MAC 2313

Cal III

Greens Theorem

Sanchez

Summary 4-Greens Theorem

Greens theorem: Let C be a piecewise smooth simple closed curve that bounds
the region R in the plane. Suppose that the functions P(x,y) and Q(x,y) are
continuous and have continuous first-order partial derivatives on R. Then
Q P

dA
y
x

Pdx Qdy
C

Proof:

1. Let R be represente d by R ( x, y ) | f1 ( x) y f 2 ( x), a x b

and also by R ( x, y ) | g1 ( y ) x g 2 ( y ), c y d
b

2. P( x, y ) dx P( x, f1 ( x))dx P( x, f 2 ( x))dx
C

a
b

P( x, f1 ( x))dx P( x, f 2 ( x ))dx
a

y f2 ( x)

y f1 ( X )

P ( x, y )

R
d

b y f2 ( x)

f1 ( X )

P( x, y )
dy dx
y

P
dA
y
c

3. Q ( x, y )dy Q ( g 2 ( y ), y )dy Q ( g1 ( y ))dy

C

c
d

d
d

Q ( g 2 ( y ), y )dy Q ( g1 ( y )) dy
c

x g2 ( y )

x g1 ( y )

Q ( x, y )

R

4.

y g2 ( y )

g1 ( y )

Q ( x, y )
dx dy
x

Q
dA
x

P( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy Q dA P dA

Q P
dA

y
R x

Greens Theorem, expresses a double integral over a region as a line integral along
the boundary of the region. This has many important consequences.
Problem 1. Use Greens theorem to evaluate the integral C Pdx Qdy where P(x,
y)=x-y and Q(x, y) =y, C is the boundary of the region between the x-axis and the
graph of y=sinx for 0 x
Solution:
-1-

Y
Sin x
1

Pdx Qdy ( x y )dx ydy

(0 1)dA
R

sin x

dydx
0

sin xdx cos x 0 cos cos 0 2

0

Problem 2. Use Greens Theorem to evaluate the integral C Pdx Qdy if

P ( x, y ) sin

x y and Q( x, y ) ln(1 y 2 ), C is the circle x 2 y 2 9.

Pdx Qdy sin

x y dx ln(1 y 2 ) dy

[0 1]dydx

dydx 9

x 2 y 2 9

Corollary to Greens Theorem. The area A of the

region R bounded by the piecewise smooth simple closed curve C is given by
A=

1
ydx xdy
2 C

C ydx C xdy

Proof:
1
1
1) ydx xdy 1 1}dA dA A
2C
2R
R
r

2)

ydx ydx 0dy 0 1dA dA

3)

xdy 0dx xdy 1 0dA A

Problem 3. Use the corollary to Greens theorem to find the area of the region
between the x-axis and one arch of the cycloid with parametric equations
x=5(t-sint) and y=5(1-cost)

-2-

Y
Cycloid
C2

C1

A ydx ydx ydx odx

C

C1

C2

5(1 cos t )(5)(1 cos t )

1 cos 2t

25 1 cos t 2 dt 25 1 2 cos t cos 2 t dt 25 1 2 cos t

dt
2

0
0
0
1
3

t 2 sin t sin 2t
4
2

25

25
0

3
2 75
2

Problem 4. Use the corollary to Greens theorem to find the area of the region between the
y x and y x
2

Area

C C1 C 2

0
3 1

xdy

3x 4
2x

4
3

2
x(3x )dx

x (2 x )dx

3
3x dx

2x

dx

3
2
1

4 3
12

Problem 5. Find the area bounded by one loop of the curve x=sin2t, y=sint
Use a calculator to graph the parametric curve x=sin2t, y=sint
Note:

-3-

x sin 2t x 2 sin t cos t x 2 4 sin 2 t cos 2 t x 2 4(sin 2 t )(1 sin 2 t )

x 2 4 y 2 (1 y 2 )
For the y int ercepts , x 0 4 y 2 (1 y 2 ) 0 y 0 y 1 or y 1
Y
1

-1

2 cos 3 t
Area xdy 2 sin t cos t cos tdt 2 cos t sin tdt
3
C
0
0

2
4
cos 3 cos 3 0
3
3

Problem 6. Find the work done by the force F 5 x y i (7 x y ) j

In moving a particle once around the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (3, 0) and ((0, 6)
2

Work Pdx Qdy 5 x 2 y 3 dx 7 x 3 y 2 dy

C
3 2 x6
0

2 2
2 3
6 x y dydx 2 x y
0

2 x6
0

21x

y 2 15 x 2 y 2 dA

dx 2 x 2 2 x 6 3 dx
0

972
6

Vector form of Greens Theorem or divergence theorem in the plane.

Let R be a bounded region with complete boundary C oriented in positive sense, and suppose F
is a vector field defined on R and its boundary. Then
Proof:

-4-

F nds divFdA
R

dx
dy
dx
dy
dt i dt j
dt i dt j
dx
dy
1) T
T
T
i
j

ds
v
ds
ds
dt
dy
dx
2) Let N
i
j
ds
ds
dx dy dy dx

3) T N

0, therefore T N and N is normal to C

ds ds ds ds

dx
dy
dx
dy
4) F N Pi Qj
i
j P
Q
ds
ds
ds
ds
dy
dx

5) F nds P
Q
ds Pdy Qdx
ds
ds
C
C
C
6)

F nds Qdx Pdy

Green 's Theorem

P
Q

dA
y
x

divF dA

P Q

dA
y
x

Exercise 7. Verify the divergence theorem for R the interior of x y 1

And F=2xi+3yj
2

1) divF

P Q

2 3 5 F nds divFdA 5dA 5

x
y
R
Circle
x cos t
, 0 t 2 , P 2 x, Q 3 y
y sin t

2) Let C : x 2 y 2 1 or

F nds Pdy Qdx 2 cos t cos tdt 3 sin t ( sin tdt )

C
2

2
2
(2 cos t 3 sin t )dt
0

1
5

t sin 2t
2
4

2 sin t dt

1 cos 2t
dt
2

5
2 5
2

Exercise 8. Use the divergence theorem to evaluate the line integral

(4 x y )dx (3 x 2 y )dy ; C

the complete boundary of the annulus

1 x y 4 in the positive sense.

2

-5-

P
4
P 4x y
P Q
x

divF

Q
Q

3
x

2
y
x
y

2
y
2 2
2
2
2
P Q
( 4 x y ) dx (3 x 2 y ) dy

dA
2rdrd
r 4 d 3d 6
x
y
1

0 1

Definition: flux is the rate of flow of the fluid across C in the direction of
vector n
Exercise 9. Use Greens theorem to calculate the outward flux = C F
x
y

1
Where F=2xi+3yj and C is the ellipse
9
4
2

P Q
flux F nds divFdA

dxdy 4
y
C
R
R x
0
3

20 2 1
0

/2

/2

x
dx 40
9

120 cos d 120

0

2 1

x2
9

2 3dxdy
0

1 sin 2 3 cos d , sin

/2

nds

x
3

1 cos 2
1
1

d 120 sin 2
2
4
2

-6-

/2
0

30