Ch07 Projectile Motion

M th
PROJECTILE MOTION
7
CHAPTER
projectile
An object thrown into space with certain velocity, fired from a gun or dropped from a moving
plane is called projectile.
A projectile moves with a constant horizontal velocity and at the same time falls freely under
the action of gravity. The path of projectile is called trajectory.
Trajectory of a Projectile
Let a particle of mass m is projected from a point O with initial velocity v0 making an
angle with horizontal. Take O as origin and horizontal and vertical lines through O as
x-axis and y-axis respectively.
y
P(x, y)
r
v0
mg j
x-axis
Suppose that after time t the particle is at point P(x, y) whose position vector is r . i.e.
r = xi + yj
dr dx
dy
j
= i +
dt dt
dt
dx
dy
j
v = i +
dt
dt
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dv d2 x
d2 y

=
i + 2 j
dt dt2
dt
d2 x
d2 y

a = 2 i + 2 j
dt
dt
________(i)
F = mg j
________(ii)
The gravitational force F acting on the particle at point P(x, y) is
By Newtons 2nd law of motion

F = ma
d2 x
d2 y

= m 2 i + 2 j
dt
dt
From (ii) & (iii), we get
d2 x
d2 y

m 2 i + 2 j mg j
dt
dt
________(iii)
d2 x
d2 y
i + 2 j 0.i g j
dt2
dt
2
d x
d2 y
0 and
g
dt2
dt2
On integrating with respect to t, we get
dy
dx
= A and
= gt + B
dt
dt
_________(iv)
Where A & B are constant of integration. To determine the value of these constant we apply
the initial conditions.
Initially at t = 0
dx
= v0cos
dt
and
dy
= v0sin
dt
Using these values in (iv), we get

A = v0cos and B = v0sin
Using values of A & B in (iv), we get
dy
dx
= v0cos
and
= v0sin
gt
dt
dt
________(v)
Eq(v) gives the horizontal and vertical components of velocity at any time t.
On integrating (v), with respect to t, we get
1
x =
v0cost + C and y =
v0sint gt2 + D
________(vi)
2
Where C & D are constant of integration. To determine the value of these constant we apply
the initial conditions.
Initially at t = 0, x = 0 and y = 0
3
C=D=0
Using value of C & D in (vi), we get
x =
v0cos
t
________(vii)
1
y =
v0sin
t gt2
________(viii)
2
Equations (vii) and (viii) are parametric equations of trajectory. Now we find Cartesian
equation of trajectory.
From (vii)
x
t=
v0cos
and
Putting value of t in (viii), we get

y =
v0sin
y = xtan
2
x
1
x
g

v0cos 2 v0cos
gx2
sec2
2v0 2
Which is Cartesian equation of trajectory of a projectile.
Vertex, Latus Rectum & Maximum Height of a Projectile

We know that the Cartesian equation of the trajectory of a projectile is:
gx2
y = xtan
sec2
2v0 2
gx2
sec2 = xtan y
2v0 2
2v0 2
2v0 2
2
x =
xtan y

gsec2
gsec2
xv0 2 sincos 2yv0 2 cos2
2
x =

g
g
2
2yv0 2 cos2
xv0 sincos
x2

g
g
v0 2 sincos
Adding
on both sides we get
g
2
2yv0 2 cos2
xv0 2 sincos
v0 2 sincos
v0 2 sincos
x
+

g
g
g
g
2
v0 2 sincos
2v0 2 cos2
v0 2 sin2
x
=
y

g
g
2g
Comparing with (x h)2 = 4a(y k), we get
2
4
v0 2 sincos
2v0 2 cos2
v0 2 sin2
h
, 4a
, k
g
g
2g
Thus, Vertex =
h, k
v0 2 sincos v0 2 sin2
,

g
2g
Latus Rectum = |4a||

Height (H) = k
2v0 2 cos2
g
v0 2 sin2
2g
Focus
X-coordinate of focus = x-coordinate of vertex

v0 2 sincos
g
v0 2
sin2
2g
v0 2 2sincos

2g
1
Y-coordinate of focus = H (Latus Rectum)
4
v0 2 sin2 1 2v0 2 cos2

2g
g
4
v0 2 sin2 v0 2 cos2

2g
2g

Thus,
v0 2
v0 2
cos2 cos2
cos2
2g
2g
v0 2
v0 2
Focus = sin2,
cos2
2g
2g
Equation of Directrix
Height of directrix above the x-axis is:
1
y = H + (Latus Rectum)
4
v0 2 sin2 1 2v0 2 cos2

+

2g
4
g
5
v0 2 sin2 v0 2 cos2

+
2g
2g

v0 2
sin2 + cos2
2g
v0 2
2g
Time of Flight
The time taken by the projectile in reaching the final point is called the time of flight of the
projectile. We know that parametric equation of trajectory of projectile are:
1
x =
v0cost and
y =
v0sint gt2
2
To find the time of flight put y = 0
1
v0sint gt2 = 0
2
Thus,
1
v0sin gt t = 0
2
1
v0sin gt = 0
2
2v0sin
t=
g
T.F =
t0
2v0sin
g
Range of a Projectile
The range or horizontal range of the projectile is the horizontal distance covered by the
projectile during time of flight.
Range (R) = (Horizontal Velocity)(Time of Flight)
2v0sin
v2
0 sin2
g
g

v0cos
R will be maximum when sin2 is maximum.

i.e.
sin2 = 1
2 = sin 1(1)
2 = 900
= 450
6
Which shows that if projectile is projected with an angle of 450 then it covers the maximum
horizontal distance.
v0 2
Thus
Rmax =
g
Question 1
Determine the maximum possible range for a projectile fired from a cannon having muzzle
velocity v0 and prove that the height reached in this case is
v0 2
4g
Solution
Solution
We know that
Rage = (Horizontal Velocity)(Time of Fight)
2v0sin
v0 2

v0cos

sin2
g
g

i.e.
sin2 = 1 2 = sin 1(1)
2 = 900
= 450
Which shows that if projectile is projected with an angle of 450 then it covers the maximum
horizontal distance.
v0 2
Thus Rmax =
g
v0 2 sin2
As
Height reached
2g
0
Put = 45
1 2
v0 2
2
2
v0 sin 45
v0 2
2
Height reached

2g
2g
4g
Question 2
What is the maximum range of possible for a projectile fired from a cannon having muzzle
velocity 1mile/sec. What is the height reached in this case.?
Solution
7
We know that
2v0sin
v0 2

v0cos

sin2
g
g
i.e.
sin2 = 1
2 = sin 1(1)
2 = 900
= 450
v0 2
So
Rmax =
g
Given that
v0 = 1 mile/sec = 1760 yard/sec = 1760 3 ft/sec = 5280ft/sec
52802
Thus Rmax =
32
871200
871200 feet
mile 165 mile
5280
v0 2 sin2
As
Height reached
2g
0
Put = 45
v0 2 sin2 45
Height reached
2g
1 2
v0 2
v0 2
2

2g
4g
52802

4(32)
217800 feet

217800
mile 41.25 mile
5280
Question 3
A cannon has its maximum range R. Prove that
(a)
(b)
the height reached is R4
the time of flight is 2Rg
Solution
8
We know that
2v0sin
v0 2

v0cos

sin2
g
g
i.e.
sin2 = 1
v0 2
So
Rmax =
g
Given that
Rmax = R
v0 2
R=
g
2
v0 = Rg
As
2 = sin 1(1)
Height reached
2 = 900
= 450
v0 2 sin2
2g
1 2
R
Rg sin2 45
2 R

2g
2
4
We know that
Time of Flight
=
2v0sin
g
2Rgsin45 2Rg
2R
=
=
g
g
g2
Question 4
A projectile having horizontal range T, reaches a maximum height H. Prove that it must
have been launched with
(a) an initial speed equal to
gR2 +16H2

8H
(b) at an angle with horizontal given by

sin1
4H
R2 +16H2
Solution
We know that
R = Rage = (Horizontal Velocity)(Time of Fight)
and
Now
2v0sin
v0 2

v0cos

sin2
g
g
v0 2 sin2
H = Height reached
2g
v0 2
v0 2 sin2
R +16H = sin2 + 16

g
2g
v0 4
v0 4 sin4
2
2
= 2 4sin cos + 4
g
g2
4v0 4
= 2 sin2 cos2 + sin2
g
4v0 4 sin2
=
g2
R2 +16H2 4v0 4 sin2
g
=
8H
g2
4v0 2 sin2
2
________(i)
v0 2
g
2
gR +16H2
2
v0 =
8H
=
gR2 +16H2

v0 =
8H
From (i)
R2 +16H2 =
2v0 2 sin
g
2
4H
2v0 sin2
g
=
2
g
2v0 sin
R2 +16H2
4H
4H
sin
sin1

R2 +16H2
R2 +16H2
Question 5
Find the range of a rifle bullet when is the elevation of projection and v0 the speed. Show
that, if the rifle is fired with the same elevation and the speed from a car travelling with
speed V towards the target, and the range will be increased by
2v0Vsin
Solution
10
We know that
R
v0cos
2v0sin
v0 2

sin2
g
g
When shell is fired from a car moving with velocity V towards the target then the horizontal
velocity increased by V.
i.e.
Horizontal velocity = v0cos + V
Let R be new range. Then

R = (New Horizontal Velocity)(Time of Fight)
2v0sin

v0cos + V

g
v0 2
2v0Vsin

sin2 +
g
g
Now
Increased in Range = R R

v0 2
2v0Vsin v0 2
sin2 +

Vsin2
g
g
g
2v0Vsin
g
Question 6
The range of a rifle bullet is 1200yards when is the elevation of projection. Show that, if
the rifle is fired with the same elevation and the speed from a car travelling at 10 miles per
hour towards the target the range will be increased by 220tan
feet.
Solution
Given that
R = 1200yards = 1200 3 = 3600ft.

and
V = 10 mile /h
=
10 1760 3
3600
44
ft/sec
3
We know that
11
R
v0cos
v0 2
2v0sin
v0 2

sin2
g
g
Rg
sin2
Rg
Rg
v0

sin2
2sincos
When shell is fired from a car moving with velocity V towards the target then the horizontal
velocity increased by V.
i.e. Horizontal velocity = v0cos + V
Let R be new range. Then
R = (New Horizontal Velocity)(Time of Fight)
2v0sin

v0cos + V

g
v0 2
2v0Vsin

sin2 +
g
g
Now
Increased in Range = R R

v0 2
2v0Vsin v0 2
sin2 +

Vsin2
g
g
g
2v0Vsin
g
2Vsin
Rg

g
2sincos
2R
V tan
g

44 2 3600

tan
3
32
44
3
60
tan
4
220tan
12
Question 7
A battleship is steaming ahead with sped V and a gun is mounted on the battleship so as
the point straight backwards, and is set at an angle of elevation . If v0 is the speed of
projection (relative to the gun), show that the range is
2v0
sin

v0 cos
V
g
Also prove that the angle of elevation for maximum range is
cos
1
Solution
"
!
V +V2 + 8v0 2
4v0
$
#
When shell is fired from a battleship moving ahead with velocity V towards the target which
is behind the battleship then the horizontal velocity decreased by V.
i.e.
Horizontal velocity = v0cos V
Let R be the range. Then
R = (Horizontal Velocity)(Time of Fight)

v0cos V
2v0sin

g
2v0sin
v0cos V
g
Differentiating w.r.t , we get
dR 2v0
%cos
v0cos V & sin
v0sin '

d
g

2v0
(v0cos2 Vcos v0sin2 )
g
2v0
*v0 cos2
1 cos2 Vcos+
g
2v0
(v0cos2 sin2 Vcos)
g
2v0
%v0
2cos2 1 Vcos'
g
2v0
%2v0cos2 Vcos v0'
g
Differentiating again w.r.t , we get

d2 R 2v0
%4v0cossin + Vsin'

d2
g
13

Putting
2v0
sin%V 4v0cos'
g
dR
= 0, we get
d
2v0
%2v0cos2 Vcos v0' 0
g
2v0cos2 Vcos v0 0
cos =
At
V V2 + 8v02
4v0
cos =
V + V2 + 8v02
4v0
d2 R 2v0
V + V2 + 8v02

sin -V 4v0
.
d2
g
4v0

2v0
sin *V2 + 8v02 +
g
d2 R
V + V2 + 8v02
So
< 0 at cos =
4v0
d2
V + V2 + 8v02
Which shows that R is maximum at cos =
.
4v0
Thus the angle of elevation for maximum range is given by
cos
1
V + V2 + 8v02
0
1
4v0
Question 8
A shell bursts on contact with the ground and pieces from it fly in all directions with all
speeds up to 80feet per seconds. Prove that a man 100 feet away is in danger for 5
2
seconds.
Solution
We know that
2v0sin

v0cos

g
v0 2

sin2
g
14
Given that
R = 100ft, v0 = 80ft/sec and g = 32ft/sec2
So
802
100 =
sin2
32
100 =
sin2 =
6400
sin2
32
1
1
2 = sin1 2 = 30, 150 = 15, 75
2
2
For the range of 100ft. there are two angles of projection. Let T1 and T2 be the times of the
flights respectively. Then
T1 =
2v0sin15
2v0sin75
and T2 =
g
g
Let T be the maximum time of danger for the man. Then

T = T2 T1
2v0sin75 2v0sin15

g
g
2v0
sin75 sin15
=
g
2v0
75 + 15
75 15
=
2cos
sin

g
2
2
2v0
=
2cos45sin30
g
4(80) 1 1
5
=
=
sec
32 2 2
2
T2
750
T1
150
100ft.
Question 9
A number of particles are projected from the same point at the same instant in various
directions with speed v0. Prove that at any subsequent time t, they will be on a sphere of
radius v0t and determine the motion of the centre of the sphere.
Solution
Let a particle moving with velocity v0 makes an angle . Let after time t a particle is at a
point P(x, y, z). Then
x = (v0cos)t
y = (v0sin) t
1 2
1
gt y + gt2 = (v0sin) t
2
2
15
z=0
Squaring and adding we get
1 2 2 2
x + y + gt + z =
(v0cos)t2 +
(v0sin)t2
2
2
= v0 2 t2 cos2 + sin2
=
v0 t2
Which is a sphere of a radius v0t centered at 0, gt2, 0 . Since the centre lies on the
1
2
vertical axis and as t increases centre descends under gravity along vertical axes.
Question 10
Prove that the speed required to project a particle from a height h to fall a horizontal
distance a from the point of projection is at least
g a2 + h2 h
Solution
v0
a
h
P(a, h)
Let O be the point of the projection from where the projectile is projected. Let v0 be the
velocity making angle with horizontal. Let h be the height of the point of the projection O
and projectile fall a distance a from O. Let it falls at a point P, therefore the coordinates of P
are (a, h).
gx2
y = xtan
sec2
2v0 2
Since P(a, h) lies on it, therefore
ga2
h = atan
sec2
2v0 2
2v0 2 h = 2av0 2 tan ga2 1 & tan2
16
ga2 tan2 2v0 2 xtan + ga2 2v0 2 h = 0
Since it is coodratic in tan and tan is real therefore discriminate is greater than zero.
i.e.
b2 4ac 0
2av0 2 3 4
ga2
ga2 2v0 2 h 0
2av0 2 3 4
ga2
ga2 2v0 2 h
4a2 v0 4g2 a4 8gha2 v0
4
v0 4 + 2ghv0 2 g2 a2
v0 2 + gh3 g2 a2 & h2
v0 4 g2 a2 2ghv0 2
v0 4 + 2ghv0 2 +
gh2 g2 a2 +
gh2
v0 2 + gh g2 a2 & h2

v0 2 ga2 & h2 gh
v0 g a2 & h2 h
Hence the least velocity of projection is
v0 = g a2 & h2 h
Question 11
A projectile is launched at an angle from a cliff of height H above the see level. if it falls
into the sea at a distance D from the base of the cliff, prove that the maximum height above
sea level is
H+
Solution
D2 tan2
4
H + Dtan

v0
D
H
P(D, H)
17
Let O be the point of the projection from where the projectile is projected. Let v0 be the
velocity making angle with horizontal. Let H be the height of the point of the projection O
and projectile fall a distance D from O. Let it falls at a point P, therefore the coordinates of P
are (D, H).
Let h be the height above the x-axis then
v0 2 sin2
2g
h=
y = xtan
________(i)
gx2
sec2
2v0 2
Since P(D, H) lies on it, therefore

H = Dtan
gD2
sec2
2v0 2
gD2
Dtan + H =
sec2
2v0 2
v0
gD2
=
2
H + Dtancos2
Using value of v0 2 in (i), we get

gD2
sin2
h=

2
H + Dtancos2 2g
D2 tan2
=

4
H + Dtan
Height above sea level = H + h

D2 tan2
H+
4
H + Dtan
Question 12
A ball is dropped from the top of a tower of height h. At the same moment, another ball is
thrown from a point of the ground at a distance k from the foot of tower so as to strike the
first ball at the depth d. Show that the initial speed and the direction of projection of the
speed ball are respectively
gh2 k2
h

and tan 1
2d
k
Solution
18
I
P
hd
v0
II O
Let the first ball is dropped from the height h and it strikes the second ball at the depth d at a
point P whose coordinates are (k, h d).
We know that
x = ut +
1 2
gt
2
For 1st ball, x = d and u = 0

1 2
gt
2
For 2nd ball parametric equations are
So
and
d=
________(i)
x = (v0cos)t
y = (v0sin)t
1 2
gt
2
Since P(k, h d) lies on it therefore
and
k = (v0cos)t
h d = (v0sin)t
______(ii)
1 2
gt
2
______(iii)
Adding (i) and (iii), we get

h = (v0sin)t
______(iv)
Squaring (ii) and (iv) then adding, we get
h2 + k2 =
(v0sin)t2 +
(v0cos)t2
= v02 t
sin2 + cos2 = v02 t2
2
= v0 2
v0
2d
g
gh2 + k2

2d
By(i)
v0
gh2 + k2
2d
19
From (ii) & (iv), we have
tan =
h
k
h
= tan1
k
Question 13
From a gun placed on a horizontal plane, which can fire a shell with speed 2gH, it is
required to thro a shell over a wall of height h, and the elevation of the gun cannot exceed
< 450. Show that this will be possible only when h < Hsin2, and that, if this condition
be satisfied, the gun must be fired from within a strip of the plane whose breadth is
4cos
H
Hsin2 h
Solution
y
v0
h
O
Let AC be a wall of height h and particle be projected at O with speed v0 making an angle .
Then v0 = 2gH (given)

Now for a shell to cross the wall, the height of the wall is less than the height of vertex.
v0 2 sin2
2g
i.e.
h <
2gHsin2
h <
2g
h < Hsin2
v0 = 2gH
Which is required.
y = xtan
gx2
sec2
2v0 2
Putting y = h and v0 = 2gH, we get
20
x2
h = xtan
sec2
4H
4hH = 4xHtan x2 sec2
x2 sec2 4xHtan + 4hH 0
x2 4xHtancos2 + 4hHcos2 0
x=
x2 4xHsincos + 4hHcos2 0
4Hsincos 16H2 sin2 cos2 4

1(4hHcos2 )
2
4Hsincos 16H2 sin2 cos2 16hHcos2

=
2
4Hsincos 4cosH2 sin2 hH
=
2
= 2Hsincos 2cosH2 sin2 hH
Thus
OB = 2Hsincos + 2cosH2 sin2 hH
OA =2Hsincos 2cosH2 sin2 hH
Hence the breadth of the strip is:
OO = AB = OB OA = 4cosH2 sin2 hH
21
Question 14
A shell fired with speed V at an elevation , hits an airship at height H,, which is moving
horizontally away from the gun with speed v0. Show that, if
2Vcos
v0 V2 sin2 2gH = v0 Vsin
The shell might also have hit the air ship if the latter had remained stationary in the position it
occupied when the gun was actually fired.
Solution
y
Let A be the position of airship when shot was fired and it hit plane at B. If t is the time taken
by hell to reach height H.
We know that
y = (v0sin)t
1 2
gt
2
H = (Vsin)t
1 2
gt
2
Putting v0 = V, = and y = H, we get
2H = (Vsin)t gt2
t=
gt2 (Vsin)t & 2H = 0
2Vsin 4V2 sin2 8Hg

2g
Vsin V2 sin2 2Hg

g
22
Let t1 and t2 be the time taken by the shell to reach the point A and B respectively. Then
t1 =
Vsin V2 sin2 2Hg
and t2 =
Vsin +V2 sin2 2Hg

g
Let T be the time taken by the shell from A to B. Then

T = t2 t1

Now
Vsin +V2 sin2 2Hg

g
2V2 sin2 2Hg
Vsin V2 sin2 2Hg

g
g
|AB| = Distance covered by shell
= (Horizontal Velocity)(Time)

Vcos

Now
2V2 sin2 2Hg

g
2VcosV2 sin2 2Hg
______(i)
|AB| = Distance covered by airship

= (Velocity)(Time) = v0t2

v0 Vsin +V2 sin2 2Hg
From (i) and (ii), we get

2VcosV2 sin2 2Hg
g
______(ii)
v0 Vsin +V2 sin2 2Hg

g
2VcosV2 sin2 2Hg v0 Vsin + v0 V2 sin2 2Hg

v0 Vsin = 2VcosV2 sin2 2Hg v0 V2 sin2 2Hg
v0 Vsin =
2Vcos v0 V2 sin2 2Hg
Which is required.
23
Question 15
An aeroplane is flying with constant speed v0 and at constant height h. Show that if, a gun
is fired point blank at the aeroplane after it has passed directly over the gun when its angle
of elevation as seen from the gun is , the shell will hit the aero plane provided that
2
Vcos
v0 v0 tan2 = gh
Where V is the initial speed of the shot, the path being assumed parabolic.
Solution
A
Let A be the position of plane when shot was fired and it hit plane at B. Let v0 be the speed of
plane.
From fig.
AB = v0t
Horizontal coordinate of B = OD
( S = vt)
= OC + CD
= OC + AB
= OC + v0t
In AOC
AB = CD
AB = v0t
_____(i)
AC
= tan
OC
h
h
= tan OC
OC hcot
OC
tan
Using value of OC in (i), we get
Horizontal coordinate of B = hcot + v0t

Thus coordinates of B are (hcot + v0t, h)
The parametric equations are:
x = (v0cos)t
y = (v0sin)t
1 2
gt
2
24
Here v0 = V therefore
x = (Vcos)t
______(ii)
y = (Vsin)t
1 2
gt
2
______(iii)
Since B lies on the trajectory therefore x = hcot + v0t and y = h

Using x = hcot + v0t in (ii), we get
hcot + v0t = (Vcos)t
hcot = (Vcos)t v0t
t=
hcot = (Vcos v0)t

hcot
Vcos v0
Using y = h in (iii), we get

h = (Vsin)t
1 2
gt
2
= (Vsin) Vcos v
hcot
g Vcos v
2
1
hcot
2
Vhcos
1
hcot
=
g

Vcos v0
2 Vcos v0
2
Vcos
h
cot
1 =
g

Vcos v0
2 Vcos v0
2
Vcos v02 = 2
Vcos
Vcos v0 hgcot2
ghcot2 = 2
Vcos
Vcos v0 2
Vcos v02
ghcot2 = 2
Vcos v0
Vcos Vcos + v0
gh = 2v0
Vcos v0tan2
25
Parabola of Safety
A parabola which touches the every trajectory of a projectile which is formed inward for
different value of angle of projection with same initial velocity v0 is called parabola of safety.
y
Parabola of safety
x
O
Equation of trajectory of a parabola is:
gx2
y = xtan
sec2
2v0 2
gx2
1 + tan2
y = xtan
2v0 2
gx2
gx2
y = xtan

tan2
2v0 2 2v0 2
gx2
gx2
2
tan xtan + 2 + y = 0
2v0 2
2v0
This equation is quadratic in tan. For envelope put discriminate of equation equal to zero.
i.e.
b2 4ac = 0
gx2
gx2
x2 4 2 2 + y = 0
2v0
2v0
g
gx2 + 2v0 2 y
1 2 2
= 0
v0
2v0 2
gx2 + 2v0 2 y
g
= 1
v0 4
v0 4
2
2
gx + 2v0 y =
g
v0 4
gx2 = 2v0 2 y +
g
26
2v0 2 y 2v0 4
x =
+
g
2g2
2v0 2
v0 2
2
x =
y

g
2g
Which is the equation of parabola of safety.
2
Question 16
2ga of which the vertical component is V. Show that at time t = 2a/V the particle is on a
fixed parabola (parabola of safety), that its path touches the parabola, and that its direction of
motion is then perpendicular to its direction of projection.
A particle is projected at time t = 0 in a fixed vertical plane from a given point O with speed
Solution
Given that v0 = 2ga and V = v0sin

We know that the equation of parabola of safety is:
2v0 2
v0 2
x =
y

g
2g
2
22ga
2ga
x =
7y
8
g
2g
2
= 4a
y a
_______(i)
Which is the equation of the parabola of safety.

Let P(x, y) be a point on trajectory then
x = (v0cos)t
y = (v0sin)t
At t =
2a
ii becomes
V
x = (v0cos)
= (v0cos)
1 2
gt
2
______(iii)
2a
V
2a
v0sin
x = 2acot
At t =
______(ii)
______(iv)
2a
iii becomes
V
27
2a
1 2a 2
y = (v0sin)
g
V
2 V
= (v0sin)
2a
1
2a 2
g

v0sin
2 v0sin
1
2a
= 2a g

2 2ga sin
= 2a a cosec 2
Thus the coordinates of P are (2acot, 2a a cosec 2 )
______(v)
Putting (iv) and (v) in (i), we get
2acot2 = 4a
2a a cosec 2 a
4a2 cot2 = 4a
a acosec 2
a2 cot2 = a2
cosec 2 1
a2 cot2 = a2 cot2
L.H.S = R.H.S
Thus P(x, y) lies on the parabola of safety. So at t = 2a/V this trajectory touches the parabola
of safety.
Differentiate (ii) & (iii) w.r.t t, we get
dx
dy
= v0 cos and
= v0 sin gt
dt
dt
Now
dy dy dx
= :
dx dt dt
=
At t =
v0 sin gt
v0 cos
2a
V
2a
dy v0 sin g V
=
dx
v0 cos
=
=
Vv0 sin 2ag

Vv0 cos
v0 sinv0 sin 2ag
v0 sinv0 cos
V = v0 sin
2gasin2gasin 2ag
2gasin2gacos
v0 = 2ga
28
2agsin2 2ag
2agsincos
=
1 sin2
sincos
cos2
=
sincos
= cot
This is the slope of the tangent at t = 2a/V

Since
dy
= tan
dx
Where is inclination of the tangent at P(x, y). Then
tan = cot tan(900 + )
= 900 +
Thus at t = 2a/V, its direction of motion is perpendicular to the direction of projection.
Range of a Projectile on Inclined Plane

Let a plane be inclined at an angle to the horizontal. Let a particle is projected from point O
with velocity v0 by making an angle to the horizontal with < . Let the projectile meet
the inclined plane at a point P(x, y). Then OP = r is called the range of projectile on inclined
plane.
Then x = rcos and y = rsin
So
P(x, y) = (rcos, rsin)

y
P(x, y)
v0
r
rsin
rcos
Equation of the trajectory is:

gx2
y = xtan
sec2
2v0 2
29
Since P lies on it therefore
gr2 cos2 2
rsin = rcostan
sec
2v0 2
grcos2
sin = costan
2v0 2 cos2
grcos2
= costan sin
2v0 2 cos2
grcos2
sin
=
cos
sin
2v0 2 cos2
cos
grcos2
sincos cossin
=
2v0 2 cos2
cos
grcos2
= sin

2v0 2 cos
r=
2v0 2
cossin

gcos2
____________(i)
Since sin( + ) sin( ) = 2cossin
Replacing by , we get
sin(2 ) sin() = 2cossin( )
___________(ii)
v0 2 sin(2 ) sin
r=
g
cos2
Which is the range of a projectile on an inclined plane.

Range will maximum if sin(2 ) = 1
2 = sin 1(1)
2 = + 900
= + 450
2
Thus,
r<=> =
=
v0 2 1 sin

g
cos2
v0 2 1 sin

g 1 sin2
v0 2
1 sin
v0 2

=
g
1 sin
1 + sin
g
1 + sin
30
Question 17
A fort and a ship are both armed with guns which give their projectiles a muzzle velocity
2gk, and the guns in the fort are at a height h above the guns in the ship. If d1 and d2 are
the greatest horizontal ranges at which the fort and ship, respectively, can engage, prove
that
d1
k+h
=
kh
d2
Solution
F
v0

S
d2
Let S be ship and F be fort. Let fort makes angle with x-axis. i.e. ASF = . Let SF = r
Since d2 is greatest horizontal range for gun in the ship so r is the maximum range on inclined
plane with inclination . Then
r=
v0 2
g
1 + sin
Put v0 = 2gk
r=
2gk
g
1 + sin
2k r + rsin
From fig.
h = rsin
2k r + h
r 2k h
Also from fig.
r2 = h2 + d2 2
31
2k h2 = h2 + d2 2
4k2 + h2 4hk = h2 + d2 2
d2 2 4k2 4hk 4k
k h
_______(i)
For a gun in fort, change h to h
d1 2 4k
k + h
d1 2
d2
_______(ii)
4k
k + h
4k
k h
d1
k+h

d2
kh
Question 18
A shell of mass m1 + m2 is fired with a velocity whose horizontal and vertical components
are u, v and at the highest point in its path the shell explodes into two fragments m1, m2.
The explosion produces additional kinetic energy E, and the fragments separate in a
horizontal direction. Show that they strike the ground at a distance apart which is equal to
V
1
1
2E
g
m1 m2
Solution
Let v0 be the velocity of the projection. then by given conditions
u = v0cos
_______(i)
v = v0sin
______(ii)
At the highest point, there is only horizontal velocity u. Let v1 and v2 be the velocities of m1
and m2 respectively at the time of explosion. Then by law of conservation of momentum.
m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1 + m2)u
u=
m 1 v1 + m 2 v2
m1 + m2
_______(iii)
Now
Increase in K.E. = K.E. after explosion K.E. before explosion
1
1
1
E = m1 v1 2 + m2 v2 2
m1 + m2 u2
2
2
2
2E = m1 v1 2 + m2 v2 2
m1 + m2 u2
32
2E = m1 v1 + m2 v2
m 1 v1 + m 2 v2 2

m1 + m2

m1 + m2
By (iii)
2
m1 + m2 E =
m1 + m2
m1 v1 2 + m2 v2 2
m1v1 + m2v22
= m 1 2 v1 2 + m 1 m 2 v2 2 + m 2 m 1 v1 2 + m 2 2 v2 2 m 1 2 v1 2 m 2 2 v2 2
2m1 m2 v1 v2
= m1 m2 v2 2 + m2 m1 v1 2 2m1 m2 v1 v2
= m1 m2
v2 2 + v1 2 2v1 v2
v2 v1 3
= m1 m2
v2 v1 3
2
m1 + m2 E
m1 m2
1
1
v2 v1 2E
m1 m2
Which is relative velocity of m1 + m2.

Now the time taken by pieces to touch the ground is given by:
1
(Time of flight)
2
1 2v0 sin
v0 sin
=
=
2
g
g
v
=
By (ii)
g
Time =
Distance Apart = (Relative velocity)(Time)

v

v2 v1
g
1
v
1
2E
g
m1 m2
Which is required.
33
Question 19 (Speed of projectile)

Show that least speed with which a particle must be projected so that it passes through two
points P and Q at height hP and hQ respectively is:
ghP + hQ + PQ
Solution
y
M
hP
Directrix
y=
v0 2
2g
hQ
Let S be the focus.

From fig.
LM = LP + PM
v0 2
= hP + PM
2g
_________(i)
RN = RQ + QN
v0 2
= hQ + QN
2g
_________(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get

v0 2
= hP + hQ + PM + QN
g
v0 2 = ghP + hQ + PM + QN
= ghP + hQ + PS + QS
By focus-directrix property
34
v0 = ghP + hQ + PS + QS
v0 is least when PS + QS is least, which is least when S lies on PQ. i.e. when
PS + QS = PQ
Hence
v0 min = ghP + hQ + PQ
%%%%% End of The Chapter # 7 %%%%%

Ch07 Projectile Motion

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Ch07 Projectile Motion

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M th

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The gravitational force F acting on the particle at point P(x, y) is

By Newtons 2nd law of motion

Using these values in (iv), we get

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Putting value of t in (viii), we get

Which is Cartesian equation of trajectory of a projectile.

Vertex, Latus Rectum & Maximum Height of a Projectile

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Latus Rectum = |4a||

v0 2 sin2 1 2v0 2 cos2

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R will be maximum when sin2 is maximum.

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R will be maximum when sin2 is maximum.

sin2 = 1 2 = sin 1(1)

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the height reached is R4

the time of flight is 2Rg

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(b) at an angle with horizontal given by

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Horizontal velocity = v0cos + V

Let R be new range. Then

R = 1200yards = 1200 3 = 3600ft.

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Horizontal velocity = v0cos V

Let R be the range. Then

R = (Horizontal Velocity)(Time of Fight)

Differentiating again w.r.t , we get

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Let T be the maximum time of danger for the man. Then

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2v0 2 h = 2av0 2 tan ga2 1 & tan2 

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ga2 tan2 2v0 2 xtan + ga2 2v0 2 h = 0

v0 2 + gh g2 a2 & h2 

Hence the least velocity of projection is

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Since P(D, H) lies on it, therefore

Using value of v0 2 in (i), we get

Height above sea level = H + h

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The gravitational force F acting on the particle at point P(x, y) is

the height reached is R4

the time of flight is 2Rg

Let R be new range. Then

2v0 2 h = 2av0 2 tan ga2 1 & tan2

v0 2 + gh g2 a2 & h2

Then v0 = 2gH (given)

Putting y = h and v0 = 2gH, we get

4Hsincos 16H2 sin2 cos2 4

4Hsincos 16H2 sin2 cos2 16hHcos2

OB = 2Hsincos + 2cosH2 sin2 hH

OA =2Hsincos 2cosH2 sin2 hH

OO = AB = OB OA = 4cosH2 sin2 hH

2Vsin 4V2 sin2 8Hg

Vsin V2 sin2 2Hg

Vsin V2 sin2 2Hg

Vsin +V2 sin2 2Hg

Vsin +V2 sin2 2Hg

2V2 sin2 2Hg

Vsin V2 sin2 2Hg

2V2 sin2 2Hg

2VcosV2 sin2 2Hg

v0 Vsin +V2 sin2 2Hg

v0 Vsin +V2 sin2 2Hg

2VcosV2 sin2 2Hg v0 Vsin + v0 V2 sin2 2Hg

Given that v0 = 2ga and V = v0sin

v0 sinv0 sin 2ag