc khi truyn n cc tuyn xung khc nhau.
143
Phm Vn Ngc
Cu trc chuyn mch TST ni trn cng rt thun tin cho cc chuyn mch
knh thoi. Cc cu trc mi TST hin nay thuc dng tch hp dch v, c cu
trc trn c s nguyn l chuyn mch gi v phng thc truyn khng ng b
ATM
Vi Cc b pht p truyn thng th vic thay i tc tuyn ln v tuyn

xung l khng th thc hin c. Nh vy cc trm mt t ch c th ki ni vi
cc sng mang c cng dung lng. V d, vic kt ni gia cc trm mt t ca mt
amngj chu lc lu lng ln vi cc trm mt t nh (VSAT) ca mt mng ring
no qua v tinh th phi qua hai bc nh hnh 4.23. Ngc li, vi b pht p ti
sinh c b gii iu ch th cc bit nh phn ca lu lng gia cc mng khc nhau
thu c t cc sng mang c tc khc nhau s c chuyn mch ti bng c s
v c phi hp trc khi truyn trn cc tuyn xung khc nhau ph hp vi a
ch ch ca chng v khng ph thuc vo dung lng ca sng mang. Trong hnh
4.23 m t mt v d thc hin kiu chuyn mch . Trong cc b pht p, trnh
tng lng lng v tiu hao cng sut, thng cc sng mang tc cao, lu lng
ln gi n cc sng mang tc thp mi c nh tuyn n b gii iu ch tc
cao. Cc sng mang khc thng c chuyn mch tn s v tuyn (hot ng
khng ti sinh)
144
Phm Vn Ngc
Hnh 4.23 Kt ni gia 2 trm mt t s dng b pht p ti sinh v khng ti sinh

Trong k thut to cc bp sng anten theo thi gian thc linh ng ang c
ng dng rng ri trong cc h thng v tinh thay th cho cc v tinh a bp sng
bng cch s dng cc v tinh bp sng n voi mt bp sng qut thi gian thc
cc vng dch v nh m t hnh 4.24. Tp cc vng c dng li ph sng mt
cch tun t to thnh vng ph sng ca h thng. Khi m bp sng ngng mt
vng ph no th cc thng tin ch i vi cc trm mt t trong vng c
trch t b nh ca b pht p v c truyn qua b ghp knh.
ng thi cc trm mt t cng truyn cc thng tin n cc trm mt t
khc qua v tinh. Cc thng tin d liu cng c nh b pht p v tinh cho
n khi bp sng qut n bp sng a ch nhn th s c truyn theo tuyn xung.
u im ca k thut qut bp sng ny l khng c nhng bp sng c nh
ng nht cho nn khng c can nhiu ng knh CCI.
Hnh 4.24 M t v tinh qut bp sng

145
Phm Vn Ngc
So vi cc h thng v tinh trong sut th h thng v tinh ti sinh cho php

gim c gi thnh cc trm mt t do gim c yu cu v cng sut bc x
ng hng tng ng EIRP ca cc trm v t s G/T ca cc trm.
i vi tuyn ln thng tnh ton hiu nng theo tham s C/N0 ca ton
tuyn v n c xc nh bi C/N0 ca tuyn xung m C/N0 ca tuyn xung b
gii hn bi cng sut pht ca b pht p v tinh. i vi b pht p khng ti
sinh th t s C/N0 ca ton tuyn c tnh theo biu thc trn v trong trng hp
ny cn mt gi tr = ( E / N 0 )U /( E / N 0 ) D = (C / N 0 )U /(C / N 0 ) D khong 10dB. i
vi b pht p ti sinh, theo tnh ton xc xut li bit ph thuc vo dng iu ch
th gi tr ln hn khong 2dB. Do vic gim t s dn ti vic gim cng
sut bc x ng hng tng ng EIRP ca trm mt t tc l gim gi thnh
trm mt t
Cn mt yu t khc c th gim yu cu v EIRP l c s d tr cc s nh
phn trong thit b chuyn mch bng c s ca b pht p ti sinh cho nn cc trm
mt t ca mt vng no c th lin tc pht trn cc tn s khc nhau theo
FDMA nh hnh 4.25. So vi phng php TDMA th vic lin tc pht tn s khc
nhanh , tc truyn ca trm mt t s km hn, c th c biu th nh sau:
Vi TDMA: (C/N0)U = (E/N0)RTDMA
Vi FDMA: (C/N0)U = (E/N0)RFDMA
Trong RFDMA = RTDMA(TB/TF); TB l khong thi gian truyn burst trong
TDMA v TF l khong thi gian khung. Gi tr TB/TF <1 do (C/N0) ca FDMA
yu cu nh hn so vi TDMA
i vi tuyn xung. Hnh 4.25. B khuch i ca b pht p s pht mt
sng mang n c iu ch bng ghp knh cc s nh phn c a ch bi
cc trm mt t theo bp sng tng ng. So vi h thng FDMA thng sut v tinh
khng ti sinh, b pht p lm vic ch bo ho. Tuyn xung c li l t EIRP
cc i ca v tinh v t s G/T ca cc trm mt t c th c gim, so vi h
thng TDMA th cc burst thu c t mt sng mang n khi u t b to sng
v tinh thay th cho vic pht bi cc trm mt t khc nhau vi cc b to sng c
lp vi nhau.
146
Phm Vn Ngc
Hnh 4.25 Mng v tinh ti sinh vi cc trm mt t truy cp theo phng thc
TDMA v FDMA
147
Phm Vn Ngc
Cc b khuch i cng sut cao (HPA: High Power Amplifier) cc my

pht trm mt t (chng 3) dng n in t klyston hoc n sng chy TWT v
cc b khuch i cng sut cao cc my pht ca b pht p v tinh l cc thit b
c c tuyn khng tuyn tnh; h s khuch i cng sut ca chng ph thuc vo
mc tn hiu u vo. Hnh 5.1 m t ng c tuyn biu th cng sut u vo/u
ra in hnh ca b pht p HPA .
Mc gim cng
sut u ra
-0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11
im cc i
Vng khng
tuyn tnh
2dB
2dB
4dB
Vng tuyn
tnh
-12
-11
-10 -9
-8
-7
2dB
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
Mc li cng sut u vo (dB)
Hnh 5.1 ng c tuyn biu th cng sut u vo/u ra ca b khuch i

cng sut cao HPA
T hnh 5.1 thy rng, ti vng ng cong gn im bo ho, cng sut vo
gim 4 dB th cng sut ra ch gim 1 dB. Hin tng c ti liu gi l nn cng
sut (power compression). Nh phn tch trong chng 3, gim ti a hin
tng nhiu xuyn iu ch gia cc tn hiu sng mang do s khng tuyn tnh ca
ng c tuyn ca b khuch i PHA, th cn phi gim cng sut u vo
148
Phm Vn Ngc
khong vi dB. Khong li (so vi im bo ho) ca cng sut vo v ra tng ng

c k hiu l IBO (Input Back - Off) v OBO (Output Back - Off). Nh vy, b
khuch i HPA s lm vic trong vng c tuyn tng i tuyn tnh hn, trnh
c nhiu xuyn iu ch. Mc cng sut u ra b ko li t cc mc d kin ban
u tng ng nh mt s mt cng sut v trong mt s ti liu gi l tn hao
cng sut li, k hiu l Lbo (Back-off loss).
i vi b khuch i cng sut, mun c cng sut ra ln th b khuch i

phi lm vic gn vng bo ho trong iu kin c th. Cng sut u ra bo ho
c thit k ca b khuch i cng sut, k hiu n gin l Pt , i vi mt trm
mt t trong h thng thng tin v tinh thng ln hn nhiu so vi cng sut ra ca
cc trm viba mt t. Trong tnh ton cc h thng thng tin v tinh, cng sut pht
Pt thng c tnh theo n v dBW. Nu khng tnh n tn hao ca anten v
phi th cng sut ra Pt chnh bng cng sut bc x ca anten pht.
Trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh hin i, truyn tin s thng s dng k
thut iu ch kho dch pha (PSK: Phase Shift Key) hoc iu ch bin cu
phng (QAM) nhiu mc; thnh thong mt s h thng s dng iu ch FM (iu
tn). Vi iu ch PSK hoc QAM th tn hiu bng tn c s u vo ni chung l
dng PCM c m ho v ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian (TDM). Mt khc vi
iu ch PSK v QAM th mt vi bit c th c m ho trong mt phn t pht
n. Nh vy, mt thng s quan trng i vi cng sut sng mang s mang nng
lng cho mt bit, k hiu l Eb, V ton hc, Eb c th biu th bi biu thc:
Eb = P T.Tb
(5.1)
Trong :
Eb l nng lng ca mt bit n (J/bit);
PT l cng sut ra ca khuch i pht (W hoc J/s);
Tb l thi gian tn ti ca mt bit n (s);
Tb = 1/fb trong fb l tc bit (bit/s)
T c th vit:
P
f
T
b
J /s
;
= J / bit
bit / s
(5.2)
149
Phm Vn Ngc
V d 5.1
Cho cng sut pht ca mt trm mt t PT = 1000W. Hy xc nh nng
lng bit Eb ng vi tc truyn l 50Mbit/s.
Gii:
1
Tb =
fb
= 0,02.10 s
bit / s
50.10
Thay t vo (5.1) c:
Eb = 1000J/s.(0,02.10-6s) = 20 J
C th biu th theo n v dB:
Eb = 10lg(20.10-6) = -47 dBJ
PT = 10lg1000 = 30 dBW
Eb = Pt -10lg fb = Pt - 10lg(50.106)
= 30dBW - 77dB = -47 dBW/bit/s
hoc
= -47 dBJ
Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng, k hiu l EIRP (Equivalent

Isotropic Radiated Power) c biu th bi:
EIRP = PT . GT
Trong :
PT l cng sut pht (W);
GT l tng ch ca anten pht (khng th nguyn)
Lu rng, trong mt s ti liu k thut s dng khi nim cng sut hiu
dng tng ng, cng k hiu l EIRP v c biu th bi:
EIRP = Pvo Anten .GT
Trong :
Pvo Anten l cng sut ca b khuch i HPA c kh nng a n u vo ca
anten (W);
GT l tng ch anten pht.
150
Phm Vn Ngc
Trong thng hp c tnh ton n khong li cng sut th cng sut u vo

anten (Pvo Anten) l bng cng sut bo ho ca b khuch i cng sut HPA tr i
khong li cng sut u ra (OBO) v tn hao anten - phi (nu c).
V d 5.2.
Mt my pht trm mt t c kh nng khuch i a ra cng sut PHPA =
10kW (40 dBW); tn hao anten - phi LFTX = 3 dB; khong li cng sut cn thit
LOBO = 3 dB; tng ch anten pht l GT = 40 dB. Hy xc nh cng sut bc x ng
hng tng ng EIRP.
Gii:
EIRP = PHPA - LFTX - LOBO + GT
= 40 dBW - 3 dB - 3 dB + 40 dB = 74 dBW
Trong cc h thng viba mt t th tp m trong mt my thu hoc trong mt

thnh phn no trong my thu u c c trng chung bi thng s nhit tp
m. Trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh nhiu khi cn phi phn bit mc tp m
vi mt gia s rt nh, c th l mt phn mi hoc mt phn trm dB. C s phn
bit nh vy, l cho s tnh ton c chnh xc. Do vy, y s dng khi nim
nhit mi trng (T) v nhit tp m tng ng (Te) nh gi hiu nng
mt h thng thng tin v tinh.
Bit rng, cng sut tp m c th biu th bi biu thc:
Hoc
N = kTB
(5.4a)
T = N/kB
(5.4b)
Trong :
N l cng sut tp m ton b (W);
k l hng s Boltzman (J/oK);
B l rng di tn (Hz);
T0 l nhit ca mi trng (oK).
Nhit tp m tng ng (T) c quan h vi nhit tp m T0 theo biu thc:
=1+
T
T
151
Phm Vn Ngc
T = T0 (F - 1)
Hoc
Trong :
T l nhit tp m tng ng (oK);

F l h s tp m (khng th nguyn);
T0 l nhit ca mi trng (oK).
Nhit tp m tng ng ca ca cc my thu trong cc b pht p v tinh
thng c gi tr khong 1000 K. i vi cc my thu ca cc trm mt t th gi tr nhit
tp m tng ng c gi tr trong khong t 20 K n 1000 K.
y cn lu rng, nhit tp m tng ng l mt gi tr c tnh cht gi
thit a vo phc v tnh ton ch khng phi gi tr c o lng. Nhit tp m
tng ng c s dng khi cn biu th mt cch chnh xc hiu nng ca mt my thu
hoc mt thit b trong h thng thng tin v tinh.
Trong cc tnh ton, nhit tp m tng ng thng c biu th theo
n v dBK:
T(DBK) = 10lgT
V d, nu nhit tp m tng ng l 100K th T(dBK) = 10lg100 = 20 dBK.
Bng 5.1. So snh cc n v tp m v tham s tp m
H s tp m F
H s tp m NF
Nhit tng ng
(khng th nguyn)
(dB)
T (oK)
1,2
0,79
60
17,78
1,3
1,14
90
19,54
1,4
1,46
120
20,79
2,5
4,0
450
26,53
10,0
10,0
2700
34,31
dBK
V d 5.3:
Hy chuyn i cc h s tp m c gi tr l 4 dB v 4,1 dB sang nhit tp
m tng ng T. Cho nhit mi trng T0 = 300K
Gii:
NF1 = 4 dB F1 = 2,512
NF2 = 4,1 dB F2 = 2,57
152
Phm Vn Ngc
p dng biu thc (5.5b)

T1 = T0 (F1 - 1) = 300 (2,512 - 1)
= 453,6 K
T2 = T 0(F2 - 1) = 300 (2,57 - 1)
= 471 K
T v d trn nhn thy rng, s khc nhau v h s tp m l 0,1 dB th nhit

tp m tng ng T c s khc nhau l 17,4oK. Cng do vy vic s dng khi
nim nhit tp m tng ng cho php so snh v hiu nng tp m ca hai my
thu hoc hai thit b mt cch chnh xc hn.
C th hiu mt cch n gin, mt tp m (N0) l cng sut tp m c

chun ho vi mt rng bng tn l 1 Hz hoc ni cch khc, l cng sut tp
m hin din trong mt rng bng tn 1 Hz. Mt tp m N0 c th biu th bi
biu thc ton hc:
N0 =
N
B
kTB
B
= kT
(5.6)
Trong :
N0 l mt tp m (W/Hz); (trong nhiu trng hp ch s dng W);
N l cng sut tp m ton b (W);
B l rng di tn (Hz);
k l hng s Boltzman (oK);
T l nhit tp m tng ng (oK).
Nu biu th theo n v dB:
N0(dBW/Hz) = 10lgN - 10lgB
(5.7)
= 10lgk + 10lgT
(5.8)
V d 5.4:
Cho rng bng tn tp m l 10 MHz v cng sut tp m ton b l
0,0276pW. Hy xc nh mt tp m v nhit tp m tng ng.
Gii:
- p dng biu thc (5.6):
N0=
N
B
2, 76.1016 W
10.106 Hz
= 276.1023 W/Hz
153
Phm Vn Ngc
hoc
N0 = 10lg(276.10-23) = -205,6 dBW/Hz
- Cng theo (5.6) c:
=
N0
k
276.1023 J
1,38.1023 J/K
= 200 K
= 10lg200 = 23 dBK
Hoc c th tnh cch khc:
T = N0 - 10lgk = N0 - 10lg1,38.10-23
= -205,6dBW - (-228,6dBWK) = 23 dBK
T s mt cng sut sng mang trn tp m C/No l c tnh vi cng sut

trung bnh bng rng ca sng mang bao gm cng sut sng mang v cc bng ph
ca n. Mt tp m y l tp m nhit hin din trong rng bng tn l 1 Hz
c chun ho. T s mt sng mang trn tp m c th c vit nh l mt
hm ca nhit tp m. Biu thc ton hc ca C/No l:
C
N0
C
T
(5.9a)
Hoc biu th theo dB

C
(dB) = C( dBW ) N 0( dBW )
N0
(5.9b)
T s mt nng lng bit trn tp m Eb/N0 l mt t s quan trng nht v

thng c s dng khi nh gi mt h thng pht thanh s. T s Eb/N0 l mt
tham s rt thch hp cho vic so snh cc h thng truyn tin s c tc truyn,
phng thc iu ch hoc k thut m ho khc nhau. T s Eb/N0 c th biu th
di dng ton hc:
Eb
N0
C / f b CB
=
N / B Nf b
(5.10)
T s Eb/No thng c s dng trong vic tnh ton v nh gi hiu nng

cc h thng truyn tin s, nhng n cng rt thch hp cho vic nh gi t s mt
154
Phm Vn Ngc
cng sut sng mang trn tp m v chuyn i t s v dng Eb/No, t biu

thc (5.10) c th vit:
Eb
N0
C B
.
N fb
Tc l, t s Eb/No l tch s ca t s sng mang trn tp m (C/N) v t s

rng bng tn tp m trn tc bit (B/fo). Nu biu th theo dB:
10 2
10 3
T l li bit
10 4
10 5
10 6
BPSK, QPSK, OK-QPSK & MSK
(m ho Gray)
10 7
DE-BPSK & DE-QPSK

D-BPSK
10 9
D-QPSK
10 3
4
10
C / No
12
14
16
(dB)
Hnh 5.2 M t quan h gia xc sut li bit P(e) v t s C/N0 ng vi mt s

dng iu ch s
Nng lng bit, mt cng sut sng mang trong bng tn, tc bit l cc
tham s khng i. Mt tp m cng s l hng s nu nhit tp m tng
ng khng i. T c th nhn xt rng, vi mt cng sut sng mang, tc
bit v nhit tp m cho th t s Eb/No s gi nguyn khng i, khng quan tm
n k thut m ho, phng thc iu ch hoc rng bng tn s dng.
Vic xc nh cc tham s C/N v Eb/No c quan h vi xc sut li bit P(e)
ca h thng. Hnh 5.2 m t quan h gia xc sut li bit mong mun P(e) v t s
155
Phm Vn Ngc
C/N cc tiu c yu cu t c P(e) . T s C/N y l i vi rng

bng tn Nyquist ti thiu tnh c hai bin.
V d 5.5
Mt my pht iu ch kho dch pha nh phn ng nht BPSK v lm vic
vi tc bit l 20 Mbit/s. Xc sut li bit l P(e) = 10-4.
a/ Hy xc nh t s C/N cc tiu v l thuyt v c t s Eb/No i vi mt
rng bng tn my thu bng rng bng tn cc tiu Nyquist ly c hai bin.
b/ Hy xc nh t s C/N nu nh tp m c o mt im trc b lc
thng di vi rng di tn l gp i rng bng tn Nyquist ly c hai bin.
c/ Hy xc nh t s C/N nu nh tp m c o mt im trc b lc
thng di v rng bng tn bng ba rng bng tn Nyquist.
Gii:
a/ Vi iu ch BPSK, rng bng tn ti thiu l bng tc bit: 20 MHz.
Ta c t s ti thiu l 8,8 dB. p dng biu thc (5.9) c:
Eb
No
C B
.
N fb
Hay = 8,8 dB + 10 lg
20.10 6
20.10 6
= 8,8 dB + 0 dB = 8,8 dB
y cn ch :
- T s Eb/No cc tiu bng C/N cc tiu khi m rng bng tn tp m my
thu bng tc bit, m y i vi iu ch BPSK l cng bng rng bng tn
Nyquist. T s Eb/No ti thiu tnh c l 8,8 dB
- Vic gia tng rng bng tn tp m s c nh hng nh th no n cc
t s C/N v Eb/No cc tiu?
Cng sut sng mang bng rng l hon ton c lp vi rng bng tn tp
m. Nh vy, mt s gia tng trong bng tn gy nn mt s gia tng cng sut tp
m tng ng. V mt s gim t s C/N l t l trc tip vi s gia tng rng
bng tn tp m. Gi tr ca Eb ph thuc vo cng sut sng mang bng rng v tc
bit. Nh vy c ngh l Eb khng b tc ng bi s gia tng rng bng tn tp
m. Gi tr No l c chun ho rng bng tn l 1Hz v n cng khng b nh
156
Phm Vn Ngc
hng bi s gia tng bng tn Nyquist khng nh hng n t s Eb/No . T biu

thc (5.9) c:
Eb
No
C B
.
N fb
Hay = 8,8 dB + 10 lg
40.106
20.106
= 8,8 dB - 10lg 2 = 8,8 dB - 3 dB = 5,8 dB

c/ T s C/N ti mt im trong my thu vi rng bng tn bng ba rng
bng tn Nyquist ti thiu c gi tr l:
C
N
Eb
No
10 lg
60.10 6
20.10 6
= 8,8 dB - 10lg 3 = 4,03 dB

Cc t s C/N tnh c bng 8,8 dB; 5,8 dB v 4,03 dB ni ln rng, cc
t s C/N c th c xc nh ti ba im ring bit trong my thu c th t
c t s Eb/No ti thiu v xc sut li bt P(e) mong mun.
Bi v t s Eb/No khng c o lng trc tip m ch thng qua biu thc
tnh ton (5.9) vi t s mt cng sut sng mang bng rng trn tp m c o,
do xc nh mt cch chnh xc t s Eb/No th rng bng tn tp m ca
my thu cn phi c bit.
V d 5.6
Mt my pht c tn hiu iu ch 8-PSK v tc bit l 90 Mbit/s. Xc sut

li bit l 10-5.
a/ Hy xc nh cc t s C/N v Eb/No theo l thuyt i vi mt my thu c
rng bng tn bng rng bng tn Nyquist hai bin ti thiu.
b/ Hy xc nh cc t s C/N nu nh tp m c o mt im trc b
lc thng di vi rng bng tn gp i rng bng tn Nyquist.
c/ Hy xc nh cc t s C/N nu nh tp m c o mt im trc b
lc thng di vi rng bng tn gp i rng bng tn Nyquist.
Gii:
a/ BIt rng, iu ch 8-PSK c hiu sut rng bng tn l 3 bit/s/Hz, do

yu cu rng bng tn ti thiu s l bng 1/3 tc bit. T hnh 5.2 tnh c t
s C/N l 18,5 dB. p dng biu thc (5.9):
157
Phm Vn Ngc
Eb
30 MHz
= 18,5dB + 10 lg
No
90 Mbit/s
= 18,5 dB +(-4,8 dB) = 13,7 dB 10 lg
60.10 6
20.10 6
b/ p dng biu thc (5.9) v thay th gi tr Eb/No vo s c
C
60 MHz
= 13,7dB 10 lg
N
90 Mbit/s
= 13,7 dB - (-1,77 dB) = 15,47 dB
c/ p dng biu thc (5.9) v thay th gi tr Eb/No vo s c:
C
90 MHz
= 13,7dB 10 lg
N
90 Mbit/s
= 13,7 dB - 0 dB = 13,7 dB
T cc v d 5.5 v 5.6 nhn thy rng, cc gi tr ca t s Eb/No v C/N ch
bng nhau khi m rng di tn tp m bng tc bit. Khi m rng di tn ti
im xem xt tng th t s C/N s gim.
Khi m phng thc iu ch, tc bit, rng di tn v t s C/N ca hai
h thng pht thanh s l khc nhau th thng gp kh khn xc nh xem h
thng no c xc sut li bit thp hn.
T s tng ch (hay cn gi l li) trn nhit tp m tng ng

(G/T) l mt tham s c s dng biu th cht lng ca mt my thu v tinh
hoc my thu trm mt t. T s G/T ca mt my thu l t s ca tng ch ca
anten thu trn nhit tp m tng ng (T) a my thu. Bi v cng sut sng
mang ti im thu l rt nh cho nn trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh thng s
dng b khuch i tp m thp LNA t im cp in ca anten. Trong trng
hp ny G/T l mt t s ca tng ch anten thu cng thm h s khuch i (tng
ch) ca b khuch i LNA trn nhit tp m tng ng T. Biu thc ton hc
ca t s G/T trong trng hp ny l:
C
N
Ar + ALNA
T
Hoc biu th theo dB:
158
Phm Vn Ngc
G
(dBK -1 ) = A r(dB) + ALNA ( dB ) T( dBK )
T
(5.12)
T s G/T l mt thng s thng c s dng xc nh cc t s Eb/No

v C/N ti cc my thu ca b pht p v tinh cng nh ti cc my thu ca trm
mt t v thng c s dng khi tnh ton d tr tuyn.
V d 5.7
Mt b pht p v tinh c tng ch anten thu l 12 dB; li b khuch i

tp m thp LNA l 10 dB v nhit tp m tng ng l 26 dBK. Hy xc nh
t s G/T.
Bi gii:
p dng biu thc (5.12) c:

G
= 12 dB + 10 dB - 26 dBK = - 4 dBK -1
T
Bit rng, hiu nng ca mt h thng thng tin v tinh l c th d on

trc. Khi nh gi hiu nng ca mt h thng thng tin v tinh s th cc thng s
ca tuyn ln v ca tuyn xung c tnh ton ring r, sau tng hp li ton
tuyn nh chng 2. Hnh 5.3 m t cc tham s tnh ton trong mt h thng thng
tin v tinh in hnh, t trm mt t n trm mt t qua b pht p v tinh.
Hnh 5.3 - M t cc tham s tnh ton trong mt tuyn thng tin v tinh in hnh.
Ch thch:
159
Phm Vn Ngc
HPA: B khuch i cng sut cao

PT:
Cng sut u ra ca b khuch i (HPA)
LFTX: Tn hao truyn dn qua Phi (tng ng LFTX_ES)

Lf :
Tn hao phn nhnh/kt ni
G T:
Tng ch anten pht (tng ng GT_ES)
P0:
Cng sut bc x ton b = PT LFTX LMC - Lf
EIRP: Cng sut bc x ng hng hiu dng

LFS Tn hao ng truyn khng gian t do (ng ln hoc ng xung)
LAu, LAd:
GR :
Tng hao ng ln, ng xung trong tng kh quyn
Tng ch anten thu
G/T: T s tng ch trn nhit tp m tng ng my thu

C/N0: T s cng sut sng mang trn mt cng sut tp m
Eb/N0: T s nng lng bit trn mt cng sut tp m
C/N: T s sng mang trn cng sut tp m
Cc biu thc nu sau y c tnh cht h thng l thuyt, phn bit gia tuyn
ln v tuyn xung ca h thng thn tin v tinh c sng mang tn s n. Trong cc
biu thc cng ch nu cc tham s ch yu v tng ch, tn hao, hiu ng tp m
nhit i vi cc my pht, my thu ca trm mt t cng nh ca b pht p v
tinh.
Biu thc ca tuyn ln:
G PG
G P G
C
= T in R = T in . R
N 0 LFS LAu kT
LFS LAu k T
(5.13)
Trong cc tham s nh ch thch trong s 5.4. Cc k hiu LAu, LAd l

tn hao ni chung trong tng kh quyn i vi tuyn ln v tuyn xung do tn hiu
qu qua kh quyn b hp th. Ph thuc vo gc ngng v khong cch m sng v
tuyn i qua tng kh quyn, tnh t trm mt t n v tinh, m cc tn hao LAu, LAd
c cc gi tr khc nhau. T s G/T l tng ch ca anten thu trn nhit tp m
tng ng.
Biu th (5.13) di dng dB:
160
Phm Vn Ngc
C
GR
4 R
= 10 lg GT Pin 20 lg
+ 10 lg
N0

T
EIRP
trm mt
t
Tn hao
ng
truyn
khng gian
t do
= EIRP (dBW) - LFS (dB) +
10 lg LAu 10 lg k
G/T
v
tinh
Tn
hao
kh
quyn
(5.14)
Hng s
Boltzman
G
(dBK 1 ) - LAu (dB) - K(dBWK)
T
(5.15)
Biu thc ca tuyn xung:

G PG
G P G
C
= T in R = T in . R
N 0 LFS LAd kT LFS LAd k T
(5.16)
Biu th (5.16) di dng dB:
C
4 R
= 10 lg GT Pin 20 lg
N0

EIRP
trm mt
t
Tn hao ng
- truyn khng gian +
t do
= EIRP (dBW) - LFS (dB) +

G
10 lg R
T
G/T
v
tinh
10 lg LAd 10 lg k 5.17)
Tn
hao
kh
quyn
Hng s
Boltzman
G
(dBK 1 ) - LAd (dB) - k(dBWK) (5.18)
T
D tr tuyn (link budget) l mt bi ton thng gp trong thit k, tnh ton

cc tuyn lin lc trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh. Bng 5.2 sau y nu v d cc
thng s c tnh ton ca ba h thng thng tin v tinh in hnh. Cc s liu v
tham s ny c tnh cht gi thit lm v d ch hin nay c nhiu thay i do
cng ngh i mi v khi tnh ton cn c vo cc iu kin c th.
V d 5.8
Tnh d tr tuyn cho mt h thng thng tin v tinh (trm mt t - v tinh trm mt t) vi nhng thng s cho sau:
Tuyn ln:
161
Phm Vn Ngc
1- Cng sut ra my pht trm mt t ch bo ho l 2000W: 33 dBW

Bng 5.2: M t v d vi cc tham s gi thit ca ba h thng thng tin v tinh

&
&
'
&
&
'
"
"
&
'
"
Tuyn ln:
Cng sut pht (bo ha, dBW)
35
25
33
Tn hao li cng sut ca ES (dB)
Tn hao phi v kt ni (dB)
Tn hao kh quyn (dB)
0,6
0,4
0,6
Tng ch anten trm mt t (dB)
55
45
64
200
208
206,5
Tng ch anten thu v tinh (dB)
20
45
23,7
1000
800
800
-10
13
-5,3
Cng sut pht (bo ha, dBW)
18
20
10
Tn hao li cng sut ca ES (dB)
0,5
0,2
0,1
0,5
Tn hao kh quyn (dB)
0,8
1,4
0,4
Tng ch anten v tinh (dB)
16
44
30,8
197
206
205,6
Tng ch anten thu trm mt t (dB)
51
44
62
250
1000
270
27
14
37,7
Nhit tp m tng ng SL (K)

G/T v tinh (dBK-1)
Tuyn xung:
Nhit tp m tng ng SL (K)

G/T trm mt t (dBK-1)
2- Tn hao li cng sut trm mt t
3 dB
3- Tn hao phi v kt ni (ES)
4 dB
4- Tng ch anten pht (ES) tn s 14 GHz (15m)
64 dB
5- Tn hao kh quyn tuyn ln
0,6 dB
162
Phm Vn Ngc
6- Tn hao ng truyn khng gian t do 14 GHz 206,5 dB

7- T s G/T my thu v tinh
5,3 dBK-1
8- Tn hao phi v kt ni (SL)
0 dB
9- Tc bit
120 Mbit/s
10- Phng thc iu ch
8-PSK
Tuyn xung:
1- Cng sut ra b pht p bo ha
10 dBW
2- Tn hao li cng sut (SL)
0,1 dB
3- Tn hao phi v kt ni (ES)
0,5 dB
4- Tng ch anten pht v tinh 12 GHz (0,37m)
30,8 dB
5- Tn hao kh quyn tuyn xung
0,4 dB
6- Tn hao ng truyn khng gian t do 12 GHz 205,6 dB

7- Tng ch anten thu trm mt t (15m, 12 GHz)
62,0 dB
8- Tn hao phi v kt ni
0 dB
9- Nhit tp m tng ng trm mt t
270K
10- T s G/T trm mt t
37,7 dBK-1
11- Tc bit
120 Mbit/s
12- Phng thc iu ch
8-PSK
Gii:
D liu tuyn ln:

EIRP (trm mt t) = PT + GT - LMC - LFTX
= 33 dBW + 64 dB - 3 dB - 4 dB = 90 dBW
Mt cng sut sng mang ti v tinh l:
C' = EIRP (trm mt t - LFS - LAu)
= 90 dBW - 206,5 dB - 0,6 dB = -117,1 dBW
T s C/No ti v tinh l:
C
C
1 C
=
= .
N 0 kT k T
trong :
C
G
= C '.
T
T
163
Phm Vn Ngc
Nh vy:
C
G 1
= C '. .
N0
T k
Biu th theo dB:

C
G
= C '. 10 lg(1,38.1023 )
N0
T
= -117,1 dBW + (-5,3 dBK-1) - (-228,6 dBWK)

= 106,2 dB
T s Eb/No s l:
Eb C / f b C
=
=
10 lg f b
No
No
No
= 106,2 dB - 10lg(120.106) = 25,4 dB
Nh vy, i vi mt h thng c rng di tn cc tiu:
C Eb B
40.106
=
= 25,4 10 lg
= 30,2 dB
N N o fb
120.106
D tr tuyn xung:
EIRP (b pht p v tinh) = PT + GT - LMC - LFTX
= 10 dBW + 30.8 dB - 0,1 dB - 0,5 dB
= 40,2 dBW
Mt cng sut sng mang ti anten trm mt t:
C' = EIRP - LFS - LAd
= 40,2 dBW - 205,6 dB - 0,4 dB = -165,8 dBW
T s C/No ti my thu trm mt t:
C
G
= C '+ 10 lg(1,38.1023 )
N0
T
= -165,8 dBW + (37,7 dBK-1) - (-228,6 dBWK)

= 100,5 dB
C th tnh t s C/No theo phng php khc:
164
Phm Vn Ngc
C
= C '+ GR T k
No
= -165,8 dBW + 62 dB - 10lg270 - (-228,6 dBWK)

= -165,8 dBW + 62 dB - 24,3 dBK-1 + 228,6 dBWK
= 100,5 dB. Kt qu cho ging nhau.
Eb
C
=
10 lg f b
No No
= 100,5 dB - 10lg(120.106) = 100,5 dB - 80,8 dB = 19,7 dB
i vi mt h thng c rng bng tn cc tiu s c:
C Eb B
40.10 6
= 19,7 10 lg
= 24,5 dB
N No fb
120.10 6
Nu tnh t s mt nng lng bit trn tp m mt cch y , tng hp c
tuyn ln v tuyn xung th c th biu th theo biu thc ton hc v tnh ton nh
sau:
Eb
( Eb / N 0 )u .( Eb / N 0 ) d
(ton b) =
( Eb / N 0 )u + ( Eb / N 0 ) d
No
Trong cc t s (Eb/No) l cc gi tr tuyt i, v theo v d trn th t s
Eb/No ton b s l:
(346,6).(93,3)
Eb
(ton b) =
= 73,5
(346,7 + 93,3)
No
= 10lg73,5 = 18,7 dB
Cc thng s s dng trong tnh ton d tr tuyn v d 10.8 trn l ly h
thng C trong bng v d 5.2 hnh 5.5 m t tng ch ca anten theo ng knh
(ming parabol) v hnh 5.6 m t tn hao ng truyn trong khng gian t do theo
khong cch c th s dng tham kho trong cc tnh ton tuyn.
165
Phm Vn Ngc
0,3
10
30
100
10 x 106
70
ns
T Hz )
(G100
60
tng ch anten
(dB)
50
,25
14
,7
11
60
40
1 x 10
100 x 10
10 x 10 3
40
30
1 x 10
20
100
Hiu sut anten = 55 %
10
10
1
0,1
0,3
10
30
ng knh (m)
Hnh 5.4 th biu th quan h gia tng ch ca anten v ng knh ca anten

theo biu thc A(dB) = 10lg(D/2) trong :
D: ng knh anten; : bc sng; : hiu sut anten (=0,55)
Nu = 100% th cng thm 2,66 dB
166
Phm Vn Ngc
Mt v tinh hot ng tn s ng ln l 14 GHz v khong cch 38000 km so

vi trm mt t, cng sut u ra b khuch i cng sut cao ti anten l 1000 w,
Anten trm mt t c h s khuych i l 17dB theo hng pht ti v tinh. Tm
cng sut nhn c ti u ra ca anten thu trn v tinh hng ti trm mt t pht,
bit anten trn v tinh l anten parabol din tch b mt l 10 m2 , hiu sut anten l
60%.
Mt v tinh hot ng tn s ng ln l 13.6 GHz v khong cch 36000 km so

vi trm mt t, cng sut ra b khuch i cng sut cao ti anten l 2000 w, Anten
trm mt t c h s khuych i l 32.3 dBi theo hng pht ti v tinh. bit anten
thu trn v tinh c h s tng ch theo hng cc i l 25dBi, vi rng bp sng
3dB l 20 vi anten thu trn v tinh thu lch trc so vi anten pht trm mt t l 10
tm cng sut nhn c ti u ra anten thu trn v tinh.
Mt h thng thng tin v tinh hot ng ng xung vi tn s 4GHz vi tng

ch ca anten l 40dB, v nhit tp m u vo ca anten l 300 K v kt ni vi
u vo my thu c suy hao l 1dB. Ti im u ni c nhit l Tin:
Tin = 50K
GRF = 23dB l h s khuych i b khuych i tp m thp
TRF = 150K
Gm = 0dB l h s khuych i ca b chuyn i tn s sng mang.
GIF = 30dB l h s khuych i ca b khuych i trung tn my

Tm = 500K
thu. Suy hao u ni ti cc b l khng ng k coi bng 0, TIF = 1000K
Tnh tng nhit tp m ca ton b h thng thu ca trm mt t (T)
Tnh h s phm cht ca anten thu (G/T)
167
Phm Vn Ngc
Mt v tinh hot ng vi sng mang tn s 11.7GHz, v tinh v tr qu o ng

b a tnh. Bp sng pht vi cng sut li ra b khuch i cng sut pht trn v
tinh l 200W anten hng ti trm mt t vi h s tng ch l 18.9dBi. Ti trm
mt t thu c s dng anten parabol thu, pht tn hiu c ng knh 11m vi
hiu sut ca anten l 55% tnh? Vi mt mt trn ng truyn l 205dB
A, Cng sut pht x ng hng tng ng ca v tinh [dBW, dBm]
B, Tnh h s tng ch ca anten thu trm mt t [dBi]
C, Tnh cng sut tn hiu nhn c ti u ra ca anten thu ti trm mt t [W,
dBW]

b a tnh cch trm mt t 36800km, Bp sng pht vi cng sut li ra l 300W
anten hng ti trm mt t vi h sng tng ch l 19 dBi. Ti trm mt t thu c
s dng anten parabol c h s tng ch cc i hng ti v tinh thu l 50 dBi, ngoi
suy hao trong khng gian t do cn c nh hng ca ma v vt chn ca anten
thm vo gy ra suy hao thm vo tng cng trn ng truyn l 4 dB.
A, Cng sut pht x ng hng tng ng ca v tinh [dBW, dBm]
B, Tnh mt mt trn ng truyn [dB]
C, Tnh cng sut tn hiu nhn c ti u ra ca anten thu ti mt t [dBW, dBm]

Mt v tinh s dng bng Ku vi ng rng di thng hp cho php truyn thng

gia cc trm mt t c nh, cc thng s c a ra trong bng sau:
Tn s (GHz)
14
11
rng bp sng (0)
Hiu sut anten (%)
60
60
Tng cng sut u vo anten cc

i vi ch hot ng n
sng mang (dB)
Nhit tp m u vo h thng 300
400
168
Phm Vn Ngc
(K)
H s khuych i, rng di
thng (MHz)
chnh xc (0)
36
0.5
Khong cch ti v tinh (km)
39000
Suy hao mt mt do ng truyn 206

(dB)
204
A, Tm G/T ca trm mt t vi v tinh v tr bin ca vng ph sng ca anten

trm mt t..
B, Tm h s khuych tng ch cc i ca anten pht trn v tinh, EIRP pht ca
trm v tinh, coi v tinh pht hng thng ti trm mt t thu.
Cc thuc tnh ca mt h thng dch v s trn v tinh c a ra vi cc thng s

nh sau:
Tn s 14.9 GHz ng ln v 11.3 GHz ng xung
Anten parabol: rng bp sng 3dB l 1.50 cho ng ln v ng xung
Hiu sut anten l 60%
Cng sut u ra bo ha b ghp sng l 20W

H s khuych i cng sut cao mc bo ha l: 40dB
rng bng thng ca b tch sng, khuych i cng sut cao l 36MHz
Phn mt mt 14.9 GHz trong ng truyn l 208dB
Phn mt mt 11.3 GHz trong ng truyn l 206dB
169
Phm Vn Ngc
Cc thng s trm mt t c cho di y:

ng knh anten 3m
Hiu sut ca anten l 65% tn s 11.3GHz v 60% tn s 14.9GHz
Mt mt ng dn sng gia anten v b khuych i tp m thp LNA l 1dB.
B khuch i tp m thp c h s khuch i l 30dB
rng bng trung tn IF l 36MHz, hng s Boltzman = 1.379x10-23 W/HzK
A, Cho mt trm mt t v tr nh im ca khu vc hi t ca anten v tinh. Tnh
ton cng sut pht ca v tinh yu cu trng thi bo ha ca b tip sng khuych
i u ra.
B, Tm yu cu G/T ca trm mt t c (C/N) = 18dB ti b khuych i IF trm
mt t.
Mt khu vc h thng thng tin v tinh s dng di tn 6/4 GHz c cc thng s nh

di y:
V tinh:
H s tng ch b chuyn tip thay i trong di 80 100dB
Di thng b chuyn tip 36MHz
Cng sut u ra ln nht b chuyn tip l 6.3W
Tng ch anten thu (6GHz) l 22dBi
Anten pht (4GHz) l 20dBi
Trm mt t:
Tng ch anten thu (4GHz) l 46dBi
Anten pht (6GHz) l 51.3dB
Nhit tp m h thng (phn thu) l 500K
Phn mt mt ng ln l 200dB
Phn mt mt ng xung l 196dB.
C 4 trm mt t ging nhau chia s cng mt b chuyn tip s dng k thut
FDMA. Vi vic cp php dung lng knh nh sau:
170
Phm Vn Ngc
Trm 1 v 2: c 132 knh/10 MHz v trm 3, 4: c 24 knh/5MHz rng di

thng
Trong kiu FDMA b chuyn tip c hot ng vi li u ra (OBO) l
5dB b iu ch hot ng chnh xc. Hng s Boltzman = 1.379x10-23 W/HzK
A, Tm cng sut pht yu cu mi mt trm mt t, nu h s khuych i ca b
chuyn tip l 90dB. Ti u ra ca b chuyn tip l 6.3dB
B, Tnh C/N0 ca mt trm mt t v tr trm mt t nhn c ti u vo my
thu, bit trm mt t ti v tr ng bao 3dB ca bp sng anten pht v tinh. Vi
cng sut u vo anten pht v tinh l 20dBW, v anten trm mt t thu hng trc
ti anten pht trm mt t.
Mt v tinh pht truyn hnh vi iu ch tn s trong rng bng l 36MHz vi

sng mang c EIRP l 34dBW. Vi khong cch t v tiinh ti trm mt t l
39500km v tn s trung tm (tn s sng mang) l 3700MHz. Ti trm mt t thu
c cc thng s nh sau:
ng knh anten l 6m (vi hiu sut anten l 65%), nhit tp m ti anten l
90K
Nhit tp m ca thit b nhn l 170K b qua s mt mt ca ng dn sng
mang. Hng s Boltzman = 1.379x10-23 W/HzK
Xc nh t s C/N [dB] ti trm mt t thu [dB, dBm]
Mt thit b nhn hot ng tn s 3800MHz c ch ra trong s khi di y.

Tnh G/T [dBK-1] ti vo (ti) u vo ca anten:
Mt h thng v tinh hot ng ng xung lm vic vi tn s 12GHz c cc

thng s sau:
171
Phm Vn Ngc
Cng sut u ra ca b khuych i cng sut cao trn v tinh l 800W, suy hao u
ni gia b khuych i cng sut cao v anten pht trn v tinh l 1.4 dB. Anten
pht v tinh l anten parabol c h s tng ch l 24dBi v c rng bp sng -3dB
l 2.50, anten pht lch trc so vi hng anten thu trm mt t l 1.250. Khong
cch t v tinh ti trm mt t thu l 38500km.
Ti trm mt t thu c cc thng s nh sau: Vi anten thu l anten parabol c
ng knh anten l 6m v lch trc so vi anten pht v tinh l 0.050 . Hiu sut ca
anten thu v anten pht l 60%, h thng hot ng di tri ma vi mc suy hao l
1.5dB, nhit tp m h thng thu trm mt t l 3500K.
Tnh C/N0 ca trm mt t thu ti u ra anten thu trm mt t, bit hng s
Bolksman l 1.38x10-23J/K
Mt h thng v tinh hot ng ng ln lm vic vi tn s 13.8 GHz, bng tn

truyn trn knh v tinh c rng bng thng l 72MHz c cc thng s nh sau:
Cng sut u ra ca b khuych i cng sut cao ti trm mt t l 2KW, suy hao
u ni gia b khuych i cng sut cao v anten pht ti trm mt t l 1.1 dB.
Anten pht trm mt t l anten parabol c ng knh 15m, anten thu v tinh ra
bp sng ca anten pht trm mt t. Vi v tinh s dng Anten thu l anten parabol
c h s tng ch l 20dBi v hng thng ti anten pht trm mt t.
Khong cch t trm mt t pht ti v tinh l 39000km
Hiu sut ca anten thu v anten pht l 60%, h thng hot ng di tri ma vi
mc suy hao l 2.2dB, nhit tp m h thng v tinh thu l 4500K
Tnh C/N ca v tinh thu c ti u ra anten thu v tinh. Bit hng s Bolksman l
1.38x10-23J/K.
Mt h thng thng tin v tinh gm c mt v tinh ng b qu o a tnh vi v tr

kinh 300 ty v mt trm mt t v tr kinh 300 ty v v l 450 bc. V
tinh cch tm tri t l 42000km, bn knh tri t l 6400km
Trm mt t pht vi cng sut b khuych i pht l 3000W, anten pht trm mt
t hng thng ti v tinh c h s tng ch l 55dBi. Mt mt do ng dn sng gia
b khuych i pht v anten pht l 0.7dB. Sng mang truyn trn ng ln vi tn
s l 14GHz
Tnh mt thng lng cng sut nhn c ti u vo anten thu trn v tinh.
172
Phm Vn Ngc
Mt h thng v tinh gm hai trm mt t v mt v tinh chuyn tip tch cc hot

ng vi mt sng mang nh sau:
Ti v tinh c cng sut ca b khuych i pht 600W, anten pht v tinh hng
thng ti trm mt t c h s tng ch l 26dBi. Mt mt do ng dn sng gia b
khuych i pht v anten pht trn v tinh l 1dB.
Suy hao ng xung l 204dB ti tn s sng mang l 11GHz
Ti trm mt t thu s dng anten thu l anten parabol c ng knh l 8m, v tinh
nm ti bin ca bp sng thu ca anten trm mt t thu. Sau khi thu c tn hiu
t anten thu tn hiu c a ti b khuych i tp m thp vi h s khuych i
l 22dB v suy hao ng dn sng gia anten thu v b khuyc i tp m thp l 1dB.
Khi tn hiu c cho qua b khuych i tp m thp c a n b i tn c h
s khuych i l 0dB v suy hao kt ni gia b khuych i tp m thp v b i
tn l 0dB. Hiu sut ca anten trm mt t l 60%
Tnh cng sut tn hiu ra ca b i tn.
Vi nhit tp m h thng l 8000K, Tnh t s cng sut tn hiu trn nhit tp m h
thng thu ti u vo my thu (C/T)

b a truyn trn ng xung t v tinh ti trm mt t vi tng suy hao trn
ng truyn v khng gian t do l 206.6dB, bp sng anten pht trn v tinh vi
cng sut li ra l 300W anten pht v tinh hng ti anten thu trm mt t vi h
s tng ch l 18.9dBi. Ti trm mt t thu c s dng anten parabol thu, pht tn
hiu c ng knh 5m vi hiu sut ca anten l 60%. Vi tng nhit tp m h
thng thu trm mt t l 850K hy xc nh:
A, H s phm cht ca anten thu (G/T) ca trm mt t [dBK-1]
B, Cng sut tp m nhn c vi rng bng thng ca tn hiu l 36MHz, [W,
dBm]
C, Tnh t s C/N ca h thng thu ng xung vi bng thng ca tn hiu l 36
MHz [dB]. Hng s Boltzman = 1.379x10-23W/HzK

V tinh INTELSAT V hot ng tn s ng ln 14GHz h thng thu pht cc

bp sng m pha ty c h s G/T cho phn thu l 3.3 dBK-1 vi cng sut u vo
173
Phm Vn Ngc
anten pht trm mt t l 30dBW. Phn truyn ca b pht lp cho ra anten pht v
tinh c EIRP l 44.4 dBW. rng di thng l 72MHz, tn s trung tm ca sng
mang ng xung l 12 GHz cho ng xung. V tinh s dng di thng c tuyn
l 72 MHz gia 2 trm mt t, suy hao ng ln l 206dB, v ng xung l 204
dB. Anten trm mt t pht s dng anten parabol c ng knh 9m, anten trm
mt t thu c h s tng ch l 35dBi v trm mt t thu c nhit tp m tng cng
l 320K, c hai anten trm mt t c hiu sut l 60%. Hng s Boltzman =
1.379x10-23 W/HzK
A, EIRP cho ng ln, W, dBW
B, T s C/N cho ng ln dB
C, T s C/N cho ng xung dB
D, C/N cho ton tuyn
Mt v tinh hot ng tn s ng ln 14GHz h thng nhp bp sng m c h

s G/T cho phn thu l 6 dBK-1. Cng sut u vo anten pht trm mt t l
20dBW. Phn truyn ca b pht lp cho ra anten pht v tinh c EIRP l 40 dBW.
rng di thng l 36MHz, tn s trung tm ca sng mang ng xung l
11GHz cho ng xung. V tinh s dng di thng c tuyn l 36MHz gia 2 trm
mt t. C hai ng ln v ng xung c khong cch l 39000 km t trm mt
t ti v tinh. Anten thu pht trm mt t c h s tng ch l 46dB, trm mt t
thu s dng anten parabol c ng knh 6 m v trm mt t thu c nhit tp m
tng cng l 400 K, c hai anten trm mt t c hiu sut l 60%, hng s Boltzman
= 1.379x10-23 W/HzK
A, EIRP cho ng ln, W, dBW
B, T s C/N cho ng ln dB
C, T s C/N cho ng xung dB
D, C/N cho ton tuyn
Mt h thng thng tin v tinh gm c mt v tinh ng b qu o a tnh c v tr

kinh 450 ty v mt trm mt t v tr kinh 150 ty v v l 450 bc. V
tinh cch tm tri t l 42000 km, bn knh tri t l 6400 km
Trm mt t pht vi cng sut b khuych i pht l 1500W, anten pht trm mt
t hng thng ti v tinh c h s tng ch l 56dBi. Mt mt do ng dn sng gia
174
Phm Vn Ngc
b khuych i pht v anten pht trm mt t l 1.3dB. Sng mang truyn trn
ng ln vi tn s l 14GHz. Anten pht ra bp sng ca anten thu v tinh, anten
thu v tinh c h sng tng ch l 28dBi
Tnh cng sut nhn c ti u ra ca anten thu trn v tinh.
Mt h thng v tinh hot ng ng xung lm vic vi tn s 11.6 GHz ti

rng bng tn l 18 MHz c cc thng s nh sau:
Cng sut u ra ca b khuych i cng sut cao trn v tinh l 900W, suy hao u
ni gia b khuych i cng sut cao v anten pht trn v tinh l 1.5dB. Anten pht
v tinh c h s tng ch l 24dBi v c rng bp sng l -3dB l 30. Khong cch
t v tinh ti trm mt t thu l 38500 km.
Ti trm mt t thu tn hiu v v tinh c cc thng s nh sau: Vi anten thu l
anten parabol c ng knh anten l 7m v anten thu lch trc so vi anten pht v
tinh l 0.080. Hiu sut ca anten thu v anten pht l 50%, h thng hot ng di
mt tri ma vi mc suy hao l 2dB, nhit tp m h thng l 4500K
Tnh t s C/N ca trm mt t thu, bit hng s Boltzman l 1.38x10-23 J/K
Mt h thng v tinh ng xung c tn s 4 GHz cc thng s nh sau:

Anten thu l anten parabol c rng bp sng na cng sut l 20, hiu sut ca
anten l 55%
TA = 50k
GLNA = 20dB
TLNA = 50
GT = -1dB
TT = 500K GK = 30dB
TK = 1000K. Suy hao u ni gia b khuych i tp m thp v b i tm l
1dB. Suy hao u ni gia b i tn v b khuych i ti trung tn l 0dB. Nhit
mi trng xung quanh ng dn sng v cc thit b thu l 290K
Suy hao u ni gia anten v my thu l 1dB
Tnh h s phm cht ca anten thu?
175
Phm Vn Ngc
Cc thuc tnh ca mt h thng dch v s a ra trn v tinh vi cc thng s nh

sau: Vi mt v tinh ch gm c mt anten thu, mt b i tn, mt b khuych i
cng sut cao v mt anten pht.
H thng hot ng tn s 14GHz cho ng ln v 11GHz cho ng xung
Anten s dng trn v tinh l anten parabol, vi h s tng ch l 30dBi cho ng
ln v 28dBi cho ng xung.
Cng sut bo ha b khuych i cng sut cao trn v tinh l 1000W khi hot ng
n sng mang, v li u ra ca b khuych i khi hot ng a sng mang l
3dB
Nhit tp m u vo h thng v tinh l 500K
H s khuch i b khuch i cng sut cao trn v tinh trong min tuyn tnh l
100 dB khi hot ng n sng mang
Phn mt mt cho ng ln l 208dB v ng xung l 205dB
H s khuch i ca b i tn l -1dB
Cc thng s trm mt t nh sau:
Vi anten parabol c ng knh 6m
Hiu sut ca anten l 60% cho ng ln tn s 14GHz
Mt mt gia ng dn sng gia li ra b khuch i cng sut cao v anten
pht ti trm mt t l 2dB
Tnh cng sut li ra ca b khuch i cng sut cao ti trm mt t pht hot ng
trong mi trng a sng mang cng sut li ra trn v tinh bt u chuyn sang
trng thi hot ng trong min ph tuyn a sng mang.
Mt h thng v tinh ng xung c tn s 11.5 GHz cc thng s nh sau:

Cng sut pht u ra b khuych i cng sut cao trn v tinh l 600W, suy hao
u ni gia b khuych i cng sut cao v anten pht l 0.2 dB. Vi anten pht c
h sng tng ch l 23dB v c rng bp sng 3dB, anten pht hng lch so vi
anten thu l 10. Vi khong cch t trm v tinh ti trm mt t l 39500km. Ti
trm mt t thu c cc thng s nh sau: ng knh anten thu l 15m v hng
lch trc so vi anten pht v tinh l 0.050. Hiu sut ca c anten thu v pht l 60%.
Suy hao u ni gia anten v my thu l 0.5dB. Nhit tp m h thng thu trm mt
t l 800K. Hng s Boltzman = 1.38x10-23J/K
176
Phm Vn Ngc
Tnh t s cng sut tn hiu thu c trn nhit tm m h thng thu ca trm mt
t thu c ti u vo my thu trm mt t.
M t cu hnh mt trm mt t in hnh.
Gii thch chc nng cc phn h trong cu trc trm mt t: Anten-phi ,

thu, pht, khp knh v giao din, bm v tinh v iu khin.

M t cu hnh, nguyn l thu pht sng v th phng hng ca anten
parabol.
M t cu hnh, nguyn l thu pht sng v th phng hng ca anten
Cassegrain.

So snh u nhc im ca anten parabol v anten Cassegrain.
Mt anten parabol c ng knh ming parabol D = 4 m; cng sut ca b

chiu x l 10W; tn s cng tc f = 6 GHz; hiu sut = 0,55; hiu sut khu (ch
thu) AR = 0,55. Hy xc nh:

a, rng bp sng chnh.

b, H s tng ch ch pht.
c, H s tng ch ch thu.
d, Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng EIRP.
: nh ngha v biu th bng hnh v gc ngng v gc phng v ca mt
anten trm mt t.

M t mt anten trm mt t c sa dng h thng bm v tinh.

M t s khi chc nng ca phn h tn s v tuyn trm mt t.

M t s khi chc nng phn pht trm mt t.
Gii thch cu to nguyn l hot ng ca b khuch i cng sut dng n

in t klystron.

Gii thch cu to nguyn l hot ng ca b khuch i cng sut dng n

sng chy TWT.

177
Phm Vn Ngc
Gii thch ngha ca vic li cng sut u vo (IBO) v u ra (OBO)

ca b khuch i cng sut cao (HPA).

Mt h thng thng tin v tinh lm vic tn s 14 GHz cho tuyn ln v 12
GHz cho tuyn xung; xc sut li bit truyn l P(e) = 10-6 ; phng thc iu ch l
8-PSK; tc truyn l 80Mbit/s; nhit tp m tng ng ca my thu l 350
K; rng bng tn tp m bng tn Nyquist ti thiu.
Hy xc nh cc thng s sau:
a, T s C/N l thuyt ti thiu.
b, T s Eb/N0 l thuyt ti thiu.
c, Mt tp m, tp m u vo my thu.
d, Cng sut sng mang ti thiu u vo my thu.
e, Nng lng/bit ti u vo my thu.
Mt h thng thng tin v tinh c cc thng s:

- Tn s tuyn ln: fu = 6 GHz;
- Tn s tuyn xung: fD = 4 GHz;
- Xc xut li bt: P(e) = 10-5;
- Phng thc iu ch: 4-PSK;
- Tc truyn 80 Mbit/s;
- Nhit tp m tng ng ca my thu: T = 120 K;
- rng bng tn tp m bng tn bng tn s Nyquist ti thiu.
Hy xc nh:
a, T s C/N ti mt im trong my thu trc b lc thng di BPF vi
rng di tn bng hai tn s Nuquist cc tiu.
b, T s C/N ti mt im trong my thu trc b lc thng di c rng di
tn bng ba tn s Nyquist ti thiu.
: Trong hai h thng vi cc tham s o sau y, hy xc nh h thng no c
t l li bt BER tt hn:

a, QPSK; C/N = 16 dB; B = 2 fN ; fb = 40 Mbit/s.

b, 8-PSK; C/N = 18 dB; B = fN ; fb = 60 Mbit/s.
178
Phm Vn Ngc
Mt my pht ca mt trm mt t c cng sut ra ca b khuch i cng

sut HPA bo ho l 12 kW; khong li cng sut OBO l 4 dB; tn hao kt ni l
1,5 dB; tn hao phi l 3 dB; tng ch anten l 38 dB. Hy xc nh gi tr ca cng

sut bc x v cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng EIRP.

:. Xc nh cng sut tp m ton b ca mt my thu c rng di tn u
vo l 40 MHz v nhit tp m tng ng l 800 K.

Xc nh mt tp m theo cc thng s cho bi 18.
Xc nh t s C/N yu cu ti thiu c th t c xc sut li bt P(e) =

10 ca tn hiu c truyn i vi mt my thu QPSK, c rng di tn bng tn
s Nyquist ti thiu.

-6
Xc nh t s mt nng lng bt trn tp m ( Eb/N0) khi cng sut u

vo my thu l -85 dBW, nhit tp m u vo my thu l 400 K v tc truyn
l 50 Mbit/s.

Xc nh t s mt cng sut sng mang trn tp m (C/N0) i vi mt
my thu c cng sut sng mang u vo l -80 dBW, nhit tp m tng ng

l 240 K v rng di tn l 10 MHz.

Xc nh t s C/N ti thiu i vi mt h thng PQSK vi tc truyn l
80 Mbit/s, t s nng lng bit trn tp m l 16 dB, rng di tn bng tn s

Nyquist.
Mt my thu trm mt t c nhit tp m tng ng l 400 K, rng
bng tn tp m l 30 MHz, tng ch anten thu l 44 dB, tn s sng mang l 12 GHz.

Hy xc nh cc thng s: G/Te; N0 v N.
Mt v tinh c t s Eb/N0 ca tuyn ln l 16 dB
Eb/N0 ca tuyn xung
l 13 dB. Hy xc nh t s Eb/N0 ca ton tuyn ln v xung.
Xc nh d tr tuyn vi cc thng s cho sau y:
Cc thng s tuyn ln:

1. Cng sut ra ca trm mt t bo ho: 12 kW;
2. Khong li cng sut: 4 dB;
3. Tn hao phi v kt ni: 2 dB;
4. Anten parabol trm mt t: D = 10 m; f = 14 GHz
5. Tn hao khng gian t do f = 14 GHz;
179
Phm Vn Ngc
6. Tn hao kh quyn: 1 dB;

7. B pht p v tinh c: G/Te = -3 dB;
8. Tc truyn 80 Mbit/s;
9. iu ch tn hiu: 4-PSK;
Cc thng s tuyn xung:
1. Cng sut ra ca b pht p bo ho: 5W;
2. Anten barabol v tinh: D = 0,5 m; f = 12 GHz;
3. Tn hao li cng sut: 1 dB;
4. Tn hao khng gian t 12 GHz;
5. Tn hao kh quyn: 1 dB;
6. Anten barabol thu ca trm mt t: D = 10; f = 12 GHz;
7. Nhit tp m tng ng ca trm mt t: 300 K;
8. Tc truyn 80 Mbit/s;
9. iu ch tn hiu: 4-PSK;

M t chc nng ca b pht p t trn v tinh.

Cc thng s k thut c trng cho cc thit b vin thng t trn v tinh.
ngha ca vic s dng phn cc trc giao trong cc h thng thng tin v
tinh. Cho v d v phn b gii tn ca b pht p v tinh trong trng hp s dng

phn cc trc giao.

: M t v gii thch s khi chc nng ca b pht p v tinh n sng
bp.

Hot ng v u nhc im ca b phn knh trong b pht p v tinh.
c im ca b khuch i cng sut ca b pht p. M t cu trc v

hot ng ca b khuch i cng sut dng n sng chy TWT.

c im ca b khuch i cng sut dng transistor trong cc b pht p.
S khc nhau gia b pht p n bp sng v b pht p a bp sng. M

t vic kt ni trong v tinh a bp sng.

C nhng phng thc chuyn mch no trong b pht p a bp sng. M
t cu trc v hot ng ca ma trn chuyn mch trong b pht p a bp sng.
180
Phm Vn Ngc
M t cu trc s khi chc nng v hot ng ca b pht p ti sinh.

So snh vi b pht p trong sut ( khng ti sinh ).

Cho v d v mt h thng thng tin v tinh c s dng b pht p ti sinh.
M t cu trc v hot ng ca b chuyn mch tn hiu bng c s loi thi

gian - khng gian - thi gian (TST) trong b pht p ti sinh.

Gii thch cc khi nim v vng ph sng a l, vng ph sng hnh hc v

vng ph sng v tuyn ca mt anten v tinh.

Gii thch khi nim vng ph sng v tinh v ph sng dch v. Cho v d
trong thc t.

M t mt phng php to bp sng anten theo vng ph sng ng vi mt
a hnh dch v mong mun.

Cu trc v c im ca anten v tinh. M t v hot ng ca anten c s
dng b phn x lng hng sc bc x c hai tn s khc nhau.

M t cu trc v hot ng ca mt anten dn pha.
M t cu trc v hot ng anten c a parabol b ct bt mt phn ( loi c

mt a phn x, loi c hai a phn x ).

M t anten phn x c bc x phn cc trc giao.
So snh u nhc im ca v tinh a bp sng so vi v tinh n bp sng
So snh gi tr EIRP yu cu i vi trm mt t trong trng hp ph sng

n bp sng v ph sng a bp sng ca v tinh

So snh gi tr G/T yu cu i vi trm mt t trong hai trng hp: vng
ph sng -3dB = 1,750 v -3dB = 17,50 .

M t phng thc kt ni bng cch chuyn b pht p trong mng v tinh
a bp sng.

M t nguyn l chuyn mch t trn v tinh (SS-TDMA).
M t nguyn l kt ni mng bng phng php qut bp sng trong mng

v tinh a bp sng.
M t cc phng thc kt ni lin lc gia v tinh v v tinh (LEO-GEO,
GEO-GEO).
181
Phm Vn Ngc
Ph lc: V tinh VINASAT I

l v tinh vin thng a tnh u tin ca Vit Nam c phng

vo v tr 22h 16p ngy 18 thng 4 nm 2008 (gi UTC) (tc 5 gi 17 pht ngy 19
thng 4 nm 2008 (gi Vit Nam)). D n v tinh VINASAT-I khi ng t nm

1988 vi tng mc u t l khong hn 300 triu USD. Vit Nam tin hnh m
phn vi 27 quc gia v vng lnh th c c v tr 132 ng trn qu o a
tnh.
V tinh VINASAT-I c sn xut vi cng ngh tin tin nht, cao 4m, nng
2.600kg, c tui t 15 - 20 nm. V tinh VINASAT-I cng m bo cc ch tiu
k thut, cht lng theo chun quc t, khng gy can h nhiu n cc h thng
thng tin khc trong qu trnh khai thc. Sau mt thng o v kim tra cc h thng
trn qu o, hng Lockheed Martin s bn giao VINASAT-I cho VNPT khai thc
thng mi.
Sn sng cho khai thc Vinasat - 1, VNPT thnh lp Trung tm Thng tin
v tinh Vinasat; xy dng v lp t thit b ti hai trm iu khin v tinh ti cc
Trung tm k thut vin thng quc t H Ty, Bnh Dng, nhm m bo kim
sot v iu khin v tinh Vinasat - 1 n nh, khng gy nh hng n cc h thng
thng tin khc.
H thng trm iu khin c thit k c h s tin cy v sn sng l hn
99,9% m bo cho mc tiu iu khin v tinh VINASAT-1 hot ng n nh trn
182
Phm Vn Ngc
v tr qu o 1320 ng v cc thng s hot ng ca v tinh ng cc ch tiu.

Trm iu khin chnh c t pha bc ti tnh H Ty v trm d phng t
pha nam ti tnh Bnh Dng. Hai trm ny c thit k cho php d dng m rng
iu khin thm cc v tinh khc ca Vit Nam sau ny.

Trm iu khin Qu Dng l trm iu khin chnh, gm cc phn: h thng

thi gian thc, b m ha lnh iu khin, h thng chuyn ng bay, h thng gim
st v iu khin, h thng thng tin, h thng o to v m phng v tinh chuyn
ng, h thng m phng o xa v tinh, h thng thit b RF v h thng anten.
Ta trm iu khin:
-
Kinh : 105041E
V :

21005 N
Trm iu khin Bnh Dng l trm iu khin d phng nn mt s phn s

ch c trm in khin chnh m khng c trm d phng nhng n vn m bo
tin cy v tnh sn sng ca ton b h thng thng tin v tinh, c th gm cc
phn: h thng thi gian thc, h thng chuyn ng bay, h thng gim st v iu
khin, h thng thng tin, h thng m phng o xa v tinh, h thng thit b RF v
h thng anten.
Ta :
-
Kinh : 106037E
V :
11005 N
Trung tm NOC l mt phn khng th thiu trong h thng thng tin v tinh.
Qui m trm NOC c thit k ti u cho dung lng v tinh khai thc v cc loi
hnh dch v cung cp cho khch hng cng nh kh nng m rng khi c thm cc
v tinh.
Theo di v qun l cng sut vng ph sng ca v tinh
Tnh ton v theo di cht lng cc sng mang ca khch hng
Kim tra v gim st cc dch v cung cp cho khch hng
Trin khai vic o th dch v, h tr khch hng
Pht hin cc loi nhiu nh hng n dch v
183
Phm Vn Ngc
Cung cp dch v pht/thu hnh, dch v truyn hnh qung b n tng h gia
nh (DTH)
Cung cp cc dch v VSAT (DAMA, TDM/TDMA, PAMA)
Cung cp mng dng ring cho khch hng
V nhiu dch v khc.
Cao 4 mt, trng lng kh khong hn 2,7 tn.

Dung lng 20 b pht p (8 b bng C, 12 b bng Ku).
V tr qu o: qu o a tnh 132E (cch tri t 35768Km)
Tui th theo thit k: ti thiu 15 nm v c th ko di thm mt vi nm
ty thuc vo mc tiu hao nhin liu.
n nh v tr kinh v v : +/-0,05
S b pht p: 08 b (36 MHz/b)
ng ln (Uplink):
Tn s pht Tx: 6.425-6.725 MHz
Phn cc: Vertical, Horizontal
ng xung (Downlink):
Tn s thu Rx: 3.400-3.700 MHz
Phn cc: Horizontal (nm ngang), Vertical (thng ng)
Mt dung lng bo ha (SFD): -85 dBW/m2
Vng ph sng bao gm: Vit Nam, ng Nam , Trung Quc, Triu Tin,
n , Nht Bn v Australia.
184
Phm Vn Ngc
Vng ph sng bng C-Band ca v tinh VINASAT-1

Bng EIRP v G/T
Thnh ph
Quc gia
EIRP (dBW)
G/T (dB/K)
Ha Noi
Vietnam
44.2
-0.3
Ho Chi Minh
Vietnam
43.7
-0.2
Haiphong
Vietnam
44.2
-0.3
Danang
Vietnam
44.2
-0.2
Nhatrang
Vietnam
43.9
-0.1
Qui Nhon
Vietnam
44.0
-0.1
Hue
Vietnam
44.3
-0.1
Can Tho
Vietnam
43.5
-0.2
Nam Dinh
Vietnam
44.2
-0.2
Vinh
Vietnam
44.3
-0.1
My Tho
Vietnam
43.6
-0.2
Cam Ranh
Vietnam
43.8
-0.1
Vung Tau
Vietnam
43.6
-0.2
Cambodia
43.7
-0.1
Bangkok
Thailand
43.5
-0.2
Chiang Mai
Thailand
43.7
-0.8
Singapore
Singapore
41.1
-0.7
Alor Star
Malaysia
42.0
-0.2
Phnompenh
185
Phm Vn Ngc
Thnh ph
Quc gia
EIRP (dBW)
G/T (dB/K)
Kota Kinabalu
Malaysia
41.7
-2.1
Jakarta
Indonesia
39.0
-2.4
Medan
Indonesia
41.0
-0.7
Kupang
Indonesia
40.6
-2.6
YANGON
Myanmar
43.1
-1.1
MANILA
Philippines
41.4
-2.4
Zamboanga
Philippines
40.5
-2.6
Brunei
41.7
-1.8
Bangladesh
42.3
-1.4
Beijing
China
40.1
-1.4
Dalian
China
39.3
-2.2
Shanghai
China
39.5
-1.5
Taipei
China
40.1
-1.4
Hong Kong
China
42.9
-1.3
Kunming
China
43.7
-0.6
Calcutta
India
41.9
-1.7
New Delhi
India
39.7
-2.2
Pakistan
38.2
-3.0
Tokyo
Japan
34.9
-6.7
Osaka
Japan
35.3
-8.1
Seoul
S-Korea
37.8
-3.3
New Guinea
36.5
-9.4
Colombo
Srilanka
39.2
-3.0
Ulan-Bator
Mongolia
39.9
-3.5
Russia
36.7
-3.9
Sydney
Australia
35.2
-7.2
Melbourne
Australia
35.0
-6.4
Wellington
New Zealand
34.2
-8.3
USA
34.0
-8.6
Banda Seiri Begawan

Chittagong
Karachi
Port Moresby
Vladivostock
Honolulu
186
Phm Vn Ngc
S b pht p: 12 b (36 MHz/b)
ng ln (Uplink):
Tn s pht Tx: 13.750-14.500 MHz
Phn cc: Vertical
ng xung (Downlink):
o
Tn s thu Rx: 10.950-11.700 MHz
Phn cc: Horizontal
Mt dung lng bo ha (SFD): -90 dBW/m2
Vng ph sng bao gm: Vit Nam, Lo, Campuchia, Thi Lan v mt phn
Mianma.
Vng ph sng bng Ku-Band ca v tinh VINASAT-1

Bng EIRP v G/T bng Ku
Thnh ph
Quc gia
EIRP (dBW)
G/T (dB/K)
Hanoi
Vietnam
55
8.4
Ha Long
Vietnam
54.6
8.3
Dien Bien Phu
Vietnam
54.9
8.3
Thanh Hoa
Vietnam
54.3
8.0
Da Nang
Vietnam
54.0
7.8
Nha Trang
Vietnam
54.0
7.9
Hochiminh City
Vietnam
54.0
7.8
Can Tho
Vietnam
54.2
8.1
Cambodia
54.0
8.2
Phnom Penh
187
Phm Vn Ngc
Thnh ph
Quc gia
Vientiane)
EIRP (dBW)
G/T (dB/K)
Laos
54.3
8.1
Bangkok
Thailand
53.9
7.7
Hoang Sa
Vietnam
48.2
0.2
Truong Sa1
Vietnam
46.7
-2.5
Truong Sa2
Vietnam
47
-1.5
Bach Long Vi
Vietnam
54.3
7.9
Sittwe
Mianma
47.5
3.6
Tanung-gyi
Mianma
52.4
6.0
Yangon
Mianma
51.2
5.2
Pattani
Thailand
47.2
1.0
Phuket
Thailand
49.5
5.2
Louang Namthon
Thailand
54.5
8.3
Kinh doanh dch v trn v tinh VINASAT-1

Cung cp n khch hng trn b pht p

trn bng tn v tinh hoc thu l dung lng s dng cho cc mc ch kinh doanh
hoc phc v cng ch.

i tng l cc khch hng ang s hu v khai thc trm mt t.
Hnh thc phc v: K hp ng s dng dch v di hn
L cc dch v do Trung tm Vinasat cung cp bao gm c phn
on khng gian v phn on mt t.
- Knh thu ring cho cc doanh nghip-Pht hnh lu ng

- o to t xa
- Truyn hnh DTH
- Truyn hnh hi ngh
- Knh thu ring cho thng tin di ng
- Truyn d liu cho cc ngn hng
- ng truyn cho nh cung cp dch v Internet
- in thoi vng su vng xa...
s ph sng ton b lnh th Vit Nam, ngoi ra

cn ph
sng Nht Bn, min ng Trung Quc, bn o Triu Tin, n , cc nc

188
Phm Vn Ngc
ng Nam , c, bin ng v mt phn Myanma. Vinasat-1 l mt v tinh vin

thng a tnh, sau khi phng ln c th cung cp dch v ng truyn v tinh
pht trin cc dch v ng dng nh dch v thoi, truyn hnh, thng tin di ng,
truyn s liu, Internet, cc dch v o to v y t t xa, truyn tin cho ng dn trn
bin, d bo thi tit, m bo an ninh quc phng... c bit cung cp ng truyn
thng tin cho cc trng hp khn cp nh thin tai, bo lt, ng truyn cho cc
vng su, vng xa, hi o m cc phng thc truyn dn khc kh vn ti c.
V tinh VINASAT-1 c ngha rt ln vi vic ph sng vin thng, lin lc
ti mi vng su, vng xa, bin gii v hi o ca t nc, bo m an ninh quc
phng vi kh nng truyn ti thng tin, hnh nh t mi ni, khng ch trn lnh th
Vit Nam m cn trong c khu vc ng Nam .
Bn cnh , khi a vo khai thc, VINASAT- 1 s c ngha x hi rt ln,
gp phn hon thin c s h tng thng tin quc gia theo hng hin i, nng cao
an ton cho mng li vin thng, thc y v pht trin cc dch v vin thng,
cng ngh thng tin, thng mi, gii tr... cng nh cc dch v chuyn dng khc.
Ngoi ngha kinh t, vic phng v tinh Vinasat-1 cn khng nh ch quyn
ca Vit Nam trong khng gian vo nng v th ca Vit Nam trn trng quc t.
Nh , Vit nam tr thnh nc th 93 trn th gii v nc th 6 trong khu vc
ng nam c v tinh ring bay vo qu o.
189
Phm Vn Ngc

Bai Giang Thong Tin Ve Tinh

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Mt h thng truyn tin s dng b chuyn tip t trn v tinh nhn to ca

1963 AT&T Americal Telephone & Telegraph ln u tin th nghim lin lc

Vit Nam ngy 19-04-2008 phng v tinh Vinasat1 ln qu o. Ngy

Cc thit b in t t trn v tinh c th tn dng nng lng mt tri

Hnh 1.2 M t ba v tinh trn qu o a tnh ph sng ton cu

Cu trc mt h thng truyn tin v tinh gm 2 phn on: phn on khng

TT&C: Tracking Lemetry and Command

1.3.1 Phn on khng gian

Hnh 1.4 S b pht p n gin

LNA b khuch i tp m thp

V tinh trong trng hp ny ng vai tr mt trm trung chuyn tn hiu gia

Hinh 1.5 S khi chc nng trm mt t.

Vng ph sng kh rng, c th s dng 3 v tinh a tnh c th ph sng ton

Kh nng a truy cp. H thng

thoi, thm d a cht, nh v

mc ch quc phng, an ninh

Khng c nh (v tinh lun di chuyn vi v tr tng i so vi mt t vi

Hin nay cc h thng thng tin di ng v tinh lm vic nhiu bng tn

Bng 1.1 Phn nh bng tn cho cc h thng thng tin v tinh

10,7 10,95 11,2 11,45 11,7

250 250 250 250

14,5 14,8 17,3 17,8 18,1

K hoch phn nh tn s s dng trong thng tin v tinh

Cc v tinh u tin c phng ln qu o ch yu phc v th nghim.

Hinh 1.7 M t tuyn truyn hnh qung b qua v tinh

Bng tn 3.400 7.075 GHz ; y l bng tn c s dng nhiu nht so vi

tng kh quyn ca bng tn ny c ln hn so vi bng tn 2,5-2,7 GHz nhng nu

Cc v tinh a tnh c s dng cung cp cc dch v truyn tin c nh

tr m bo lin lc trong trng hp v tinh th nht gp s c. Hin nay c

Hinh 1.8 Thng tin v tinh qua mt bc nhy

H thng thng tin v tinh a tnh INMARSAT, c xy dng nm 1979 vi

1- Cc v tinh ph sng phc v cc vng ng i Ty Dng (AOR-E) v i

INMARSAT-B c a co dch v nm 1993. Vi mc ch cung cp ty

Tn hiu thoi c to ra khong 16kbit/s khi s dng m ha d on thch nghi

H thng EUTELRACS l mt h thng thng tin qun l hm i, c s

Hinh 1.9 Cu trc mng EUTELRECS

dng ti v tinh di ng chu u EMS (European Mobile Satellite) ca v tinh

Cc thit b u cui c th c phn loi thnh thit b u cui di ng,

Gi cc h thng thng tin v tinh tm thp loi nh little LEO satellite l

Hinh 1.10 Cu trc mng ORBCOMM

V tinh cng pht mt tn hiu dn ng vi tn s 400,1 MHz. ngoi tr cc

E-SAT l mt h thng v tinh tm thp loi nh gm c 6 v tinh t trn cc

H thng LEO ONE s dng mt chm v tinh 48 v tinh , b tr 6 v tinh

Nh phn tch cc phn trn, bt u t nm 1990 cc h thng thng tin

thu bao nhm mc ch cung cp cc dch v thoi cng c nhng th nghim v

Hng Motorola (M) pht trin h thng IRIDIUM vo nm 1990. Vo

mt t l 1414km. h thng GLOBALSTAR khng cung cp ph sng ton cu m

Cn li l 126 knh c ginh cho lu lng. h thng GLOBALSTAR h

Ngoi mt s h thng S-PCN s dng cc v tinh qu o tm trung MEO

thng S-PCN khc c xy dng cng vi cc v tinh c phng ln cc qu o

Trng lng phng

0.6 9.6 kbps

Thoi, Fax, Thoi, Fax, d Thoi, Fax, Thoi, Fax, d Thoi,

Ton cu gii Ton cu

Tn s ln di 1616 1626.5 1610 1625.5

Tn s xung di 1616 1626.5 2483 2500

GMSK (tuyn ln), QPSK, O-QPSK

Qu o ca hnh tinh l hnh trnh ca v tinh trong khng gian m trong

Tri t khi lng M

Hnh 1.11 - M t cc lc tc ng ln chuyn ng ca v tinh trn qu o

Cc v tinh c s dng trong vin thng c phn thnh bn dng qu o

Qu o tm thp (LEO) l cc qu o c chu o c chiu cao so vi mt

Hnh 1.12 Qu o v tinh trong khng gian