Ghép nối và điều khiển hệ thống

Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi
GHP NI V IU KHIN THIT B NGOI VI
Ngi son: TS. Nguyn Vn Minh Tr

ThS. Lm Tng c
Cc sinh vin lp 03SK
Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr
TI LIU LU HNH NI B
LI NI U
Ngy nay, my vi tnh (MVT) c ci tin, nng cp v th trng ho t tc

x l cc nhanh, gi thnh r. Trong nhng thp nin qua, MVT c p dng
khp mi ni, thay th cho cc h thng c nhiu nhc im. c bit, trong h thng
in, in cng nghip, MVT c ng dng ngy cng nhiu, mang li nhiu tnh
nng u vit cho h thng. Do yu cu pht trin l thuyt v h thng c s dng
MVT m ra nhiu lnh vc hc mi.
Mt v d c th ca vic ng dng MVT trong cng nghip l cc h thng o lng
v iu khin s dng MVT. Trong cc h thng ny, MVT nhn cc d liu o t trng
thi vt l ca h thng, vi d nh nhit , p sut, in p , v tnh ton a ra
nhng quyt nh, tn hiu iu khin tr li h thng, nhm t c cc yu cu iu
khin ra ca h thng.
Mun thit k, vn hnh v bo qun tt h o-iu khin cng nghip, ngi k s
cn nm vng v k thut my tnh, cch vit chng trnh, k thut ghp ni thit b
ngoi vi, vic x l s liu, l thuyt iu khin s
Mn hc ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi (TBNV) nhm cung cp cc kin
thc c bn trong vic tm hiu, thit k mch ghp ni ngoi vi vi MVT. Cc mch
thit k phc v cho vic o lng, iu khin, giao tip gia MVT vi MVT, MVT vi
h vi iu khin.
MC LC
CHNG 1: C S GHP NI THIT B NGOI VI

1.1. Gii thiu chung
1.1.1.
Cu trc h thng
1.1.2.
Nhim v ca b ghp ni
1.1.3.
Th tc trao i d liu ca my vi tnh
1.2. Gii thiu mt s vi mch dng trong b ghp ni
1.2.1.
Cc mch logic c bn
1.2.2.
Cc mch lt
1.2.3.
Cc mch thanh ghi m
1.2.4.
Cc mch gii m a ch
1.2.5.
Cc mch truyn d liu
CHNG 2: GHP NI VO RA SONG SONG IU KHIN BNG

CHNG TRNH
2.1 Cc lnh vo ra d liu
2.1.1
Cc lnh vo ra bng hp ng
2.1.2
Cc lnh vo ra bng Turbo C
2.1.3
Cc lnh vo ra bng Turbo Pascal
2.2 Ghp ni song song n gin: c hay khng c i thoi
2.2.1
Ca vo n gin khng i thoi
2.2.2
Ca ra n gin khng i thoi
2.2.3
Ca vo n gin c i thoi
2.2.4
Ca ra n gin c i thoi
2.3 Ghp ni song song iu khin bng chng trnh
2.3.1
S khi v chc nng cc khi ca 8255A
2.3.2
Cc ch lm vic ca 8255A
2.3.3
Ghp ni vi 8255A
2.3.4
Lp trnh cho 8255A
CHNG 3: GHP NI TRAO I D LIU NI TIP

3.1 Gii thiu chung v trao i d liu ni tip
3.1.1
Yu cu trao i d liu ni tip
3.1.2
Mch trao i d liu ni tip

3.1.3
Th tc trao i d liu ni tip
3.2 Mch thu pht d b vn nng UART 8250
3.2.1 S khi v chc nng cc khi ca UART 8250
3.2.2 Ghp ni vi UART 8250
3.2.3 Lp trnh cho UART 8250
CHNG 4: GHP NI IU KHIN NGT

4.1 Khi nim v phn loi ngt
4.1.1
Khi nim
4.1.2
Phn loi ngt
4.2 X l ngt ca nhiu thit b ngoi vi
4.2.1
Cho php hoc cm ngt
4.2.2
Sp xp u tin ngt
4.2.3
Xc nh ngun gy ngt
4.2.4
To vector ngt
4.3 Vi mch iu khin ngt 8259A
4.3.1
S khi v chc nng cc khi ca 8259A
4.3.2
Cu trc hot ng ca vi mch 8259A
4.3.3
Ghp ni vi 8259A
4.3.4
Lp trnh cho 8259A
CHNG 5: GHP NI VO RA IU KHIN BNG DMA

5.1 Khi nim DMA c bn
5.1.1 Khi nim DMA
5.1.2 Hot ng DMAC (DMA Controller) c bn
5.1.3 Cc ch trao i d liu DMA
5.2 B iu khin DMA 8237A
5.2.1 S khi v chc nng cc khi ca DMAC 8237A
5.2.2 Ghp ni vi 8237A trong h vi x l 8088
5.2.3 Lp trnh cho 8237A
CHNG 6: GHP NI TNG T-S V S-TNG T

6.1. Gii thiu mt s mch khuch i thut ton
6.1.1 Cc tham s c bn ca mch khuch i thut ton
6.1.2 Cc s c bn ca b khuch i thut ton
6.2 B chuyn i s-tng t DAC
6.2.1 Hot ng ca DAC
6.2.2 Cc tham s c bn ca b chuyn i ca DA
6.2.3 Cc mch DAC in hnh
6.2.4 Ghp ni vi DAC
6.2.5 Lp trnh xut d liu ra DAC
6.3 B bin i tng t-s ADC

6.3.1 Nguyn tc lm vic ca ADC
6.3.2 Cc tham s c bn ca b chuyn i AD
6.3.3 Cc phng php chuyn i AD
6.3.4 Ghp ni vi ADC
6.3.5 Lp trnh nhn d liu t ADC
CHNG 7: NG DNG MY VI TNH TRONG O LNG V

IU KHIN
7.1. Gii thiu v cu trc my tnh
7.2 Thit k mch ghp ni gia h thng t ng ha vi cc cng ca my vi tnh
CHNG 1:
1.1.
C S GHP NI THIT B NGOI VI
Gii thiu chung
1.1.1 Cu trc h thng

My vi tnh hay h vi x l u c cu trc chung do Phn Ni-Man xut gm khi
x l trung tm (CPU), b nh (M) v cc ca vo/ra (I/O), nh trn hnh 1.1. Ngoi ra,
MVT cn cn phi trao i d liu v mi trng bn ngoi, v d giao tip vi ngi s
dng qua bn phm-mn hnh, trao i d liu vi cc thit b ngoi thng dng, cc thit
b ngoi trong h o-iu khin, v cc MVT khc trong mng. Do cc b ghp ni
thit b ngoi vi (BGN TBNV) c xy dng, gm:
BGN cc thit b vo chun nh bn phm, con chut
BGN cc thit b ra chun nh mn hnh, my in
BGN cc b nh ngoi chun nh cng, CD-ROM
BGN vi MVT khc trong mng nhiu MVT.
BGN vi h vi iu khin, h vi x l.
BGN h o lng - iu khin:
RAM
ROM
V
X
L
ng dy d liu v a ch MVT
BGN
Bn phm
Mn hnh
BGN
My in
BGN
b nh
ngoi
BGN
Song song
/ni tip
cng
BGN
CD-ROM Song song
/ni tip
BGN
Vo/ra
BGN
Vo/ra
Cm bin
o lng
C cu
chp
hnh
ng dy
iu khin
Thit
b
CN
MVT
/Vi K
Hnh 1.1: Cu trc h GN trao i d liu tin gia MVT v TBNV
Trong : VXL l vit tt ca vi x l
RAM l random-access memory
ROM l read-only memory
BGN l b ghp ni
CD-ROM l compact disk read-only memory
CN l cng nghip
K l iu khin
t bit trong h o lng - iu khin, MVT nhn d liu trng thi vt l ca h

thng (nhit , p sut, in p, dng in) di dng tn hiu in, t u d cc b
cm bin (sensor), b chuyn i (tranducer), b pht hin (detector). V MVT cn nhn
thng tin v trng thi sn sng hay bn ca thit b o.
MVT sau a tn hiu chp nhn trao i d liu vi TBNV, thu thp v x l d
liu, tnh ton cc tn hiu iu khin a ra cc c cu chp hnh (cc van ng m, cc
rle trong mch in, cc mch ng lc iu tc ng c in), hay a ra cc thng
s k thut cho thit b.
Ngoi ra, MVT cn cn lu tr d liu trn cng, a compact (CD-ROM) tra
cu lc cn, hin th kt qu o di dng bng s liu, dng th hay hnh v ho
trn mn hnh.
1.1.2 Nhim v ca b ghp ni
TBNV c ghp ni vi MVT thng qua cc phn thch ng v cng ngh v thch
ng logic nh hnh 1.2. GN cng ngh lm nhim v iu chnh mc tn hiu gia cng
ngh sn xut TBNV v cng ngh sn xut cc mch cu trc nn BUS ca MVT. GN
logic lm nhim v to cc tn hiu iu khin TBNV t nhng tn hiu trn BUS h
thng. Nhim v ca BGN l phi hp trao i d liu gia MVT v TBNV.
1. Phi hp v mc v cng sut tn hiu
- Mc tn hiu ca MVT thng l mc TTL (0V, 5V), trong khi TBNV c mc
in thoi (15V, 48V) hay mc in cng nghip (220V/380V).
- Cng sut ng dy MVT nh (c chc mA), trong khi cng sut cn cho
TBNV l rt ln ty theo tng h thng.
Do BGN phi bin i in p v khuch i cng sut cho ph hp gia MVT v
TBNV. Thng dng vi mch 3 trng thi a d`liu ra, a d liu vo. Do vi
mch s trng thi tr khng cao khi khng c trao i d liu, c lp TBNV vi
MVT, khng tiu th mt cht cng sut no ca ng dy v bo v MVT.
2. Phi hp v dng d liu
- D liu trao i ca MVT lun l song song dng s nh phn, c th truyn
theo 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit.
- D liu ca TBNV c th song song 8 bit v 16 bit, ni tip hoc tn hiu lin tc.
Do BGN s chuyn i dng d liu cho ph hp gia MVT v TBNV, v d
chuyn i t tn hiu lin tc sang tn hiu s.
3. Phi hp v tc trao i d liu
- MVT thng hot ng vi tc cao (tn s ln ti hng trm MHz) trong khi
TBNV thng hot ng chm hn nhiu.
Do BGN nhn v lu d liu t MVT ri truyn cho TBNV theo php chm ca
TBNV, gii phng cho MVT lm nhim v khc (phc v TBNV khc, chy chng
trnh x l s liu hay hin th trn mn hnh). Tng t, BGN nhn d liu ca TBNV
v ch MVT c d liu vo.
4. Phi hp v phng thc trao i d liu
- Vic c/xut d liu do MVT khi xng:
Khi , MVT a lnh iu khin ti khi ng BGN hay TBNV, MVT c trng thi
ca TBNV. Nu trng thi TBNV cha sn sng, MVT s ch.

Nu TBNV trng thi sn sng, MVT s tin hnh c/xut d liu.
- Vic c/xut d liu do TBNV khi xng:
Khi , TBNV a yu cu trao i d liu ti b phn x l ngt ca BGN. Nu c
nhiu TBNV ng thi a ra yu cu, BGN s sp xp theo th t u tin nh sn, ri
a tng yu cu ti MVT. MVT sau khi nhn tn hiu yu cu, s chun b v a tn
hiu xc nhn sn sng trao i. n lc BGN nhn v truyn tn hiu sn sng n cho
TBNV. Sau , MVT v TBNV s trao i d liu qua trung gian l BGN.
iu khin
MVT
s liu
BGN
GN GN
logic cng
ngh
iu khin
TBNV
s liu
Hnh 1.2: GN gia MVT v TBNV

1.1.3 Th tc trao i d liu ca my vi tnh
MVT trao i d liu vi TBNV theo mt trong hai ch :
- Ch chng trnh:
Gm cc lnh VO, RA v CHUYN d liu gia cc thanh ghi.
- Ch truy cp thng ti b nh:
BGN lc ny iu khin s trao i gia TBNV v b nh qua trung gian BGN. Cc
ca vo ra ca VXL trng thi tr khng cao. BGN iu khin mi hot ng ca b
nh v TBNV, bao gm:
. Pht a ch cho b nh v TBNV.
. Pht lnh c RD hay ghi WR s liu.
. Cc s liu c, ghi c trao i gia b nh v TBNV thng qua cc thanh
ghi m ca BGN.
ch trao i d liu theo chng trnh, vic thc hin c th theo mt trong ba
phng php sau (hnh 1.3):
- ng b hay khng i thoi.
- Khng ng b hay c i thoi.
- Ngt chng trnh.
1. Trao i ng b:
Sau khi khi ng TBNV, MVT khng cn quan tm ti TBNV c sn sng trao i
d liu hay khng m a lun lnh trao i d liu. Do TBNV phi lun sn sng
trao i d liu. Phng php trao i d liu ny c u im l nhanh, khng tn thi
gian ch i. Tuy nhin n c nhc im l thiu tin cy, i khi b mt d liu v c
th c s c lm TBNV cha sn sng trao i.
2. Trao i khng ng b:
Trnh t trao i din ra nh sau:
- MVT a tn hiu iu khin ti BGN.
- MVT ch v kim tra trng thi sn sng trao i ca TBNV. Nu cha sn sng
th c l kim tra li trng thi ny.

- MVT trao i d liu vi TBNV khi sn sng.
Phng php ny thng dng v tc trao i d liu ca TBNV chm hn so vi
MVT. Phng php trao i d liu ny c u im l rt tin cy, nhng li tn thi
gian s dng MVT.
3. Trao i theo ngt chng trnh:
Phng php ny khc phc c nhc im ca phng php trn. Trnh t nh
sau:
- MVT ang thc hin chui lnh ca chng trnh no .
- TBNV c yu cu trao i d liu, s gi tn hiu yu cu trao i (yu cu ngt INTR ).
- MVT a tn hiu chp nhn (xc nhn ngt INTA).
- Chng trnh chnh b ngt, MVT chuyn sang chng trnh con phc v ngt,
tc chng trnh con trao i d liu cho TBNV yu cu.
- Chng trnh chnh li c tip tc thc hin ch b ngt.
Chng trnh
Trao i
d liu
Chng trnh
Chng trnh
Cha
TBNV sn sng ?
Ngt
Trao i
d liu
Ri
Trao i
d liu
a) ng b
b) Khng ng b
c) Ngt chng trnh
Hnh 1.3 : Trao i d liu theo chng trnh
1.2.
Gii thiu mt s vi mch dng trong b ghp ni
Thng thng BGN c cc thanh cht d liu, b m 3 trng thi ni vi BUS v

cc mch lt to tn hiu i thoi.
1.2.1 Cc mch logic c bn
Mch AND
Vcc 4B 4A 4Y 3B 3A 3Y
- SN7408
Bng trng thi
14 13 12 11 10 9 8
- SN7409
A
B
Y
L
L
L
H
L
L
L
H
L
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
H
H
H
1A 1B 1Y 2A 2B 2Y GND
Mch OR
- SN7432
14 13 12 11 10 9 8
1 2 3
1A 1B 1Y
Mch NOT
- SN7404:
- SN7405
- SN7406
4 5 6 7
2A 2B 2Y GND
Bng trng thi

A
B
Y
L
L
L
H
L
H
L
H
H
H
H
H
Vcc 6A 6Y 5A 5Y 4A 4Y
14 13 12 11 10 9 8
Bng trng thi:
A
L
H
Y
H
L
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1A 1Y 2A 2Y 3A 3Y GND
Mch EX-OR
- SN74136
14 13 12 11 10 9 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Bng trng thi

A
L
H
L
H
B
L
L
H
H
Y
L
H
H
L
10

Mch NAND
- SN7400
- SN7401
- SN7403
14 13 12 11 10 9 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Mch NOR
- SN7402
- SN7428
A
L
H
L
H
B
L
L
H
H
Y
H
H
H
L
Bng trng thi
14 13 12 11 10 9 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Mch EX-NOR
- SN74HC266
Bng trng thi:
A
L
H
L
H
B
L
L
H
H
Y
H
L
L
L
Bng trng thi

14 13 12 11 10 9 8
A
L
H
L
H
B
L
L
H
H
Y
H
L
L
H
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Mch m 3 trng thi kch hot mc thp

- SN74125
3C 3A 3Y
Vcc 4C 4A 4Y 3B
- SN74425
14 13 12 11 10 9 8
Bng trng thi

C
H
L
L
A
X
L
H
Y
Z
L
H
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1C 1A 1Y 2C 2A 2Y GND
Trong Z l trng thi tr khng cao.

Mch m 3 trng thi kch hot mc cao
11

-
SN74126
SN74426
Bng trng thi
3C 3A 3Y
Vcc 4C 4A 4Y 3B
14 13 12 11 10 9 8
C
L
H
H
A
X
L
H
Y
Z
L
H
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1C 1A 1Y 2C 2A 2Y GND
1.2.2 Cc mch lt:

2
- SN7474
Vcc CLR 2D
2 2
CK PR 2Q 2 Q
14 13 12 11 10 9 8
CLR
Q
CK
D PR Q
Bng trng thi
D PR Q
CK
CLRQ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1Q 1 Q GND
1 1D 1
CLR
CK PR
PR
CLR
CK
L
H
L
H
H
H
H
L
L
H
H
H
X
X
X
X
X
X
H
L
X
H
L
H*
H
L
Q0
Q
L
H
H*
L
H
Q0
Trong Q0 l trng thi c trc , H l trng thi cm.

1.2.3 Cc mch thanh ghi m
- SN74LS373, SN74LS374 l loi vi mch cht truyn qua 8 bits cng m 3 trng
thi. m v cht c iu khin c lp bng cc u vo iu khin khc nhau l:

OE (Output Enable): M cng-m

LE (Latch Enable): iu khin m cht
CP (Clock Input) : u vo xung sn ln
12
Bng s tht ca 74LS373

MODE Hot ng
u vo
Thanh
ghi ni
u ra
OE
LE
Di
Cht v c thanh ghi
Q0
Q0
Cht v khng cho ra
Kch hot v c
thanh ghi
Oi

MODE Hot ng
u vo
OE
Kch hot v c
thanh ghi
CP
Thanh
ghi ni
Di
u ra
Oi
Cht v c thanh ghi
Q0
Q0
Cht v khng cho ra
B iu khin bus cht h 8 loi CMOS 82C82
13
STB
Bng s tht ca 82C82

DI
OE
X
H
H
Trong : H l logic 1
X l bt k
l sn xung m
H
L
L
L
X
L
H
X
DO
Z
L
H
Q0
L l logic 0
Z l trng thi tr khng cao
Q0 l cht gi tr ca d liu sau cng
1.2.4 Cc mch gii m a ch

Mt s vi mch c dng nhiu trong cc h thng gii m ca VXL l SN74LS138
(mch gii m 3-8), SN74LS139 (hai gii m 2-4).
minh ho cho phng php ny ta chn vi mch 74LS138. Bng s tht ca vi
mch cho bit ti mt thi im ch c mt trong tm u ra c mc logic 0. iu kin
cn c mt trong cc mc thp u ra l cc u vo E1 , E2 , E3 phi c kch
hot, tc l E1 , E2 mc thp v E3 mc cao. Khi 74LS138 c kch hot, cc
u vo a ch A0, A1 v A2 s la chn u ra, iu ny cho php c th chn c mt
trong tm thit b nh khc nhau ti mt thi im.
14

u vo
Enable
Select
E E E3 A2 A1 A0 0
1
H
x
x
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
x
H
x
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
H
H
H
H
L
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
L
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
L
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
L
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
L
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
L
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
L
x
x
L
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
x
x
x
L
L
L
L
H
H
H
H
x
x
x
L
L
H
H
L
L
H
H
x
x
x
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
H
H
H
L
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Output
V d v mch gii m a ch cho ROM c th tham kho trn hnh 1.4.
15
Hnh 1.4: Mch gii m chn ROM dng 74LS138

1.2.5 Cc mch truyn d liu
- SN74LS245

Cc chn A1A8, B1B8 l cc chn gi/ nhn d liu 2 hng tng ng.
Chn 19 ( G ) l chn chn IC (Chip Enable).
Chn 1 (DIR) l chn chn hng gi/ nhn d liu (Direction).

G
DIR
Hot ng
D liu vo B, ra A
D liu vo A, ra B
16
CHNG 2: GHP NI VO RA SONG SONG IU KHIN BNG

CHNG TRNH
2.1.
Cc lnh vo ra d liu
2.1.1 Cc lnh vo ra bng hp ng:

Lnh nhn d liu t thit b vo/ra l INput v mt lnh gi s liu ra thit b
vo/ra l OUTput. C bn cch dng khc nhau ca mi lnh ny: hai loi chuyn d
liu 8 hay 16 bt thng qua cc cng vo/ra 8 bt, v hai chuyn d liu 8 hay 16 bt thng
qua cc cng 16 bt.
V d hai lnh sau y s c cc byte ca ng dn d liu t cng LPT1:
MOV DX,378H
IN
AL,DX
; np a ch ca thanh ghi d liu vo DX

; c thng tin trn ng dn d liu (D0 n D7) ca LPT1
sang thanh ghi AL
Bng 2.1: Bng cc lnh vo ra
Instruction
Data
Width
Comment
IN AL,d8
c mt byte t cng vo/ra 8 bt
IN AL,DX
c mt byte t cng vo/ra xc nh bi thanh ghi DX
IN AX,d8
16
c mt word t cng vo/ra 8 bt
IN AX,DX
16
c mt word t cng vo/ra xc nh bi thanh ghi DX
OUT d8,AL
Gi mt byte ra cng vo/ra 8 bt
OUT DX,AL
Gi mt byte ra cng vo/ra xc nh bi thanh ghi DX
OUT d8,AX
16
Gi mt word ra cng vo/ra 8 bt
OUT DX,AX
16
Gi mt word ra cng vo/ra xc nh bi thanh ghi DX
Ch : d8 cha a ch l cng vo/ra 8 bt, v DX cha a ch l cng vo/ra 16 bt.
17

2.1.2.Cc lnh vo ra bng Turbo C
Instruction
Data
Width
Comment
outportb(addr_port,data_var)
Gi mt byte ra cng vo/ra 8 bt xc nh bi a ch addr_port
Data_var=inportb(addr_port)
c mt byte t cng vo xc nh bi a ch addr_port
outport(addr_port,data_var)
16
Gi mt word ra cng vo/ra, 8 bt thp xc nh bi a ch

addr_port, 8 bt cao xc nh bi a ch addr_port+1
Data_var=inportb(addr_port)
16
c mt word t cng vo/ra, 8 bt thp xc nh bi a ch

outp(addr_port,data_var)
Gi mt byte ra cng vo/ra 8 bt xc nh bi a ch addr_port
Data_var=inp(addr_port)
c mt byte t cng vo xc nh bi a ch addr_port
outpw(addr_port,data_var)
16
Gi mt byte ra cng vo/ra, 8 bt thp xc nh bi a ch

Data_var=inp(addr_port)
16
c mt word t cng vo/ra, 8 bt thp xc nh bi a ch

V d cc lnh sau xut 5 (8 bt 00000101) qua thanh ghi d liu ca LPT1

#include <dos.h>
#define Dat_reg 0x378
char data_var=5;
outport(Dat_reg,data_var);
2.1.3 Cc lnh vo ra bng Turbo Pascal
Instruction
Data
Width
Comment
Port[addr] := var1;
Gi mt byte ra cng vo/ra 8 bt xc nh bi a ch addr
Var := port[addr];
c mt byte t cng vo xc nh bi a ch addr
V d:
Uses crt;
18

Port[$378] := X; Xut ra gi tr bin X ln ng dn d liu (D0 n D7) ca cng
LPT1
Y := port[$379]; c ni dung thanh ghi trng thi ca LPT1 vo bin Y
Ch : Mt ch s h 16 phi thm du: 0x vo trc s trong ngn ng C,
v $ vo trc s trong ngn ng Pascal.
2.1.4 Gin thi gian cc lnh c/ghi d liu:
Bus h thng, bao gm bus d liu (data bus), bus iu khin (control bus) v bus a ch
(address bus), l cc ng dn truyn thng gia vi x l v TBNV.
Cc VXL 8 bit d liu thng c 8 ng dy data bus, v 16 ng dy tng ng 16
ng a ch address bus. Hai tn hiu RD, WR control bus thng c s dng
xc nh thi im d liu n nh trn data bus.
Hnh 1.5 l gin thi gian tn hiu trn bus h thng.
Chu k c
address
bus
data bus
D liu t
TBNV
D liu c
c vo VXL
Chu k ghi
D liu c
ghi ra TBNV
D liu t
VXL
RD
WR
Hnh 1.5: Gin thi gian tn hiu trn bus h thng.
Mi chu k bus (bus cycle) bao gm vic chuyn 1 t d liu gia VXL vi b nh hoc
TBNV. Mi chu k bus bt u khi VXL xut mt a ch chn mt v tr b nh hoc
cc cng vo ra. Trong gin ny, cc bus a ch v d liu c biu din bng 1 cp
ng thng ch thng tin trn bus n nh. Khi cc ng trn s ct ngang nhau
din t d liu thay i. ng nt t l trng thi th ni khi khng c thit b no
li n.
19
2.2 Ghp ni song song n gin: c hay khng c i thoi

2.2.1 Ca vo n gin khng i thoi
Hnh 2.1 m t mt ca vo n gin khng cn tn hiu i thoi. Tn hiu vo t b
cm bin (BCB) c ni vi bus d liu ca MVT thng qua b m ba trng thi.
Khi chng ta lp trnh on lnh:
C:
Pascal:
data1 = inport(addrport);
data1 := port(addrport);
Trnh bin dch s chuyn on lnh trn thnh m my, v khi chy on m my
ny, VXL s to ra cc tn hiu:
- A0A15 t addrport
- RD kch hot mc 0.
B gii m s so snh cc gi tr trn ng a ch vi a ch cng cho trc, nu
trng a ch, u ra b gii m s kch hot mc 0. Do u ra mch OR s mc 0,
kch hot cho b m ba trng thi m ra, v d liu t TBNV s vo bus d liu ca
VXL. Lc ny, VXL s nhn
- D0 ,..., D7 gn vo cho bin data1.
Kt thc chu k lnh, RD tr v mc 1.
a ch
A0A15
Gii m
RD
D0
BCB 1
D1
BCB 2
D7
Bus MVT
BCB 7
BGN
TBNV
Hnh 2.1: Ca vo n gin, khng c i thoi
20

2.2.2 Ca ra n gin khng i thoi
a ch
A0A15
Gii m
WR
+E
K/i
D0
D1
D7
Bus MVT
BGN
Hnh 2.2: Ca ra n gin, khng c i thoi
Tng t, mt ca ra n gin khng c i thoi c th hin trn hnh 2.2. D liu

t VXL c gi ra TBNV qua thanh ghi m, dng iu khin n. Mch khuch i
s nng cng sut ln ph hp vi cng sut ca n.
Khi lp trnh phn mm, chng ta s g vo dng lnh
C:
Pascal:
outportb(addrport,data2);
port(addrport) := data2;
Trnh bin dch s chuyn on lnh trn thnh m my, v khi chy on m my
ny, VXL s to ra cc tn hiu:
- A0A15 t addrport
- WR kch hot mc 0.
B gii m s so snh cc gi tr trn ng a ch vi a ch cng cho trc, nu
trng a ch, u ra b gii m s kch hot mc 0. Do u ra mch NOR s nhy
ln mc 1, kch hot cho b thanh ghi m m ra, v TBNV nhn d liu t MVT, gm:
- D0 ,..., D7 tng ng vi bin data2.
Kt thc chu k lnh, WR tr v mc 1.
21
2.2.3. Ca vo n gin c i thoi

a ch
A0A15
Q0
Gii m
RD
Q1
Q D
CKLQ
Cl
Xung
np
D0
BCB 1
D1
BCB 2
D7
BCB 7
Bus MVT
TBNV
Hnh 2.3: Ca vo c i thoi
Ca vo c i thoi th hin trn hnh 2.3. TBNV gi s liu ti u vo cc thanh

ghi. Khi s liu n nh, thit b ngoi vi gi tip mt xung np. Sn ln xung np
a d liu ca TBNV vo nh trong thanh ghi. Sn xung xung np kch mch lt, a
u ra Q = D = 1. l trng thi sn sng ca TBNV. B VXL s kim tra trng thi
ny bng thut ton trong on lnh:
#define BIT0 0x01;
#define addrport1 0x00F8;
#define addrport3 0x00F9;
do
data3 = inportb(addrport1);
while (data3&BIT0!=BIT0);
data4 = inportb(addrport2);
Bng lnh inportb u tin, VXL s a a ch addrport1 ra cc chn a ch, kch
hot RD = 0 . u ra OR = 0, m mch m ba trng thi, a tn hiu Q = 1 vo ng
d liu D0. Qua , d liu vi D0 = 1 s c gn cho bin data3. Kt thc chu k lnh,
RD = 1 , u ra cng OR chuyn sang mc 1 lm mch m ba trng thi chuyn sang
trng thi tr khng cao, cch ly chn Q v ng d liu D0.
Sau khi VXL kim tra thy d liu sn sng (bit D0 = 1), lnh inportb th hai s
lm VXL to tn hiu kch m b m ba trng thi, a d liu ca TBNV ang nh
trong cc thanh ghi vo bus d liu v gn cho bin data4. Cng bng xung chn mch
ny, mch lt s xo Q v mc logic 0.
22

2.2.4 Ca ra n gin c i thoi
0
RD
a ch
A0A15
D Q
QCKL
TBNV sn
sng nhn
Pr
Gii m
WR
S liu sn
sng
1 DQ
QCKL
Cl
Q
Ghi nhn
K/i
D0
D1
D7
Bus MVT
BGN
TBNV
Hnh 2.4: Ca ra c i thoi

Hnh 2.4 m t ca ra c i thoi. Khi TBNV sn sng nhn d liu, TBNV s a ra
mt tn hiu logic 1. B VXL s kim tra trng thi ca TBNV trong on lnh:
#define BIT0 0x01;
do
data5 = inportb(adrport);
while (data5&BIT0 != BIT0);
outportb(adrport,data6);
Cch hot ng ca VXL tng t trn, lnh inportb s np d liu c D0 = 1 vo bin
data5, bin ny dng so snh nhn bit TBNV sn sng cha. Kt thc lnh inportb,
u ra mch OR chuyn sang 1, to xung ln u ra mch AND, lm chuyn trng thi
mch lt Q = D = 0, ng thi lm mch m ba trng thi chuyn sang trng thi tr
khng cao, cch ly chn Q v ng d liu D0.
Nu thy TBNV sn sng nhn th lnh outportb tip theo s gi a ch adrport cng
tn hiu WR = 0 to ra mt xung ra mch OR. Sn ln xung ny np d liu data6 trn
bus d liu vo thanh ghi xut ra TBNV, sn xung a tn hiu Q = D = 1, bo cho
TBNV l s liu sn sng. Sau khi nhn s liu, TBNV sinh ra tn hiu ghi nhn xo
tn hiu s liu sn sng (v mc 0) v lp tn hiu TBNV sn sng nhn (ln mc 1), ch
b VXL gi s liu tip theo.
Trao i d liu c i thoi lm vic chc chn hn trao i khng i thoi. V
TBNV c tc hot ng chm, nn s liu u vo VXL c lc khng ng khi TBNV
23

c s liu cha n nh. Do mt thut ton cn dng cho trao i khng i thoi l
c nhiu ln v kim tra kt qu cc ln vi nhau. Nu kt qu ging nhau th d liu
vo xem nh n nh.
2.3 Ghp ni song song iu khin bng chng trnh

2.3.1 S khi v chc nng cc khi ca 8255A
Phn GN vi VXL
PA3
PA2
PA1
PA0
1
2
3
4
5
RD
6
CS
GND 7
A1 8
A0 9
PC7 10
PC6 11
PC5 12
PC4 13
PC0 14
PC1 15
PC2 16
PC3 17
PB0 18
PB1 19
PB2 20
8255A
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
Phn iu khin ni b
PA4
PA5
PA6
PA7
Bus s
liu
D0 ...D7 m
bus s
liu
Nhm B PC0 PC3

ca C, 4
bit thp
RD
iu
WR
khin
A1
A0
c/ghi
RESET
CS
Nhm PB0 PB7

B
ca B
iu
khin
nhm
B
D0 D7 INTRA
INTRB
RD
D0 D7
RD
WR
RESET
VXL
Nhm B PC4 PC7

ca C, 4
bit cao
Bus s liu trong
Hnh 2.5: S chn v s khi ca 8255A
INTR
Nhm PA0 PA7

A
ca A
iu
khin
nhm
A
WR
RESET
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
VCC
PB7
PB6
PB5
PB4
PB3
Phn GN vi TBNV
WR
RST
PA0 PA7
8255A
A0
A1
A0
A1
A2 An
Gii m
a ch
cao
CS
TBNV
PC0 PC7
PB0 PB7
Hnh 2.6: S GN 8255A vi VXL v TBNV
24
Vi mch PPI 8255A l vi mch iu khin bng chng trnh c p dng kh rng
ri. Hnh 1.10 trnh by s ghp ni 8255A, gm c:
1. Phn ghp ni vi VXL:
- B m s liu trao i d liu hai chiu gia MVT v ng dy s liu
trong.
- B logic iu khin c vit: tc b gii m a ch lnh cho cc thanh ghi m v
thanh ghi iu khin.
Vi t hp cc tn hiu a ch (A0, A1). chn vi mch ( CS ), cc lnh c ( RD ) v
ghi ( WR ) ca VXL, ta c cc lnh ghi v c khc nhau cho cc ca (A, B, C) v t
iu khin (control word) nh bng 2.4.
Bng 2.4: Bng trng thi ca 8255A
A1
A0
CS
RD
WR
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
c ca A
c ca B
c ca C
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
Ghi ca A
Ghi ca B
Ghi ca C
Ghi thanh ghi iu khin
Lnh (ca VXL)
Vi mch trng thi tr

khng cao
Chiu di chuyn s liu (vi

VXL)
Ca A D0 D7
Ca B D0 D7
Ca C D0 D7
Khng c gi tr
D0 D7 Ca A
D0 D7 Ca B
D0 D7 Ca C
D0 D7 thanh ghi iu
khin
Khng c trao i s liu
2. Phn ghp ni vi TBNV:

- Ca A, B: hai thanh ghi m s liu (8 bit) vo hoc ra tu chng trnh
- Ca C c th chia l hai nhm c lp bng chng trnh: na cao (PC4 PC7)
v na thp (PC0 PC3). Tu theo ch s dng trong t iu khin, ca C c
th dng:
Trao i s liu vo hoc ra ch 0 (mode 0).
iu khin hoc i thoi vi TBNV v VXL khi ca A v B ch 1 bng
cch xc lp v xo tng bit PCi .
iu khin hoc i thoi vi TBNV v VXL khi ca A v B ch 1 v 2.
ch 1 v 2, c cc bit ca C, ta bit c trng thi ca cc ca A v B.
3. Phn cc mch iu khin ni b:
C cc khi iu khin (nhm A, nhm B) cc ca A, B v C.
25

2.3.2 Cc ch lm vic ca 8255A:
B ghp ni 8255A c ba ch lm vic c bn nh hnh 2.7:
- Ch 0: vo/ra thng thng
- Ch 1: cht vo/ra
- Ch 2: BUS hai chiu
Tu theo t iu khin ghi vo thanh ghi iu khin khi khi ng cho vi mch, ta c
cc ch lm vic v chiu trao i s liu ca cc ca A, B, C khc nhau, nh hnh
2.8.
Hnh 2.7: Tm tt cc ch ca 8255A

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
1
Ch ca A
00 - Ch 0
01 - Ch 1
1x - Ch 2
Chiu ca A
1 - vo
0 - ra
Chiu ca C cao
1 - vo
0 - ra
Nhm B
Chiu ca C thp
1 - vo
0 - ra
Chiu ca B
1 - vo
0 - ra
Ch ca B
1 - Ch 1
0 - Ch 0
Nhm A Hnh 2.8: T iu khin ch v chiu ca cc ca A, B, C.
26

1. Ch 0:
y l ch vo ra c bn ca vi mch, n m bo d liu c a ra hoc ghi
vo cc cng ring bit .
Trong ch ny, vi mch c cc chc nng sau :
- Vi mch hot ng gm hai cng 8 bit v hai cng 4 bit.
- Cc cng c th l cng vo hoc cng ra.
- Cc tn hiu ra c cht li .
- Cc tn hiu vo khng c cht .
- Trong ch ny 8255 c 16 cu hnh hot ng vo/ra nh s dng t iu khin
v lnh OUT nh sau :
27
* th thi gian c /ghi ca 8255 trong ch ny nh sau :
28
th thi gian qu trnh c.
th thi gian qu trnh ghi.

2. Ch 1:
Trong ch ny cng A v cng B s dng cc ng dy tn hiu ca cng C to
hoc tip nhn tn hiu hi thoi ( hanshaking signal ) ngha l mi qu trnh trao i d
liu ca tng cng u dng cc tn hiu hi thoi. Cc chc nng c bn ca ch 1 l
- Vi mch hot ng gm hai nhm, nhm A v nhm B.
- Mi nhm cha mt cng 8 bit v mt cng iu khin 4 bit.
- Cng 8 bit c th l cng vo , hoc cng ra ,c hai cng vo ra u l cng cht .
- Cc cng 4 bit c s dng iu khin v xc nh trng thi ca cc cng 8 bit.
Cc tn hiu iu khin vo c dng trong ch vo :
STB (Strobe input)
Mc thp ca tn hiu vo ny cho php d liu c c vo .
IBF (Input Buffer Full)
29

Mc cao ca tn hiu ra ny ch ra rng d liu c ghi vo cng cht, v
bn cht y l mt tn hiu xc nhn. Tn hiu IBF c xc lp khi tn hiu
STB ang mc thp v c khi to li khi c sn dng ca u vo RD .
INTR ( Interrupt Request )
Mc cao ca tn hiu ra ny c th c s dng yu cu ngt ti CPU. Khi
mt thit b vo yu cu phc v, tn hiu INTR c xc lp bi tn hiu STB
=1, tn hiu IBF=1 v INTE =1 .Tn hiu ny c khi to li khi sn sau
ca tn hiu RD . Chc nng ny cho php cc thit b vo yu cu ngt ti
CPU mt cch n gin bng cch a d liu ca n ra cng.
Cc t lnh iu khin v th thi gian ca ch ny nh sau:
* th thi gian ca ch hot ng ny nh sau :
th thi gian qu trnh c .
30

Cc tn hiu iu khin ra c dng trong ch ra
OBF ( Output Bufer Full F/F).
Tn hiu ra OBF chuyn v mc thp thng bo rng CPU ghi d liu
ra mt cng xc nh. Tn hiu OBF F/F s c xc lp sn ln ca tn
hiu WR v b xo khi tn hiu vo ACK mc thp .
ACK (Acknowledge Input ).
Mc thp ca tn hiu vo ny thng bo cho 8255 rng d liu t cng A

hoc cng B c chp nhn. V bn cht y l tn hiu phc p t
thit b ngoi vi thng bo n nhn c d liu gi ti t CPU.
INTR (Interrupt Request )
Mc cao ca tn hiu ra ny c s dng yu cu ngt CPU khi mt

thit b ngoi nhn c d liu truyn t CPU. Tn hiu INTR xc lp
khi tn hiu ACK = "1", OBF = "1" v INTE ="1" . Tn hiu ny c khi
to li sn xung ca tn hiu WR .
Cc t lnh ca ch ny nh sau:
* th thi gian ca ch hot ng ny nh sau :
31
th thi gian qu trnh ghi.

Trong ch 1, hai cng A v B c th c lp trnh mt cch ring bit l cng vo
hoc cng ra hot ng trong cc ng dng vo /ra c hi thoi khc nhau. Cc t lnh
hot ng trong ch ny nh sau:
3. Ch 2
Ch hot ng ny cung cp kh nng trao i d liu vi cc thit b ngoi vi s
dng mt ng truyn 8 bit va truyn va nhn d liu (Bus vo/ra hai chiu). Cc
tn hiu hi thoi c dng trong ch ny iu khin vic truyn d liu cng
tng t nh ch 1.
Cc chc nng c bn ca ch 2:
32

- Trong ch ny ch c nhm A c s dng .
- Cng A l cng vo/ ra hai chiu 8 bit .
- Cc tn hiu vo/ra u c cht li.
- 5 bit ca cng C c s dng lm cng iu khin ,trng thi cho cng A 8 bit.
Cc tn hiu iu khin ra .
OBF( Output buffer full )
Tn hiu ra OBF mc thp thng bo CPU khi d liu ra cng A.
ACK (Acknowledge)
Mc thp ca tn hiu vo ny cho php b m ra bus d liu ca cng A

gi d liu. Ngc li, b m ra ny s trng thi tr khng cao .
INTE 1 ( Tn hiu INTE phi hp vi tn hiu OBF ).
iu khin bi vic lp bit hoc xo bit PC4 .

Cc tn hiu iu khin vo .
STB (Srobe input ).
Mc thp ca tn hiu vo ny c d liu vo cng vo cht .
IBF ( Input bufer Full ).
Mc cao ca tn hiu ra ny ch ra rng tn hiu c ghi vo cng vo

cht .
INTE2 ( Tn hiu INTE phi hp vi tn hiu IBF)
iu khin bi vic xo /lp bit ca PC4

Cc t lnh hot ng trong ch ny nh sau :
33
4. Ch kt hp
Ngoi vic hot ng ring r theo tng ch , 8255 cn c kh nng hot ng ng
thi kt hp cc ch khi khng phi tt c cc bit trong cng C c s dng iu
khin hoc dnh cho trng thi. Cc bit cn li c th c s dng thc hin cc chc
nng sau :
Khi c lp trnh l cc ng vo tn hiu
Tt c cc ng vo tn hiu u c th c truy cp trong sut qu trnh c cng
C thng thng. Nh trong hnh v minh ho sau :
34
Khi c lp trnh l cc ng tn hiu ra

Cc bit trong s cc bit cao ca cng C ( PC7- PC4) phi c truy cp mt cch ring
r bng cch s dng chc nng xo /lp bit.
Cc bit trong s cc bit thp ca cng C c th truy cp bng chc nng xo /lp bit
hoc dng 3 bit tng ng ghi ra cng C .
* c trng thi cng C.
Trong mode 0, cng C truyn d liu ti hoc t thit b ngoi vi. Khi 8255 c lp
trnh hot ng trong mode 1 hoc mode 2, cng C c s dng to ra hoc nhn tn
hiu hi thoi trao i vi thit b ngoi vi. c ni dung ca cng C cho php ngi lp
trnh kim tra trng thi ca cc thit b ngoi vi v iu khin qu trnh trao i d liu.
Khng c lnh c bit no dng c thng tin trng thi t cng C m ch c thao tc
c thng thng thc hin chc nng ny.
35
5. Chc nng xo bit v lp bit (single bit set/reset )

Bt c bit no trong 8 bit ca cng C u c th c thit lp hoc c xo nh s
dng cc lnh ghi ra thanh ghi iu khin cc bit ph hp. Nh vy khi cng C ang
c dng iu khin, ghi trng thi cho cng A hoc cng B th nhng bit ca cng C
c th c xo hoc c thit lp nh s dng cc lnh xo, thit lp bit nh khi cng
C l cng ra d liu.
- T lnh hot ng trong ch nh sau:
36

6. Chc nng iu khin ngt (Interrupt control )
Khi 8255 c lp trnh hot ng ch 1 hoc ch 2, cc tn hiu iu khin
ca n c th c s dng nh yu cu ngt ti CPU. Tn hiu yu cu ngt to bi
cng C c th b cm hay c php nh xo hay xc lp mch lt INTE s dng chc
nng lp xo bit nh nu trn.
Chc nng ny cho php ngi lp trnh c th cho php hoc khng cho php mt
thit b I/O ngt CPU m khng gy nh hng ti bt k mt thit b no khc trong cu
trc ngt .
2.3.3 Ghp ni vi 8255A
Hnh 2.9 trnh by mt v d mt mch GN 8255A vi my in, my c bng ch
0. Na thp ca C l ca vo, dng c cc trng thi
- PC1 cho trng thi bn ca my in.
- PC0 cho trng thi sn sng ca my c bng.
Na cao ca C l ca ra, dng a ra tn hiu iu khin:
- PC5 a tn hiu cht s liu cho my in (qua b o).
- PC4 dch chuyn bng giy i 1 v tr v bn phi (qua b khuch i o).
Hnh 2.10 m t mch ghp ni vi my in ch 1. Cc tn hiu i thoi gm:
- PC4 tn hiu ra cht s liu, c th dng PC7 ( OBFA ) thay th.
- PC6 tn hiu vo cho ACK , xc nhn in s liu.
- PC3 dng yu cu ngt chng trnh, a vo chn INTR ca VXL.
Nh s dng ch 1, cc tn hiu PC6, PC7 s t ng thu pht m khng cn lnh
ca chng trnh, tr PC4 phi a lnh. Vi vic ni vo INTR ca VXL, chng trnh
phc v ngt khng cn lnh kim tra trng thi ca PC6.
8255
Reset
Reset
RD
RD
WR
WR
A0
A0
A1
A1
A2 A19
PC5
PC1
Data strobe
Busy
My
in
D0 D7
D0 D7
VXL
PA0 PA7
Gii
m a
ch
CS
PC0
PC4
PB0 PB7
Busy
My
c
driver right
bng
Hnh 2.9: V d GN 8255 ch 0.
37
D0 D7 PA0 PA7
D0 D7
INTRA
VXL INTR
PC3
INTA
Data strobe
PC4
PC6
8255
PC7
ACK
OBFA
My in
Hnh 2.10: V d GN 8255 ch 1.

8255
Reset
Reset
D0 D7
D0 D7
VXL
RD
RD
WR
WR
A0
A0
A1
A1
A2 A19
Gii
m a
ch
CS
PA0 PA7
D0 D7
DAC
PB0
Cht s liu
PB1
Cho php a ra
Li ra
tng t
ADC
PB2
Cho php trch mu
PB3
Cht s liu
Li vo
tng t
D0 D7
Hnh 2.11: V d GN 8255 ch kt hp.

Hnh 2.11 m t v d ghp ni 8255A ch 2 ca ca PA v ch 0 ca ca PB.
.
Vi mch cng song song lp trnh c PPI 8255 c kh nng hot ng trong cc ch
hot ng khc nhau cc ch hot ng ny c th kt hp c vi nhau to kh
nng lp trnh iu khin hot ng mt cch linh hot.
Khi vit chng trnh cho 8255A hot ng, ta phi :
- Vit lu thut ton.
- Xc nh t iu khin ch cho thanh ghi iu khin, t trng thi cho tng
mch c th.
- Chng trnh khi pht bng lnh ghi vo thanh ghi iu khin.
- a ni dung cc bt cho cc ca dng iu khin TBNV.
- c v kim tra trng thi : l thanh ghi trng thi nu 8255 dng ch 1,2; l
mt ca ghi trng thi TBNV nu ch 0.
- a s liu vo hay ghi s liu ra cc ca.
38

V d vit chng trnh iu khin a s liu ra my in nh trn hnh 2.9, v a ch cao
dnh cho my in xc nh l 3FE18h.
Lu thut ton th hin trn hnh 2.12.
Yes
Bt u
Bt u
c trng thi PC1
Lp xung cht PC4
My in bn?
c trng thi PC0
No
a s liu ra
Yes
My c bn?
No
Xo xung cht PC5
c s liu vo
Lp xung cht PC5
Xo xung cht PC4
Kt thc
Kt thc
Hnh 2.12: Lu trao i d liu gia MVT v my in, my c bng.

Xc nh cc thanh ghi ch v chiu ca ca:
3FE18h A19 . A3 A2 A1 A0
T bng 1.17, ta c a ch sau:
PA c a ch
addr_A := 3FE18h
PB c a ch
addr_B := 3FE19h
PC c a ch
addr_C := 3FE1Ah
Thanh ghi iu khin
addr_dk := 3FE1Bh
Xc nh t iu khin v t trng thi:
Khng dng ch lp c nn
D7=1
PA ch 0, ca ra nn
D6=0 D5=0 D4=0
Na ca C cao l ca ra nn
D3=0
PB ch 0, ca vo nn
D2=0 D1=0
Na ca C thp l ca vo nn
D0=1
Ta c t iu khin sau:
Data_dk := 81h
(=1000 0001 B)
T trng thi cho cc cng PC:
PC7 PC6 PC5 PC4 PC3 PC2 PC1 PC0
Cho PC5 0
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 data_C5 := 20h
39

Cho PC4
Cho PC1
Cho PC0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
data_C4 := 10h
data_C1 := 02h
data_C0 := 01h
Chng trnh vit bng Pascal nh sau:

Begin
{Gn cc bin}
Port[addr_dk] := data_dk;
Repeat
Var1 := port[addr_C];
Until ((var1 and data_C1)=data_C1);
Port[addr_A] := s;
Port[addr_C] :=0;
Port[addr_C] := data_C5;
End
40
CHNG 3: GHP NI TRAO I D LIU NI TIP

3.1 Gii thiu chung v trao i d liu ni tip
3.1.1 Yu cu trao i d liu ni tip
Trao i d liu ni tip l trao i ln lt tng bit, trn mt ng dy duy nht. Do
t tn km v ng dy, nhng tc truyn thp. S trao i ny do cc yu cu:
- Thit b pht hay nhn d liu tng bit. V d VXL 8085 pht tng bit li ra ni
tip SOD (chn s 4) v nhn d liu li vo ni tip SID (chn s 5); v TBNV
ni tip nh my cassette, a t, my in ni tip
- Khong cch gia hai thit b trao i d liu l ln (c th n hng ngn km
hoc hn), do vy vic dng 8 ng dy truyn d liu song song l rt tn km.
Ngoi ra, ngi ta c th dng lun ng dy in thoi trao i d liu,
thng qua b iu ch - gii iu ch (MODEM)
iu khin ni tip c 2 loi truyn d liu:
-truyn d liu ng b (tc nhanh).
- truyn d liu khng ng b (tc chm).
1. Trong trao i d liu ng b:
D liu c truyn 1 ln gm 1 khi nhiu byte, c chn u v cui bi k t
SYNC( m ASCII l 16h). Mi khi c th hng trm byte hay hng trm Kbyte.
sync
sync
d liu
truyn i cn c s ng b v tc gia my pht v my thu, c 2 cch ng

b
- Mt my pht xung t ni pht v truyn ti my thu bi mt ng dy
khc. Do tn thm mt ng dy
H ny s dng 1 my pht xung ng b cung cp xung ng b cho c hai
bn pht v thu.
Pht
Thu
ng
b
- My thu ch trng thi ch, khi c k t ng b SYNC th my pht xung
nhp trong my thu bt ln v chuyn sang ch thu xung ng b c kch
hot bi k t SYNC.
Pht
Thu
ng
b
41

2. Trong trao i thng tin khng ng b:
Cc byte c t trong mt khung v truyn c lp vi nhau, gi l mt li tin.
Dng thng tin truyn nh sau:
D liu truyn c th 5,6 ,7,8 bit; thng thng l 7 bit ( nu truyn s liu v ch ci)
hay 8 bit ( nu truyn c cc k t m rng iu khin ht File). Mt li tin gm:
- 1 bit Start thng l mc 0 (+12V). Theo chun RS232C, tn hiu t my tnh
qua cng Com, mc in p l 12 V v c qui nh:0=12V, 1= -12V.
- 58 bit d liu, y d liu truyn i l m ASCII, nh s 0 s c truyn
i l m ASCII = 48 = 030h ch khng phi l truyn i 0.
- 1 bit bc dng kim tra tnh chn l d liu truyn. Tng s bit 1 ca mt li
tin (k c bit chn l) s c ghi vo bit chn l v c kim tra so snh ni
pht v ni thu.
- 1, 1.5 hay 2 bit Stop (tu theo s la chn trc khi trao i) cng mc 1. S
bit Stop thc cht l di ca tn hiu Stop mc logic 1.
Bit Start dng ng b xung nhp my pht v my thu.
Nu khong cch gn di 300m, s thu pht l khng cn MODEM.
nhng khong cch ln ngi ta khng dng my pht xung ngoi m dng
MODEM to xung ng b cho c my pht v my thu. Vic dng MODEM l
chng nhiu trn ng truyn. Trn ng dy in thoi, ngi ta khng pht tng bit
0/1 m dng MODEM (modulation-demodulation) iu ch tn hiu thnh dng xoay
chiu (02400 Hz, 11200 Hz) v truyn tn hiu xoay chiu .
3.1.2 Mch trao i d liu ni tip.
1. Mch khng cn b ghp ni:
-s dng 2 chn ra-vo ni tip SID ( serial IN) v SOD ( serial OUT) ca vi x
l 8085 trao i.
-c th dng 1 chn ca li vo ra song song ca VXL lm chn vo ra ni
tip.
Trao i tin kiu ny khng phc to trong cu to mch nhng phc tp trong
qu trnh lp trnh v theo di thit b, i hi nhiu thi gian x l.
Thit b ngoi vo/ra song
song
VXL
SOD
SID
CLK
D
C
Thanh ghi dch
Hnh 3.1: Mch khng cn BGN

2. Mch trao i cn ghp ni song song-ni tip:
42
BGN c chc nng chuyn d liu song song t my tnh (h VXL) thnh tn hiu
dng ni tip v truyn n TBNV. truyn chnh xc, BGN ngoi chc nng
chuyn d liu song song thnh ni tip, n cn to ra cc bit Start, stop, parity
ng khung d liu. Loi ny lm vic n gin nhng khng m rng c thit
b ngoi vi, khong cch truyn tin ngn.
BGN
ss-nt
VXL
TBNV
(VXL)
nt
Hnh 3.2: Mch cn BGN ss-nt

Trong , song song l ss, ni tip l nt.
3. Mch c KGN song song- ni tip v ni tip-song song:
H ny cng ging nh h trn, ch khc l TBNV lm vic vi d liu song song,
nn cn c BGN trung gian chuyn d liu song song thnh ni tip.
VXL
BGN
ss-nt
TBNV
(VXL)
ss
BGN
nt-ss
in thoi
RS-232C
ng dy
MODEM
BGN
ss-nt
MODEM
VXL
RS-232C
Hnh 3.3: Mch cn BGN ss-nt v nt-ss

4. Mch c BGN, MODEM v RS232C:
BGN
ss-nt
TBC
(VXL)
ss
Hnh 3.4: Mch cn BGN ss-nt, RS 232 v MODEM.

H ny thng dng v thng xuyn gp trong thc t. Trong VXL thng l 1
my vi tnh, cn thit b u cui (TBC) c th l 1 i tng bt k. Nu
TBC l my vi tnh th h thng dng trao i File.
Ch :
Chun RS232C c mc in p l 12V.
Chun RS422 c mc in p l 15V.
Chun RS485 c mc in p l 30V (in thoi).
chuyn t RS232C thnh RS485 hay RS422 s c nhng b chuyn (shift)
trung gian, thng thng l nhng b m, va to mc tn hiu,va phi hp
tr khng.
43
3.1.3 Th tc trao i d liu ni tip

1. Th tc pht d liu TxD (Tranceiver Data) :
TBC (hay MVT) gi tn hiu DTR (Data Terminal Ready) mc 0 n

MODEM bo hiu sn sng.
MODEM tr li TBC bng tn hiu DSR (Date Set Ready) mc 0.
Nu TBC c 1 k t sn sng gi i, n gi RTS (Request To Send) n
MODEM
MODEM gi tn hiu CD (Carrier Detect) cho TBC bo hiu lin lc
thng vi MTV.
Khi MODEM sn sng pht s liu trn ng dy, MODEM pht xung nhp
v tn hiu CTS (Clear To Send) n TBC (xung nhp trn ng dy).
TBC gi cc k t s liu (SDU) cho MODEM.
Khi TBC gi xong, n nng tn hiu RTS ln cao bo cho modem bit l
pht xong.
MODEM tr li cho TBC bng tn hiu CTS mc cao, bo hiu hon
thnh vic truyn tin.
Qua ta thy vic gi i k t bng modem nhiu th tc v do tc chm
2. Th tc nhn d liu RxD (Receiver Data)
Trong qu trnh nhn tin, phi bo m my tnh sn sng nhn ,khi :
TBC pha thu gi DTR mc thp cho MODEM bo n sn sng

(Data terminal ready)
MODEM thu gi tn hiu tr li bng DSR .
MODEM thu nhn tn hiu CD t ng dy v kch gi tn hiu nhp
MODEM cho TBC.
TBC pht tn hiu RTS cho modem (Request to Send).
MODEM gi tn hiu CTS mc thp cho TBC (Clear to Send)
bo MODEM sn sng nhn tin.
MODEM nhn TxD trn ng dy, sau phi iu ch thnh cc bit
0/1 v ln lt gi chui tn hiu RxD cho TBC.
Khi thu xong, TBC nng tn hiu RTS ln cao, bo cho MODEM l
thu xong
MODEM tr li bng nng tn hiu CTS ln cao, bo qu trnh nhn
xong.
Vic tin hnh chuyn d liu ss/nt hay nt/ss c thc hin bi cc thanh ghi dch
(Shift register). Cc thanh ghi ny c tc dng khi nhn 1 byte song song u vo n s
cho u ra mt chui bit k tip nhau theo th t t bit thp n bit cao ca byte. i
vi my tnh, cc chc nng trn c thc hin thng qua vi mch 8251 ca hng
INTEL.
44
3.2 Mch thu pht di b vn nng UART 8250

Mch URAT 8250 (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) c lp rp trong
cc my IBM XT, l mt IC thu pht khng ng b c th lp trnh c, n thc hin
chc nng giao tip gia my tnh v TBNV.
Trong cc my PC/AT hin nay s dng UART 16450 cn trong PS/2 v cc AT i
mi li dng UART 16550 v 8250 v 16450 khng t n tc 115200 baud c.
Thc ra tc ny ng dng tt trong k thut truyn tin trn mng, cn trong cc thit
b cng nghip TBNV ni chung, thng ch cn ti a 19200 baud l c, thng dng
l 9600 baud.
3.2.1 S khi v chc nng cc khi ca UART 8250
1. M t vi mch:
Vi mch 8250 c 40 chn nh trn hnh v :
Hnh 3.5: S chn 8250

Chc nng cc chn gm:
- Cc chn t 1- 8 (D0- D7 ): Cc chn d liu, 8 chn ny c ni vi bus d liu.
Qua 8 chn d liu ny m d liu c i t bus ti di dng song song sau khi
qua vi mch 8250 bin i thnh tun t i ti cng RS232. D liu t cng
RS232 ti di dng tun t, sau khi i qua vi mch 8250 c bin i thnh song
song v qua 8 chn ny truyn ln bus.
- Chn s 9 (RCLK ): nhn xung ng h a ra t b to tc .
- Chn s 10 (SIN): nhn d liu tun t i ti t cng RS232.
- Chn s 11 (SOUT): Gi d liu tun t sang cng RS232.
- Chn s 12,13,14 (CS0 -CS2): Chip select - tn hiu chn vi mch.
- Chn s 15 ( BOUDOUT ) : Li ra ca b to tc .
- Chn s 16,17 (XTAL1,XTAL2) :Ly xung Clock t b pht nhp bng thch anh
ti vi tn s 3,072 MHz.
- Chn 18(DOSTR ): I/O write.
- Chn s 19 ( DOSTR ) : o ca I/O write
- Chn s 20 (Vss ): ni t
45

- Chn s 21 (DISTR) : I/O Read .
- Chn s 22 ( DISTR ): o ca I/O Read .
- Chn s 26,27,28 ( A0 - A2 ): nhn a ch truyn ti gii m lnh .
- Chn s 30 (INTRPT) : Interrupt Control Logic .
- Chn s 32 ( RTS ) : Request To Send ( yu cu gi ) .
- Chn s 33 ( DTR ) : Data Terminal Ready .(D liu sn sng )
- Chn s 35 (MR) : Reset .
- Chn s 36 ( CTS ) : Clear To Send
- Chn s 37 ( DSR ) : Data Set Ready .
- Chn s 38 ( DCD ) : Data Carrier Detect .
- Chn s 39 ( RI ): Ring Indicate .
- Chn s 40 (VDo) : ni vi ngun mt chiu +5V.
(3F8)
(3FB)
(3F8)
(3F9)
(3FD)
(3F8)
(3FC)
(3FE)
(3F9)
(3FA)
Hnh 3.6: S khi 8250

Nh vy, 8250 c 11 thanh ghi ni, vi cch truy cp nh bng sau:
Bng 3.1: a ch cc thanh ghi ca 8085
DLAB
A2
A1
A0
c/ghi
Thanh ghi
46
0
0
1
1
x
x
x
x
x
x
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
c/ghi
c/ghi
c/ghi
c
c/ghi
c/ghi
c/ghi
c/ghi
c/ghi
m thu (RBR) v m pht (THR)

cho php yu cu ngt (IER)
cht chia phn thp (LSB)
cht chia phn cao (MSB)
nhn dng ngt (IIR)
iu khin dng (LCR)
iu khin MODEM (MC)
trng thi dng (LSR)
trng thi modem (MSR)
nh nhp (DM)
Mi thanh ghi trong 8250 tng ng vi mt a ch cng, trong c hai thang ghi
c bit, n c chc nng c th thay th tu thuc gi tr bit DLAB (divitor latch access
bit Bit truy cp cht) (DLAB l bit D7 ca thanh ghi dng s liu).
Nu DLAB = 1 th thanh ghi thc hin chc nng cht chia phn cao v phn
thp.
nu DLAB = 0 , hai thanh ghi dng m v nhn d liu, v IER.

2. M t cc thanh ghi:
a) Thanh ghi m thu (Receiver Buffer Register RBR) ng vi DLAB = 0, thanh ghi
c a ch l 3F8h (COM1), hay 2F8h (COM2):
Khi 8250 nhn c k t qua chn SIN (chn 10) k t c chuyn vo thanh
ghi dch, ti y n c tho khung (cc bit start, stop, parity) v np song
song vo thanh m thu (lu thanh ghi c 8 bit). CPU ch c d liu trong
thanh ghi ny v n thao tc vi BUS d liu song song ti thiu mi ln l 1
byte.
b) Thanh ghi m pht (Transmitter Holding Register THR) tng ng vi DLAB
= 0, a ch l 3F8h (2F8h)
K t cn pht i phi c ghi t thanh ghi vo, thanh ghi ny n nm ch
(holding) cho n khi k t trc n c pht i, sau n a vo thanh
ghi dch ca b pht, ti y n c ng khung v a ra tng bit mt vo
chn SOUT (chn 11) ca 8250, d liu u ra y c dng ni tip.
c) Thanh ghi cho php ngt (Interrupt Enable Register - IER), bit DLAB = 0 , a ch
3F9h (COM1) hay 2F9h (COM2)
Thanh ghi ny thc hin cho php/cm cc nguyn nhn gy ra ngt khc
nhau. Trong khi 8250 hot ng, c tc ng n CPU thng qua chn INTRPT
(chn 30), mi bit trong cc bit D3, D2, D1, D0 mc cao s cho php cc hot
ng tng ng vi cc bit a ra nguyn nhn ngt tng ng, v cm ngt
khi ghi 0 vo cc bit.
Bit
7-4
3
Chc nng
D tr, lun t bng 0.
cho php 8250 pht yu cu ngt trng thi MODEM
47

2
1
0
cho php 8250 pht yu cu ngt theo trng thi dng truyn nhn hoc
ngt dng thng tin (li chn l, trn khung).
cho php 8250 pht yu cu ngt khi thanh ghi m pht rng.
cho php 8250 pht yu cu ngt khi thanh ghi m thu y, d liu
sn sng
d) Thanh ghi cht chia phn thp (Divisor Latch - LS) tng ng DLAB = 1, a ch
l 3F8h, hay 2F8h.
e) Thanh ghi cht chia phn cao (Divisor Latch MS) tng ng DLAB = 1, a ch
l 3F9h, hay 2F9h.
t tc truyn mong mun, gi tr tnh ton c t trong hai thanh ghi,
c gi l thanh ghi cht chia tc c tnh theo cng thc
Tn s nhp chun
B chia =
16 x tc baud mong mun
-
tn s nhp chun do ng h thch anh ca 8250 pht ra, n bng 1,8432

MHZ
- tc ti a tnh ton l 115200 baud.
- tc baud thc hin cc chn SIN, SOUT.
Bng ch mi lin h gia tc s liu v cc h s chia dng hexa decimal nh sau:
Baud
S chia
Baud
S chia
50
0900
1200
0060
110
0417
2400
0030
150
0300
4800
0018
300
0180
9600
000C
600
00C0
11520
0001
Qua ta thy gi tr trong thanh cht chia cn 1 byte ri lu tt c. thun tin,

ngi ta s dng 2 byte v ghi vo 2 thanh ghi, chnh l LSB v MSB.
f) Thanh ghi nhn dng ngt (Interrupt Identification Register - IIR), a ch l
3FAh, hay 2FAh.
Thanh ghi nhn dng ngt (ch c th c) cha m mc u tin cao nht ca
cc yu cu ngt (ti chn 30-INPUT ca 8250) ang ch c phc v. Nu c
nhiu ngt cng mt lc th IIR s cha m ngt no cn x l trc. Do vy khi
cn x l ngt, CPU cn c bit D0 ca thanh ghi ny bit c yu cu ngt v
kim tra cc bit D1 v D2 xc nh ngun gc cc yu cu ngt. Sau khi 8250
b Reset, ch c yu cu ngt u tin s mt c phc v. Ta c th thay i
48

iu ny bng cch dng mt n che i cc bit yu cu ngt no bng cch
ghi vo thanh ghi IIR cc gi tr bit thch hp.
Cc bit D7D3 lun t bng 0.
D2, D1: m ho cc yu cu ngt c mc u tin cao nht ang ch phc v.
D2 D1
Mc u tin
Nhn din ngt
0
0
4
Trng thi MODEM chng trnh
c trng thi MODEM
0
1
3
Thanh ghi m pht rng
1
0
2
TG m thu y, s liu sn sng
1
1
1
trng thi dng thay i
D0=0: c yu cu ngt
D0=1: khng c yu cu ngt
T cc nhn dng ngt trn, VXL s chuyn n cc a ch cha cc chng
trnh con phc v ngt. VXL s xo cc bit D0, D1, D2 v 0 sau cc thao tc:
-c thanh ghi trng thi chui.
-c d liu t thanh ghi m thu.
-ghi vo b pht hoc c thanh ghi nhn din ngt.
-c trng thi thanh ghi thao tc MODEM (RS232-C).
g) Thanh ghi iu khin dng (Line Control Register LCR), a ch l 3FBh, hay
2FBh.
Thanh ghi ny cn c tn l thanh ghi nh khun dng d liu v n quyt nh
khun dng ca d liu truyn trn ng dy.
Bit
Chc nng
7
=1 truy nhp thanh ghi cht chia (LSB & MSB) lp tc baud
=0 truy nhp IER,THR,RBR
6
t cho php tn hiu Break
5-3
B5 B4 B3
Chn chn l
x x 0
Non
0 0 1
Odd
0 1 0
Even
1 0 1
High Parity
1 1 1
Low Parity
2
= 1 th dng 1.5 bit Stop nu di t l 5, cn nu di t 6-8 bit th c 2 bit
Stop.
= 0 th dng 1 bit Stop
1-0
B1 B0
S bit data
0 0
5
0 1
6
1 0
7
1 1
8
49

hiu tn hiu Break, ta xem v d khung d liu trn vi 8 bit data,
khng kim tra chn l v 1 bit Stop.
Khi ng dy trng thi Mark, mc logic l 1. Bit Start s l mc logic

0. Sau tng bit data s c gi trn ng dy. Bit Stop (logic 1) sau
c gn vo kt thc vic truyn. Sau bit Stop s l bit logic 0, c
ngha l bit Start ca mt d liu mi. Nu khng c thm d liu truyn
i, ng dy phi trng thi ri, mc logic 1. Do nu ng dy gi
trng thi 0 sau bit Stop trong mt thi gian bng di 1 t, tn hiu
Break s c to ra.
Tn hiu Break l tn hiu bo cho CPU hay MODEM bit k t truyn
xong v ang tm ngt vic truyn.
h) Thanh ghi iu khin MODEM (MODEM Control Register MCR), a ch 3FCh
Thanh ghi ny cn gi l thanh ghi iu khin cc tn hiu ra ca MODEM v
n cho php iu khin cc tn hiu ti cc chn DTR (chn 33) v DTS (chn
32) ca 8250.
Bit
Chc nng
7-5
D tr, lun c thit lp v 0.
4
=1 cho php 8250 lm vic ch ni vng cc b kim tra cc chc nng
ca 8250.
=0 lm vic ch thng.
3
=1 : kch hot kt xut OUT2
2
=1 : kch hot kt xut OUT1
1
=1 : tn hiu ti chn RTS ca 8250 c chuyn v mc 0, my tnh pht
chuyn tn hiu RTS ti MODEM bo hiu n sn sng pht d liu.
0
=1 : tn hiu ti chn DTR ca 8250 t mc 0, lc ny my tnh gi tn hiu

DTR ti MODEM (hay ti MVT u kia nu giao tip khng dng MODEM)
bo hiu n sn sng lm vic (tn hiu gi ti chn s 4 ca DB9 hay chn 20
ca DB25).
i) Thanh ghi trng thi dng (Line Status Register LSR) a ch 3FDh
Chc nng thanh ghi ny cho bit trng thi dng tn hiu trn ng dy
nh th no, cc bit D0D5 u c th gy ra ngt nu cc bit tng ng
trong thanh ghi IER c lp .
Cc bit trng thi c ngha nh sau:
Bit
Chc nng
50

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
D tr
=1: bo thanh ghi chuyn pht rng (Transmitter Shift Register Empty), bo mt
k t c pht i, bit ny b xo khi c mt k t chuyn t THR sang TSR.
=1: bo thanh ghi m truyn rng, k t chuyn t THR sang TSR (Transmitter
Shift Register), bit ny b xo khi CPU a k t n THR.
=1: bo nhn c tn hiu Break, bit ny b xo khi c thanh ghi LSR.
=1: bo li khung (framming error) chng hn bit stop =0, bit ny b xo khi
CPU c thanh ghi LSR.
=1: nhn bo c li kim tra chn l (parity error), bit ny b xo khi CPU c
thanh ghi LSR.
=1: c li trn (over run) xy ra khi k t trc b mt, bit ny b xo khi CPU
c thanh ghi LSR.
=1: nhn c 1 k t v n trong thanh ghi m thu (RBR), bit ny b
xo v 0 khi CPU c thanh ghi RBR.
j) Thanh ghi trng thi modem (MODEM Status Regisster MSR), a ch 3FEh
Thanh ghi ny cn c gi l thanh ghi trng thi vo t RS232C v n cho bit trng
thi hin thi ca cc tn hiu iu khin MODEM.
Bit
Chc nng
7
=1 : DCD ang hot ng, bo lin lc vi MODEM c thit lp.
6
=1 : RI ang hot ng
5
=1 : MODEM (hay MVT u kia) gi tn hiu DSR (Data Set Ready) v my
tnh cho bit sn sng nhn d liu (qua chn 6 ca DB9 hay DB25)
4
=1 : MODEM (hay MVT u kia) gi tn hiu CTS (Clear To Send) v my tnh
cho bit sn sng nhn d liu (qua chn 8 ca DB9 hay chn 5 ca
DB25).
3
=1 : bit D7 va i trng thi
2
1
0
k) Thanh ghi nh nhp (Scratch Register), a ch 3FFh
(dnh cho CPU, t s dng nn khng nghin cu)
51

3.2.2 Ghp ni vi UART 8250:
D0 D7
D0 D7
Reset
MR
DISTR
DOSTR
MEMR I/O R
MEMW I/O W
8250
VXL
A0
A1
A0
A1
A2
A2
A3 A15
Gii
m a
ch
5V
0V
CS 2
CS1
CS0
SOUT
SIN
RTS
DTR
DSR
DCD
CTS
RI
RxD
TxD
MO
RTS
DTR DEM
DSR
DCD
CTS
RI
OUT1
OUT 2
XTAL1
CS
XTAL2
CS
ADS BAUDOUT
CS
DOSTR
RCKL
DISTR
Hnh 3.7: S ghp ni vi 8250

3.2.3 Lp trnh cho UART 8250:
Lu thut ton:
a. Khi pht vi mch theo trnh t sau:
- Ghi vo thanh ghi dng s liu theo :
+ D7 = DLAB = 1 chun b ghi cht cho b chia tc .
+ Khung tin vi s bit Stop
+ S bit ca tin
- Ghi gi tr b chia tn s vo cc thanh ghi cht chia LSB, MSB tu theo tc
baud.
- Ghi cc php yu cu ngt vo thanh ghi yu cu ngt.
b. Pht s liu ni tip:
- c thanh ghi nhn dng ngt bit b m rng, c th pht tin.
- Ghi vo thanh ghi iu khin MODEM a lnh DRT (bit D0-1) iu khin
MODEM chun b pht.
- c thanh ghi trng thi MODEM kim tra cc bit DSR (D5), RI (D6),
DCD (D7) xem chun b pht cha? ( gi tr chng =1)
- c thanh ghi trng thi dng xem c sai s khng v hai thanh truyn v
m c trng khng? ( a tin ra)
- Ghi tin ra vo thanh ghi m pht t MVT.
- Ghi lnh RTS (D1=1) vo thanh ghi iu khin MODEM iu khin pht
s liu.
52

c. Nhn s liu ni tip:
- Ghi lnh DTR (D0=1) vo thanh ghi iu khin MODEM
- c trng thi MODEM DSR, RI, DCD thanh ghi trng thi MODEM.
- c thanh ghi trng thi dng bit c s liu thu cha (D0=1); hoc c
thanh ghi nhn din ngt bit thm s liu thu.
- c s liu vo t thanh ghi m s liu vo.
V d 8250 cn trao i tin 8 bit, tc 9600 baud, khng kim tra chn l, 2 bit Stop,
a ch lm vic u 03F8h.
Ghi thanh ghi iu khin dng
D0D1=11 , D2=1, D3=0, D4=0, D5=0, D6=0, D7=1 data1_LCR=87h
nu D7=0data2_LCR=07h
addr_LCR=03FBh
Ghi thanh ghi cht b chia
9600 baud s chia=000C
data_LS = 0Ch v data_MS = 00h
addr_LS=03F8h v addr_MS=03F9h
Ghi thanh ghi cho php ngt khng lm vic, cm ngt:
data_IER=00h;
addr_IER=03F9h
c thanh ghi nhn dng ngt
THR_rong= 02h
addr_IIR=03FAh
Ghi thanh ghi iu khin MODEM
Addr_MCR=3FCh
Data_DRT=01h
Data_RTS=02h
c thanh ghi trng thi MODEM
Addr_MSR=3FEh
DSR (D5), RI (D6), DCD (D7) = 1 data1_MSR=E0h
c thanh ghi trng thi dng
Addr_LSR=3FDh
Khng li D1 D2 D3 = 0; t/g m rng D5 D6 =1data1_LSR=60h
Chng trnh con thc hin cc cng vic trn:
1. Khi pht vi mch theo trnh t sau:
port[addr_LCR] :=data1_LCR;
port[addr_LS] :=data_LS;
port[addr_MS] :=data_MS;
port[addr_LCR] :=data2_LCR;
53
port[addr_ IER] :=data_IER;

2. Pht s liu ni tip
repeat
Var1 := port[addr_IIR];
Until ((var1 and THR_rong)=THR_rong);
port[addr_MCR] := data_DRT;
repeat
Var2 := port[addr_MSR];
Until ((var2 and data1_MSR)=data1_MSR);
Repeat
var3 := port[addr_LSR];
until ((var3 and data1_LSR)=data1_LSR);
port[addr_THR] :=$50; {s liu truyn i}
port[addr_MCR] := data_RTS;
3.Nhn s liu ni tip
port[addr_MCR] := data_DRT;
Repeat
Var2 := port[addr_MSR];
Until ((var2 and data1_MSR)=data1_MSR);
Repeat
var3 := port[addr_LSR];
until ((var3 and data1_LSR)=data1_LSR);
Var4 :=port[addr_RBR];
54
CHNG 4: GHP NI IU KHIN NGT

4.1 Khi nim v phn loi ngt
4.1.1 Khi nim
Mi khi mt thit b phn cng hay mt chng trnh cn n s gip ca CPU, n
gi i mt tn hiu hoc lnh gi l ngt (Interrupt Request IRQ) n b vi x l ch
nh mt cng vic c th no m n cn CPU thc hin. Khi b vi x l nhn c
tn hiu ngt, n thng tm ngng tt c cc hot ng khc v kch hot mt chng
trnh con ang c trong b nh gi l chng trnh x l ngt (Interrupt Service Routine
_ ISR) tng ng vi tng s liu ngt c th. Sau khi chng trnh x l ngt lm xong
nhim v, cc hot ng ca my tnh s tip tc li t ni b tm dng lc xy ra
ngt.
4.1.2 Phn loi ngt
C ba loi ngt chnh, u tin l cc ngt c to ra bi mch in ca my tnh nhm
p li mt s kin no nh nhn phm trn bn phm ... Cc ngt ny c b iu
khin ngt 8259A qun l. 8259A s n nh mc u tin cho tng ngt ri gi n
CPU. Th hai l cc ngt do CPU to ra khi gp phi mt kt qu bt thng trong khi
thc hin chng trnh nh chia cho 0 chng hn Cui cng l cc ngt do chnh
chng trnh to ra nhm gi cc chng trnh con xa ang nm trong ROM hoc
RAM, cc ngt ny gi l ngt mm chng thng l b phn ca cc chng trnh con
phc v ca ROM-BIOS hoc ca DOS.
Ngoi ba loi ngt trn cn c loi ngt c bit l ngt khng b che NMI i hi CPU
phc v ngay khi c yu cu. Loi ngt ny thng c dng bo hiu s c nh st
ip p hay li b nh. Nh vy NMI l mc ngt c u tin cao nht .
Cc ngt trong PC c th chia thnh 4 nhm nh sau :
- Cc ngt vi x l :
Thng gi l cc ngt logic c thit k sn trong b VXL. Bn trong s cc ngt ny
(0,1,3,4 ) do chnh b VXL to ra, cn ngt 2 (NMI ) s c kch hot khi c tn hiu to
ra bi mt trong cc thit b ngoi.
1. Cc ngt cng
c thit k sn trong phn cng ca ca PC, tm ngt trong s cc ngt ny (2,8,9,t
Bh n Fh) c gn cht vo trong b VXL hoc vo bng mch chnh ca h thng.
Tt c cc ngt cng u do 8259A iu khin .
2. Cc ngt mm
55

Nhng ngt ny l mt phn ca cc chng trnh ROM -BIOS, cc s hiu dnh cho cc
ngt ca ROM- BIOS l t 10h n 1C h v 48h .
Ngoi ra cn c cc ngt DOS v ngt BASIC phc v h iu hnh DOS v chng
trnh BASIC .
3. Cc ngt a ch
Bng 4.1 : Bng chc nng cc ngt trong my vi tnh
INT (Hex)
IRQ
Common Uses
00
Exception Handlers Chia mt s cho 0
01
Exception Handlers Thc hin tng bc
02
Non-Maskable IRQ Non-Maskable IRQ (Cc li chn l)
03
Exception Handlers
04
Exception Handlers Vt qu ni dung thanh ghi hay b nh
im dng chng trnh do ngi s dng t
05 - 07
Exception Handlers
08
Hardware IRQ0
B thi gian h thng
09
Hardware IRQ1
Bn phm
0A
Hardware IRQ2
Redirected
0B
Hardware IRQ3
Cng ni tip COM2/COM4
0C
Hardware IRQ4
Cng ni tip COM1/COM3
0D
Hardware IRQ5
Reserved/Sound Card
0E
Hardware IRQ6
iu khin a mm
0F
Hardware IRQ7
Cng song song
10 - 6F
Software Interrupts Ngt ROM-BIOS hay DOS
70
Hardware IRQ8
ng h thi gian thc
71
Hardware IRQ9
Redirected IRQ2
72
Hardware IRQ10
Reserved
73
Hardware IRQ11
Reserved
74
Hardware IRQ12
PS/2 Mouse
75
Hardware IRQ13
Math's Co-Processor
76
Hardware IRQ14
Hard Disk Drive
77
Hardware IRQ15
Reserved
78 - FF
Software Interrupts
Ba trong s cc ngt ny tr n ba bng rt quan trng, l bng khi to mn hnh,

bng c s a v bng cc k t th. Cc bng ny cha cc tham s c ROM
56

BIOS dng khi khi ng h thng v to cc k t th. Cc s hiu dnh cho cc ngt
ny l t 1D hex n 1F hex.
4.2 X l ngt ca nhiu thit b ngoi vi

Thng thng mt MVT cn x l ngt ca nhiu TBNV, do cn gii quyt cc vn
sau:
-
Cho php hoc cm ngt cho mt yu cu ngt ca mt TBNV.

Ghi nhn v sp xp nhiu yu cu ngt theo th t u tin.
Xc nh ngun ngt do TBNV no gy ra.
To vector ngt, tc a ch nh ca lnh u tin trong chng trnh con
phc v ngt.
4.2.1 Cho php hoc cm ngt

1. Cho php hoc cm ngt bng lnh
- Lnh cm ngt DI (Disable interrupt) v cho php ngt EI (Enable Interrupt) ca 8085.
- Ghi vo thanh ghi c ni dung bit IF (Interrupt Flag) cc gi tr:
IF =1 : cho php ngt
IF=0 : cm ngt
2. Cho php hoc cm ngt bng mch phn cng
Vi li vo NMI v yu cu ngt ca TBNV, ta c th dng cc mch lt iu khin
cho php hoc cm ngt.
4.2.2 Sp xp u tin ngt
Theo mt trong ba phng php sau:
1. Phng php hi vng (polling):
Dng chng trnh, c theo th t u tin cc bit trng thi ca cc TBNV v kim
tra chng. Nu bit no xc lp ln 1, tc TBNV tng ng c yu cu ngt, v VXL
chuyn sang chng trnh con ngt phc v TBNV . Sau li c v kim tra bit
trng thi TBNV c mc u tin thp hn.
Phng php ny n gin v thit b nhng mt thi gian hi vng.
2. Phng php ngt cng
trnh mt thi gian hi vng, ngi ta ni cc bit trng thi ca TBNV vi mch
OR, li ra cng OR ni vo chn INTR ca VXL. Khi bt k TBNV no c yu cu ngt,
VXL s nhn bit qua INTR v tin hnh hi vng.
Phng php ny gim c thi gian kim tra trng thi khi cha c yu cu ngt
no, nhng cng khng thay i c th t u tin.
3. Phng php x l u tin bng mch cng
C hai loi u tin theo v tr v u tin tu theo mch so snh.
u tin theo v tr t gn VXL
S mch v d trn hnh 4.1, vi hot ng nh sau:
- Tn hiu tr li ngt INTA (Interrupt Acknowledge) t VXL i ni tip qua
cc BGN, qua mch x l ngt v tr v li VXL theo mt mt xch kn (daisy
chain). BGN no t gn VXL c mc u tin cao
57

-
Nu mt BGN ghi nhn ngt, tn hiu INTA b chn v khng truyn ti

BGN sau. Do , VXL khng nhn c tn hiu INTA, ngha l c mt yu
cu ngt xy ra.
DI0DIn
1
INTR
VXL INTA
BGN1
BGN2
BGN3
DI0DIn
INTA
INTA
(b)
(a)
Hnh 4.1: S u tin ngt theo v tr v vector ngt
Phng php ny tuy n gin nhng th t u tin khng thay i c v nu c
mt BGN no b hng, mch s lun bo c yu cu ngt.
u tin ngt dng mch so snh
Dng cc vi mch Intel 8214, 8259 c th thay i u tin ngt bng chng trnh.
4.2.3 Xc nh ngun gy ngt
C nhng phng php xc nh TBNV no gy ngt chuyn sang chng trnh
con phc v ngt tng ng cho TBNV :
-
Phng php hi vng: VXL c v kim tra ln lt trng thi cc TBNV.

Nu kt qu l 1, trng thi TBNV l sn sng v ngun ngt l TBNV .
Phng php c vector ngt to bi tn hiu ngt INTA trong u tin ngt
theo v tr.
Phng php c vo thanh ghi u tin PR trong s dng mch so snh.
4.2.4 To vector ngt

Vector ngt cha a ch u ca chng trnh con phc v ngt. Cc vector ngt
ca MVT PC c trnh by trn bng 4.1. Ta c th to vector ngt bng cng
AND colector h nh hnh 4.1 (b).
Phng php ny thay i c mc u tin v cch tm ngun ngt, nhng mch
phc tp v t tin.
58
CHNG 5: GHP NI VO RA IU KHIN BNG DMA

5.1 Khi nim DMA c bn
5.1.1 Khi nim DMA
Phng php trao i d liu theo chng trnh s chm do:
-
VXL phi gii m v thc hin lnh

Trao i d liu tng byte thng qua thanh cha AX ca VXL.
K thut vo ra DMA (direct memory access) l phng php truy cp trc tip ti b
nh hoc I/O m khng c s tham gia ca CPU. Phng php ny trao i d liu gia
b nh v thit b ngoi vi vi tc cao v ch b hn ch bi tc ca b nh hoc
ca b iu khin DMA. Tc truyn DMA c th t ti 10 12 Kbyte/s vi cc b
nh RAM c tc cao. DMA c ng dng trong nhiu mc ch nhng thng thng
n c dng trong qu trnh "refresh" DRAM, xut mn hnh, c ghi a, truyn d
liu gia cc vng nh vi tc cao .
5.1.2 Hot ng DMAC (DMA Controller) c bn
Hai tn hiu yu cu v xc nhn trong h thng VXL l HOLD c s dng yu
cu DMA v HLDA l u ra xc nhn DMA. Khi tn hiu HOLD hot ng (HOLD =
1), DMA c yu cu. B VXL tr li bng cch kch hot tn hiu HLDA, xc nhn
yu cu, ng thi th ni cc cng vic hin thi cng cc bus d liu v a ch, iu
khin c t trng thi tr khng cao. Trng thi ny cho php cc thit b I/O bn
ngoi hoc cc b VXL khc nm quyn iu khin bus h thng truy cp trc tip b
nh . Tn hiu HOLD c mc u tin cao hn INTR hoc u vo NMI (ngt khng che
c) v ch sau RESET. Tn hiu HOLD lun c hiu lc ti bt k thi im no trong
sut qu trnh thc hin cc lnh khc ca VXL. Ch rng t lc tn hiu HOLD thay
i cho n khi tn hiu HLDA thay i tri qua mt s chu k clock .
DMA thng c thc hin gia thit b I/O v b nh. Qu trnh c DMA l qu trnh
a d liu t b nh ra thit b I/O, v ngc li qu trnh ghi DMA l qu trnh a d
liu t I/O ti b nh. Trong c hai chu trnh ny thit b I/O v b nh c iu khin
ng thi dn n cn c cc tn hiu iu khin khc nhau. iu khin qu trnh c
DMA ta cn hai tn hiu hot ng MEMR (c b nh ) v IOW (ghi I/O). iu
khin qu trnh ghi ta c hai tn hiu MEMW (ghi b b nh) v IOR (c I/O). B iu
khin DMA cung cp a ch b nh v tn hiu chn thit b I/O cho 8088 trong sut qu
trnh DMA. Do tc truyn DMA ph thuc vo tc ca b nh v tc ca b
iu khin DMA nn trong trng hp tc ca b iu khin DMA nh hn so vi b
nh th b iu khin DMA s lm gim tc chung ca h thng .
Hnh v sau minh ho qu trnh hot ng DMA c bn cng th thi gian c / ghi
DMA :
59
th thi gian c / ghi DMA .
60

5.1.3. Cc ch trao i d liu DMA
+ Trao i d liu theo khi: trao i nhiu li d liu, m t gi tr n n 0.
+ Trao i ly ln chu k tng phn: DMA pht hin data bus ri, ri thc hin trao
i d liu DMA.
DMAC phi c:
-
Thit b pht hin ng dy ri

Thit b bo m VXL b treo cho ti khi DMAC khng s dng ng dy,
khin VXL ch mt thi gian Tw ti khi DMAC thc hin trao i xong trong
mt phn ca trao i d liu v tip tc nt phn ly ln chu k sau cho ti
khi kt thc trao i c t d liu DMA.
+ Trao i ly ln chu k trong sut: ging ch trn, nhng DMA bt VXL ch ti

khi trao i xong mt t d liu trn vn.
61
5.2 B iu khin DMA 8237A

Vi mch 8237A l mt b iu khin DMA cung cp a ch b nh v tn hiu iu
khin trong sut qu trnh DMA v truyn s liu vi tc cao gia b nh v thit b
vo ra. 8237 l vi mch c 4 knh tng thch vi b VXL 8088, cc knh ny c th m
rng thm nhiu knh khc mc d i vi h thng nh th 4 knh ny l qa . 8237
c kh nng thc hin truyn DMA ln ti 1.6Mbyte/s .Mi knh c kh nng nh a
ch ti 64 Kbyte b nh v c th truyn 64 Kbyte theo chng trnh.
5.2.1 S khi v chc nng cc khi ca vi mch 8237A
1. S khi
Hnh 5.1: Vi mch 8237A -5
62
Hnh 5.2: S khi chi tit ca 8237

- CLK : c ni vi tn hiu ng h h thng .
- CS :Tn hiu chn mch, thng thng ni vi u ra ca mt b gii m a ch.
- RESET : Xo cc thanh ghi tm, thanh ghi trng thi , thanh ghi lnh,thanh ghi yu cu.
- READY : to trng thi ch cho 8237A-5 i vi b nh hoc I/O c tc thp.
- HLDA (hold Acknowledge): tn hiu thng bo CPU th ni bus a ch, d liu,
iu khin ca n.
- DREQ0 - DREQ3 (DMA request) : u vo yu cu truyn DMA cho mi knh ca
8237A-5, cc tnh ca cc tn hiu vo ny l c th lp trnh c .
- DB0 - DB7 (data bus ): Chn ni vi bus d liu ca b VXL 8088 c s dng trong
qu trnh trao i d liu
- IOR v IOW : iu khin c v ghi I/O .
- EOP (end of process ) : tn hiu hai chiu bo kt thc DMA ti cui chu k DMA .
- A0- A3 : Chn thanh ghi ni cn lp trnh v mt phn a ch truyn DMA trong qu
trnh DMA .
- A7 - A4 : Cung cp 1 phn a ch cn li ca DMA .
63

- HRQ (hold request ) : ni vi HOLD ca VXL to yu cu DMA .
- DACK0- DACK3 : (DMA channel acknowledge ) u ra chp nhn DMA ( c th lp
trnh c) Thng dng chn thit b cn iu khin DMA.
- AEN : Cho php cht a ch ni vi DB0 - DB7 ng thi khng cho php cc b m
trong h thng c ni vi VXL.
- ADSTB : (address strobe ) : hot ng nh ALE nhng ch s dng bi b iu khin
DMA cht a ch A8- A15 trong sut qu trnh truyn DMA.
-MEMW ,MEMR: u ra iu khin b nh c, ghi d liu trong chu k DMA tng
ng .
2. Chc nng cc khi v cc thanh ghi
* Cc khi chc nng ca vi mch :
- Khi m bus d liu.
y l b m 8 bit ghp ni 8237 vi bus h thng .
(D0- D7) : Cc ng bus d liu ba trng thi, hai chiu. Khi 8237 ang c lp trnh
iu khin bi 8088 CPU, 8 bit d liu ca thanh ghi a ch DMA, thanh ghi ch
(Mode set Register ) c gi n t bus d liu. Khi 8088 CPU c mt thanh ghi a
ch DMA, hoc thanh ghi m (terminal count Register), thanh ghi trng thi d liu
c truyn n 8088 thng qua bus d liu. Trong sut chu k DMA (khi 8237 ang
nm quyn iu khin bus d liu), 8237 s gi 8 bit quan trng nht ca a ch b nh
(t mt trong s cc thanh ghi a ch DMA) ti b iu khin bus. Cc bit a ch ny s
c truyn ngay khi bt u chu k DMA, sau bus d liu s c gii phng
thc hin qu trnh trao i d liu vi b nh trong sut qu trnh DMA.
* Cc knh DMA (DMA channel ):
Mi knh (CH0 - CH3) bao gm hai thanh ghi 16 bit :
Thanh ghi a ch DMA v thanh ghi m (Terminal Count Register ) .
Hai thanh ghi ny phi c khi to trc khi cc knh c php hot ng. Thanh ghi
a ch DMA c c cng vi a ch ca nh u tin c truy cp. Gi tr c
ghi vo thanh ghi m (termianal count register) xc nh s cc chu k DMA ngay trc
khi u ra ca b m kt thc TC (Terminal Count ) hot ng. Ni chung khi mun c
N chu k DMA th gi tr N-1 phi c a ti 14 bit thp ca thanh ghi m cng vo
ra (Terminal Count Register). Hai bit cao nht ca thanh ghi ny xc nh loi hot ng
DMA cho knh ny .
64

* Khi c ghi logic (Read/ Write logic )
Khi 8088 CPU c hoc ghi mt trong s cc thanh ghi ca 8237, khi logic iu khin
c ghi nhn lnh c I/O (IOR) hoc I/O Write (IOW) thng bo cho vi mch iu
khin bus 8288 gii m 4 bit a ch thp nht (A0- A3 ) v ng thi ghi ni dung ca bus
d liu vo thanh ghi a ch (nu l tn hiu IOW) hoc ghi ni dung thanh ghi a ch
ln bus d liu (nu l tn hiu IOR ). Trong sut qu trnh DMA khi logic iu khin
c ghi thc hin lnh c I/O v ghi b nh ( chu k DMA ghi) hoc tn hiu ghi I/O v
c b nh (chu k DMA c). Cn lu rng trong sut qu trnh iu khin DMA thit
b I/O khng hot ng trong ch ny phi c t trng thi "cm " s dng tn
hiu AEN.
* Cc thanh ghi ni:
- Thanh ghi a ch hin thi (CAR ): Lu 16 bt a ch b nh trong sut qu trnh
truyn DMA. Mi knh u c mt thanh ghi ny v CAR tng hoc gim tu thuc vo
cch lp trnh.
- Thanh ghi m t hin thi (CWCR ): iu khin s byte c truyn trong qu trnh
DMA . S ghi trong thanh ghi ny nh hn s byte c truyn 1 n v.
- Thanh ghi a ch c s v t c s (BWCR): s dng khi chn ch t ng kch
hot cho mt knh ,trong qu trnh ny thanh ghi BWCR c dng gi li cc thanh
ghi CAR v CWCR sau khi DMA kt thc.
- Thanh ghi lnh (Command Register ): lp trnh cho hot ng ca 8237
- Thanh ghi ch (Mode Registe ): Thit lp ch hot ng cho mi knh .

65
- Thanh ghi yu cu (Request Register): dng yu cu truyn DMA bng phn mm .
- Thanh ghi che set/reset (Mask register set/reset mode): xo ,thit lp vic cm cc knh
.
- Thanh ghi cm (Mask register): xo hoc thit lp vic cm ca tt c cc knh bng

mt lnh .
66
- Thanh ghi trng thi (Status register -SR ): xc nh trng thi ca cc knh DMA .
Bng 5.1: Gii thiu a ch v cc lnh c ghi cho cc thanh ghi.

A3
A2
A1
A0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
IOR
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
IOW
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
Hot ng
c thanh ghi trng thi
Ghi thanh ghi lnh
Ghi thanh ghi yu cu
Ghi thanh ghi mt n n
Ghi thanh ghi ch
Xo flip-flop con tr byte
c thanh ghi tm thi
Xo ch
Xo thanh ghi mt n
Ghi tt c cc bit ca thanh ghi mt n
67

K
nh
0
Thanh ghi
a ch c s
v hin hnh
a ch hin
hnh
m li c s
v hin hnh
m li hin
hnh
a ch c s
v hin hnh
a ch hin
hnh
m li c s
v hin hnh
m li hin
hnh
a ch c s
v hin hnh
a ch hin
hnh
m li c s
v hin hnh
m li hin
hnh
a ch c s
v hin hnh
a ch hin
hnh
m li c s
v hin hnh
m li hin
hnh
Hot
ng
Ghi
c
Ghi
c
Ghi
c
Ghi
c
Ghi
c
Ghi
c
Ghi
c
Ghi
c
CS
IOR
IOW A3
A2
A1
A0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Int
FF
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
Data
Bus
A7A0
A8A15
A7A0
A8A15
W7W0
W15W8
W7W0
W15W8
A7A0
A8A15
A7A0
A8A15
W7W0
W15W8
W7W0
W15W8
A7A0
A8A15
A7A0
A8A15
W7W0
W15W8
W7W0
W15W8
A7A0
A8A15
A7A0
A8A15
W7W0
W15W8
W7W0
W15W8
68

5.2.2 Ghp ni vi 8237A-5 trong h vi x l 8088
Vi mch 8237 c s dng trong my vi tnh IBM PC thc hin cc qu trnh DMA
trao i d liu trc tip gia thit b ngoi v my vi tnh .
Tn hiu AEN v ADSTB ra ca 8237A-5 iu khin u ra ca cht 82C82. Trong sut
qu trnh hot ng bnh thng ca 8088 (AEN=0 ) cc vi mch cht a ch cung cp
cc bit a ch A15- A8 .a ch bus A7- A0 c cung cp trc tip bi 8237A-5 v cha
mt phn a ch truyn DMA. Tn hiu iu khin MEMR ,MEMW ,IOR ,IOW cng
c to bi b iu khin DMA. Gi thit a ch u cho DMAC l 0070h.
Hnh 5.3: S ghp ni 8237 vi 8088

1. Cc trng thi hot ng
Vi mch 8237A c cc trng thi sau:
- Trng thi ngh SI: trng thi tr khng cao, khng c chn mch ( CS =1).
- Trng thi ch SO: Trng thi u ca qu trnh trao i DMA. 8257 nhn tn
hiu DREQ, x l v gi yu cu Hold cho VXL nhng cha nhn c tn
hiu xc nhn theo HLDA. Khi nhn c xc nhn, DMAC bt u qu trnh
trao i d liu.
- Trng thi pht a ch ngun s liu S1:
DMAC pht a ch ngun s liu (ca I/O hoc Memory)
- Trng thi pht lnh c cho ngun s liu S2:
DMAC pht lnh c s liu ca ngun s liu
- Trng thi ch SW:
DMAC ch trong thi gian Sw s liu c c xong ngun pht s liu,
ghi xong vo thanh ghi m, ch Ready ca DMAC.
69

-
Trng thi pht a ch ca ch s liu S3:

DMAC pht a ch ca ni gi s liu (Memory hoc ca I/O)
- Trng thi pht lnh ghi s liu vo ch S4:
DMAC pht lnh ghi s liu t thanh ghi m ra ca vo-ra
2. Cc ch
Tu ni dung thanh ghi ch lc khi pht, DMAC c cc ch sau:
- Ch chuyn tng t n (Single Transfer Mode)
- Ch chuyn nhiu t (Block Transfer Mode)
- Ch chuyn theo nhu cu (Demand Transfer Mode) vi s lng t tu
theo ngi s dng iu khin.
- Ch ghp tng (Cascade Mode) l ch chuyn lin tip cc t, iu
khin bi cc DMAC mc ni tng.
3. Cc ch u tin ca yu cu DMAC
Cng ging nh x l ngt, DAMC c hai ch u tin:
-
Ch u tin c nh: knh 0 c mc u tin cao nht, knh 3 c mc u

tin thp nht.
Ch u tin vng: knh va c phc v s c mc u tin thp nht. Khi
mi lp ch , knh 0 c mc u tin cao nht.
4. Khi pht v m bo chng trnh phc v

Trc khi a DMAC vo hot ng, chng trnh phi khi pht n. Qu trnh khi
pht gm 2 giai on:
-
Xo cng bng tn hiu Reset, lm cc thanh ghi v 0.

Ghi cc lnh ca chng trnh khi pht: VXL ghi vo cc thanh ghi chc
nng nh a ch ban u, s t trao i, s knh, che chn yu cu ca knh
khng cn hot ng, ch trao i, chiu tng hay gim a ch Khi ghi
d liu vo thanh ghi 16 bit, phi ghi ln lt 2 byte theo th t byte thp
trc, byte cao sau.
Sau khi c khi pht, DMAC s hon ton t ng lm vic. Kt thc
chng trnh khi pht ny, lun phi c lnh ghi bit D4=1 vo thanh ghi ch
cho php t khi ng.
5. Kt thc trao i DMA

C hai cch kt thc trao i d liu:
- Kt thc t ng: Kt thc khi b m s tin trao i m v 0, hay s m
kt thc TC (Terminal Count). Vi DMAC 8237, vic kt thc th hin tn
hiu Hold kt thc, tc tr v mc logic 0.
70

-
Kt thc cng bc: y l tn hiu t ngoi vo (do mch TBNV hoc do

ngi iu hnh can thip bng cch n nt lnh) kt thc qu trnh trao
i DMA.
6. Kim tra s kt thc knh mong mun

Trong khi DMAC hot ng, thanh ghi trng thi lun c cp nht, tc lun ghi
trng thi hin thi ca DMAC. Khi kt thc, VXL c th c ni dung ny ca thanh
ghi trng thi bit rng knh no ca DMA t n s m kt thc TC, s li
trao i l bao nhiu ( trng hp kt thc cng bc do EOP t ngoi vo) v
knh vo ang ch phc v.
7. c im v hot ng ca 8237
8237 c nhng c im chnh sau:
- Cho php hoc cm ring bit tng knh DMA trong s 4 knh.
- Trao i d liu DMA trc tip gia hai vng b nh.
- Cho php ni tng cc DMAC tng s knh DMA.
- C th to yu cu DMA bng chng trnh
- Vi 8237-2, tc trao i DMA c th t ti 1,6Mbps. Do ngoi phc v trao
i d liu gia MVT v mn hnh, a, DMA cn c dng trong mng MVT.
a. Chng trnh truyn d liu gia b nh-b nh bng DMA
V d cn chuyn khi nh c a ch 1000h-13FFh ti khi nh 1400h-17FFh thng
qua DMA. Chng trnh s gm cc bc sau:
- Xo flip-flop con tr byte v 0.
- Lp trnh cho cc knh 0 v 1: a a ch ngun v ch vo knh 0 v 1.
- t gi tr b m bng s byte cn chuyn -1
- Lp trnh thng qua thanh ghi ch cho knh 0 v 1
- Lp trnh cho thanh ghi lnh
- Cho php knh 0 v a ra yu cu DMA
- Kim tra bit ht d liu. Nu xong th kt thc DMA.
Xc nh a ch cc thanh ghi:
Addr_chanel0 = $70;
Addr_chanel1 =$72;
Addr_CT1 =$73 ;// a ch b m knh 1
Addr_SR =$78 ;// a ch thanh ghi trng thi
Addr_CR =$78 ;// a ch thanh ghi iu khin
Addr_MR =$7B ; //a ch thanh ghi ch
Addr_MKR = $7F;// a ch thanh ghi cm
Addr_RR = $79 ; //a ch thanh ghi yu cu
Addr_pFF = $7C ; //a ch flip-flop con tr byte
71
port[addr_pFF]=$00;// xo con tr FF v 0.
// t a ch ngun vo knh 0
port[addr_chanel0] =$00;
// t a ch ch vo knh 1
//Ch nh s byte cn chuyn 4000
port[addr_CT1] =$00;
port[addr_CT1] =$40;
// t ch : knh 0 c 1011 1000b= B8h ; knh 1 ghi: 1011 0101=B5h
port[addr_MR]=$B8;
port[addr_MR]=$B5;
// Lp trnh thanh ghi lnh cho php truyn M-M= 01h
Port[addr_CR]=$01;
// B mt n che chn knh 0 = 0000 1110 b=0Eh
port[addr_MKR]= $0E;
//Yu cu DMAC = 0000 0100 b=04h
port[addr_RR] = $04;
//Kim tra trng thi kt thc m: knh 0 truyn ht d liu (D0=1) =01h
Repeat
Var1=port[addr_SR];
Until ((var1 and $01)=$01);
//kt thc truyn
Return;
Sau khi khi ng, h thng DMAC s t hot ng m khng cn thm chng trnh
ph no na.
72
CHNG 6: GHP NI TNG T-S V S-TNG T

c th iu khin c cc my mc trong nh my, cc thit b y t chng ta cn
quan tm n cc nh hng ca mi trng bn ngoi nh p sut, nhit ... Thng
c mt s bc nhn c tn hiu in biu din cho cc yu t v bin i t
dng tng t sang dng s cc my tnh c th x l c. Hnh 6.1 biu din s
n gin ca mt h thng iu khin t ng dng my vi tnh.
H thng thc
Setpoint
K
My vi tnh
DAC
ADC
CCCH
CB
Hnh 6.1: S cu trc h thng iu khin t ng dng my vi tnh

u tin l cm bin (CB) dng bin i cc gi tr vt l nh nhit , p sut ... sang
mt in p hay dng tng ng. Sau cm bin thng l b khuch i (K) v lc.
Khu ny c thc hin bi mt s mch khuch i thut ton. Sau , tn hiu tng
t ny c chuyn sang dng s bng b bin i tng t-s (Analog-Digital
Converter-ADC), v c my vi tnh nhn, x l, lu tr, so snh vi tn hiu t, v to
ra tn hiu iu khin (K) tng ng. V my vi tnh ch lm vic tn hiu s (logic 0
v 1) nn cn c b chuyn i s-tng t (Digital-Analog Converter-DAC) to ra tn
hiu iu khin dng tng t. Tip theo l khu khuch i (K) v lch p to tn
hiu ph hp cung cp cho c cu chp hnh (CCCH) ca h thng thc.
6.1 Gii thiu mt s mch khuch i thut ton

Khuch i thut ton l mt trong s nhng linh kin in t thng gp nht trong k
thut tng t, v th trong k thut o lng v iu khin cng nghip, khuch i
thut ton cng c mt trong rt nhiu thit b v h thng. Kh nng s dng ca cc b
khuch i thut ton l rt vn nng, chng c p dng trong nhiu lnh vc nh cc
b khuch i mt chiu, cc b khuch i xoay chiu, b lc tch cc, b dao ng, b
bin i tr khng, b vi phn, b tch phn...
6.1.1 Cc tham s c bn ca mch khuch i thut ton
73
Hnh 6.2: S b khuch i thut ton.

Ud hiu in p vo
UP , IP in p vo v dng in vo ca thun.
UN , IN in p vo v dng in vo ca o.
Ur , Ir in p ra v dng in ra.
B khuch i thut ton khuch i hiu in p Ud = UP - UN vi h s khuch i

K 0 > 0 . Do in p ra:
U r = K 0U d = K 0 (U p U N )
1. H s khuch i hiu K0
Khi khng ti c xc nh theo biu thc sau
K0 =
Ur
Ur
=
Ud U p U N
2. H s khuch i ng pha KCM

Nu t vo ca thun v ca o ca b khuch i thut ton cc in p bng nhau,
ngha l:
UP = UN = UCM =0
th Ud = 0. Gi UCM l in p vo ng pha. L tng ta c Ur=0. Tuy nhin, thc t
khng phi nh vy. Do gia in p ra v in p vo ng pha c quan h t l l h
s khuch i ng pha KCM :
K CM =
U r
U CM
KCM ni chung ph thuc vo mc in p vo ng pha.
74

3. H s nn ng pha CMRR
Dng nh gi kh nng lm vic ca b khuch i thc so vi b khuch i l

tng (KCM=0)
CMRR =
K0
K CM
4. Dng vo tnh
L tr trung bnh ca dng vo ca thun v dng vo ca o:

It =
I p + IN
2
vi UP = UN = 0
Dng vo lch khng l hiu cc dng vo tnh hai ca ca b khuch i thut ton
I0 = IP - IN vi UP = UN = 0
Thng thng I0 = 0,1IP. Tr s ca dng vo lch khng thay i theo nhit . Hin
tng ny gi l hin tng tri dng lch khng.
6.1.2 Cc s c bn ca b khuch i thut ton
1. S khuch i khng o
Hnh 6.3: S mch khuch i khng o

H s khuch i ca mch:
K=
1
1
R2
1
1
K 0 R1 + R2 CMRR
Mt b khuch i thut ton l tng s c:
75

H s khuch i khi khng c phn hi m ln v cng.

in tr li vo ln v cng.
rng di thng ln v cng.
H s nn ng pha CMRR ln v cng.
in tr li ra bng khng .
Thi gian p ng bng khng
Do , h s khuch i ca mch l tng l:

K=
R1 + R2
R2
2. Mch m
y l trng hp c bit ca mch khuch i khng o
Hnh 6.4: S mch m

Mch c h s khuch i bng K=1 v thng dng phi hp tr khng.
3. Mch khuch i o
Hnh 6.5: S mch khuch i o

H s khuch i ca mch:
K =
R2
R1
76

4. S bin i dng in - in p
Hnh 6.6: S bin i dng in - in p

in p ra c tnh theo biu thc:
UR = - R.IV
6.2 B chuyn i s-tng t DAC

B chuyn i s tng t dng chuyn tn hiu dng s sang dng tng t. Khu
ny hay c s dng trong h thng iu khin c dng my vi tnh. V my vi tnh ch
lm vic vi tn hiu s, trong khi h thng thc cn tn hiu iu khin dng tng t.
6.2.1 Hot ng ca DAC
Hnh 6.7: V d v b bin i DA 4 bt

Mc ch ca b bin i DA, nh nu, l bin i tn hiu nh phn n bt thnh dng
hay p tng ng. Hnh 6.7 l mt v d v mt b bin i DA 4 bt n gin. Da vo
v tr ca cc cng tt Bi (1 l ng v 0 l m), in tr u vo s thay i theo. Do
in p u ra cng s thay i theo :
77

B
B3
B4
B
+
U r = 104.5 15 + 2 4 +
4
2,5.10 12,5.103
10 5.10
V nguyn tc b chuyn i s-tng t tip nhn mt m s n bt song song hoc ni
tip li vo v bin i ra dng in hoc in p tng ng li ra. Dng in hay
in p li ra l hm bin thin ph hp theo m s li vo.
Hnh 6.8: S khi DAC

Mt b DAC hon chnh bao gm ba phn t c bn:

in p quy chiu n nh bn ngoi (Vref)

DAC c s
Khuch i thut ton
Nh vy in p u ra ca b bin i V0 s ph thuc vo m nh phn u vo theo

cng thc sau:
V0 = Vref (B020 + B121 + ... + Bn2n)/2n+1
Trong B0 l bt thp nht v Bn l bt cao nht ca m nh phn u vo, Vref l in p
quy chiu.
DAC c s cu to bng cc in tr chnh xc v nhng chuyn mch tng t c
iu khin bi m s u vo . Cc chuyn mch tng t iu chnh dng in hay in
p trch ra t in p quy chiu v to nn dng in hay in p u ra tng ng vi
m s u vo. Mch khuch i thut ton dng y chuyn i dng thnh p
ng thi c chc nng tng m.
B bin i DAC c c im l i lng ra tng t khng lin tc, ri rc ca u
ra ph thuc vo s bt ca b bin i, nhng DAC c s bt u vo ln th tng s nc
in p ra cng ln v khong cch gia cc nc cng nh.
78

6.2.2 Cc tham s c bn ca b chuyn i DA
phn gii (Solution): Lin quan n s bt ca mt DAC. Nu s bt l n th s

trng thi ca tn hiu nh phn l 2n ngha l s c 2n mc in th (hoc dng
in) khc nhau, do c phn gii l 1/2n. phn gii cng b th in th
(hoc dng in u ra) cng c dng lin tc, cng gn vi thc t v ngc li.
chnh xc (Accuracy): C th nh gi cht lng ca mt DAC bng sai s
ca n. i lng biu din sai s l lch ti a gia i lng ra v mt
ng thng ni im 0 vi im FS (Full Scale) trn c tuyn chuyn i DA.
tuyn tnh (Linearity): tuyn tnh ca DAC cho bit lch in p so vi
mt ng thng i qua nhng im nt ca c tuyn chuyn i. l c tnh
thng gp nht vi DAC. ng cong c tuyn l n iu nu s thay i
lch trn l khng i du. c mt DAC n iu, lch ny phi ln hn 0
cho mi nc thang. Ngoi ra mc tuyn tnh ca DAC phi nh hn hoc bng
1/2 LSB (Least Significant Bit- Tham kho hnh 6.14) n tr nn n iu.
Nh vy 1/2 LSB l c trng v gii hn n iu ca mt DAC.
Phi tuyn vi sai: l i lng cho bit lch gia gi tr thc t v l tng cho
mt nc in p ra ng vi mi thay i ca m s vo. i lng ny cho bit v
nhn ca ng cong c tuyn i vi DAC.
Thi gian thit lp: i vi mt DAC l thi gian cn thit in p ra t ti
gi tr ti hn sai s xung quanh gi tr n nh. Gii hn ny thng l 1/2 LSB
hoc biu din bng gi tr FS.
Thi gian thit lp trc ht ph thuc vo kiu chuyn mch, kiu in tr v
kiu khuch i dng xy dng b DAC. Thng thng n c nh ngha
bng thi gian t khi in p bt u thay i cho ti khi t ti vng gii hn sai
s cho trc. N khng bao gm thi gian tr tnh t khi c s thay i m s
u vo cho ti khi in p ra bt u p ng.
6.2.3 Cc mch DAC in hnh

Cc DAC c th c xy dng theo mt trong nhng kiu mch sau:

Chuyn i DA theo kiu in tr trng lng

Chuyn i DA theo kiu mch R-2R
Chuyn i DA theo phng php m ho Shannon-Rack
79

1. B chuyn i DA theo kiu in tr trng lng (Weighted resistor DAC)
Hnh 6.9: DAC theo phng php in tr trng lng

Mch gm mt ngun in p chun Uch, cc chuyn mch, cc in tr c gi tr ln lt
l R, R/2, R/4, ... , R/2n-1 v cc mch khuch i thut ton.
Vi mch nh trn, khi mt kho in th i no c ni vi ngun in th chun th s
cung cp cho b KTT dng in c gi tr l:
Ii =
U ch
R i
2
Dng in ny c lp vi cc kho cn li. Nh vy c th thy ngay rng bin in

p ra ph thuc vo cc v tr c ng hay m kho ngha l c ni vi in p
chun Uch hay ni cch khc ph thuc vo gi tr cc bt tng ng trong tn hiu s a
vo mch chuyn i. Mt cch tng qut, vi mt DAC c n bt th tn hiu ra c tnh
theo cng thc:
U r = U ch
Rf
(2
R
n 1
.Bn 1 + L + 20.B0
Trong B0 Bn-1 c gi tr "0" hoc "1".

Mch c u im l n gin, nhng nhc im l chnh xc v tnh n nh ca kt
qu ph thuc nhiu vo tr s tuyt i ca cc in tr v s n nh ca chng trong
cc mi trng khc nhau. Ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo tnh n nh v chnh xc ca
ngun in p chun.
80

2. B chuyn i DA theo kiu thang in tr R-2R (R-2R ladder)
Hnh 6.10: DAC theo phng php mch R-2R

DAC vi thang in tr R-2R khc phc c mt s nhc im ca DAC in tr
trng lng.
Mch ch gm hai in tr R v 2R mc theo hnh thang vi nhiu kho in (mi kho
in cho mt bt) v mt ngun in p chun Uch.
i lng cn tm l dng Ith chy vo mch KTT khi c mt s kho in c ni vi
Uch. Theo mch in ta c:
Ura = -Ith.Rf
Xt ti chuyn mch tng ng vi bt th i, nt tng ng trn mch hnh thang l 2i .
S dng nh l Thevenin, khi ng chuyn mch vo Uch th in th tng ng
Thevenin ti nt 20 s l Uch/2 v ngun tng c ni tr l R, nh vy ti nt 21 (tin v
pha mch KTT) ta c ngun tng ng Thevenin c tr s l Uch/4 v ni tr l R.
T nhng kt qu trn suy ra rng khi di chuyn v pha mch KTT th tr s in th
Thevenin ti mi nt bng mt na tr s ti nt k cn bn tri n, v ti nt 2n-1 do c
tnh ca b KTT in th c coi bng 0V.
Mt cch tng qut, ta c cng thc tnh in p ra ca mt DAC n bt vi in tr
hnh thang R-2R nh sau:
U r = U ch
Rf
(2
2 .R
n
n 1
.Bn 1 + L + 20.B0
Trong B0 Bn-1 c gi tr "0" hoc "1".
81

Cc DAC theo thang in tr phi dng s in tr kh ln, v d nu mt DAC n bt th
cn dng 2(n-1) in tr trong khi phng php in tr trng lng ch phi dng n thi.
Nhng b li chnh xc v tnh n nh ca tn hiu ra c m bo tt hn.
6.2.4 Ghp ni vi DAC
V nguyn tc mt b DAC c th ghp ni tng thch vi hu ht cc b VXL. i vi
cc b DAC 8 bt, cng vic thm ch cn rt n gin khi ghp ni vi cc VXL, l do
l cc VXL u c BUS d liu l bi ca 8. i vi cc b DAC 12 hay 16 bt ta phi s
dng cc m trung gian c s bt tng ng sau tin hnh trao i s liu nhiu ln.
Hnh 6.11 v 6.12 biu din mch ghp ni h VXL vi mt DAC 8 bit v DAC 16 bit.
a ch
A0A15
Gii m
WR
D0
D1
DAC
8 bit
D7
Bus MVT
BGN
Hnh 6.11: Mch ghp ni h VXL vi mt DAC 8 bits
a ch
A0A15
Gii m
WR
(3)
D0
74
273
D7
74
273
(1)
74
273
Bus MVT
BGN
DAC
16
bit
(2)
Hnh 6.12: Mch ghp ni h VXL vi mt DAC 16 bit
82

6.2.5 Lp trnh xut d liu ra cho DAC
i vi DAC 8 bit, ta ch cn dng lnh xut d liu
Port[addr_port] := data;
Trong a ch cng addr_port s qua mch gii m a ch to xung kch m mch
m a d liu s vo u vo DAC. S liu cn chuyn i c t trong data.
i vi DAC 16 bit, ta cn hai lnh xut:
Port[addr_port1] := data1;
Port[addr_port2] := data2;
Trong a ch cng addr_port1 qua mch gii m a ch to xung th nht kch m
mch cht m 74273 th nht, lu gi 8 bit thp ca d liu, th hin trong data1. Lnh
xut d liu th hai theo a ch addr_port2 s to xung th hai kch m mch cht m
74273 th hai (pha di) a 8 bit cao ca d liu, th hin trong data2. ng thi
xung th hai ny cng m cht m 74273 th ba truyn s liu 8 bit thp u ra
74273 th nht sang u ra 74273 th ba. Kt qu l DAC nhn c 16 bit d liu cng
mt lc.
6.3 B bin i tng t s ADC

Trong phn u gii thiu n vic thu nhn cc tn hiu thng qua cc sensor nhit,
p sut ... v cc mch khuch i thut ton dng khuch i v lc cc tn hiu in
ny. Bc tip theo l b bin i AD bin i tn hiu tng t sang dng s c th
lm vic c vi CPU.
6.3.1. Nguyn tc lm vic ca ADC
ADC
Lng t
ho
M ho
Hnh 6.13: S minh ho nguyn tc lm vic ca ADC

Tn hiu tng t sau khi qua x l c a vo mch ly mu. Mch ly mu c hai
nhim v chnh:

Ly mu tn hiu tng t ti cc thi im khc nhau v cch u nhau, ni cch

khc y l qu trnh ri rc ho tn hiu v mt thi gian.
Lng t ho v m ho tn hiu. Qu trnh lng t ho v bn cht l qu trnh
lm trn s c thc hin theo nguyn tc so snh, tn hiu cn chuyn i c
83

so snh vi mt n v chun. Cn m ho l qu trnh xp xp li kt qu
lng t theo mt quy lut nht nh tu thuc vo loi m yu cu u ra b
bin i (c th l m nh phn hoc m hexa).
6.3.2. Cc tham s c bn ca b chuyn i AD
Cc tham s c bn ca b chuyn i gm c: Di chuyn i ca in p tng t u
vo, chnh xc b chuyn i v tc chuyn i.
Di bin i ca in p tng t u vo l khong in p m ADC c th thc

hin chuyn i c. Khong in p ny c th ly gi tr t 0 n mt gi tr
m hay dng, hoc cng c th l in p hai cc tnh -UAM + UAM.
chnh xc ca ADC: Tham s c trng cho chnh xc ca ADC l phn
gii (Resolution). Tn hiu u ra ca mt ADC l cc gi tr s c xp xp
theo mt quy lut no . S cc s hng m u ra (s bt trong t m nh
phn) tng ng vi di bin i in p vo cho bit mc chnh xc ca php
bin i.
Hnh 6.14: Sai s ca cc b chuyn i AD v DA

V d mt b bin i AD c s bt u ra l N=12 th s phn bit c 212=2096
mc trong di bin i in p u vo ca n - UAM chng hn. Nh vy mi
mc ADC phn bit c u vo l UAM/2096. Trong thc t ngi ta dng s
bt N c trng cho chnh xc ca mt ADC khi di bin i in p u
vo l khng i.
Tc chuyn i cho bit s kt qu chuyn i trong mt giy, cn c gi l

tn s chuyn i fc. Cng c th dng tham s thi gian chuyn i Tc c
trng cho tc chuyn i (Tc = 1/fc). Tc chuyn i cng cao th chnh
xc cng gim v ngc li.
84

6.3.3. Cc phng php chuyn i AD
C nhiu cch phn loi cc b bin i AD, hay dng hn c l phng php phn
loi v mt thi gian. Phng php ny c u im l cho php phn on mt cch tng
qut v tc chuyn i.
Chuyn i song song (Parallel Comparator ADC): Tn hiu cn chuyn i c

so snh cng mt lc vi nhiu gi tr chun, v vy cc bt c xc nh ng
thi v a n u ra.
Chuyn i ni tip theo m m: Qu trnh so snh c thc hin tng bc
theo quy lut m m. Kt qu chuyn i c xc nh bng cch m s lng
gi tr tn hiu tng t cn chuyn i.
Chuyn i ni tip theo m nh phn: Qu trnh so snh c thc hin tng
bc theo quy lut ca m nh phn. Cc n v chun dng so snh ly cc
gi tr gim dn theo m nh phn, do cc bt c xc nh ln lt t bt c
ngha nht MSB (Most Significant Bit) n bt c t ngha nht LSB (Least
Significant Bit).
Chuyn i song song - ni tip kt hp: Trong phng php ny qua mi bc
so snh c th xc nh c ti thiu l 2 bt ng thi.
1. Chuyn i theo phng php song song
Hnh 6.15: S nguyn l b chuyn i AD theo phng php song song
85

Nguyn tc hot ng ca b chuyn i: Tn hiu tng t UA c ng thi a n
cc b so snh t S1 Sm. in p chun Uch c a n u vo th hai ca b so
snh qua thang in tr R. Do cc in p chun t vo b so snh ln cn khc nhau
mt lng khng i v gim dn t S1 Sm. u ra ca cc b so snh c in p chun
ly trn thang in tr th c mc logic "1", cn ngc li c mc logic "0".
Cc u ra ca mch c ni vi mt mch "AND", u cn li ca mch "AND" ni
vi xung nhp. Ch khi xut hin xung nhp u vo mch "AND" th xung ra ca b so
snh c vo mch nh Flip - Flop (FF). Nh vy xung nhp ng vai tr m bo cho
qu trnh so snh v a tn hiu vo b nh, sau b m ho s bin i tn hiu vo
di dng m m thnh m nh phn (c th l dng khc).
Mch bin i song song c u im l tc chuyn i nhanh , nhng kt cu mch
kh phc tp nu ta tng phn gii ca php bin i AD (resolution). Thc vy
thit lp mt b bin i c phn gii n bt th cn phi c (2n -1) b so snh, do vy
phng php ny ch dng cho cc b ADC tc cao v phn gii thp.
2. Chuyn i AD theo phng php m
Hnh 6.16: S khi mch ADC kiu m

Mch bao gm cc phn t: B so snh, RS Flip-Flop, cng "AND" dng ng m
xung nhp, b m n bt v mt DAC n bt. Cc phn t c mc thnh mch hi tip.
Hot ng ca mch: Lc u mch Flip-Flop v mch m c Reset, li ra Q ca FF
mc logic "0", b m cng xo v 0, do in p ra UDAC ca DAC l 0V. Cng
AND m cho cc xung nhp vo mch m. Lc ny in p vo Ua ln hn UADC nn
Uss tr thp. UDAC tng dn theo hnh bc thang v mch m lin tc i trng thi t
86

thp ln cao, khi UDAC ln hn Ua th Uss chuyn ln cao lm cho li ra Q ca FF
chuyn ln mc logic "0" lm cng AND ng li. Lc ny ni dung b m l tn hiu
s n bt tng ng vi tn hiu tng t Ua cn chuyn i.
Nh vy thi gian chuyn i ca ADC kiu m ph thuc vo ln ca tn hiu
tng t Ua v tn s xung nhp. Nu Ua cng ln th thi gian chuyn i cng di, nu
xung nhp cao th thi gian chuyn i ngn.
Ngoi ra ADC kiu m cn c mt c im l thi gian chuyn i ca mch s hn
ch tn s bin thin cao nht ca tn hiu tng t u vo Ua.
3. Chuyn i AD theo phng php xp x lin tip
Hnh 6.17: S khi mch ADC xp x lin tip

Chuyn i AD theo phng php xp x lin tip c u im ln l thi gian chuyn i
t l thun vi s bt ca m s v thi gian thit lp ca mch ghi ch khng ph thuc
vo ln ca tn hiu chuyn i.
Khi u mch ghi trng thi Reset, sau mch iu khin kch thch bt ln nht
U
xut hin Bn 1 = 1 . u ra DAC s tr thnh U ADC = ch . Khi s xy ra mt trong
2
hai trng hp:

Nu UDAC > Ua th bt ny c b qua (thit lp "0")

Nu UADC < Ua th bt ny c duy tr (thit lp "1")
87

Sau li kch thch bt k tip xut hin Bn 2 = 1 . Lc ny u ra DAC s t c l
U
U
U ADC = Bn 1 ch + ch . V cng vic so snh tng t trn xc lp bit Bn 2 .
2
4
Cng vic so snh c tip tc n khi UDAC = Ua th qu trnh chuyn i kt thc.
4. Chuyn i AD theo phng php song song- ni tip kt hp
B1 B 2
B N1
ADC
song song
DAC
N1 bit
TNG TH NHT
TNG
TH
HAI
Mach
hiu
Nhn
N1
2
Hnh 6.18: B chuyn i AD theo phng php song song ni tip kt hp.
y l s kt hp phng php song song v phng php ni tip nhm dung
ha u khuyt im ca hai phng php ny: gim bt phc tp ca phng php
song song v tng tc chuyn i so vi phng php ni tip.
Cng c th gi y l phng php phn on tng nhm bit, vi s bit trong
mi nhm N 2.
5. Chuyn i AD theo phng php tch phn hai sn dc
88

C
R
K
1
Ngun dao
ng
2
CNG
Uch
UA
Mach
logic
Flip Flop
tran
B m
Kt qua
Hnh 6.19: B chuyn i AD theo phng php tch phn hai sn dc.
VC
dc do
Uch tao ra
t1
t2
Z0
VSS
t
Hnh 6.20: th biu din nguyn l hot ng ca mch.
Trong , t1 l thi gian m ng vi s xung lm b m b trn.

t2 l thi gian tch in p chun Vch.
VC l in p rng ca u ra ca b tch phn.
VSS l in p ra ca b so snh.
Z l s xung m c.
Zo l s xung trong thi gian t0.
Vch l in p chun c cc tnh nh hnh v.
VA l in p vo (cc tnh nh hnh v).
89
trng thi u tin, kha K lun t v tr 1. Mch tch phn s tch phn VA,
trong khi b m s m xung t ngun dao ng chun tn s fn. VA c tch phn
trong thi gian t1 cho n khi b m b trn (thi im t1). Lc ny mch logic s iu
khin chuyn kha K sang v tr 2 v mch tch phn s tip tc tch phn Vch nhng vi
chiu ngc li v Vch c cc tnh ngc cc tnh VA. Khi tn hiu ra ca b tch phn VC
gim xung bng 0 th mch so snh s ng cng. Ni dung ghi trong b m l kt qu
bin i. N t l vi thi gian tch phn in p chun t2.
6.3.4. Ghp ni vi ADC

Phn ln cc ADC cn mt tn hiu Start bt u qu trnh chuyn i. Sau khi kt
thc chuyn i, mt tn hiu Finish c thit lp bo hiu qu trnh chuyn i
kt thc. Do ta c th dng mch ghp ni ra s liu n gin c i thoi ghp ni
vi ADC. Hnh 6.18 biu din mt mch ghp ni vi mt ADC 8 bit. Qu trnh chuyn
i c khi ng bng mt xung dng Start. Kt thc qu trnh ny, s liu s c
a ra li ra ADC, ng thi tn hiu Finish chuyn t 0 ln 1 . Li ra ADC c ni
vi mch m ba trang thi 74244. Chn xut ca 74244 c ni vi chn Clear ca
mch lt 7474 xa trng thi sn sng s liu ca ADC. Mt xung c s liu ADC s
ng thi xa lun u ra Q ca 7474 v 0 trnh vic c hai ln cng 1 s liu.
Xung Finish a mc 1 ra chn Q ca mch lt 7474 ri qua mch m 3 trng thi
74125 a vo ng d liu D0.
Vin
D7
74
244
D7
D0
ADC
8 bit
D0
Finish
1
IOW
IOR
74
138
Cl
7474
D Q
A0
An
74125
Start
7404
GN
Bus
MVT
Hnh 6.18: S ghp ni ADC vi h VXL
90

i vi ADC 16 bit, chng ta cn mt b cht m th hai c s liu 8 bit cao theo
mt a ch th hai.
6.3.5 Lp trnh nhn d liu t ADC

Qu trnh nhn d liu t ADC trn hnh 6.18 c thc hin qua cc bc sau:
+ To xung Start bt u qu trnh chuyn i AD
+ Kim tra vic chuyn i thc hin xong ?
+ c d liu vo
a ch to tn hiu Start t 74138 : addr_St
a ch to tn hiu m cht 74125 : addr_Fh
a ch to tn hiu m m 74244: addr_ADC
Port[addr_St]:=0;
Repeat
Var1 := port[addr_Fh];
Until ((Var1 AND 1)=1)
//Delay(thoigianchuyendoi) -> khong dung mach doc finish
Data :=port[addr_ADC];
91
CHNG 7: NG DNG MY VI TNH TRONG O

LNG V IU KHIN
7.1 Gii thiu v cu trc my tnh:
Hnh 7.1 trnh by cc b phn trn bo mch chnh ca h thng my vi tnh (MVT).
MVT l mt h thng vi x l bao gm mt b x l trung tm CPU, cc b nh ROM,
RAM, cc vi mch ghp ni song song, ni tip, cc b iu khin ngt v DMA .
7.1:
Hnh 7.1 v 7.2 cho thy MVT c ra sn mt s cc cng cho php ghp ni vi cc thit
b vo ra c bn (nh mn hnh, bn phm, chut, my in) v cc cng vo ra khc
(nh cng USP, khe cm m rng ISA/PCI slots) . Do mt vn t ra l phi thit
k cc mch ghp ni gia TBNV vi cc cng ny, phc v cho vic o lng v iu
khin mt h thng t ng ha.
92
7.2:
Ch rng VXL ch c mt bus d liu, trong khi c rt nhiu thit b ngoi vi v nh
cng mun trao i d liu vi VXL qua bus ny. Do mi thit b ngoi vi s c
cp mt a ch ring bit, cho php n lm vic vi VXL khi a ch ring bit c
a ra trn bus a ch. Bng 7.1 trnh by cc a ch vo ra c bn cho cc thit b ngoi
vi trong my vi tnh IPM.
Bng 7.1: a ch vo/ra c bn cho cc thit b trong cc my vi tnh IPM PC
Base Address
Device
0F - 1F
First DMA Controller 8237 A-5
20 - 3F
First Interrupt Controller 8259A, Master
40 - 5F
8254-2
60 - 6F
8042, Keyboard
93
70 - 7F
Real Time Clock, NMI mask
80 - 9F
DMA Page Register, 74LS612
87
DMA Channel 0
83
DMA Channel 1
81
DMA Channel 2
82
DMA Channel 3
8B
DMA Channel 5
89
DMA Channel 6
8A
DMA Channel 7
8F
Refresh
A0 - BF
Second Interrupt Controller 8259A, Slave
C0 - DF
Second DMA Controller 8237 A-5
F0
Clear 80287 Busy
F1
Reset 80287
F8 - FF
80287 Math coprocessor
170-177
Secondary ATA Hard Disk Controller
1F0 - 1F7
Primary ATA Hard Disk Controller
200 - 20F
Game Controller/Joystick
210 - 217
Expansion Unit
278 - 27F
LPT2 Parallel port
94
280 - 29F
LCD on Wyse 2108 PC SMC Elite default factory setting
2E8 2EF
COM4
2E1
GPIB Adapter 0
2F8 - 2FF
COM2
2E2 2E3
Data acquisition
300 - 31F
Prototype Card
300 - 31F
3Com EtherLink default factory setting
320 - 32F
XT Hard disk interface
378 - 37F
LPT1 Parallel port
380 38C
SLDC/Secondary Bi-sync interface
3A0 3A9
Primary Bi-sync interface
3B0 3BB
Monochrome display
3C0 3CF
EGA display control
3D0 3DF
Color/Graphics Display (CGA)
3E8 3EF
COM3
3F0 3F7
Floppy disk controller
3F8 3FF
COM1
95
7.2 Thit k mch ghp ni gia h thng t ng ha vi cc cng ca

my vi tnh
C th ni vic ng dng my vi tnh trong vic iu khin t ng mt h thng thc t
l rt a dng. Di y l mt vi ng dng , c giao cho sinh vin t tm hiu,
thit k v trnh by.
ti 1: THIT K MCH GHP NI CNG MY IN LPT1 O CN IN T
T.
ti 2: THIT K MCH GHP NI KHE CM M RNG O V IU
KHIN TC NG C IN MT CHIU M.
ti 3: THIT K MT KIT VI IU KHIN 89C51 C GHP NI CNG NI
TIP COM1 CA MY TNH O NHIT V BO CHY.
ti 4: THIT K MCH GHP NI CNG NI TIP RS232 O NH SNG
V IU KHIN N.
ti 5: THIT K MT KIT VI IU KHIN PIC 16F877 C GHP NI CNG
NI TIP COM1 CA MY TNH O V IU KHIN NNG XY
TRONG KHNG KH.
ti 6: THIT K MCH GHP NI CNG NI TIP A NNG USB IU
KHIN MT HNH TRNH DNG NG C BC.
96
ti 6: Thit k mt mch ghp ni vi cng a nng USB dng

iu khin hnh trnh ng c bc
PHN I: GII THIU V CNG A NNG USB
I.
Gii Thiu Chung V Bus USB
Cng USB v thc cht l mt bus v qua c th u ni ng thi rt nhiu thit b

ngoi vi vi chng lai khc nhau. V vy c th gi bus USB l mt bus ni tip a nng
1. Nhng nt chung v bus USB:
Bus USB l mt bus ni tip

D liu truyn trn bus theo tng bus k tip nhau .c bit, d liu truyn trn cng
cc ng dn theo hai hng.
Bus USB cho php u ni n 127 thit b
D liu truyn vi tc n 12 Mbips
VI bus USB 1.0 ,tc truyn c th ln hn 12Mbps
VI bus USB 2.0 ,tc truyn c th ln n 480Mbps
Bus USB c mi lin h cht ch vi c tnh Plus and Play c gi l u /ngt
nng
in p ngun nui c th nhn c t bus.Cc thit b nh c th s dng in p
t trn bus m khng cn ngun nui ring.
Cc c tnh c bn ca bus USB l:
Cc cuc truyn ng thi,c th hiu l truyn lin tc, h tr cc tn hiu vidio v
m thanh.Vi cc cuc truyn ng thi, cc thit b truyn v nhn d liu theo kiu
c m bo v c th on trc.
USB cng c h tr cc thit b khng ng thi hay thit b c quyn u tin cao
nht , cc thit b ng thi hoc khng ng thi tn ti cng thi im.
Cc thng s k thut cng c c tnh cm v chy, cc cp ni v cch kt ni u
c tiu chun ha rng ri trong cng nghip.
Cc hub c sp xp theo nhiu tng vi kh nngg m rng gn n mc ln nht
v thao tc xy ra ng thi.
Tc truyn 12Mbps vi cc kch thc khc nhau.

H tr nhiu yu cu di thng thit b t mt vi kbps n 19Mbps.
H tr tc truyn d liu ca thit b trn mt phm vi rng cc gi tr thng qua
vic iu tit kch thc b m gi d liu v c ch tim n.
C kh nng cm nng ,ngha l cho php cc thit b ngoi vi c th c u ni
m khng cn phi tt ngun nui cung cp in cho my tnh ,c th u/ngt v thay
i li cu hnh thit b ngoi vi mt cch linh hot kh nng qun l c tng cng
vi cc ch ng v nm l trn phm vi h thng.
97

T nhn dng thit b ngoi vi ,t ng v bn chc nng i vi phn mm iu
khin v cu hnh
H tr cho cc thit b lai khc nhau, vi nhiu chc nng khc nhau.
iu khin lung d liu thng qua b m bng vic qun l giao thc t sn bn
trong .
C c ch x l li/ hon tr li.
H tr kh nng nhn dng cc thit b mc li.
Giao thc n gin trong vic thc hin v tch hp
2. u ni v cp:
Bus USB c hai kiu u ni khc nhau: kiu A v kiu B

Bus USB s dng mt cp bn si u ni vi cc thit b ,trong mt cp
ng truyn hai si xon c dng lm cc ng dn d liu vi phn, cn hai cp
kia c dng lm ng dn 5V v ng ni t chung GND
Chn
Tn gi
Mu dy
1
Vcc
2
DTrng
3
D+
Xanh lc
4
GND
en
Bng u ni bus USB
M t
+5VDC
D liuD liu+
NI t
Cc my tnh PC i mi nht u l kiu A.Cn cc trng hp khc thit b thng

c cm kiu B.
Vic u ni vi my tnh c thc hin bng mt cp kiu A-B
Cc cp dng ko di khong cch t my tnh n thit b thng l kiu A-A
Khi kt ni cc thit b vi bus USB ta thng phi phn bit r cc thit b s dng
ngun nui ring ,chng hn my in ,vi cc thit b nhn ngun nui qua bus
3. Truyn d liu ni tip:
Ton b d liu c trao i u c mt khung dng bng 1 ms .Trong phm vi mt
khung ,nhiu gi d liu k tip dnh cho nhiu cc thit b khc nhau c th c x
l,trong c nhng gi cn gi vi tc thp v nhng gi cn gi vi tc d cao
cng tn ti trong mt xung.
Cc gi d liu USB
1ms
Hnh 1: Cc gi d liu trong nhng khung truyn 1 ms
667ns
83,3ns
Hnh 2: Cc tn hiu tc thp v tc cao
98

Khi cn ghp ni nhiu thit b USB ,ta cn c mt hp phn phi hay thng gi l
hub.Hub cng cho php trnh xy ra tnh trng tn hiu tc cao c chuyn giao
ti thit b c tc thp
Do khng c tn hiu gi nhp c truyn tch ring ra nn xung gi nhp cn phi
c to ra t chnh tn hiu mang thng tin v d liu.Nn k thut khng tr v
mc 0 (gi tt l NRZI) c s dng.Khi ,
D liu ng vi ga tr 0 dn n s thay i ca mc in p .
Cn ng vi gi tr 1 li gi nguyn mc in p
Tn hiu s thng thng
0 0 0
0 1
1 0
Tn hiu NRZI
Hnh 3: Tn hiu NRZI

M ha v gii m tn hiu l cng vic ca ring phn cng .B nhn cn phi phc
hi v loi ra tn hiu gi nhp,nhn v gii m d liu
D+
Song
song/
nI
D-
B truyn USB

NRZI/
NI tip
song
song
B nhn USB
Hnh 4: B truyn v b nhn USB

thc hin qu trnh ng b trong khi truyn ,ngi ta s dng mt phng php
rt l c o :
Khi dng d liu cha 6 s 1 k tip nhau th mt s 0 c b truyn t ng thm
vo bt buc xy ra s thay i mc ,b nhn s t ng loi b s 0 ny ra khi
dng d liu.
Cng nhm mc ch ng b , mi gi d liu u c du hiu c bit , l byte
ng b(Sync-byte)
Trn thc t b truyn v b nhn lun c thit k trn cng mt vi mch:
Mi thit b USB c cha mt khi SIE m nhn nhim v ny
thc hin vic trao i d liu gia SIE v cc phn cn li ca thit b cn cn
n mt b nh m FIFO .Tt c cc cng vic khc do SIE thc hin
Thng thng ,mt thit USB c nhiu b nh FIFO ,ng vai tr trung gian trong
cc cuc truyn d liu.
Phn mm USB to ra cc ng ng dn ti cc im cui ring l .Mi ng ng
l mt knh logic dn ti mt im cui trong mt thit b .Mt thit b c th s
99

dng nhiu ng ng dng thi ,v th tc truyn d liu tng cng c nng
ln.
II. Cc HUB
u ni nhiu thit b ngoi vi USB ta cn 1 hub hoc nhiu hub. Hub l hp
phn phi bus c nhiu cng.
Mt hus ngoi c mt cng hng v my ch v 4 cng ra thit b ghp ni
,ngay trong my tnh PC cng c mt hub .Mt loi hub trong to ra 2 cng USB kiu
A pha sau may vi tnh.Hub ny gi l hub gc v hub ny t ngay trn mch chnh.(
hnh 5)
Cng USB
Trn PC
Hub USB
Hnh 5: Cch u ni hnh sao mt hub USB

cng ra thit b ghp nica mt hub c th u thm mt hub khc .Nh vy
hnh thnh mt cu trc phn tng.( hnh 6)
My chu (tang goc)
Tang 1
Nt
Tang 2
Nt
Nt
Tang 3
Nt
Tang 4
Nt
Nt
Nt
Hnh 6: Cu trc phn tng ca cc hub khi u ni vo bus USB
100

Mi hub v mi dy cp u gy ra s lm tr tn hiu, nhng thi gian ttr khng
vt qu thi gi tr cc i c qui nh. Bub USB cho php tng cng n 7 hub u
ni k tip nhau, nh vy c nhiu nht l 127 thit b c th u ni vo mt bus USB.
Mt nhim v ca hub nhn bit cc thit b mi c u ni vo v cn phn
bit l thit b tc cao hay thit b tc thp. Ngoi ra hub c th xa i 1 thit b
u ni vo bus nhng sau li c tho ri khi h thng. thc hin cc nhim
v ny c nhng trng thi bus c to ra theo cch c bit.
Mt cng USB khng c s dng s khng c kch hot ngha l hub khng
gi khung d liu ti.C hai ng dn d liu u mc low v c mt in tr 15k.
Mi thit b ngoi vi USB u c mt in tr 1,5k ni mt trong hai ng dn tn hiu
vi ngun +3,3V. Thit b tc cao in tr ny ni vi ngun +3,3Vvi ng dn
D+, thit b tc thp th ni vi ng dn D-. Hub cng c th nhn bit kiu thit b
v c th xy dng mi kt ni d liu vi tc truyn thch hp .(hnh 7, 8)
Hnh 7: Nhn dng mt thit b tc cao
Hnh 8: Nhn dng mt thit b tc thp

Khi ln u tin t li ch cho bus, c hai ng dn d liu c ni mass
trong khong thi gian 10ms. Khi SIE ca thit b ngoai vi nhn bit trng thi ny v
xa i mt tn hiu reset ca b vi iu khin c u ni vo. Sau y b iu khin
bt u vi vic thc hin chng trnh b iu khin ca n v sn sng trnh din h
thng.
Hub cng cung cp in p ngun nui cho thit b. Khi khi ng mi thit b
USB c php tiu th dng in n 100 mA. Nu nh cn mt dng ln hn th nhu
cu ny cn phi c khai bo .Dng in tiu th tng cng c th t ti 500mA. Mt
101

hub ngoi ch c th cung cp 100 mA cho mi cng ra thit b ghp ni bi v n c
php tip nhn tng cng khng qu 500 mA v yu cu ring cho chnh bn thn hub.
III. Phn cng v phn mm my ch USB.

My ch USB tng tc vi cc thit b USB thng qua b iu khin my ch.
My ch chu trch nhim v nhng cng vic sau:
Pht hin vic kt ni hoc lai b ca cc thit b USB.
Qun l vic iu khin dng d liu gia my ch v cc thit b USB.
Qun l dng d liu gia my ch v cc thit b USB.
Thng k trng thi tnh hot ng ca h thng.
Cung cp dng in c t hn ch cng sut cho cc thit b USB c
kt ni .
Phn mm h thng USB trn my ch qun l s tng tc gia cc thit b USB
v phn mm thit b da trn my ch. C 5 vng tng tc gia phn mm h thng
USB v phn mm thit b ,c th l:
im danh nh cu hnh thit b.
Truyn d liu trong ch ng thi.
Truyn d liu trong ch khng ng b.
Qun l nng lng.
Qun l thng tin v thit b v bus.
Bt c lc no c th phn mm USB s dng cc giao din h thng my ch
hin hu qun l cc mi quan h tng tc trn.
Cc thanh ghi b iu khin my ch USB
Thanh ghi nhn dng nh cung cp
VID ( vendor Identication register)
a ch offset: 00-01h
Gi tr mc nh : 8086h
Thuc tnh:
ch c
Thanh ghi VID cha s nhn dng nh cung cp .Thanh ghi ny ,cng vi thanh ghi
nhn dng thit b xc ng duy nht bt k thit b PCI no .Vic ghi vo thanh ghi
ny khng c tc dng .Cch vit cc bit 15:0 dng cho s nhn dng nh cung cp
.y l mt gi tr 16 bit c Intel gn.
IV. Kt ni h thng USB.

Kt ni cc thit b USB
Tt c cc thit b USB u ni vo USB qua cng t trn mt loi thit b USB
chuyn dng, c tn l hub. Cc hub ch cho thy tnh trng kt ni hoc loi b ca mt
thit b USB theo tng trng thi cng ca n.
Cc my ch hi (queries) hub xc nh nguyn nhn ca thng bo. Hub tr li
(p ng) bng cch nhn dng cng s dng kt ni thit b USB. My ch cho
php cng v nh a ch thit b USB vi mt ng ng iu khin bng cch s dng
a ch mc nh USB (khi c ni vo ln u hoc khi chng khi ng li).
My ch xc nh xem liu thit b USB mi c kt ni l mt hub hay l mt
thit b chc nng v gn cho thit b USB mt a ch USB duy nht
102

Nu thit b USB kt ni l mt hub v cc thit b USB c kt ni vi
cng ca hub th th tc trn tip din vi tng thit b USB c kt ni. Nu thit
b USB kt ni l mt thit b chc nng, th cc thng bo v vic kt ni s c
phn mm USB gi ti phn mm my ch c quan tm n
Loi b cc thit b USB
Khi mt thit b USB c loi b khi mt trong s cc cng th hub t ng v
hiu ho cng v cung cp mt thng tin ch bo v vic loi b thit b ra khi my ch.
Sau my ch loi b cc s liu d bit v thit b USB, nu thit b USB b loi b
l l mt hub th qa trnh loi b phi c thc hin vi tt c cc thit b USB m
trc c ni vo hub. Nu thit b USB loi b l mt thit b chc nng th cc
thng bo loi b c gi ti phn mm my ch c quan tm n.
Kt ni h thng USB
Hnh 3-55 cho thy mt v d v kt ni cng USB vo trong h thng. Li vo
CLK48 c t ng h tinh th 48 MHz(sai s 2500 ppm) c to ra nh b cng hng
thch anh v c s dng to tc d liu bng 12MHz v mt khong khung khi
to bng 1,0ms (500ppm).
Thit b tng tc PVIIDE/ISA (cu PCI) c mt thit k thch hp vi tc bng
1,5Mbps hoc 12 Mbps. Ngun nui dng cho thit b c ly t ngun in p -5v trn
bn mch chnh (Vcc). Nh vy cn c nhng bin php no chng ngn mch,
chng hn bng mt cu ch 2A. H thng gim st ca c ng dn in p ngun nui
cho USB vi cc ng OC#1 v OC#0 ( pha di ca hnh 3-54).
Khi thit b cu PCI pht hin ra mt li trn ng dn in p nui th n s v hiu
ho cng USB tng ng. Trn cc ng d liu, c mt in tr ni tip bng 27(m),
dng gii hn dng in khi xy ra ngn mch vi t(GND). Nh vy dng s b gii
hn mc nh hn 185mA. Cc cun cm mc ni tip mc ni tip cng c tnh n
trn ng dn in p ngun nui, tn hiu nhiu trn cc thit b bn ngoi khng
gy nh hng ti ngun nui bn mch chnh.
103
PHIN BN USB 2.0
Cc k thut chnh ca bus USB 2.0 l:

Tc thp (1,5Mbps): cc thit b tng tc(interactive),thng thng l 10100Kbps.
Tc cao(full-speed,12Mbps)cc ng dng vi in thoi m thanh.
Tc rt cao (480 Mbps)cc ng dng video v b nh thng thng l 25400Mbps.
Cng USB 2.0 s y nhanh qu trnh hng ti mt my tnh PC trong tng lai
vi cc c tnh legacy-free.
V. Cc kiu truyn USB.

Cc thit b USB c th trao i d liu vi my tnh PC theo 4 kiu hon ton khc
nhau:
+ Truyn iu khin: iu khin phn cng cc yu cu iu khin (control
request) c truyn hay gi l truyn iu khin (control transfers). Chng lm vic vi
mc u tin cao v c kh nng kim sot li t ng. Tc truyn ln v c n 64
byte trong mt yu cu(request) c th c truyn.
+Truyn ngt: cc thit b cung cp mt lng d liu nh, tun hon, chng hn
nh bn phm, chut, u s dng kiu truyn ngt (interrupt transfers). Khc vi s
phng on t tn gi, y khng c mt ngt no c thit b xo. Cch tt nht l h
thng s hi theo chu k, chng hn 10ms mt ln, xem c cc d liu mi gi n.
Thng thng c n 8 byte c th c truyn.
+ Truyn theo khi: Khi c dung lng d liu ln cn truyn v cn kim sot
li truyn nhng li khng c yu cu thc p v thi gian truyn th d liu thng c
truyn theo khi (bulk transfers). Cc ng dng ca phng php ny nh: my in v
my qut hnh (scanner). Tc truyn d liu ph thuc vo mc u ti trn bus
USB.
+ Truyn ng thi: Khi c lng ln d liu vi tc d liu c quy
nh, chng hn nh dng cho card m thanh, th thng p dng kiu truyn ng thi
(isochronous transfers). Theo cch truyn ny mt gi tr tc d liu xc nh c
duy tr. Vic hiu chnh li khng c thc hin v nhng li truyn l t cng khng
gy nh hng ng k n cht lng truyn.
Vi cc ng dng trong lnh vc o lng v iu khin , kiu truyn th nht
(truyn iu khin) thng c s dng v va c an ton d liu cao va c tc
truyn ln .Ngoi ra cn d dng thc hin c giao thc truyn ring trong mt s
trng hp ng dng c th tip tc x l.
.
VI. Gi phn mm iu khin.
Chc nng ca mt phn mm iu khin:

L mt xch lin kt gia phn cng v phn mm h thng.Trong mi trng
Windows 98 v trc, khng c mt chng trnh ng dng no c th truy cp trc tip
ln phn cng, cch tt nht l gi ra mt phn mm iu khin thit b , phn mm
104

ny trao i trc tip vi phn cng hoc qua lp m nm su hn. Phn mm iu
khin ny c ch to v cung cp bi cc nh sn xut thit b .
Hot ng :
Tt c cc phn mm iu khin USB u da trn Win32_Driver_Model. Tt c
cc li gi phn mm iu khin u thng qua phn mm qun l vo ra (I/O manager).
Cc chng trnh ngi dng khc nhau gi gi yu cu gn nh ng thi ti phn mm
qun l vo/ra, phn mm ny sau y s phn phi cc gi ny ti cc phn mm iu
khin c th.
Tt c cc yu cu u c gi i di dng cc gi, v chuyn tip gia cc lp
m ring l. bit r v cch thc truy nhp ln cc thit b, ta xem xt n 5 hm
ca Windows sau:
CreateFile( )
M mt tp hoc mt thit b
CloseHandle( )
ng mt tp hoc mt thit b
ReadFile( )
c hoc nhn d liu
WriteFile( )
Ghi hoc truyn d liu
DeviceloControl( )
Thc hin cc chc nng c th ca phn mm
iu khin
V d xt on chng trnh sau ( Gi 1 byte qua COM2 bng Delphi):
Handle:=CreateFile.(Pchar(COM2),GENERIC_WRITE,0,NIL,OPEN)_EX
ISTING,0,0);
Byt:=85;
WriteFile(Handle,Byt1,1,Count,NIL);
CloseHandle(Handle);
Gii thch lnh:
Trc ht , Cng COM2 c m bng hm CreateFile( ) sau y gi mt
Byte bng hm WriteFile( ). Cui cng Hm CloseFile( ) ng knh thng tin li. Tn
ca phn mm iu khin y l COM2 mang ngha th hin mi lin quan trc tip
vi giao din phn cng COM2.
105
PHN II:
NG C BC.
I. c im chung v ng c bc
ng c bc thc cht l ng c ng b hot ng di tc dng ca cc
xung ri rc v k tip nhau. Khi mt xung dng in hoc in p t vo cun dy
phn ng ca ng c bc, th roto (phn cm) ca ng c s quay i mt gc nht
nh, v c gi l bc ca ng c, khi cc xung dng in t vo cun dy phn
ng lin tc th roto s quay lin tc.
V tr ca trc ng c bc c xc bng s lng xung, v vn tc ca ng c
t l vi tn s xung, v c xc nh bng s bc/giy (second). Tnh nng lm vic
ca ng c bc c t trng bi bc c thc hin, t tnh gc (quan h ca
mmen in t theo gc gia trc ca Roto v trc ca t trng tng), tn s xung gii
hn sao cho cc qu trnh qu , khi hon thnh mt bc c th tt i trc khi bt u
bc tip theo. Tnh nng m my ca ng c, c t trng bi tn s xung cc i
c th m my m khng lm cho Roto mt ng b (b bc). Tu theo kt cu ca
tng loi ng c, m tn s ng c c th tip nhn c t 10 n 10.000 Khz.
Bc ca ng c (gi tr ca gc gia hai v tr n nh k nhau ca Roto) cng
nh th chnh xc trong iu khin cng cao. Bc ca ng c ph thuc vo s cun
dy phn ng, s cc ca Stato, s rng ca Roto v phng php iu khin bc
hoc iu khin na bc. Ty theo yu cu v chnh xc v kt cu ca ng c, m
bc ca ng c thay i trong gii hn t 1800 - 0,180. Trong : ng c bc nam
chm vnh cu dng cc mng v c t tr thay i t 60 - 450, ng c bc c t tr
thay i c gc bc nm trong gii hn t: 1,80- 300, v ng c bc hn hp c gc
bc thay i trong khong 0,360 - 150. Cc gi tr gc ca cc loi ng c k trn c
tnh trong ch iu khin bc .
Chiu quay ca ng c bc khng ph thuc vo chiu dng in chy trong
cc cun dy phn ng, m ph thuc vo th t cun dy phn ng c cp xung iu
khin. Nhim v ny do b chuyn pht thc hin.
S cun dy phn ng (hay c gi l cun dy pha) ca ng c bc c ch
to t 2 - 5 cun dy pha (hay cn gi l bi dy) v c t i din nhau trong cc
rnh Stato. i vi cun dy phi c hai cun dy th ch dng cho iu khin lng
cc (cun dy c cc tnh thay i), vi 4 cun dy c th dng cho c hai ch iu
khin lng cc v iu khin n cc
ng c bc l mt thit b c s dng rng ri dng chuyn cc xung in
thnh chuyn ng c hc. mt s ng dng, chng hn nh b iu khin a, my in
kim ma trn v robot, th ng c bc c dng iu khin chuyn ng.
II. Nguyn l hot ng ca ng c bc.

1.ng c nam chm vnh cu.
Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c ny l da vo tc ng ca mt trng in t
trn mt mmen in t, tc l tc ng gia mt trng in t v mt hoc nhiu nam
chm vnh cu. Roto ca ng c to thnh mt hoc nhiu cp t v mmen in t ca
nam chm c t thng hng trn t trng quay do cc cun dy to nn.
ng c c hai cun dy lp hai cc ca Stato, v mt nam chm vnh cu
Roto. Khi kch thch mt cun dy ca Stato (ng thi ngt in cun kia) s to nn hai
cc Bc (North) v Nam (South) ca nam chm. Roto s thng ng vi hng t
trng.
106

Nu ta cho dng in vo cun dy W1 th v tr 1 v 3 ca Stato tng ng s l
cc Nam v cc Bc.
Gi s trc ca nam chm vnh cu ca Roto ang lch vi trc 1-3 mt gc ( di
tc dng ca lc ht do cc cc tri du ca nam chm s sinh ra mt lc quay Roto v v
tr 1, v tr ny gi l v tr cn bng. Sau cho dng in I2 vo cun dy W2 (lc ny
dng in cun W1 b ngt), thanh nam chm s quay nhanh n v tr 2 mt gc 900
nu vic cp in lin tc v tun t vo cun dy W1, W2, W1, W2, . V o chiu
dng in sau mi bc, thanh nam chm s quay thnh nhng vng trn, t mt phn t
vng trn n mt phn t vng trn khc.
Cc cun dy ca Stato gi l cc pha. ng c bc c th c nhiu pha: 2, 3, 4, 5
pha, n c cp in cun ny sang cun khc vi vic o chiu dng in sau mi
bc quay. Chiu cc ng c ph thuc vo th t cung cp in cho cc cun dy v
hng ca t trng.
2. ng c bc t tr thay i.
Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c bc t tr thay i da trn c s nh lut cm
ng in t, tc l da trn s tc ng gia mt trng in t v mt Roto c t tr
thay i theo gc quay.
Cu trc tiu biu ca ng c c bc t thay i.
-6
Roto ng c in c ch to bng vt liu dn t, trn b mt Roto thng c

nhiu rng. Mi rng ca Roto hoc ca Stato gi l mt cc. Trn hai cc i din c
mc ni tip hai cun dy (v d nh cun dy AA') to thnh mt phn ca ng c.
Nh vy ng c nh hnh v c ba pha A, B, C, t tr thay i theo gc quay ca rng.
Khi cc rng ca Roto ng thng hng vi cc cc ca Stato, t tr s nh nht.
Nu ta cho dng in chy vo cun dy BB' n s to nn t trng ko cc gn n nht
ca roto v lm Roto quay mt gc 300 theo chiu ngc chiu kim ng h. Nu dng
in c a vo cun dy CC', Roto li tip tc quay mt gc 300 na Cc cun
dy AA', BB', CC' gi l cc pha.
Hng quay ca ng c khng ph thuc vo chiu ca dng in m ph thuc vo th
t cp in cho cun dy. Nhim v ny do cc mch logic trong b chuyn pht thc
hin. Vi cch thay i th t hoc thay i cch kch thch cc cun dy ta cng lm
thay i cc v tr gc quay.
ng c bc c t tr thay i c chuyn ng m, s bc ln v tn s lm vic cng
kh ln (t 2 n 5 Khz).
Mt s cng thc tnh cho ng c bc t tr thay i
107

Nr
: S rng ca roto.
Ns
: S rng ca stato.
Np
: S pha.
Pr
: Gc rng roto.
s
: Gc bc.
Rs
: Gi tr bc.
X = Ns/Np : S rng stato cho mt pha.
Gc rng gia hai rng k nhau c xc nh nh sau
369 0
360 0
Pr =
; Ps =
Nr
Pr
Gc bc c xc nh bi biu thc:
360 0
s =
( /bc)
Nr.Np
Gi tr bc
360
Rs =
s
Nu tn s xung l f th tc Roto l:
s
69 f
60 f
=
=
= (vng/pht)
Rs
Np.Nr 6
S rng Roto cho mt pha:
Nr
X=
Np + 1
3.ng c hn hp.
ng c hn hp l s kt hp nguyn tt lm vic ca ng c c bc nam
chm vnh cu v ng c bc c t tr thay i nhm c c t tnh tt nht ca hai
loi k trn l momen ln v s bc ln.
1
2
S ng c bc hn hp.
ng c gm hai na Roto (1) v (2). Na(1) c nhiu rng trn Roto, na (2) l
nam chm vnh cu. Do c s kt hp gia hai phn nn to ra s kch thch roto
mnh hn. ng c loi ny c s bc t n 400 bc, nhng gi thnh t.
III. Cc phng php iu khin ng c bc.

Mi ng c bc u c phn quay roto l nam chm vnh cu, c bao xung
quanh l phn tnh, gi l stato. ng c bc c 4 cun dy stato c sp xp theo cp
qua tm i xng. ng c bc dng ny gi l ng c bc 4 pha. im gia cho
108

php thay i chiu dng in ca mt trong hai li khi mt cun dy c ni t, do
i cc ca stato. Lu rng, trc ca ng c thng thng th quay t do, cn trc
ng c bc th quay theo tng bc c nh, lp li v m tng v tr c th. ng c
quay nh vy l t c s l thuyt t trng: cc cc cng du y nhau v cc cc
ngc du ht nhau. Chiu quay c xc nh bi t trng ca stato, m t trng ny
th do dng in chy qua li cun dy gy nn. Khi hng ca dng thay i th cc ca
t trng cng thay i theo, gy ra chuyn ng ngc li ca ng c (o chiu).
ng c bc y c 6 u dy: 4 u ca cun dy stato v 2 u dy chung im
gia ca cc cp dy. Khi chui xung ngun c cp n tng cun dy stato th ng
c s quay. Mi chui xung c th c cp chnh xc khc nhau. Bng sau gii thiu
chui 4 bc thng thng.
Bng 1
Chiu kim
Cun dy Cun dy Cun dy Cun dy
Chiu quay
Bc
A
B
C
D
b m
ng h
1
1
0
0
1
2
1
1
0
0
3
0
1
1
0
4
0
0
1
1
A
B
COM
C
D
COM
Hnh1: B tr cun dy Stato.

Lu chng ta c th bt u vi chui xung no trong bng 1, song khi bt
u bng chui xung no th cn phi tip tc theo ng th t ca chui xung . V d,
nu bt u bng bc th 3 l chui (0110) th cn tip tc vi chui ca bc 4 ri sau
lp li 1,2,3 v.v.
Mt s thng s v khi nim.
Gc bc ( step Angle):Cu hi t ra l mi bc c dch chuyn l bao nhiu?
iu ny ph thuc vo cu trc bn trong ca ng c, c bit l s rng ca stato v
roto. Gc bc l quay nh nht ca mt bc. Cc ng c khc nhau c gc bc
khc nhau. Bng 2 gii thiu gc bc ca mt s chng loi ng c, trong c dng
thut ng s bc trong mt vng. y l tng s bc cn quay ht mt vng 3600
Bng 2: Gc bc ca ng c.
109

Gc bc
0.72
1.8
2.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
15
S bc/vng
500
200
180
144
72
48
24
Dng nh tri vi n tng ban u, ng c bc khng cn nhiu u dy

cun stato c gc bc nh hn. Tt c ng c bc ni phn ny ch dng 4 u
cun dy stato v 2 u dy chung nt gia. Mc d nhiu hang sn xut ch dng mt
u dy chung, song vn phi c 4 u dy stato.
Quan h s bc/giy v s vng quay/pht RPM.
Quan h gia s vng quay/pht RPM vi s bc ca mt vng quay v s
bc/giy l quan h trc quan v c biu din nh sau:
S bc trong giy = RPM x s bc trong vng quay/60
Chui xung bn bc v s rng trn roto.
Chui xung chuyn mch trnh by bng 1 c gi l chui chuyn mch 4 bc,
bi v sau 4 bc th hai cun dy ging nhau s c bt ln ON. Vy sau 4 bc ny
ng c quay c bao nhiu? Sau khi thc hin xong 4 bc th roto ch quay, c mt
bc rng. Do vy, ng c 200 bc/vng th roto c 50 rng v 50*4=200 bc cn
quay ht mt vng. Nh vy, c th kt lun l gc bc ti thiu lun l hm s ca
rng trn roto. Ni cch khc rng cng nh th roto quay c cng nhiu rng.
Ngoi chui xung 4 bc cn c chui xung 8 bc, chui ny cn c gi l
(half-stepping), v chui 8 bc th mi bc l mt na ca gc bnh thng.
Bng 3: Chui xung 8 bc.
Chiu kim
Bc Cun dy
Cun dy
Cun dy
Cun dy
Chiu quay
ng h
A
B
C
D
b m
1
1
0
0
1
2
1
0
0
0
3
1
1
0
0
4
0
1
0
0
5
0
1
1
0
6
0
0
1
0
7
0
0
1
1
8
0
0
0
1
Tc ng c.
Tc ng c c o bng s bc trong mt giy l mt hm ca tc chuyn
mch.Bng vic thay i thi gian ta c th t c cc tc quay khc nhau.
Moment gi.
Moment gi c nh ngha l lng moment ngoi cn thit lm quay trc ng
c t v tr gi ca n vi iu kin trc ng c ang ng yn hay ang quay vi tc
RPM = 0. i lng ny c o bng t l din p v dng cp n ng c. n v ca
moment gi l kilogram centimet.
110

Chui 4 bc iu khin dng sng.
Ngoi chui 4 bc v 8 bc ni trn, cn c mt chui khc c gi l chui 4
bc dng sng. Chui ny c gii thiu bng 4. Chui 8 bc trnh by bng 3 l
s kt hp n gin ca cc chui 4 bc thng v chui 4 bc iu khin dng sng
cho bng 1 v bng 4.
Bng 4: Chui xung 4 bc.
Chiu kim
ng h
Bc
1
2
3
4
Cun dy
A
1
0
0
0
Cun dy
B
0
1
0
0
Cun dy
C
0
0
1
0
Cun dy
D
0
0
0
1
Chiu quay
b m
PHN III: CU TRC CHC NNG CA CC CON VI MCH.

I. Chip UCN5804B.
y l chip trung tm iu khin ng c bc, v iu khin ng c bc theo
phc php 4 bc thng dng( hay gi l phng php bc ).
S chn ca chip UCN5804B

Chn 9,10,14,15 ca chip dng iu khin ng ra theo mt chu k, bc ,
haff-step v iu khin hot ng ng ra.
Chip ny hot ng hay khng ph thuc vo tn hiu xung ng vo trn chn 11
thc y ng c lm vic. Tn hiu ny c th c cp ngun bn ngoi hay t cng
tc tc ng bng tay.
c im ca chip iu khin ny l:
111

-
Dng in ln nht ng ra l 1.5A.

in p chu ng ng ra l 35V.
Tiu chun hot ng bc , na bc v bc iu khin dng sng.
S dng cc Diod bo v bn trong chip.
Kh nng iu khin ng ra OE v iu khin trc tip.
Reset li nng lng.
C mch tn nhit tch hp bn trong.
Bng iu khin kiu hot ng.
Cc kiu hot ng ca chip.
112
II. Chip FTDI- FT245AM.

1.Tng quan v chip FTDI-FT245AM.
y l chip chuyn d liu t kiu ni tip ca cng USB sang truyn song
song iu khin ng c bc thng qua chip 5804BM. Vi cc dc tnh sau:
- 3.3V LDO in p iu chnh: l my iu chnh in p LDO 3.3V trong qu
trnh USB truyn d liu t b nh m ra ng ra.
- USB truyn nhn: Khi truyn nhn USB cung cp 1 giao din vt l ca USB
1.1 n cp USB. Ti ng ra cung cp mc in p 3.3V iu khin tn hiu, trong khi
mt my thu khc v 2 tn hiu kt thc t my thu cung cp d liu t cng USB, SEO
v USB d tm iu kin.
- USB DPLL: Khi ny d dng nhn ra cc bit m ha NRZI d liu t USB
cung cp n, v t to ra xung clock v d liu n SIE block.
- Dao ng 6 Mhz: Dao ddoognj to ra t dao ng thch anh ngoi chip hay t
hin tng cng hng ca cc phn t.
- SIE (Serial Interface Engine): m nhn nhim v truyn nhn d liu.
- USB Protocol Engine: qun l lung d liu t thit b iu khin USB.
- Fifo Receive Buffer ( 128 byte): B m USB nhn d liu ti a 128 byte, d
liu c c v ghi t b nh FIFO thng qua chn ni tip truyn thng d liu USB.
- 384 byte b nh nhn d liu, 128 byte b nh truyn tn hiu mc cao
2.S chn.
113
Chn
7
Tn hiu
USBDP
Loi
I/O
8
6
27
USBDM
3.3VOUT
XTIN
I/O
OUT
IN
28
31
XTOUT
RCCLK
OUT
I/O
4
32
1
2
5
RESET
EECS
EESK
EEDATA
TEST
IN
I/O
I/O
I/O
IN
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
Chc nng
Tn hiu d liu USB ph thuc vo tr 1.5k
gim in p ng ra cn 3.3V
Kt ni chn d liu m ca USB
Chn to in p 3.3V ti ng ra
Ly tn hiu t dao ng 6Mhz t dao ng thnh
anh
a tn hiu 6Mhz ra chn dao ng thch anh
RC-Timer m bo xung clock trn mode Sleep
v tc ng mc Low trong sut qua trnh chn
mode Reset hay Sleep
Reset ton b thit b s dng network RC ngoi
Ty chn EEPROM-chip chn
Ty chn EEPROM-xung ng h
Ty chn EEPROM-I/O d liu
t thit b vo mode Text- thit b phi c ni
t.
Bus d liu truyn trc tip Bit0
114

16
RD#
IN
15
WR
IN
14
TXE#
OUT
12
RXF#
OUT
11
EEREQ#
IN
10
EEGN#
OUT
3,13,26 VCC
9,17
GND
30
AVCC
PWR
PWR
PWR
Byte d liu D0.D7c tc ng mc thp bi

d liu truyn t FIFO
Ghi byte d liu trn D0..D7 vo FIFO truyn
khi WR c tc ng cao thp
Khi tc ng high, khng d liu vo FIFO. Khi
low d liu c th c ghi vo FIFO.
Khi mc cao, khng c d liu t FIFO. Khi
mc thp c th c c bi RD# sau chuyn
t thp sang mc cao.
Yu cu EEPROM kt ni x l qua bus d
liu
mc thp, cho php EEPROM ni x l qua
bus d liu
Thit b chuyn in p t 4.4V 5.25V
Thit b ngun xung clock
PHN IV: NGUYN L HOT NG CA MCH.

Ngun c cp bi mt ngun DC bn ngoi hay ngun DC P1. in p c th
dao ng t 6 30V, ph thuc vo tc ca ng c bc. ng c bc s dng
hu ht cc dong trong mch, v vy n c cp ngun thng qua tr R1,R2. y l tr
gii hn dng n ng c v cho php ng c hot ng vi ngun in p cung cp
ln hn in p gii hn cho php ng c lm vic.
in p n nh trng thi (khng ti) ca mch thu c bng cch iu chnh
in p ng v di 5V vi con chip iu chnh in p LM78L05. y l mt IC iu
chnh in p, vi C7, C1, C5 cung cp thm vo in p lc.
U1-UCN5804BM c chc nng cung cp dng 100mA, y l trung tm b iu
khin ng c bc lm vic theo tng phng php iu khin. N gm 1 CMOS xp
xp v lu gi mc logic phn in p lng cc ng ra trc tip iu khin ng c.
UNC5804BM c th pht tn hiu iu khin vi 3 mode khc nhau: FULL-STEP,
HALF-STEP, FULL-STEP WAVE.
D1-4 l mt t hp Diod ngn cn nguy him n chip UNC5804BM nu cng
tc ng ra mc thp khi ng c ang hot ng vi ti ln.
Mi LED1-4 sng tng ng vi ng ra lm vic mc thp v l vt c ch
nhn xt trng thi lm vic ca ng ra. Tr R3 cung cp dng in gii hn n LED.
PIN 9,10,14 v 15 ca chip UCN5804BM iu khin ng ra theo cc phng
php iu khin ty chn. Cng tc DIP1-4 cho php iu khin bng tay mi hng
lm vic ca ng c bc theo bng trng thi sau:
115
y ta dng mch ghp ni diu khin ng c bc hot ng bng my

tnh, UCN5804BM ph thuc vo chn 11 c c tc ng hay khng thc y
ng c lm vic. Tn hiu ny c cp t chip FT245-USB.
Chip FT245_USB chuyn tn hiu ly ra t cng USB sang dng tn hiu truyn
song song 8 bit d liu tc ng n chip UCN5804BM iu khin ng c bc lm
vic theo cc mode nh sn v tc quy nh. Ta ch cn truyn d liu vo cc chn
iu khin ca chip UCN5804BM theo s kt ni iu khin ng c lm vic
theo 1 trong 3 phng php trn.
116
ti 4: Thit k mch cng ni tip RS232 mch ny lm nhim v o

nh sng v iu khin n.
Chng I: Gii thiu chung v truyn thng ni tip

Hin nay cc tiu chun truyn thng cng theo hai hng phn bit nhau
da vo cch truyn : song song hay ni tip. Cch truyn song song rt d b
nhiu tc ng nn khng th truyn i xa c, do cng t c s dng.
Truyn ni tip cng c 2 loi : ng b hay khng ng b. Trong cch truyn
ng b, dy k t c truyn s km theo k t ng b l SYN (m ASCII l
22). Phng thc ny cho tc truyn kh cao nhng do mch x l truyn v
nhn (bao gm mch thm k t ng b, pht hin v bo sai) kh phc tp
nn ch dng trong cc ng dng c yu cu cao v tc truyn. Cn trong cc
ng dng thng thng, nht l cc ng dng trong lnh vc iu khin t ng,
th khng c yu cu v tc m yu cu v tin cy nhng mch thc hin
n gin, r tin. Khi , cch truyn khng ng b rt ph hp. Theo cch
truyn ny th cc k t c truyn ring r, phn lm tng frame c bit bt u,
cc bit d liu ca k t cn truyn, bit chn l ( kim tra li ng truyn), v
cc bit kt thc.Trong khun kh Lun Vn ny ,ta ch s dng chun truyn
thng RS-232C (RS :Recommended Standard) ,l mt chun truyn ni tip bt
ng b rt ph bin hin nay.
Chun ny ln u tin c gii thiu vo nm 1962 do hip hi k thut
in t EIA (Electronics Industries Association) a ra nh l chun giao tip
truyn thng gia my tnh v thit b ngoi vi nh :modem, my v, mouse, my
tnh khc
1. Cu to cng ni tip:
Bng 1.1 Sp xp chn ca cng ni tip my tnh:
9 chn
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
25 chn
8
3
2
20
7
6
4
5
22
Chc nng
DCD _ Data Carrier Detect (Li
vo)
RxD _ Receive Data (Li vo)
TxD _ Transmit Data (Li ra)
DTR _ Data Terminal Ready (Li
ra)
GND _ Ground (Ni t)
DSR _ Data Set Ready (Li vo)
RTS _ Request to Send (Li ra)
CTS _ Clear to Send (Li vo)
RI _ Ring Indicator (Li ra)
117
2. Cc Chun Truyn Ni Tip :

dng ni tip ta c rt nhiu chun truyn nh: RS-232, RS-422, RS-423,
RS-449, RS-485 do khng i su vo cc chun truyn ny nn ta ch kho st
s 2 chun truyn RS-232 v RS-485 :
Bng 1.2. So snh cc tiu chun truyn EIA:
Thng s
Cable
length(max
)
Baud Rate
(tc
baud)
RS_232
15m
(50FT)
RS_422
RS_423
RS_485
1.2km(4000FT 1.2km(4000FT 1.2km(4000FT
)
)
)
20Kps/15m 10Mbps/12m
10Mbps/120m
100Kbps/1.2k
m
100Kbs/9m
10Kbps/90m
1Kbps/1.2km
10Mbps/12m
1Mbps/120m
100Kbps/1.2k
m
118
Mode
Unbalanced
Driver No
Receiver
No
Logic 0
1
1
Logic 1
Community
(truyn
thng)
Cable/Signa
l
(Cp / tn
hiu)
Methode
(Phng
thc)
Balanced
Differental
1
10
Unbalnced
Differental
1
10
Balanced
Differental
32
32
+5V +15
V
-5V -15V
+2v +5V
+3.6V +6V
+1.5V +5V
-2V -5V
-3.6V -6V
-1.5V -5V
2V
1.8V
3.4V
1.3V
Simplex
Half_duplex
Full_duplex
Simplex
Half_duplex
Full_duplex
Simplex
Half_duplex
Full_duplex
150mA
150mA
150mA
Simplex
Half_duple
x
Full_duplex
Short circuit
500mA
current
3. Phng thc truyn d liu ca RS-232 :

D liu trao i din ra trn hai ng dn TxD v RxD. Qua chn cm ra
TxD, my tnh gi d liu ca n n cc thit b khc. Trong khi d liu m
my tnh nhn c, li c dn n chn ni RxD. Cc tn hiu khc ng vai
tr nh l tn hiu h tr khi trao i thng tin v v vy khng phi trong mi ng
dng u dng n.
Cc bit d liu c gi i theo kiu o ngc, ngha l cc bit c gi tr
1 s c mc in p LOW, cc bit c gi tr 0 s c mc in p HIGH. Mc
tn hiu nhn v truyn qua chn RxD v TxD thng thng nm trong khong
12V n +12V. Mc in p i vi mc HIGH nm gia +3V n +12V.
Mt chui d liu truyn i theo dng ni tip nhau trn mt ng dn: bt
u bng mt bit khi u (Start bit), tip theo l cc bit d liu (data bit), bit
thp i trc. S bit d liu nm trong khong 5 n 8 bit, tip l bit kim tra
chn l (Parity) v cui cng l bit kt thc (stop bit). Hnh thc truyn ny c kh
nng dng cho nhng khong cch ln , bi v cc kh nng gy nhiu l nh hn
l dng cng song song. Tc truyn c thit lp bng tham s Baudrate, l s
bit truyn i trong 1 giy, thng thng l 300, 600, 1500, 2400, 4800, 9600 v
19200.
119
Mt nhc im khng nh ca cng ni tip l tc truyn d liu b hn

ch. V d nh vi tc 9600 baud cho php truyn nhiu nht l 960 byte mi
giy. Khun dng d liu (Frame) cn phi c thit lp nh nhau c hai bn
gi cng nh nhn.
Start bit
Stop bit
+12V
-12V
D0
1
D1
1
D2
0
D3
1
D4
0
D5
0
D6
1
D7
0
T= 1/fbaud
1.04 ms
Dng d liu trn cng RS_232 vi tc baud 9600baud.

Mt trong nhng yu cu quan trng ca RS-232 l thi gian chuyn i t
mt mc logic ny ti mc logic khc khng vt qa 4% thi gian 1 bit. V th
tc 19200 thi gian chuyn mc logic phi nh hn .
Vn ny lm gii hn chiu di ng truyn . Vi tc truyn 19200
baud c th truyn xa nht l 50ft (1ft = 30.48cm, 15.24cm)
Mt trong nhng vn quan trng cn ch khi s dng RS-232 l mch
thu pht khng cn bng ( n cc ). iu ny c ngha l tn hiu vo c so vi
t. V vy, nu in th ti hai im t ca hai mch thu pht khng bng nhau
th s c dng in chy trn t. Kt qu s c p ri trn dy t ( V= I.R ) s
lm suy yu tn hiu logic. Nu truyn tn hiu i xa , R s tng dn n p ri trn
t s ln dn n lc tn hiu logic s ri vo vng khng xc nh v mch thu
s khng nhn ng d liu c truyn t mch pht. Chnh s khng cn bng
trn mch thu pht l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gii hn ng truyn.
120
Chng II : Gii thiu cc linh kin dng trong

mch
I. Chip ADC804:
Chp ADC804 l b chuyn i tng t s thuc h ADC804 ca hng
national semiconductor. Chp ny cng c nhiu hng khc sn xut. in p
nui l +5v v phn gii 8 bit. Thi gian chuyn i c nh ngha l thi
gian m b ADC cn chuyn mt u vo tng t thnh mt s nh phn. i
vi ADC 804 thi gian chuyn i ph thuc vo tn s ng h c cp ti
chn CLK va CLKIN v khng b hn 110s.
CS chn chip
L chn chn chp, u vo tch cc mc thp c s dng kich hot chp
ADC804. tri cp ADC804 th chn ny mc thp.
RD - c
y l mt tn hiu vo tch cc mc thp. cc b ADC chuyn i u vo
tng t thnh s nh phn v gi n mt thanh ghi trong. RD c s dng
c d liu c chuyn i ti u ra ca ADC 804. khi CS=0 nu c mt xung
cao xung thp p n chn RD th d liu ra dng s 8 bit c a ti cc chn
d liu D0-D7.
WR - Ghi
y l chn vo tch cc mc thp c dung bo cho ADC 804 bt u qu
trnh chuyn i. Nu CS=0 khi WR to ra xung cao xung thp th b ADC 804
bt u tin hnh chuyn i gi th u tng t Vin v s nh phn 8 bit.
CLK IN v CLK R
CLK IN l chn vo ni ti ng h ngoi khi ng h ngoi c s dng
to thi gian. Tuy nhin 804 cng c m b to xung ng h trn chp dng
ng h trn chp ca 804 th chn CLK IN v CLK R c ni ti t in v
mt in tr. vi tn s
f =
1
1.1RC
121
Ngt INTR
Ngt hay cn gi l kt thc vic chuyn i. y l chn ra tch cc mc thp.
Bnh thng chn ny trng thi cao v khi vic chuyn i hon tt th n
xung thp bo cho CPU bit l d liu c chuyn i sn sng ly i.
Sau khi INTR xung thp, cn t CS=0 v gi mt xung cao xung thp ti chn
RD a d liu ra.
Vin (+) v Vin(-)
y la hai u vo tng t vi sai, Trong Vin = Vin (+) - Vin (-)
Vin (-) c ni xung thp
122
Vin (+) c dng lm du vo tng t v c chuyn i v dng s.
Vcc
L chn ngun nui.
Vref/2
Chn 9 l in p u voc dng l in p tham chiu.
D0- D7
D0-D7 l cc chn ra d liu Cc chn nay c m ba trang thi v d liu
c chuyn i ch c truy cp khi chn CS = 0 v chn RD a xung mc
thp.
Dout=
Vin
kichthuocbuoc
Chn t tng t v chn t s.

y l nhng chn u vo cp t cho c tnh hiu tng t v s, Tng t ni
toi Vin v chn t s ni ti Vcc.
II. Cm bin nhit (h LM35):
B cm bin ( Transducer ) chuyn i cc i lng vt l, v d nh nhit
, cng nh sng, lu tc v tc thnh cc tn hiu in. Ph thuc vo b
cm bin m u ra c th l tn hiu dng in p,dng, tr khng hay dung
khng. B cm bin nhit p ng s thay i nhit bng cch thay i tr
khng, song p ng ny khng tuyn tnh.
B cm bin nhit LM35 ca hng National Semiconductor Corp l b cm
bin nht tuyn tnh n gin v d c s dng rng ri.
LM35 l h cm bin nhit mch tch hp chnh xc cao c in p u ra t l
tuyn tnh vi nhit theo thang Celsius.
Nhit (00 )
0
25
50
75
100
Tr khng ca cm bin (K )
29.49
10
3.893
1.7
0.817
Tr khng ca b cm bin nhit theo nhit

H cm bin ny khng yu cu cn chnh ngoi v vn n c cn chnh .
H ny cho ra in p 10mV ng vi thay i nhit l 10C. Bng sau gii thiu
mt s thng s k thut chnh ca h LM35.
M sn phm
LM35A
Di nhit
-550C ti +1500C
chnh xc
+ 10C
u ra
10mV/F
123
LM35
-550C ti +1500C
+ 1,50C
LM35CA
-400C ti +1100C
+ 10C
LM35C
-400C ti +1100C
+ 1,50C
LM35D
00C ti +1000C
+ 120C
Thng s k thut chnh ca cm bin nhit hLM35.
10mV/F
10mV/F
10mV/F
10mV/F
III. Chip 74LS151:

74LS151 l mt chip c 8 u vo s a chc nng tc cao.N cung cp trong
mt gi, kh nng chn mt bit t 8 bit ngun. 74LS151 c th s dng nh mt chc
nng ca my pht pht nhng mc logic chc nng vi 4 gi tr.
S0 S2 :
I0 I7 :
E
:
Z
:
Z
:
:
Vcc
GND :
Chn u vo
Ng vo a chc nng
Chn vo tc ng ( tc ng mc thp)
Ng ra a chc nng
Ng ra b sung a chc nng
Chn ngun
Chn ni t
124
125
IV. Chip 74LS373:

Intel gii thiu 74LS373. 74LS373 l mt b ci t 8 mc flip-flops tc
ng nhanh. Nhim v ca 74LS373 c hin th bn di. Hi-Z c
ngha l ng ra trng thi tr khng cao. Ng ra ca mch c bit nh ng
ra 3 trng thi. Ng ra 3 trng thi c s dng iu khin cc bus ni m
cc thit b khc nhau s c tc ng ng con 3 trng thi iu
khin 1 bus.
Hi-Z : Ng ra tr khng cao

Qo : Mc ng ra trc khi cu
hnh ng vo c thit lp
OE ( Output Enable): M cng m
126
Chng III : Mch thit k ghp ni

I.
S nguyn l ca mch thit k mch:
II.
Nguyn l hot ng ca mch:
Mch o nh sng v iu khin n thng qua cng ni tip RS-232. Mch
s dng quang tr o nh sng iu khin n, vi in p chun 2.5V ly t
Diod Zener REF25Z, sau qua mch khuch i a LM358 a vo in p
chun 2.5V vo AD0804. AD0804 chuyn i tn hiu tng t t quang tr thnh
tn hiu s t D0 D7.
u vo quang tr dng tr 330 gim dng vo, 2 diod 4148 to ra
ngng dn.
Khi chn WR c kch mc logic 0 t chn RTS ca cng ni tip RS-232
th AD0804 bt u lm vic. Sau khi kt thc 8 chu k INTR bo kt thc. Tn
hiu tng t khi qua con AD0804 chuyn thnh tn hiu s, thng qua o 7414
a bit 1 vo chn LE (chip m) v OE ni mass s cho thng d liu. u ra
kch con ba trng thi thng d liu t 8 u vo D0 D7 khi u ra bng u
vo, mch cn li chuyn tn hiu truyn t song song qua ni tip.
Thng qua mch dao ng (7414, 10K, 10nF ) s to xung a vo IC74161
m t 000 111, sau quay tr li v c m mi nh vy.
QD c kch mc logic 0 s kch m 74151(A), sau 8 ln m c ln lt
a d liu ra u ra Y n chn RxD ca cng RS-232 thng qua my tnh iu
khin, in p s c a ra chn DTR +12V, dng qua Diod 20mA lm Diod
sng ln kch m Tranzitor, m C828 v H106. Lc ny Role in t ng ni
ngun AC n sng ln.
QAQBQC ln lt tc ng nh bng trng thi sau:
QA QB QC Y
0
0
0
D0
1
0
0
D1
0
1
0
D2
0
0
1
D3
Khi kt thc 111 chuyn qua 011 D7 tt. Qua u o iu khin tng t
74151(B) c c bit d liu D4 D7. Sau bit stop qua 3 bit Break. Vy cui cung
thu c 8 bit data,0 parity, 1 stop, 9600 Baud, 6 bit Break.
127
III.
Lu thut ton:
Khi pht ch
To tn hiu Start
Ch thi gian Tch
c d liu trong RBR
Tt n DTR= -12
n DTR=12
128

Ghép nối và điều khiển hệ thống

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Ghép nối và điều khiển hệ thống

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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi

GHP NI V IU KHIN THIT B NGOI VI

Ngi son: TS. Nguyn Vn Minh Tr

Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr

Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi

Ngy nay, my vi tnh (MVT) c ci tin, nng cp v th trng ho t tc

Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr

Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi

CHNG 1: C S GHP NI THIT B NGOI VI

CHNG 2: GHP NI VO RA SONG SONG IU KHIN BNG

CHNG 3: GHP NI TRAO I D LIU NI TIP

Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi

CHNG 4: GHP NI IU KHIN NGT

CHNG 5: GHP NI VO RA IU KHIN BNG DMA

CHNG 6: GHP NI TNG T-S V S-TNG T

Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi

CHNG 7: NG DNG MY VI TNH TRONG O LNG V

Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr

Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi

C S GHP NI THIT B NGOI VI

Gii thiu chung

1.1.1 Cu trc h thng

Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi

t bit trong h o lng - iu khin, MVT nhn d liu trng thi vt l ca h

Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr

Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi

Hnh 1.2: GN gia MVT v TBNV

Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr

Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi

c) Ngt chng trnh

Hnh 1.3 : Trao i d liu theo chng trnh

Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr

Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi

Gii thiu mt s vi mch dng trong b ghp ni

Thng thng BGN c cc thanh cht d liu, b m 3 trng thi ni vi BUS v

Bng trng thi

Bng trng thi:

Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr

Bng trng thi

Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi

Bng trng thi

Bng trng thi:

Bng trng thi

Mch m 3 trng thi kch hot mc thp

Bng trng thi

Trong Z l trng thi tr khng cao.

Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr

Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi

Bng trng thi

1.2.2 Cc mch lt:

Bng trng thi

Trong Q0 l trng thi c trc , H l trng thi cm.

OE (Output Enable): M cng-m

Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr

Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi

Bng s tht ca 74LS373

Cht v c thanh ghi

Cht v khng cho ra

Bng s tht ca 74LS373

Cht v c thanh ghi

Cht v khng cho ra

B iu khin bus cht h 8 loi CMOS 82C82

Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr

Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi