NI DUNG N TP MNG KHNG DY 1. Cc m hnh lan truyn. Bi tp lin quan.

2. Cc hiu ng lan truyn sng

3. Cc m hnh a truy cp (FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA, ALOHA, CSMA v cc bin th) a truy cp da trn khng u tranh: Gn cng: FDMA, TDMA. Gn theo yu cu: Polling, Token passing. a truy cp da trn u tranh: Lp ngu nhin: ALOHA, CSMA. Ngu nhin t ch: R-ALOHA(ko dng gi tin t ch), PRMA (dng gi tin t ch). a truy cp treo: Coding concept: CDMA. Subcarrier concept: OFDMA.

I. ALOHA:

 Pure (P) ALOHA: Pht trin vo nhng nm 1970 cho mng d liu gi bi Hawaii University. Ch mt thit b u cui c d liu cn truyn th n truyn. Bn gi s xc nhn vic truyn thnh cng khng bng cch nghe thng ip t my nhn. Nu c ng , pha gi s gi li trong thi gian ch ngu nhin. Slotted (S) ALOHA: Ci tin: Thi gian chia thnh cc khung v 1 gi tin ch c th chuyn khi bt u khung. Gim ng . II. CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access-a truy cp cm ng sng mang): Trc khi truyn mt terminal s cm nhn knh truyn xem c sng mang hay khng. Nu c sng mang, treminal ch mt thi gian truyn d liu v khng cm nhn li. Nu khng c sng mang, terminal bt u truyn. Detection delay l thi gian cn thit terminal cm nht knh truyn c ri hay khng. Propagation delay l khong cch cho mt packet i t BS n MS. Cc phin bn: CSMA/CD (CSMA vi d tm ng ) CSMA/CA (CSMA vi trnh ng ) CSMA/CA vi ACK CSMA/CA vi RTS/CTS Cc kiu CSMA: p-persistent CSMA protocols (Ch i): B1: Nu ng truyn ri, truyn vi xc sut p. B2: Nu vic truyn b hon li trong mt khung thi gian, tip tc vi bc 1. B3: Nu ng truyn bn, tip tc lng nghe cho khi ng truyn ri, n bc 1. Nonpersistent CSMA (khng ch i): Bc 1: Nu ng truyn ri th truyn ngay lp tc. Bc 2: Nu ng truyn bn, ch mt thi gian ngu nhin ri quay li bc 1. 1-persistent CSMA protocol: Bc 1: Nu ng truyn ri th truyn ngay lp tc. Bc 2: Nu ng bn, tip tc lng nghe v ch n khi ri ri truyn. CSMA/CA: Nu trm c frame truyn th lng nghe Nu ng truyn ri th truyn Nhng nu bn th ch n khi ht bn mi truyn.

 Trong CSMA/CA tch hp: DIFS: khng gian DCF gia cc frame l mt khong thi gian xc nh mt knh ri bao lu trc khi c mt knh truyn. SIFS: khong thi gian ngn gia cc frame qui ch mt khong thi gian bao lu trc khi gi ACK hoc cc thng ip phn hi khc. CSMA/CA Basic: 1. Trm tin hnh cm nhn ng truyn, nu ng truyn ri, n s ch ng truyn c ri hay khng trong thi gian DIFS, nu ng th truyn ngay lp tc. 2. Nu ht thi im m ng truyn bn th trm s hon vic truyn v tip tc theo di ng truyn cho ti khi vic truyn hin ti kt thc. 3. Nu ng truyn hin ti kt thc th trm s ch mt khong thi gian DIFS khc. 4. Nu ng truyn tip tc ri trong thi gian ny th trm s ch mt khong thi gian random trnh ng v cm nhn ng truyn. 5. Trong thi gian backoff, nu ng truyn bn th thi gian ny s tm ngng v tip tc nu ng truyn tr nn ri. 6. Nu vic truyn khng thnh cng, vic ny xc nh bng vic khng c tn hiu ACK th coi nh c ng xy ra. Tnh tin cy: Dng ACK -> four-way handshake: Ngi gi gi i cc RTS (Ready-to-send) Ngi nhn tr li vi CTS (Clear-to-send) Ngi gi gi cc gi d liu. Ngi nhn p li bng gi ACK. III. FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access): L k thut a truy cp s dng cho h thng mng t bo Phn tch bng tn ln thnh cc knh truyn nh hn. Mi knh truyn c kh nng h tr ngi dng. Guard Bands (Bng tn bo v) dng phn tch knh truyn. u im: Nu knh khng s dng n s trng thi ri. Bng thng mi knh tng i hp. Thut ton n gin v t mt quan im phn cng. Kiu tip cn hiu qu khi s lng trm nh v lu lng n nh. Vic tng cng thng lng c th lm bng cch gim tc truyn bit v dng m. Khng cn nh thi.

 Khng rng buc bng tn c s Nhc im: i hi s c mt ca bng tng bo v. i hi c b lc tn hiu radio ph hp bo m gim ng cc knh truyn ln cn. Tc truyn ti a mi knh c nh khng thay i. uyn chuyn thp. Khng khc nh k so vi h thnng Analog. IV. TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access): Ton b bng thng c ngi s dng dng trong thi gian gii hn chu k. u im: Tng thi gian ni chuyn. S dng ph hiu qu hn FDMA. H tr nhiu ngi dng hn trong mt khng gian ph so vi FDMA. Khuyt im: Vic lp lch chia ph phc tp. Chu tc ng ca hiu ng a tuyn l tiu cc ln cht lng cuc gi. Khi ngi dng chuyn qua li gia cc cell th cuc gi c th b ngt. Qu t ngi dng s dn n knh truyn ri nhiu. Chi ph cao do trang b phc tp hn. V. CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access): L cng ngh tri ph c dng lm tng hiu qu s dng ph. Dng cc m tri khc nhau v trc giao nhau, mi m gn cho tng ngi dng v nhiu ngi dng chia s chung mt tn s. u im: Nhiu ngi dng CDMA chung tn s. Tc ng xu t hiu ng a tuyn gim thiu nh bng thng dnh cho tn hiu ln. Khng c gii hn thc t v s ngi dng. Thm ngi dng d dng. Hacker khng th gii m c truyn i. Cht lng tn hiu tt hn. Khng phi chuyn giao khi chuyn cell. Vic chuyn giao trong sut vi ngi dng Khuyt im: S lng ngi dng tng th cht lng dch v gim. T gy tc nghn.

 Vn gn-xa. VI. OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access): Dng trong: DL & UL 802.16 e/m DL for LTE v LTE-A D kin cho LTE-A UL Da trn cng ngh iu ch OFDM: Rt hiu qu trong chng li hiu ng a tuyn. Rt kh chuyn trong min tn s. D dng tch hp cc cng ngh anten tin tin. C nn tng uyn chuyn thit lp h thng mng dng n tn s. C c ch nh v ti nguyn cho cc ng dng a phng tin. OFDMA=OFDM+FDMA+TDMA OFDMA Main steps: Cc bit u vo c iu ch thnh cc symbol, cc symbol nm trong min tn s ph hp. Cc symbol c nh x vo mt tp hp cc subcarrier. B chuyn i IDFT s chuyn i cc symbol vo min thi gian, sau chuyn qua knh truyn sau khi thm vo mt gi tr cyclic prefix. Hot ng IDFT c th nhn thy bng mt symbol iu ch mt subcarrier v chuyn giao cc subcarrier trong parallel. OFDM vs OFDMA: OFDMA l phin bn a ngi dng ca c ch OFDM. OFDMA dng cc sng mang con cnh nhau nhng nhm cc nhm subcarrier vo cc groups subcarrier. Mi nhm l mt subchannel. Cc sng mang con trong mt nhm khng nht thit cnh nhau. VII. Cc phn c th lin quan: 1. OFDM Overview: L mt h thng iu ch a sng mang k thut s, n dng s lng ln cc sng mang con trc giao u im: Mc s dng bng tn cao hn cng ngh c Mnh hn- khng nh hng nhiu bi hiu ng a tuyn. D tch hp cng ngh MIMO. Thit k Receiver n gin nn chi ph thp hn.

2. OFDM-TDMA:

u im: o Khng b nhiu a truy cp. o Ri rc hoc khng ri rc iu ch. o Ph hp c tnh ng truyn bnh thng o C khuyc i cao nh diversity. o Chng li estimation. o D thc hin. o Khng nhiu a truy cp trong trng hp li ng b ha. Nhc im: o Hiu xut bnh thng h thng OFDM. 3. OFDM-FDMA: u im: Khng b nhiu a truy cp. iu ch ri rc hoc khng ri rc. Ph hp c tnh ng truyn bnh thng Trnh li estimation. Yu cu bn vng trn cc tn s sng mang ng b. Nhc im: Yu cu bn vng trn cc tn s sng mang ng b ha gia nhng ngi s dng trong uplink. 4. OFDM-CDMA: u im: o Thc hin khuych i cc loi tn s. o Chng nhiu. Khuyt im: o Nhiu a truy cp. o Ch c th iu ch hp nht. o Khng thch ng vi cc knh ring bit.

4. Duplexing 5. Hidden terminal v exposed terminal problem

6. Cellular Network: cn hc c chng

nh ngha: Mng t bo l mt mng v tuyn phn tn trn cc khu vc a l c gi l cell (t bo), mi t bo c phc v bi t nht mt thit b thu pht c nh c gi l cell site hoc base station. Khi cc cell ny c c ni kt vi nhau, chng cung cp dch v v tuyn trn mt vng che ph a l rng. Cc thnh phn: MSC (Mobile Switching Center): Kt ni cc t bo vo mng din rng. Qun l vic thit lp cuc gi. X l vn di ng. Cell: Ph qua mt khu vc a l, cung cp dch v cho khu vc . BS ging vai tr 802.11 AP. Mobile user kt ni vi mng qua BS. Air-innterface: ng lin kt cc my truyn thng nhau. Cc thnh phn trong Cellular: Control channel (knh iu khin) dng chuyn giao cc thng tin iu khin chng hn nh thit lp v duy tr cuc gi. Traffic channels (knh lu thng) knh truyn d liu ting ni hay data. Nhng tng chnh ca mng cellular: o C nhiu transmiter c mc nng lng thp. o Mng chia thnh nhiu t bo: o Tm ph ti a khi lp t. o Mi cell c mt anten ca ring n. o Mi cell c vng tn s ca ring n. o c phc v bi mt trm c s ring. o Cc cell ln cn th s dng tn s khc nhau trnh hin tng xuyn m. u im mng cellular: Tng cng kh nng ca mng. Gim mc s dng nng lng. Vng che ph ln hn. Gim mc sp vi cc tn hiu khc. Cc hnh dng t bo:

 Hnh vung:

Tt c khu vc c che ph tt nhng anten li khng c khong cch u nhau. Hnh trn:

Khong cch u nhng l ra l hng hoc chng lp nhau. Hnh lc gic:

Khong cch d=R Khng chng lp hay l hng. L do dng hnh lc gic: Tim cn n m hnh trn v c cung cp bi vng ph sng mt anten ng hng. C th sp xp cnh nhau m khng to ra cc vng chng lp hoc nhng khu vc khng c che ph. M hnh thit k cho php phn tch h thng d dng. Ti sao li dng cell? Cc mng in thoi di ng ban u dng cc transmiter c cng ph sng ln che ph nhng khu vc a l rt ln. Kh nng ca mng b gii hn bi s gii hn v bng thng. Ph tn s b gii hn nn khng th tng dung lng bng cch thm knh. tng v mng t bo ra i: o Cc thit b pht c mc nng lng thp, che ph mt khu vc nh, cell. o Tn s c ti s dng.

Cell size: Macro cell: Ph sng 80,5 km. t ni khng dn c, khng b cn bi cc ta nh. C nng lng vo chc watt Micro cell: Anten c chiu cao trung bnh. Dng trong th. Dng trong khu dn c nh hn v c mt dn c va phi. Cho php ti s dng tn s tt hn. Ph sng khong 1,6 km Pico cell: Cell nh, c bn knh vi m. Dng trong nh, khi th. Femto cell: Dng trong phm vi nh. xut dng trong nh hay vn phng nh. Cung cp tn hiu di ng. y l sn phm th v nht nghin cu.

Handover v handoff: Khi nim handover: o Cc thit b di ng c th di chuyn ra khi vng ph sng ca mt cell v i vo vng ph sng ca mt cell khc. o MSC phi xc nh mt BS mi qun l cuc gi. o Vi iu quan trng trong handover: Trong sut vi ngi dng. Gim thiu c lng handover khng cn thit. C xc xut kha cuc gi trong cell mi thp. Chn la knh truyn c t l SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) tt. Cc kiu handover: o Hard handover (chuyn giao cng): Khi mobile di chuyn vo mt cell mi, n phi c gn mt knh truyn mi. Trong qu trnh chuyn giao, k truyn mi s c gn, ngt kt ni vi BS hin thi trc khi kt n vi BS mi.

o Soft handover (chuyn giao mm): S dng knh t hai hoc nhiu BS. Thm knh mi t BS ch. Tn hiu trn nhiu BS. Truyn v nhn ng thi vi nhiu BS. BS c t l SNR thp th b. Cc bc handover: 1. Khi to: trm di ng hoc tr c s nhn thy nhu cu chuyn giao v bt u qu trnh. 2. nh v ti nguyn: cc ti nguyn cn thit cho chuyn giao c xc nh. 3. Thc thi: vic chuyn giao thc t din ra v thit b dng ti nguyn mi. 4. Hon tt: ti nguyn khng cn thit c gii phng. Cc thng s quan trng handover: o SNRold c dng kch hot qu trnh chuyn giao da trn mc cht lng chp nhn c. o SNRnew tham s ca trm c s ch mun chuyn giao n.(SNRnew>SNRold). o D = SNRnew SNRold dB Nu D qu nh, vic chuyn giao khng cn thit. Nu D qu ln, c th khng thi gian chuyn giao trc khi SNRold yu v sng b mt. Ti s dng tn s: Thit k ca mng cellular: gm 2 bc chnh o Hoch nh khu vc che ph: Ngoi vng ph sng. Trong vng ph sng. o nh v knh truyn. Khi nim ti s dng tn s: o Mt cch thc hiu qu qun l ph tn s khng dy l s dng li cg tn s trong khu vc dch v cng thng xuyn cng tt. o Do Co-channel interference (CCI), chng ta khng th dng chung tn s cho cc cell ln cn. o K hoch ti s dng tn s: S dng phn phi qung tn s cho cc cell khc nhau. Cc cell ln cn gn tn s khc trnh hin tng crosstalk (xuyn m). Mc tin chnh l ti dng cc tn s trong cc cell gn nhau m khng b giao thoa vi cc cell khc

 Cc bc chnh trong ti s dng tn s: o C mt khu vc dch v gi l A, tng s tn s gi l S: Hnh thnh mt cluster cell v kch c l N cell. Tng s lng tn s S s chia thnh N nhm, mi nhm c K tn s vi K<S v S=K x N. N gi l reuse pattent (tham s ti s dng). Mi cell trong cluster s c gn mt trong s cc nhm tn s . Tt c tn s trong cluster l trc giao, khng c s ng cc cell trong cng cluster. Lp li cluster M ln cho ti kho ton b khu vc dch v A c che ph. Cc hnh mu trong ti s dng tn s: o Reuse pattern N = s lng cell trong 1 cluster m mi cell s dng bng tn khc nhau. o Reuse Distance D = khong cch ti thiu gia tm ca cc cell s dng chung bng tn (Co-channels) o R = bn knh ca mt cell. Tm tm ca mt cluster lin k: 1. Di chuyn i cell theo 1 hng bt k trong hnh lc gic. 2. Xoay 60 d ngc chiu kim ng h. 3. Di chuyn j cell

Co-channel interference Reuse Distance (D): o 2 ngi dng chung knh truyn c th cch nhau bao xa? Ph thuc vo cht lng tn hiu c chp nhn c hay khng. Khong cch gia 2 ngi dng cng ln th tn hiu cng tt. Cht lng sng: o Cht lng tn hiu ph thuc t l gia cng tn hiu mong mun vi cng i nhiu. Signal no Noise Ratio (T l tn hiu nhiu):

Techniques to Reduce CCIR:

 Phn chia cell. Phn vng cc anten Chm tia. Gn knh truyn. o Phn chia cell: Cell chia nh thnh cell nh hn, mi cell nh s c BS ca ring n. Vic phn chia cell s tng cng hiu nng h thng v vic chia cell gip tng s ln ti s dng knh. Vic phn chia cell nh ngha nhng cell mi c bn knh nh hn cell gc bng vic t cell nh trong cell hin c. Ty thuc vo tnh trng lu lng th cc cell nh hn c th m (ng nhm s dng ti nguyn hp l. Khi cc cell nh hn th mc nng lng pht cng nh hn v gim hiu ng CCI. Mt tri ca chia nh cell: Gim dung lng cell ln hn. Tng qu trnh handoff. o Phn vng cell bng vic thit k anten: Gim thiu CCI v gip bn knh R khng i. Thay th anten ng hng bng nhiu anten nh hng 7. nh v knh truyn & Mn knh truyn nh v knh truyn nh ngha cch thc 1 BS gn knh truyn cho cc MS. Mt ph radio c th s c chia thnh mt tp hp cc knh truyn khng dnh lin nhau v cc knh truyn ny c th c dng ng thi trong khi tc ng ca vic nhiu knh k cn c gim thiu bng vic nh v knh truyn hp l. I. nh v static v dynamic: C hai cch thc m nh cc knh traffic c th c nh v n cc cell khc nhau trong mt h thng mng t bo FDMA/TDMA: static dynamic. nh v static: mt con s xc nh ca cc knh c nh v n mi cell. nh v dynamic: vic gn knh truyn cho cell c thc hin ng, bng cch ly trong kho ra. II. Cc phng php nh v knh truyn: Fixed Channel Allocation (FCA). Dynamic Channel Allocation (DCA). Hybrid Channel Allocation (HCA). Fixed Channel Allocation (FCA):

 Mt tp hp cc knh truyn s c gn c nh vo cc cell trong mng.

S tp hp knh ti thiu cn c phc v ton b din tch cn che ph.

Do s thay i ln xung v mt lu lng, cc m hnh FCA thng khng kh nng duy tr cht lng dch v cao mun t c vi cc nhu cu tnh. Mt cch tip cn gii quyt vn ny l mn nhng knh truyn ri t cell hng xm. M hnh Simple Borrowing (CB): o Trong cc m hnh CB, 1 cell s dng ht cc knh truyn c gn cho mnh c th mn cc knh truyn ri t nhng cell ln cn gii quyt nhng cuc gi mi, vic mn c th c thc hin t 1 cell ln cn c s lng cn truyn ri ln nht. o Mt cch tip cn khc l mn k truyn ri u tin c tm thy thng qua vic s dng mt gii thut tm kim (m hnh borrow first available). Dynamic Channel Allocation (DCA): Trong m hnh DCA, tt c knh truyn gi kho trung tm v c gn ng cho cc cuc gi mi. Sau khi cuc gi kt thc, knh truyn tr v kho trung tm Vic chn knh truyn thch hp nht cho bt k cuc gi no phi da trn tnh hnh nh v hin ti v lu lng hin ti vi mc tiu gim thiu xung t. Phn loi m hnh DCA: o Cc m hnh tp trung v phn tn. o Tp trung DCA s dng mt thit b iu khin duy nht chn knh truyn cho cc cell: Cc m hnh DCA tp trung c th cung cp hiu nng tt nht v l thuyt. Cung cp mt thc o hu ch so snh cc m hnh DCA phn tn trn thc t. Khi lng tnh ton bng n v lu thng gia cc BS dn n vic thi gian tr vt qu mc chu ng v lm cho cc m hnh DCA tp trung khng th c hin qu trn thc t. o Cc m hnh DCA phn tn thc hin phn chia vic quyt nh ra trn ton mng. Centralized DCA: o Vi mt cuc gi mi, mt knh truyn ri t kho trung tm s c chn vi mc tiu ti a ha s thnh vin trong tp hp co-channel set. Gim thiu khong cch trung bnh gia cc cell dng chung channel. o Cc m hnh:

 First Available (FA): l m hnh n gin nht. Vi FA, knh truyn u tin c th s dng c trong khong cch ti s dng c tm thy trong qu trnh tm kim s c gn cho cuc gi chin lc FA gim thiu thi gian tnh ton h thng. Locally Optimized Dynamic Assignment (LODA): Vic la chn knh da trn kh nng b kha trong tng lai cc cell ln cn ca cell m cuc gi c tin hnh. Selection with Maximum Usage on the Reuse Ring (RING): Nu knh ng vin t lng ti a cho php, h thng s chn 1 knh khc theo m hnh FA. Mean Square (MSQ): S dng knh truyn rt gim ti a khong cch trung bnh gia cc cell dng chung channel. 1-clique: s dng tp hp th, mi th dnh cho 1 knh, th hin cu trc xung t trn ton b khu vc dch v i vi knh truyn . Khng tnh xung t cochannel. Cc m hnh Distributed DCA: o Phn tn da trn 1 ca 3 yu t: Khong cch co-channel: Mt bng d liu s xc nh cc co-channel ln cn c ang khng s dng 1 hay nhiu knh hay khng v la chn mt trong knh trng gn cho cell ang yu cu. Trong m hnh b rng buc bi knh ln cn, vic xem xt CCI, vic xung t knh xung t cng c xem xt khi la chn knh truyn mi. im gii hn ca m hnh ny l ti s dng ti a knh truyn khng thc hin c do khng xem xt n v tr MS. M hnh phn tn da trn cng tn hiu: Cc knh truyn nh v cho cuc gi mi nu gi tr CCIR vt qu mt ngng cho php. Vic ny c th dn n vic gi tr CCIR ca mt s cuc gi ang din ra gim xung v nhng cuc gi phi tm knh truyn mi tha gi tr CCIR cho php nu kho tm thy cc cuc gi b ngt ngang. Signal to Noise Interference Ratio (SNR).

So snh FCA v DCA: FCA Chy tt khi lu lng cao. Gn knh d. Ti s dng knh ti a. i. nhm cell c xung t. Kh nng ngt cuc gi cao. Ph hp vi mi trng cell ln. Tnh uyn chuyn thp. Phn b cng knh truyn vo cell. Qun l knh c lp. Yu cu tnh ton thp. Thi gian delay cuc gi thp. Thit lp h thng n gin. nhiu cng sc. Tn hiu load chm. iu khin tp trung 8. Bluetooth Overview: Bluetooth l cng gh WPAN pht trin thay th cp RS232. Bluetooth c cng nhn l chun 802.15.1 Tc trong bnh, bn cnh cn c cc chun 802.15.3 (tc cao) v 802.15.4 (tc thp). Mt v ch cht vi cc mng WPAN l kh nng lm vic chung vi cc cng ngh khng dy khc to nn mng khng dy phc hp. Trong loi mng ny, 3G, WLAN v WPAN cho php ngi dng chn loi kt ni ph hp nht. IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth): Bluetooth l chun truyn thng khng dy phm vi ngn. Chi ph thp, mc tiu th nng lng thp v khng cn cp kt ni. Tn hiu load trung bnh n cao. iu khin tp trung hoc phn tn ty m hnh. DCA Chy tt khi lu lng nh/trung bnh. nh v knh phc tp. Ti s dng knh khng lun lun t mc ti a. i. xung t. Kh nng ngt cuc gi thp n trung bnh. Ph hp vi mi trng cell nh. Tnh uyn chuyn cao. Phn b tm thi knh truyn vo cell. Qun l knh tp trung hoc phn tn ty m hnh. Yu cu tnh ton cao. Thi gian delay cuc gi t trung bnh n cao. Thit lp h thng phc tp t trung bnh n cao.

Nhy cm vi thi gian v khng gian thay Khng nhy cm vi thi gian v khng gian thay Cht lng dch v khng n nh trong mt Cht lng dch v n nh trong mt nhm cell c

Ln k hoch s dng tn s phc tp, i hi Khng ln k hoch.

 Cng ngh bluetooth c tch hp v cellphone v laptop thay th cho vic dng cp kt ni hai thit b ny. Bluetooth cung cp mt cu ton cc (universal) kt ni cc mng d liu khc. Bluetooth: Features H tr nhy tn nhanh gim xung t. Mc nng lng pht ra c th thay i nhm gim xung t. Cc gi tin d liu ngn. S dng c ch ACK nhanh gim overhead. H tr nhiu loi gi tin uyn chuyn, c phm vi ng dng ln. C ch m ha ting ni CVSD c th chu c mc li bit cao. Giao din truyn nhn c thit lp gim mc tiu th nng lng. Architecture (kin trc): Bluetooth nhy tn nhanh hn v s dng gi tin ngn hn so vi cc h thng khc hot ng trong cng bng tn. S dng c ch FCE (Forward Error Correction) gip gii thiu tm nh hng ca nhiu t nhin. Khi nhiu gia tng, hiu nng gim. Mt trong nhng thit b ng vai tr master v cc thit b khc ng vai tr slave. 9. HomeRF C hai loi mng: Home RF (cho gia nh), Hiper LAN (dnh cho doanh nghip). Mng gia nh gm kt ni internet tc cao cung cp d liu cho nhiu node mng. Vic kt ni mng ti gia cho php cc my tnh trong nh ng thi s dng mt ti khon ISP. Mng gia nh cho php 2 dng la chn: mng c dy v khng dy. Mng c dy: o Dng chun Ethernet 802.3 o Tc 10 Mbps -> 10 Gbps. o Cung cp kt ni an ton v ng tin cy, nhanh nhng chi ph i dy v lp t cao. Mng khng dy: o Dng sng in t tn s cao, c th l tia hng ngoi hoc sng radio. o Ti u cho vic di ng v kh nng uyn chuyn trong cu trc mng; n gin, kinh t v an ton; da trn cc chun cng nghip. Cng ngh HomeRF: Vi HomeRF tt c thit b c th chia s kt ni cho thoi v d liu. Cung cp nn tng cc thit b tiu dng c th tng tc nhau.

 c t h tr truyn thng khng dy ti gia c tn l Shared Wireless Access Protocol (SWAP) c pht trin.

10. Cc chun 802.11 IEEE 802.11 Standard: c cng nhn bi IEEE vo 1997. Dng bng tn ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) 2.14 GHz. Thnh thong bn nhn b nhiu t thit b nh in thoi khng dy v l vi sng (cng tn s). Mc ph sng vi chc n vi trm mt. Cc ci tin qua nhiu phin bn: IEEE 801.11 a,b,g,n. S khc bit ca cc chun ny thng c im k thut ca PHY layer. IEEE 802.11 Amendments: IEEE 802.11a: o Thng qua nm 1999. o Tc 54 Mbps o S dng bng tn UNII (Unlicansed National Information Infrastructure) 5GHz -> t xung t. o iu ch: OFDM vi 52 subcarries tri trn mt ph 20 Mhx. o Mi sng mang c iu ch bng BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, hoc 64-QAM. IEEE 802.11b: o c cng b vo thng 8/1999 bi Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance WECA( sau i thnh Wi-Fi Alliance). o Bng tn 2.4GHz tc 11Mbps. o Th trng gi l Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity). o S dng DSSS trn PHY layer. IEEE 802.11g:

o Cng b nm 2003. o Chy trn 2.4G hing IEEE 802.11b. o PHY layer c th dng DSSS hoc OFDM. o Do k tha ca cng ngh PHY t IEEE 802.11a, tc c th t n 54Mbps. IEEE 802.11n: o Chun ha vo 2009 o Hp nht cng ngh MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output). o Bng thng trong IEEE 802.11n c th c 40MHz o Data rate ti a PHY layer t 54Mbps n 600Mbps. o Hot ng trn 2.4GHz v 5GHz. o S dng DSSS hoc OFDM cho u ch PHY layer. IEEE 802.11ac: o Pht trin t 2011 n 2013, s c th cng b vo nm 2014. o c mong i vi multstation WLAn t n 1Gbps v mt kt ni n t n 500Mbps.

Access Methods: DCF Distributed Coordination Function : o Da trn CSMA/CA. o C mt khang thi gian tn ti gia 2 frame cnh nhau. o Nu ang bn th station s hon cho n khi vic truyn hin ti kt thc. o Mt random backoff interval quyt nh qung thi gian ch bao nhiu. PCF Point Coordination Function: o y l phng php truy cp ty chn c cu hnh trong mng kin trc. o Trm c s s tin hnh nhim quyt nh th t truyn ti. o Thng tin trong PCF c phn phi cho cc trm di ng bit thng ip qun l beacon. o Do vic truyn ti c kim sot nn s tranh chp c th gim thiu.

 Enhanced DCF (EDCF): o Pht trin bi nhm lm vic IEEE 802.11e. o Ci thin c ch truy cp do nhiu loi dch v khc nhau c th c cung cp. o Gii thiu khi nim loi lu lng (traffic categories TCs) v cung cp cc mc u tin khc nhau cho cc loi lu lng khc nhau. o H tr 8 hng u tin khc nhau. o C 2 m hnh u tin: Interframe Space (IFS) priority scheme: Mt khong thi gian AIFS c s dng. Mt trm c th gi gi d liu hoc gim thi gian backoff sau khi pht hin ra ng truyn. AIFS: c gi tr ln nht bng DIFS v c th c iu chnh ring cho tng TC ty vo mc u tin tng ng vi TC Contention Window (CW) priority scheme: Cc dch v khc nhau s dng thng s Cwmin khc nhau. V CW c xc nh thi gian ch trc khi mt trmc php truyn gi tin nn CW nh hn th mc u tin ln hn. HCF Hybrid Coordination Function: o c s dng trong cu hnh mng QoS. o Cc c ch tp trung vo cht lng dch v, cho php tp hp cc frame ng nht c s dng truyn d liu QoS. Issues in MAC protocol: Vn bo mt trong 802.11, dng cc loi bo mt nh WEP, 802.11i, WPA, WPA2,AES. H tr multicast: o Truyn thng nhm: truyn thng tin n nhiu nhm v cp nht thng tin thnh vin. o Vn : reliability, privacy, quality ofservice v low delay. Cc dch v nh v. C th thay i c. 11. WiMAX v handover trn WiMAX WiMAX: Worldwide interoperability for microwave access IEEE 802.16j MMR overview: H tr mobile, nhiu bc truyn thng, relay. pht trin cho cc mng da trn relay v c th tng tc vi cc thit b 802.16e c. H tr dung lng ln hn, vng ph sng tt hn. Gii thiu trm chuyn tip (Relay Station)

o Fixed RS (RS c nh). o Nomadic RS (RS c nh c th di chuyn). o Mobile RS (RS di ng). Chun 16j c 2 ch hot ng transparent v non-transparent: o Trong ch transparent mode, BS truyn d liu -> MS qua cc RS trung gian trong khi cc thng ip qun l chng hn nh UCD/DCD hoc DL-MAP/UL-MAP c truyn trc tip t BS-MS. o Trong ch non-transparent mode, RS chuyn tip cc thng ip qun l cng nh d liu ngi dng n cc node khc. o Trong ch non-transparent, MS c th t ngoi vng ph sng BS. Trong khi MS cn trong vng dch v ca BS trong transparent mode. 802.16e Handover: HHO (Hard Handover):

o Trong h thng c MS ng vai tr l trm di ng, BS1 l trm c s ang cung cp dch v cho MS, BS2 v BS3 l cc ng vin MS chuyn giao n. o BS1 gi thng ip MOB_NBR-ADV, thng ip ny cha thng tin cc BS ln cn.

o Khi cng tn hiu gim n mt mc nguy him, MS tin hnh qu trnh Scanning bng vic gi thng ip MOB_SCN-REQ n BS1. o BS1 phn hi bng thng ip MOB_SCN-RSP cho php MS tin hnh qut h thng. o Trong qu trnh qut, khng c d liu no c truyn nhn: u tin MS gi CDMA code n BS2. Cc thng ip RNG-REQ v RNG-RSP gia MS vi BS2. Quy trnh tng t c s dng MS tin hnh qut cc BS ch khc. Quy trnh qut kt thc bng vic MS gi thng ip MOB_SCN-REQ n BS1. Khi quyt nh chuyn giao c a ra, MS gi thng ip MOB_MSHO-REQ n BS1 yu cu chuyn giao. o BS1 phn hi cho php chuyn giao thng ip MOB_BSHO-RSP. o Vic chuyn giao c kch hot bng thng ip MOB_MSHO-IND gi t MS -> BS1. Kt ni mng t MS ->BS b ngt. o MS ng nhp vo mng trong vng dch v ca BS2.

Macro Diversity Handover:

o Khi MDHO c h tr bi MS v BS, mt tp hp diversity set c duy tr c MS v BS. o Diversity set l mt danh sch cc BS, c th cung cp dch v cho MS v tham gia vo qu trnh chuyn giao. o Diversity set c nh ngha ring cho mi MS trong mng. o MS giao tip vi tt c BS trong diversity set. o D liu t 2 hoc nhiu BS truyn n MS c th c kt hp to nn hiu ng diversity c c tc cao. o Cc BS trong diversity set c gi l active BS. o Cc BS nhn c lu lng gia MS v nhng BS khc nhng cng tn hiu khng cao c gi l neiboor BS. o Vic cp nht diversity set da trn mt gi tr ngng (thresholds) c cha trong thng ip Downlink Channel Dere (DCD). o C 2 gi tr threshold: H-Delete threshold v H-Add threshold, gi tr u c dng loi b BS khi diversity set, gi tr th hai thm gi tr vo diversity set. Fast Base Station Switching:

o Tp hp diversity set c xy dng, cp nht v lu tr ging nh MDHO. o MS thng xuyn theo di cc trm c s trong diversity set v xx nh mt Anchor BS. o Anchor BS l trm c s duy nht trong tp hp diversity set truyn thng vi BS, y l BS m MS c ng k, ng b, ranging. o Anchor BS c th c thay i theo tng frame ty theo m hnh BS. o C 2 c ch cp nht Anchor BS: C ch s dng Handover MAC Management Method, h tr truyn ti 5 loi thng ip qun l tng MAC. C ch Fast Anchor BS Seletion Mechanism s dng knh Fast Feed Dash truyn ti thng tin la chn Anchor BS. o Vic la chn Anchor BS mi da trn o c v cng tn hiu MS. Anchor BS cn c thm vo tp hp diversity set.

12. HiperLAN v HiperLAN/2 ETSI HiperLAN (High-Performance LAN): H tr d liu a phng tin v khng ng b tc cao. c thit k h tr Ad-hoc trn h thng a phng tin. H tr bng tn 5.15 GHz v 17.1 GHz, tm ph 50 m v tc di chuyn <10 m/s. H tr cu trc hng gi tin, c th c s dng trong cc mng c hay khng c qun l tp trung. H tr 25 kt ni m thanh vi 32 Kbps. H tr 1 kt ni video tc 2 Mbps vi tr ti a 100 msec v data rate vi 13.4 Mbps. HiperLAN goals: QoS ( xy dng mng a dch v). Tng cng bo mt. H tr chuyn giao khi trm di ng di chuyn gia khu vc cc b vi khu vc din rng. Tng cng thng lng. D dng, trin khai v duy tr. Chi ph chp nhn c.

 Tnh kh m. HiperLAN/2: Hai im khc chnh phin bn 1 v 2 l: o Bn 1 h tr QoS tng MAC theo dng phn tn, trong khi bn 2 h tr lp lch tp trung tn MAC. o Bn 1 dng iu ch GMSK, bn 2 da trn OFDM: Features of HiperLAN/2: Tc truyn cao 54 Mbps. Dng OFDM truyn tn hiu. Cch tip cn hng kt ni lm vic h tr QoS d hn. H tr nh v tn s t ng, khng cn nh v bng tay (th cng) trong mng t bo. HiperLAN/2 Operations: Mt MS c th gi yu cu n AP vo bt k thi im no v chuyn vo mt khong thi gian dng nng lng thp. Vo cui giai on ngh ny, MS tm tn hiu wake-up. Nu khng c du hiu no ca tn hiu wake-up, MS tr li trng thi ngh. Vic kim sot c tp trung ha ti AP. S dng TDD v TDMA ng. Dng Selective Repeat (SR) ARQ lm c ch kim sot li. 13. Routing trn ad-hoc network Mc tiu routing trong MANET: 1) Vic tnh ton ng i phi l phn tn. 2) Vic tnh ton ng i khng nn to ra cc hot ng bo tr trng thi ton cc (tc ng n ton b mng). 3) Cng t node lin quan n qu trnh tnh ton v lan truyn ng i cng tt. 4) Mi node ch quan tm n nhng ng i n ch ca n m thi. 5) Cc ng i li thi nn c trnh v pht hin nhanh chng. 6) Cc thng ip broadcast nn c trnh cng nhiu cng tt. 7) Nu m hnh mng n nh th ng i phi l ng i ti u. 8) Nn c ng i d phng. Cc thch thc: M hnh mng c th thay i thng xuyn. Lu lng thng tin cp nht ng i c th cao. Phn loi: Cc giao thc nh tuyn proactive:

o Trn cc node lu tr bng nh tuyn cha ng i n tt c cc node c th c trong mng. o Bng nh tuyn lin tc cp nht chnh xc. o Khi mt gi tin cn chuyn tip ng i c bit v c th s s dng ngay. o V d cho loi ny l cc gii thut dng vector khong cch. Cc giao thc nh tuyn reactive: o Khi ng qu trnh tm ng khi c yu cu. o Qu trnh tm ng dng c ch tm ton cc. o Cc gii thut reactive cn c gi l gii thut on-demand. o Cc v d cho loi ny l AODV v TORA. So snh: Vi cc m hnh dng proactive, mi khi mt ng i c cn n, thi gian tr trong nh tuyn l khng ng k. i vi cc giao thc reactive, thi gian tr trn tm ng l ng k do thng tin v ng i c th khng c khi gi tin cn c chuyn tip. Qu trnh tm kim ton cc ca cc giao thc re-active to ra overhead khc ln. Cc gii thut proactive thun ty khng ph hp vi MANET: o Chng cn mt nng lc x l ln ca mng bo m tnh chnh xc ca ng i. o V cc node trong MANET di chuyn nhanh, nhng thay i v ng i c th n thng xuyn hn so vi cc yu cu tm ng i. iu ny dn n hu ht thng tin cp nht v ng i khng c s dng. Cc giao thc nh tuyn trn MANET c th c phn loi nh sau: Table-driven protocols Source-invited on-demand protocols Hybrid protocols. Table-Driven Routing protocols: o DSDV routing: Mi node duy tr mt bng nh tuyn lu tr ng i n mi ch n c th c trong mng v s bc n ch. Mi mc trong bng c nh du bng mt s sequence number c gn bi node ch, sequence number cho php node phn bit gia ng i c v mi. Mt thng ip qung b ng i (route broadcast): a ch ng i. S bc cn i n ch.

 Sequence number ca thng tin nhn c ch l mt sequence number mi v duy nht ca mi thng ip broadcast. Quy trnh bo tr ng i: Nu c nhiu ng i n cng mt ch, ng i c sequence number gn nht s c s dng. Nu 2 thng tin cp nht c cng sequence number, ng i c s bc nh hn s c chn. gim thiu overhead, cc node c th tr hon vic gi thng tin cp nht trong mt khong thi gian nh trc. Sau khong thi gian ny c th c ng i tt hn c tm thy. DSDV s dng 2 loi gi tin cp nht: Full dump: Mang tt c thng tin nh tuyn v c th cn nhiu n v d liu giao thc mng (NPDU). Increamental packet: Ch mang nhng thng tin thay i t ln full dump gn nht. Gi tin dng ny ch trong phm vi mt NPDU. o Cluster Head Gateway Switch Routing (CHGSR): Thay v s dng m hnh mng phng, CHGSR s dng cluster head (CHs) iu khin cc node Ad-hoc. Mt khi cc cluster c xc nh, ngi ta s dng mt gii thut phn tn trong cluster bu chn mt node l cluster head. im yu ca cch tip cn ny l vic thay i cluster head thng xuyn dn n nh hng tiu cc vi hiu nng mng khi cc node b nhiu thi gian bu chn cluster head hn l chuyn tip cc gi tin d liu. Gii php l s dng gii thut Least Cluster Change (LCC). Vi LCC, vic thay i cluster head ch din ra khi 2 cluster head lm vic trc tip vi nhau c. Mt node di chuyn ra khi vng ph sng ca tt c cluster head. DSDV c dng lm m hnh nh tuyn nn tng. Tuy nhin, DSDV c chnh sa s dng cho mt m hnh phn cp cluster. Quy trnh nh tuyn CHGS: B1: 1 gi tin c gi t 1 node, c chuyn n cluster hoead ca node . B2: T cluster head ny, gi tin c chuyn n node gateway ri n CH ca cluster ln cn. Vic tng t c lp li n khi gi tin n c CH node ch. B3: Gi tin c truyn n node ch.

 Mi mc lu tr 1 bng cluster table, lu tr CH ch ca mi node trong mng. CMT c gi qung b nh k gia cc node v dng gii thut DSDV. Mi node lu tr mt bng nh tuyn xc nh bc k tip n ch. Khi truyn mt gi tin, node s kim tra CMT v routing table theo xc nh: CH gn nht trn ng n ch. Bc tip theo n CH ny. Source-invited on-demand protocols (nh tuyn theo yu cu t ngun): o Pht sinh ra ng i ch khi c mt ngun cn n. o Quy trnh chung: Khi mt ngun cn ng n ch, n khi to qu trnh tm ng i. Qu trnh ny kt thc khi 1 ng i c tm thy hoc tt c cc tuyn ng tm nng c kim tra nhng khng thnh cng. Tuyn ng c tm thy c bo tr cho n khi n khng cn cn thit na hoc ch n khng th truy cp c. AODV: o Mc d c xy dng da trn DSDV, AODV l mt gin thut da trn nhu cu (ondemand). o DSDV gi qung b mi thay i trong mng n mi node, s chi chuyn c b c tc ng ton cc. o AODV khng s dng c ch broadcast nh vy: o Mt s t gy ca ng lin kt khng tc ng n ton b mng m ch nh hng mt s node lin quan. o AODV khng gi qung b ton cc trong trn hp ny m ch gi thng bo n nhng node b nh hng. S di chuyn cc b ch c tc ng cc b. o Cc c tnh AODV: Trong bng nh tuyn, cc ng i c lu tr mt gi tr thi gian sng. Khi ng i khng cn c s dng, n s ht hn v sau b loi b. C ch gip gim thiu cc ng i b li cng nh gim thiu nhu cu bo v ng i. Cc ng i ch Mi node lu tr 1 sequence number tng dn v nh danh ca node, sequence number ca node s tng ln mi khi node nhn thy s thay i trong m hnh mng ln cn. AODV s dng cc bng nh tuyn lu tr thng tin nh tuyn Mt bng nh tuyn dnh cho cc c multicast, mt bng cho cc ng unicast.

 Mi dng trong bng nh tuyn lu tr cc thng tin nh tuyn <destination addr, next-hop addr, destination sequence number, life-time> Gi tr life-time c cp nht mi khi ng i c s dng. Nu ng i khng c dng trong khong life-time th n s ht hn.