ZTE WCDMA Network Planning and Optimization Training

WCDMA Network Planning & Optimization
Training Presentation Slides
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*
Version:Apr
2009, first edition
S.N.: TSCWZ0904002E1
General
800-830-1118
Preface
Thanks for using Manual for WCDMA Network Planning & Optimization Training Presentation Slides
In order to use the Manual properly, please read the Preface first.
1. Application
It should not be used for the purpose of on-site installation or trouble shooting.
2. About This Manual

This manual is composed of One volumesand the table of contents of each volume is shown below:
Volume
Course Name
WR_BT02_E1_1 WCDMA Wireless Principle
WR_BT03_E1_1 Channel Structure and Function
WCDMA Key Technologies
WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process
I
Introduciton to ZTE RNPO ToolsFelix
WR_BT06_E1_1 Interface Protocol and signaling flow
WCDMA RAN KPI introduction
WCDMA Network Optimization Cases study
3. Manual Update history

Version
1.0
Date
2009-4
Comments
New
4. From the Author

Thank you for using this manual and your continuous support. We would appreciate your comments
and suggestions on this Manual.
We can be reached at
Telephone
+8675526778072
Fax
+8675526778999
ZTE UNIVERSITY
WR_BT02_E1_1
WCDMA Wireless Principle
ZTE University
TD&W&PCS BSS Course Team
Content
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication
Radio Propagation Characteristics
Spreading Technology
Channel Coding
Interleave Technology
Modulation
WCDMA Radio mechanism
Multi-path characteristics of radio channel

T
Electromagnetic propagation:
--direct radiationreflectiondiffraction and scattering
Signal attenuation:
B Path loss Loss of electromagnetic waves in large scope of the spread
reflects the trend of the received signal in the spreading

B Slow fadingLoss because of being blocked by the building and hill in the
propagation path
B Fast fadingElectromagnetic signals rapidly decline in a few dozens
wavelength ranges
T
Description of Fast fading distribution

B Rayleigh distributionnon line-of sight(NLOS) transmission
B Rician distributionline-of sight(LOS) transmission
Multi-Path Effects
sending signal
strength
receiving signal
0
time
Characteristics of Radio Propagation
Interference
dithering
0
2 3
delay
fading
0dB
Sending signal
Accepting signal
Sending signal
Accepting signal
Sending signal
-25dB
Accepting signal
Sending signal
Accepting signal
Frequency
-set caused
off
Frequency offoff-set
causedby
bythe
themovement
movementof
ofmobile
mobile
that
thatis
isDoppler
Dopplereffect
effect
Contents
Channel Coding
Modulation
Spread Spectrum Principles

SHANON Formula
C
C == Blog
Blog22(1+S/N)
(1+S/N)
T
T
T
T
T
T
Where,
C is capacity of channel, b/s
B is signal bandwidth, Hz
S is average power for signal, W
N is average power for noise, W
It is the basic principle and theory for spread spectrum
communications.
MA
HAM TH
MER
Power is Spread Over a Larger Bandwidth
MATH
HAMMER
30 KHz
1.25 MHz
Despreading
Spreading
radio channel
Noise
Transmitter
Receiver
B User information bits are spread over a wide bandwidth by
multiplying high speed spread code(chip)

B Spread signal bandwidth W wider than original signal
bandwidth Rb
B For WCDMA, W=3.84Mchip/s Rb(voice)=12kbit/s

Sf
Sf
signal
signal
f0
Before spreading
Sf
f0
After spreading
Sf
signal
White noise
White noise
signal
f0
f0
After despreading
Before despreading
signal
interference
White noise
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication v
Spreading Mode
T
Direct sequence spread spectrumDS-SS

B Base band data is spread by multiplication of pseudo-noise sequence and base-
band pulse, the pseudo-noise sequence generated by the pseudo-noise

generator
B BER subject to Multiple Access Interference and near-far effect
B Power control can overcome the near-far effect, but it is limited by power
detection accuracy
B WCDMA uses DS-SS
Frequency hopping spread spectrumFH-SS

B Data is transmitted in the random channel by the carrier frequency hopping
B Before FH again, data is transmitted using traditional narrowband modulation
B No near-far effect
DS-SS communication system

T
A technology of transmission after spreading signal

spectrum.
Wideband
Signal
Slow
Information
Sent
Slow
Information
Recovered
TX
RX
Fast
Spreading
Sequence
Fast
Spreading
Sequence
Many code channels are individually

spread and then added together to
create a composite signal

B Any Code Channel can be extracted from the received composite
signal by using the right orthogonal code

B Energy for transmitting signal can be lower than interference and
noise
Processing Gain
Broadband
Interference
Unwanted Power from
Other Resoures
Concept of orthogonal code
Code1
+1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1
Code1
+1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1
Code2
-1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1
Code2
+1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1
Mul
-1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1
Mul
+1 -1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1
Sum
Sum
-2
Orthogonal
Non-orthogonal
Orthogonal
the result of multiplying
and sum is 0
Example of orthogonal code
-1 1
MUL
-1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1
1 -1 1 -1
Integral
MUL
-1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1
-1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1
1 -1 1 -1
-4
Judge
-1
Direct spread technique
S1xC1
S1
Spreading
Air Interface
S2XC2
S2
S
N
[S1xC1+S2xC2]xC1
=S1
(S1xC1)+(S2xC2)
Despreading
C1xC2=0,
C1,C2,orthogonal
[S1xC1+S2xC2]xC2
=S2
Sketch map of Spreading and Despreading

Symbol
Data=010010
1
-1
Chip
Spreading
Spreading code =
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
( SF = 8 )
1
-1
1
-1
Spread signal
= Data code
Despreading
Spreading code
1
-1
1
-1
Data =
Spread signal
Spreading code
Characteristics of Spreading Communication
High anti-multi-path- interference capability
Anti-sudden-pulse
High security
Lower transmitting power
Easy to implement large-capacity Multiple Access

Communication
Occupy band wide
Complex realization
Contents
Channel Coding
Modulation
10
Purpose of Channel Coding

T
By adding redundant information in the original data

stream, receivers can detect and correct the error signal,
and improve data transmission rates.
No correct coding: BER<10-1 ~ 10-2
Can not satisfy

the communication
Convolutional codingBER<10-3
Can satisfy the

speech communication
Turbo coding
Can satisfy the

data communication
BER<10-6
Principle of Channel Coding

T
Channel coding
B Error-correcting ability obtains by adding redundancy
in the original data
B Convolutional coding and Turbo coding 1/21/3
are widely applied.
B Increase noneffective load and transmission time
B Suitable to correct few non-continuous errors
WCDMA
WWCCDDMMAA
W? CCDDMMAA
TURBO
T T UURRBBOO
T T
S S PPEEAAKK
S S PPEE A? KK
SPEAK
Encoding
Decoding
11
? URRBBOO
Contents
Channel Coding
Modulation
Principle of Interleave Technology

T
advantage
B Interleave is to change the sequence of data to random the
unexpected errors
B Advance the correcting validity
disadvantage
B Increase the processing delay
B Especially, Several independent random errors may
intertwined for the unexpected error .
e.g.
x1 x6 x11 x16 x21
Data input
x2 x7
x22
x3 x8
x23
A = (x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x25)
x4 x9
x24
x5 x10
12
x25
Data output
A= (x1 x6 x11 x16 x25)
Encoding and Interleaving
WCDMA
Encoding
WWCCDDMMAA
WTSWTS
Interleaving
TURBO
T T UURRBBOO
CUPCUP
SPEAK
S S PPEEAAKK
DREDRE
MBAMBA
Encoding + Interleaving can correct both

continuous and non-continuous errors
Decoding
AOKAOK
WTS???
W ? ? C D D M M A ? Deinterleaving
? ? ?CUP
T ? ?UR??BOO
DR?D?E
S ? ?P?EAAKK
M?AMBA
AOK?OK
Contents
Channel Coding
Modulation
13
Principle of Modulation
T
Definition
B Modulation is the process where the amplitude, frequency, or
phase of an electronic or optical signal carrier is changed in

order to transmit information.
B Using symbol stand for one or more bits to improve
communication effectiveness
bit
Modulation
Symbol
Classification
B Analog Modulation
B Digital Modulation
Analog Modulation
The purpose of analog modulation is to impress an

information-bearing analog waveform onto a carrier for
transmission.
B Common analog modulation methods include:
O Amplitude modulation (AM)
O Frequency modulation (FM)
O Phase modulation (PM)
14
Digital Modulation
The purpose of digital modulation is to convert an

information-bearing discrete-time symbol sequence into a
continuous-time waveform (perhaps impressed on a
carrier).
B Basic analog modulation methods include
O Amplitude shift Keying (ASK)
O Frequency shift Keying (FSK)
O Phase shift Keying (PSK)
Contents
WCDMA Data transmission Procedure
Channel Coding of WCDMA
Spreading Technology of WCDMA
Modulation of WCDMA
15
UE Data
Encoding &
Interleaving
Baseband
modulation
Spreading
Modulation
RF Transmitting
Despreading
Baseband
demodulation
Demodulation
RF Receiving
Decoding &
De-inteleaving
UE Data
Contents
Modulation of WCDMA
16
Convolutional Code
Characteristics
B Mainly used in the voice channel and control signal channel
B Coding rate : 1/2 & 1/3
B Channel bit error rate is 10-3 magnitude
B Easy decoding
B Short delay
B Suitable for realtime service
O e.g. speech and video service.
Turbo Code
T
Characteristics
B Used in Data service channel
B Code Rate is 1/3
B Channel bit error rate is 10-6 magnitude
B Can be implemented in the transmission for large block and long
delay services
B Complex decoding, needs cycle iterative calculation
B Very suitable for non-realtime package service which is BER
sensitive & delay insensitive

O e.g. WWW, FTP, E-mail , multimedia transmission .
17
Contents
Modulation of WCDMA
Spreading Process of WCDMA

Symbol
Chip
Spread Data
Data
3.84Mcps
3.84Mcps
OVSF Code
Scrambling
Code
Symbol rate SF = Chip rate=3.84Mcps

For WCDMASF of uplink channelization code4~256
SF of downlink channelization code: 4~512
OVSF: Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
18
Channelization Code
T
Adopt OVSF code

B Definition: Cch,SF,k, describe channelization code, where
B SF : spread factor k : code number, 0 < k<SF-1
C ch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
C ch,2,0 = (1,1)
C ch,4,1 = (1,1, -1, -1)
C ch,1,0 = (1)
C ch,4,2 = (1, -1 ,1, - 1)
C ch,2,1 = (1,-1)
C ch,4,3 = (1, -1, -1, 1)
SF = 1
SF = 2
SF = 4
Scrambling Code
T
WCDMA Scrambling code is pseudo random binary sequence

(PN code)
B It has similar noise array character, seemingly random but with
regularity.
B Can make the user data further random , strengthened by
scrambling a code to keep secret the user data, at the same time
easy to carry out multiple access communication.
T
WCDMA scrambling code is generated from Gold sequence

B Gold sequence has excellent self-correlation.
B Cross-correlation is very week between two codes.
B It is used to identify cell and user for multiple access.
19
Characteristic of Scrambling code

T
There are 224 Uplink Scrambling Codes, they are used to distinguish
different users in one cell.
There are 218-1 Downlink Scrambling Codes, used to distinguish

different cells
B Scrambling codes usually used are the first 8192 codes, which are
code 018191. They are divided into 512

aggregationseach aggregation has 1 primary scrambling code
(PSC) and 15 secondary scrambling codes (SSC).
B The 512 primary scrambling codes are divided further into 64
primary scrambling code groups , with 8 primary scrambling codes

in each group.
Numbering rule for Downlink Scrambling

Codes
18
2 -1 Downlink Scrambling Codes in all

(0..262142)
No.63 Primary Scrambling Code Group
No. 511 Scrambling Code

Group
No. 7 Scrambling
Code
510 Scrambling
Code
8176 No.
8176PSC
Group
Group
8177 8177SSC
No. Code
1 Scrambling Code
504 Scrambling
112 8176PSC
8160 No.8160
Group
No. 0 Scrambling Code
Group 113 8177
8161 8161
8191 8191SSC
Group
16 16PSC
8064 8064
0 0PSC
17 17SSC
8065 8065
127 8191
8175 8175
1 1SSC
8079
31 31SSC
8079
15
20
15SSC
Code Functions
B Channelization code ---- for separation of physical channels
in the uplink and separation of users in the downlink
B Scrambling code ---- for separation of users/terminals in the
uplink and cells/sectors in the downlink.
Spreading code & scrambling code
c ch 1
c ch 2
Air Interface
c scrambling
c ch 3
B Cchspread code
O
Relative to service rate

extended to 3.84Mchips/s
A kind of orthogonal code
B Cscramblingscrambling code
O Have no effect on signal bandwidth
O downlink for identifier cell
uplink identifier terminal
O A pseudo-random sequence
21
Modulation
Processing Gain
Processing
Gain
Processing Gain =
Wc
Rb
Despreading
Rb
PG=Wc/Rb (Wc : Chip rate , Rb : Service bit rate)

B Transmitter/receiver can obtain gain after spread/despread
B The narrower original signal bandwidth, the larger Pg , the
better
The higher PG, the more anti-interference capability system has.
Question
Whats the Processing Gain for voice service in WCDMA

system?
Given: Voice data rate = 12.2kbps
T
PG=10lg(Wc/ Rb) , dB units

B Wc: 3.84Mchip/s
B Rb: 12.2kbps
So for voice service,

B PG=10lg(3.84* 106 /12.2* 103)= 25 dB
22
Despreading procedure
T
Method of despreading
Input signal
Output after despreading
Ts
(*)dt
0
When T=Ts, judge

integral
Local PN code
Contents
Modulation of WCDMA
23
Modulation Methods in WCDMA

T
BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) in Uplink channles
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) in Downlink channels
16QAM (16-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) in HSDPA
summary
T
Principle of WCDMA
B All users are simultaneously transmitted in the same frequency band
B Users interfere with each other
B Adjacent cells use the same frequency
B Cells, users (terminals), and physical channels are separated by codes
Channel coding
B Convolutional code
B Turbo code
Codes
B Channelization code
B Scrambling code
Modulation
B BPSK
B QPSK
B 16QAM
24
25
26
WR_BT03_E1_1
Channel Structure and Function
ZTE University
Objectives
At the end of this course, you will be able to master:

Classification of channels
Structure and Function of channels
27
Content
Physical layer procedure
Architecture of UMTS
CN
Iu
Iu
RNS
RNS
Iur
RNC
RNC
Iub
Iub
NodeB
NodeB
Iub
NodeB
UE
28
Iub
NodeB
Channel Type
UE
T
Physical channel
Transport channel
Logical channel
RNC
Node B
Logical channel
Transport channel
Physical channel
Concept of channel
RLC layer
Logical channel
L2
MAC layer
Transport channel
PHY layer
Physical channel
29
L1
Channel Type
Logical channels:
B Describe what is transported (i.e., the information to be
transmitted)
T
Transport channels:
B Describe how the logical channels are to be transmitted.
Physical channels:
B Represent the transmission media providing the platform
through which the information is actually transferred.
Protocol stack of the Uu interface

GC
Nt
DC
D u p li c a tio n a v o id a n c e
GC
Nt
DC
U uS b ou nd ary
U -p la n e in fo r m a t io n
C -p la n e s ig n a llin g
L3
c o n tr o l
R a d io
B earers
control
control
control
RRC
control
PDCP
PDCP
L 2 /P D C P
BM C
R LC
RLC
RLC
L 2 /B M C
L 2 /R L C
R LC
RLC
R LC
RLC
RLC
L o g ic a l
C h a n n e ls
MAC
L 2 /M A C
T ran sp o rt
C h a n n e ls
PHY
30
L1
Logical Channels
Control Channel (CCH)
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Traffic Channel (TCH)
Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)

Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)
Transport Channel
Common Transport Channels
Broadcast Channel (BCH)

Paging Channel (PCH)
Random Access Channel (RACH)
Forward Access Channel (FACH)
Common Packet Channel (CPCH)
Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)
Dedicated Transport Channels
Dedicated Channel (DCH)
31
Physical Channel
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Uplink Physical Channels
Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)

Dedicated Physical Channel (DPCH)
Downlink Physical Channels
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)

Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)
Page Indication Channel (PICH)
Dedicated Physical Channel (DPCH)
Mapping relationship
Uplink
Logic
Channel
Transport
Channel
CCCH
Downlink
DCCH
DTCH
PCCH BCCH CCCH CTCH
PCH
RACH CPCH DCH
32
BCH
FACH
DSCH
DCCH
DTCH
DCH
Mapping relationship
Transport Channels
DCH
Physical Channels
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
RACH
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
CPCH
Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)

Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
BCH
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
FACH
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
PCH
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
DSCH
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)

Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)
Page Indication Channel (PICH)
Content
33
WCDMA frame structure
Physical Channels(1)
T
The physical channel is in a 3-layer structure by the time:

B Superframe
O One superframe lasts 720ms, and consists of 72 radio frames.
B radio frame
O One radio frame has a period of 10ms, and comprises 15
timeslots with the same length. Corresponding to 38400 chips,
it is a basic unit of the physical layer.
B Timeslot
O A timeslot is a unit composed of a bit domain, corresponding
to 2560 chips. The bit number and structure of a timeslot
depends on the specific type of the physical channel.
34
Physical Channels(2)
T
The frame structure of the physical channels is shown:
Ttimeslot= 2560 chip
Tslot #1 Tslot #2
Tslot #15
Tslot #I
Tframe=10 ms
Frame #0 Frame #1
Frame #71
Frame #I
Tsuperframe=720 ms
Uplink physical channel

T
2 UL Dedicated physical channel (DPDCH and DPCCH)
2 UL Common physical channel (PRACH and PCPCH)
Dedicated physical
Control channel DPCCH
Dedicated physical DPDCH
data channel
Physical random PRACH
Access channel
Physical common PCPCH
Packet channel
35
UL Dedicated physical
channel
UL Common physical
channel
Uplink Dedicated physical channel
PRACH
T
Physical Random Access Channel

B PRACH consists preamble part and message part
B Random access transmit 1or more 4096 chips length preambles and 10ms
or 20ms length message part.
Preamble
Preamble
Preamble
4096 chips
Preamble
Message part
10 ms (one radio frame)

Preamble
Preamble
4096 chips
Message part
20 ms (two radio frames)
PRACH transmitted structure
36
PRACH
T
Physical Random Access Channel

B 10ms message part is split into 15 timeslots, each timeslot consists of
2560chips.
B Each timeslot includes data part and control part. They are transmitted in
parallel .
B Data part :SF=32~256 ,
control part: SF=256.

Data
Ndata bits
Data
Pilot
Npilot bits
Control
TFCI
NTFCI bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..3)
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
Slot #14
Message part radio frameRACH

T = 10 ms
Downlink physical channel

T
DL physical channel include Dedicated physical channel1 Shared

physical channel and five Common control channels.
SCH
CPICH
PICH
DL common physical
channel
AICH
CCPCH
PDSCH
DPCH
37
Downlink dedicated physical channel
CPICH
38
CPICH
T
There is 2 types of CPICH:P-CPICH and S-PICH
P-CPICH:
B P-CPICH of different cell uses the same Cch,256,0 OVSF code to spread ,the bit
rate of P-CPICH is also fixed.

B The P-CPICH is scrambled by the primary scrambling code.
B There is one and only P-CPICH per cell.
B The P-CPICH is broadcast over the entire cell. it is used to search cell primary
scrambling code during cell selection procedure. And it is also used for
measurement and estimation during handover, cell selection and cell re-selection.
T
S-CPICH:
B A arbitrary channelization code of SF=256 is used for the S-CPICH.
B A S-CPICH is scrambled by either the primary or a secondary scrambling code.
B There may be 0,1 or several S-CPICH per cell.
B A S-CPICH may be transmitted over the entire cell or part of the cell. It is may be
a phase reference for a dl DPCH, but it is decided by high layer signalling.
P-CCPCH
39
SCH (1)
T
T
T
The Synchronization Channel (SCH) is a downlink signal used for cell

search.
The SCH consists of two sub channels, the Primary and Secondary
SCH.
The 10 ms radio frames of the Primary and Secondary SCH are
divided into 15 slots, each of length 2560 chips.
Structure of synchronization channel
SCH (2)
T
P-SCH
B The Primary SCH consists of a modulated code of length 256
chips. The modulated code need not spreading and scrambling.

B The primary synchronization code (PSC) is transmitted once every
slot
B The PSC is the same for every cell in the system.
S-SCH
B The Secondary SCH consists of repeatedly transmitting a length
15 sequence of modulated codes of length 256 chips.

B the Secondary Synchronization Codes (SSC), transmitted in
parallel with the Primary SCH.

B Each SSC is chosen from a set of 16 different codes of length 256.
B This sequence on the Secondary SCH indicates which of the code
groups the cell's downlink scrambling code belongs to.
40
S-CCPCH
PICH
PICH carries PIPage IndicationSF=256radio frame=10ms

consists 300bits288 bits for paging indication12 bits Tx Off
PICH relates to S-CCPCH which mapping to PCH
288 bits for paging indication

b0 b1
12 bits (transmission
off)
b287 b288
One radio frame (10 ms)
PICH frame structure
41
b299
Content
Cell Search
UE has to get the system information before it registers with

the network and access to services.
The system information is beared in the BCH channel, and

its data is mapped into the Primary CCPCH.
So the cell search procedure is mainly to decode the data of

P-CCPCH.
42
Cell search procedure (1)
The cell search is typically carried out in three steps:
Step1: Slot synchronization

B During the first step of the cell search procedure the UE uses the
SCH channel's primary synchronization code to acquire slot

synchronization to a cell.
B This is typically done with a single matched filter (or any similar
device) matched to the primary synchronization code which is

common to all cells. The slot timing of the cell can be obtained by
detecting peaks in the matched filter output.
Sketch of Slot Synchronization
43

T
Step2: Frame synchronization and code-group identification

B During the second step of the cell search procedure, the UE uses the
SCH channel's secondary synchronization code to find frame

synchronization and identify the code group of the cell found in the first
step.
B This is done by correlating the received signal with all possible
secondary synchronization code sequences, and identifying the

maximum correlation value. Since the cyclic shifts of the sequences
are unique the code group as well as the frame synchronization is
determined.
Downlink Scrambling Code Grouping

No. 511 Scrambling Code Group

8176
8177
8191
8176PSC
No. 7 Code
Scrambling
No. 510 Scrambling
GroupCode Group
8177SSC
112 8176PSC
8160 8160
No.
1 Scrambling
Code Group
No. 504 Scrambling
Code
Group
113 8177
8161 8161
8191SSC
16 16PSC
8064 8064
No. 0 Scrambling Code Group

17 17SSC
8065 8065
127 8191
8175 8175
0 0PSC
1 1SSC
31 31SSC
8079 8079
15
44
15SSC
Mapping of the Secondary Synchronization Code

T
Step3: Scrambling-code identification

B During the third and last step of the cell search procedure, the UE
determines the exact primary scrambling code used by the cell.

B The primary scrambling code is typically identified through symbol-
by-symbol correlation over the CPICH with all codes within the
code group identified in the second step.
T
After the primary scrambling code has been identified, the

Primary CCPCH can be detected so that the cell specific
BCH information can be read.
45
Cell search procedure
Summary of the process
Channel
Primary SCH
Synchronization
Note
acquired
Chip, Slot, Symbol
Synchronization 256 chips
Synchronization
The same in all cells

15-code sequence of secondary synchronization
Frame Synchronization,
Secondary
Code Group
SCH
codes. There are 16 secondary synchronization

codes. There are 64 S-SCH sequences
corresponding to the 64 scrambling code groups
(one of 64)
256 chips, different for different cells and slot

intervals
Common
Scrambling code (one of 8)
Pilot CH
PCCPCH
To find the primary scrambling code from common

pilot CH
Synchronization,
Fixed 30 kbps channel spreading factor 256
BCCH info
46
RACH procedure
T
UE decodes BCH to find out the available RACH sub-channels and their
scrambling codes and signatures
It selects randomly one of the available sub-channels and signatures
The downlink power is measured and the initial RACH power level is set
with a proper margin due to open loop inaccuracy
UE transmits 1 ms long preamble with the selected signature
Node B replies by repeating the preamble using Acquisition Indication

Channel (AICH)
UE decodes AICH message to see whether the NodeB has detected the
preamble
B If AICH is not detected, the preamble is resend with 1 dB higher transmit power
B If AICH is detected, a 10 or 20 ms long message part is transmitted with the
same power as the last preamble
RACH procedure
47
48
Key Technologies of WCDMA
ZTE University
Objectives
At the end of this course, you will be able to:

Master key technologies of WCDMA
Master characteristic of WCDMA system
capacity
49
Content
Power Control
Handover
Rake receiver
Call Admission Control & traffic control
Intelligent Antenna and MUD
Capacity of WCDMA system
Power Control
Why Power Control?
All CDMA users occupy the same frequency

at the same time! Frequency and time are
not used as discriminators.
CDMA operates by using CODES to

discriminate between users.
CDMA interference comes mainly from

nearby users
Each user is a small voice in a roaring crowd

-- but with a uniquely recoverable code.
Transmit power on all users must be tightly controlled so their signals

reach the base station at the same signal level and at the absolute
minimum power level necessary to ensure acceptable service quality.
50
Power Control
Near-Far Effect
Block the whole cell

Overpowered by strong signals
Power
f
Power Control
Power control
Power
Power
f
Power control tech reduce the

interference among each UEs
and increase system capacity
Nearby terminals have

higher probability of success
51
Power Control
Power Control
UL power control
DL power control
Cell transmitting power
UE signal
Transmitting power control bit
Power control order
Overcome Near-Far effect and fading compensation

Reducing multi-address interference, ensuing network capacity
Prolonging the working time of cell
RX vs TX Power
RX power
TX power
Channel Fading
52
Power Control
Three methods of power control
Open loop:
measure received signal level and adjust transmitting power
Inner-loop (closed loop):
Frequency:1500HZ
Measured SIR> Target SIR, lower transmitting power
Measured SIR< Target SIR, increase transmitting power
Outer-loop (closed loop):
Measure BLER, adjust target SIR
Power Control
Power control
Open loop power controlno feedback
RNC
UE
Node B
Closed loop power controlfeedback
RNC
Inner-loop
UE
Outer-loop
Node B
53
Power Control
Open loop power control
Open loop
1
Node
B
Node
B
2
If received signal is stronger,then

UE can speak softer
If received signal is weaker,then UE

can speak louder
problem
Unbalanced for UL/DL signal, not accurate, only used in initial stage
Power Control
Closed loop power control

Power down command
Power down
Power up command
RNC
SIR target
Node B
Power up
SIR estimation
Power ...
SIR estimation
BLER tar
SIR tar
...
TPC:1500Hz
Inner-loop power control is fast
Inner-loop according to SIR estimation,Node-B control UE

transmission power.conducted every 0.66ms (1500Hz )
Outer-loop according to BLER measurement estimation RNC

control and adjust SIR target
54
Power Control
Closed loop power control

T
Inner Loop Power control UL/DL (fast)

B UE or Node-B will use:
B Signaling channel, TPC,
B Continuously @ rate 1500 times/s,
B To relatively changes (up or down) the power to reach the
SIR target.
T
Outer loop Power control (Slow)

B If the BLER measured is below/above the target,
B UE/RNC increase/reduce SIR target.
B Use the new target for the Inner loop PC.
Power Control
The Effect of Power Control

T
The purpose of DL power control:

B Saving power resource of NodeB, reducing interference to
other NodeB.
T
The purpose of UL power control:

B Overcoming Near-Far effect, save power of UE
capacity
WCDMA system
control
depend on power
55
Content
Power Control
Handover
Rake receiver
Handover
Handover
Handover refers to the process in which when a UE

moves from one Node B to another during calling.
Purpose:
B Keep service continuity.
In the WCDMA system, handover is divided into soft

handover and hard handover.
56
Handover
Type of handover
Soft handover
WCDMA system support

multi handover technology
Intra-RNC, inter-Node B
Inter-RNC
Softer handover
Same Node B, Inter- sector
Hard handover
T Intra-frequency handover
T
Inter-frequency handover
Inter-system (3G&2G)
Inter-mode (FDD&TDD)
Handover
Hand-over
Hard Handover
Soft Handover
57
Handover
Soft/Softer Hand-over
A
B
B
C
A
B
C
A
A
B
Handover
Soft/Softer Handover
T
The soft/softer handover allows to swap from one cell to

another without call interruption or without deleting all old
radio links (by opposition to hard HO).
It also allows the UE to be connected to more than one
cell simultaneously and take benefit from macrodiversity.
Soft Handover
Handover
Soft
Soft
Handover
The two Node

Bs Node
may Bs
The two
may Same
belong RNC
to the
belong to the
CN
CN
CN
Softer Handover
Handover
Softer
Softer
Handover
CN
CN
same RNC
SRNC
Iur
Node B
58
DRNC
SRNC
Node B
Handover
Hard Handover
T
The hard handover procedure is used in case of
Hard Handover
service quality degradation or for traffic

CN
distribution management.
T
During the hard handover procedure, all the old

radio links with the UE are abandoned before
SRNC
RNC or
BSC
new ones are established.

T
Hard handover may occur in the following
Node B
Node B or
BTS
main cases :
B When the UE is handed over another UTRAN
carrier, or another technology mode.

B When soft handover is not permitted (if O&M
constraint)
Handover
Basic concepts
Active Set:
B The set of cells connected with UE;
B User information is transmitted from these cells.
Monitor Set:
B The set of cells not within the active set but being monitored
by a UE according to the adjacent node list allocated by

UTRAN.
T
Detect Set:
B The set of cells in neither the active set nor the monitor set.
59
Handover
Soft handover process

T
Measurement
B The RNC sends a measurement control message to UE.
B UE should perform measurement as required and report the measurement
result.
B Generally, the measured quantity is the common pilots Ec/No.
Decision
B The RNC stores data of different cells according to the measurement
results.
B The RNC makes preliminary decision according to the event decision
method.
B e.g.
B When the event is reported and the target cell is acceptable, send an
active set update command to add/delete the cell into/from the active set.
Execution
B The RNC sends an active set update command to UE and UE starts
handover.
Handover
Soft handover event
Event
Description
1A
Quality of target cell improves, entering a report range

of relatively activating set quality
1B
Quality of target cell decreases, depart from a report

range of relatively activating set quality
1C
The quality of a non-activated set cell is better than

that of a certain activated set cell
1D
Best cell generates change
1E
Quality of target cell improves, better than an absolute

threshold
1F
Quality of target cell decreases, worse than an absolute

threshold
60
Example of soft handover
Handover
Soft handover Case
In especially urban
environment, the
handover region
between two cells might
be too small.
If the UE passes such an

area in a very quick
speed, the call might be
dropped.
61
Content
Power Control
Handover
Rake receiver
Rake receiver
RAKE Receiving
d1
d2
d3
transmitting
Receiving
Rake
combination
noise
62
Rake receiver
Multi-finger receiver
Direct signal
coding
transmitter
decoding
Reflect signal
receiver
Dispersive time < 1 chip length
Multi-finger receiver cant supply multi-finger diversity

Direct signal
decoding
coding
transmitter
Reflect signal
receiver
Dispersive time > 1 chip length
Multi-finger receiver can supply multi-finger diversity,improve

signal gain
Rake receiver
RAKE Receiving
Single
receiving
Single
receiving
receiver
receiver
combining
Single
receiving
searcher
s(t)
s(t)
t
T
calculate
calculate
RAKE overcome multi-finger interferenceimprove

receive capability
63
signal
Rake receiver
Multi-finger receiver
T
Maximal ratio combining(MRC)

at each time delay
phase shifting
by adding
Finger 1
Finger 2
Finger 3
Content
Power Control
Handover
Rake receiver
64
Call Admission Control
When user initiates a call, RRM decides weather

access or deny this call according to the resource
situation.
When accessing, network allocate resource (such as

OVSF, Scramble code)
Traffic control
When traffic surpass system

threshold, traffic control begin.
To accept as many as possible

services while keep the stability
of the system.
65
Example for load control

T
Breath effect of cell

T With the increase of activated
terminals,interference
increasethe increase of high
speed service,the increase of
interference The shrink of cell
coverage area Coverage blind
spot occurs Drop of call will
happen at the edge of cell
Coverage and
capacity are
relative
Content
Power Control
Handover
Rake receiver
66
Intelligent Antenna
Interference
user
Intelligent Antenna
Omni-cell
cell with Three sector
67
Cell with smart attenna
Intelligent Antenna
Multi-user Detection Principle
68
Content
Power Control
Handover
Rake receiver
Soft Capacity
System capacity and QoS can be interconverted
Different
service has
different
capacity
Different
combination of
service has
different capacity
69
Capacity of WCDMA System
Under the circumstance of single services:
=
=
=
Capacity of WCDMA System

T
Under the circumstance of mixture of services
...
X
X
+
Y
Y
70
+
Z
Z
Coverage and Capacity

T
WCDMA performance is determined by such factors as

B Number of users
B Transmission rate
B Mobile rate
B Wireless environment
O indoors
O Outdoors
The sizes of cell depend on such factors as:

B Local radio conditions (local interference)
B Traffic in neighbouring cells (distanced interference)
Cell Radius decrease according to the Increase of user

number
Coverage/capacity vs Data Rate

T
Higher rate needs higher power
High data rate transmission is only available nearby the

station
Coverage decrease
>384 kbps
>144 kbps
>64 kbps
Subscriber
num
increase
>12.2 kbps
71
Coverage and Capacity
In order to overcome cell breath caused by increased

traffic and different requirement for capacity and coverage
in different environment ,such solution supplied:
DL
transmission diversity (Tx Div)

high power amplifier(TEU 50 W)
DL/UL:
Add carrier
six sectors
Smart antenna
UL
Add
Addbasestation
basestation
last
lastchoice
choice
tower mounted amplifier (TMA)
4RxDiv
OTSR
72
ZTE University
Content
WCDMA Technical Features

WCDMA Network Planning Process
73
Multi-Address Technology
T
FDMA
B Different channels are at different bands,
such as AMPS and TACS.

T
TDMA
B Different channels at the same band are
distinguished by timeslots, such as

DAMPS and GSM.
T
CDMA
B Different channels at the same time and
band are distinguished by different

frequency spreading codes, such as
WCDMA and CDMA2000.
Self-Interfering System
T
T
T
Source
Shared spectrum, MultiMulti-Path
transmission, no ideal frequency
spreading code with selfself-related and
mutualmutual-related features.
Symptom
Power escalation, soft capacity, etc.
Solution
Power control, access control, load
control and detailed planning
One of radio network planning
goals is to minimize selfself-interfering
74
Power Escalation
Uplink noise rise
increases with the
number of subscribers
nonnon-linearly
Downlink Node B
power increases with
the number of
subscribers nonnon-linearly
Soft Capacity
Soft Capacity
Interference
75
Cell Breathing
Power Control
One subscriber
subscribers
signal is noise to the
others. The
Power control
Near - far problem
despreading
transmission power
Node B
should be controlled in
order that it would not
despreading
Node B
block other
subscribers.
T
NearNear-Far effect
Soft Handover
T
Soft handover
B UE can connect with
more than one Node B

T
Softer handover
B UE can connect with
more than one cell

under one Node B
T
Hard handover
B Inter frequency
handover
76
Multi-Service Hybrid System

Differentservices
serviceshave
have
Different
differentrates,
rates,and
andtheir
their
different
UMTS LCD: 64
kb/s
Radius = 0.73R
coverageranges
rangesand
and
coverage
capacities
are
different.
capacities are different.
UMTS UDD:
64 kb/s
Radius = 0.78R
UMTS UDD:
144 kb/s
Radius = 0.64R
UMTS LCD:
144 kb/s
Radius = 0.60R
UMTS UDD:
384 kb/s
Radius = 0.56R
UMTS Voice:
12.2 kb/s
Radius = 0.87R
UMTS LCD:
384 kb/s
Radius = 0.49R
UMTS Voice: 8 kb/s

Radius = R
Differentproportions
proportionsand
and
Different
composition
of
hybrid
service,with
with
composition of hybrid service,
differentsystem
systemcapacities
capacities
different
Coverage, capacity and quality of

the WCDMA system are tightly coupled
Network Planning Goals

We
We should
should do
do
T
Fulfill operators
operators requirement on coverage,
capacity, and service quality, estimate
network scale, minimize investment, and
simulate to verify.
Predict network development trend, and
prepare for future development.
Goals
Goals
T
T
Maximize coverage in time and space.

Minimized intraintra-system interference to
reach the required service quality.
Optimize radio parameters to maximize
service quality.
With capacity and service quality fulfilled,
minimize equipment number and cost.
77
Content


Requirement Analysis
Network Dimensioning
PrePre-Planning
Simulation
Sites Survey
Sites Layout
Network Simulation
Output Planning
Report
78
Propagation Model
Test and Calibration
Planning Process - Requirement Analysis

PrePre-Planning
Simulation
Propagation Model
Sites Survey
Sites Layout
Network Simulation
Output Planning
Report
Requirement
Analysis
T
T
T
Learn the customer

customers requirement
of coverage, capacity, and QoS.
Learn the landform and
environments of the planned area.
Learn the population distribution
and average income per person in
the planned area.
Learn information about the
existing network in the planned
area.
79
Requirement Analysis (Cont.)

Planning
Planning Area
Area Sorting
Sorting
T
T
The purpose to sort the planning area is

to refine network design and layout.
Different areas have different
geographical environment, vegetation
distribution, and building density.
Different areas require different number
of Node B to meet the coverage
requirement.
Area type
Area characters
Dense Urban
Central business district, dense shopping

center, dense residential area
Mean Urban
Industrial park, shopping center, residential

area
Suburban
Rural
The edge of city, the center of village and town

Farm, the edge of village and town

Coverage
Coverage Requirements
Requirements
T
64 k CS
Different areas have the different requirements

for the service type coverage rate.
Different requirements for service type and
coverage rate in the same area will get
different number of Node B
144k PS data
384k PS data
80

Capacity
Capacity Requirements
Requirements
No. of subscribers and their profile

profile, traffic model,
service type , forecast, hot spots
spots

Cell
Cell load
load
Load increases, Coverage reduces , System unstable

12
sy
ste
m
10
le
tab
Un
s
Noise Rise
6
4
st
Ju
bl e
s ta
m
ste
sy
tem
sys
ble
Sta
0
0
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Load
81

Other
Other information
information
T
T
T
The important building in the planning area

The information of traffic line, just as highway
The important villages and towns in the planning area
Planning Process Propagation Model

PrePre-Planning
Simulation
Sites Survey
Sites Layout
Network Simulation
Output Planning
Report
82
Propagation Model
Propagation Model Test (Cont.)

Site
Site Selection
Selection
T
T
T
T
Test sites should be selected form

each environment categories.
To cover enough clutters.
The testing site shall be free of visible
obstructions around.
The testing site shall be higher than
the surrounding buildings.
Antenna
Transmitter
Receiver
Laptop
Propagation Model Test (Cont.)

Route
Route Selection
Selection
T
T
All directions from the testing

site should be included.
The vehicle should take a
route to or from the testing site
in the shape of 8, net, ring, or
spiral, with a constant speed.
83
Propagation Model Calibration (Cont.)

Data
Data Process
Process
T
T
T
Distance Filtration.
Intensity Filtration.
Land Feature Filtration
Propagation Model Calibration (Cont.)

Propagation
Propagation Model
Model Selection
Selection
PathLoss = K1 + K 2 log(d ) + K 3Hms + K 4 log( Hms )

+ K 5 log( Heff ) + K 6 log( Heff ) log(d )
+ K 7(diffractionloss ) + Clutterloss
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
K1-Fading Constant
K2-Distance Fading Coefficient
K3
K4-Mobile Station Antenna Height calibration
Coefficient
K5
K6-Base Station Antenna Height calibration
Coefficient
K7-Diffraction calibration Coefficient
Clutterloss-Calibration Value of Physiognomy
Fading
D-Distance between base station and mobile station
(km)
Hms -Mobile Station Antenna Effective Height (m)
Heff-Base Station Antenna Effective Height (m)
84
Planning Process Network Dimensioning

PrePre-Planning
Simulation
Propagation Model
Sites Survey
Sites Layout
Network Simulation
Output Planning
Report
Network
Dimensioning
T
T
T
Link budget
Capacity analysis
Give need analysis report, and
estimate the Number of Node Bs in
the planned area.
85
Network Dimensioning (Cont.)

Input:system load requirment and
coverage requirement
Downlink coverage
estimation
Uplink coverage
estimation
Quantity of BSs
satisfying uplink
coverage
Uplink capacity
estimation
Quantity of BSs
satisfying uplink
capacity
Quantity of BSs
satisfying downlink
coverage
Compare the results

and evaluate the
larger one
Based on power
Quantity B of
channels availably
provided by every
cell on the downlink
Quantity A of
channels to be
provided by every cell
on the downlink
Add BSs
Downlink capacity
estimation
Based on traffic type
No
A<B
Yse
End
Link Budget
Link
Link Budget
Budget
Antenna Gain
Feeder loss
PA
BS Power
Receiver Sensitivity
Path Loss
Margin
Penetration Loss
Body Loss
UE Power
86
Capacity Analysis
Capacity
Capacity Analysis
Analysis
Total _ virtual _ Erl

Cell _ virtual _ Erl
Planning Process Pre-Planning Simulation

PrePre-Planning
Simulation
Sites Survey
Sites Layout
Network Simulation
Output Planning
Report
87
Propagation Model
Pre-Planning Simulation
Pre-Planning
Pre-Planning Simulation
Simulation
T
T
Verify estimation with simulation

Give suggestions for Node B layout,
location, and area.
Guide site survey work
Existing site
sites sources
Propagation model
Traffic model
Planning Process Sites Survey

PrePre-Planning
Simulation
Sites Survey
Sites Layout
Network Simulation
Output Planning
Report
88
Propagation Model
Sites Survey
Site
Site Survey
Survey
T
T
T
T
To get the necessary data needed by network

planning and simulation
To learn geographical environment and radio
environment of the site
To learn the condition of building site
To learn the traffic distribution of planning area
To provide the candidate sites for planning area
Site Survey
Site
Site Selection
Selection Principles
Principles
T
T
T
convenience in traffic, reliability in city power supply, lightning

lightning
protection and grounding, small floor space;
network construction initial stage, ensure the coverage and
quality of VIP subscribers and the area with high user
density
under the condition of no effects to the site layout, should
choose the currently existed sites as the candidate sites and
utilize their equipment room, power supply, tower, etc.
avoid the site location which is close to radar, if necessary, for
for
the security factors, should apply the correspond methods to
avoid the mutually interference
avoid to locate the site on the mountain, in the forest ;
avoid to select the sites which will be affected by the potential
potential
constructed buildings ;
89
Site Survey
Data
Data Recording
Recording
T
T
T
T
Site information: site name, site address, latitude,

longitude, building height, tower height
Radio Parameter: azimuth angle, downdown-tilt, antenna
height antenna type, diversity type and separation
Radio environment description
Interfering source
ZTE Node B Family

High Capacity
Middle Capacity
Indoor Coverage
Normal city
suburban
rural
Dense Urban
outdoor
ZXWR BBUC
ZXWR P8925
Pico RRU
ZXWR B06C
ZXWR BBUB
ZXWR B09C
ZXWR P Bridge
Pico Hub
ZXWR B09
ZXWR B03C
ZXWR R8840
ZXWR H8901
ZXWR R8905
Blind ,hotspot,
particular scene
Dense Urban
90
Planning Process Network Simulation

PrePre-Planning
Simulation
Propagation Model
Sites Survey
Sites Layout
Network Simulation
Output Planning
Report
Network Simulation
Simulation
Simulation
T
T
T
Input several optional solutions

simultaneously.
Simulate all optional solutions.
Select the most appropriate
solution according to the
simulation result.
91
Network Simulation
Best server
Network Simulation
CPICH_Ec
92
Network Simulation
CPICH_Ec/Io
Network Simulation
Handover type
93
Network Simulation
The number of
pilot polluters
Network Simulation
Voice service
coverage rate
94
Network Simulation
Uplink Load
Network Simulation (Cont.)

Simulation
Simulation Statistics
Statistics Analysis
Analysis
95

PrePre-Planning
Simulation
Propagation Model
Sites Survey
Sites Layout
Network Simulation
Output Planning
Report
Planning Report Output

T
Report contents
B Networking requirements for the WCDMA network
B Service model and demand analysis
B Radio network scale estimation
B Policy and principle analysis
B Networking proposal and solution to network construction by stages
Attachment contents
B Propagation model test result
B BS address survey table
B BS engineering parameter table
B Radio parameter configuration table
B Network diagram and site layout diagram
B simulation result report
96
97
98
Introduction to ZTE 3G Network Planning

& Optimization Tools
ZTE University
Content
ZTE Pilot Transmitter and 3GSS
ZTE WiNOM RNT
ZTE WiNOM RNA
ZTE NOP
99
ZX-WCT 3G Pilot Transmitter

Overview
T
Features
T
T
T
T
Pilot transmitter is developed

independently by ZTE to meet the
market needs.
Pilot transmitter is designed to
transmit the WCDMA CPICH
signals or CW signals.
Pilot transmitter is applicable to
radio propagation model test and
pilot coverage test
Pilot transmitter is portable, easy to carry.

Pilot transmitter controlled by laptop is easy to control and operate.
Pilot transmitter is powered by 220VAC or 24VDC.
Flexible to configure test frequency and transmitting power.
AIRCOM Enterprise Asset3G
100
ZTE Network Simulation Platform

3GSS: 3G System Simulation
T
3GSS is a network simulation platform developed by ZTE,

aimed at the research of network planning technology and
system algorithm analysis. Now it supports the combined
simulation of R99 and HSDPA.
3GSS is based on Monte Carlo simulation method,

just like Aircom Asset 3G. Network behavior is
deduced through the statistical average of multiple
snapshots.
Each snapshot is an iteration of simulated terminal
access process until the convergence condition is
satisfied.
So, whats the difference between 3GSS and Aircom?
Comparison between 3GSS and AIRCOM
Suit for study the influence of

algorithm on network
performance
Not aimed at engineering
simulation, e.g., it doesnt
support digital map, but uses
ideal hexagonal cell topology
to model the radio network.
The result of 3GSS simulation
cannot be used directly for
practical network design.
101
A typical engineering
simulation suite, the results are
used as guidance for network
construction, including
engineering parameters and
radio parameters.
Can be used in different
phases of network roll out, e.g.,
network planning, network
optimization, capacity
expansion, etc.
3GSS and AIRCOM Complement Each Other

T
The design goals of 3GSS and AIRCOM differ from each

other to a certain extent, but they can be used as
complementary tools.
Theoretical parameter values from 3GSS can be used as

input of Aircom, and simulation results from Aircom can be
used to verify the accuracy of 3GSS simulation engine.
3GSS
3GSS is
is designed
designed as
as aa modulized,
modulized, extensible
extensible system,
system, normally
normally
used
to
study
theoretical
problems
such
as
algorithm
used to study theoretical problems such as algorithm
verification,
verification, interference
interference between
between different
different radio
radio systems,
systems,
network
planning
scheme
benchmarking,
etc.
network planning scheme benchmarking, etc. All
All these
these
functions
functions cannot
cannot be
be provided
provided by
by Aircom.
Aircom.
Key Features of 3GSS

T
Support modeling of various cell environment (omni-cell

and sectorized cell, single cell and cell clusters)
Support multiple path loss scenario (HATA/COST231

/3GPP)
Support 3D antenna modeling for multiple antenna types

and parameters.
Flexible UE distribution (at cell edge or uniform

distributed in cell, in door or outdoor)
Adjustable equipment capacity input (power, code,

common channel configuration, carrier allocation)
102
Key Features of 3GSS (Cont.)

T
Support three main stream scheduling algorithm for

HSDPA (Max CI / PF /RR)
T
T
Adjustable HSDPA/R99 channel conditions (0120km/h)

Adjustable HSDPA power/code resources allocation
(statically or dynamically)
Simulation of combined R99 and HSDPA services, or

both can be simulated separately.
Simulation of five service models, i.e., FTP,HTTP, EMAIL,

WAP, STREAMING
3GSS Simulation Results
Node B topology
Active cell statistic
Pilot quality
Power consumption
UE distribution
103
BLER and Retransmission
HSDPA throughput
Service model statistic
Content
ZTE WiNOM RNT
ZTE WiNOM RNA
ZTE NOP
ZTE WiNOM RNT
WiNOM RNT Characteristics

T
A professional radio network test tool supporting multiple

systems including WCDMA and GSM/GPRS networks.
Support Qualcomm test handset and ZTE WCDMA handset
Support scanner test
Support simultaneous test of multiple handsets and scanner
Support indoor test
Support analog path test
Auto test of voice and data services
Real-time display during 2/3G handover
Full technology support, TD-SCDMA version has been widely

used
104
ZTE WiNOM RNT
Test Devices Supported

T
TM6200
Test handsets:
ZTE F808
ZTE F866
B Qualcomm TM5200, 6200,
6250,etc
B ZTE F866, F868,etc
Scanner:
ML8720B
ML8740A
B Anritsu ML8720B, ML8740A

B Agilent E6455C
GPS:
Agilent E6455C
B Support all GPS devices in
compliance with NMEA0183

GPS
and using RS-232

communication interface.
ZTE WiNOM RNT
Geological Display
T
T
T
T
Display in real-time
the current test
values, and indicate
different values of
parameters with
different colors on
the drive test track.
Display call events
in real time
Support site
information loading
Support cell
connection function
Load the map needed
Test item
Current
point value
Legend
105
Cell
Drive Test
Track
ZTE WiNOM RNT
Indoor Test
T
Support indoor GPS signal simulation, with import of indoor map.
Support predefined path test and Walk and Click test.
ZTE WiNOM RNT
Multi-handset, Multi-scanner & Multi-system Test

T
Support simultaneous test of multi-handset and multi-scanner as well as multisystem test, such as WCDMA and GSM/GPRS networks.
T WCDMA
T GSM
106
ZTE WiNOM RNT
Powerful Voice Service Test Capability

T
T
Powerful service plan queue function to flexibly define auto test plans.
Display statistic information of current calls, such as call process, call time,
originating call, hangup, and air interface.
Record in real time the time information during voice service dialing test, such as
probe count, setup time, teardown time and idle time.
Define auto test plan
ZTE WiNOM RNT
Voice Service Test Call Status Display

Call status display
Status display of a call
at different stages
Time parameters
of current calls
Statistical information
of current test plan
Call status display of voice service can help quickly analyze the
the
failure cause of specific calls.
107
ZTE WiNOM RNT
Voice Service Test Time Statistic Display

Time statistic display
Y
Y Probe Count
Y Setup Time
Y Call Time
Y Teardown Time
Y Idle Time
ZTE WiNOM RNT
Powerful Data Service Test Capability

T
T
T
T
Integrate PPP, FTP and PING protocols

Support PPP redialing on broken link, PPP Call by Call test, and FTP and PING test.
All test processes are display in the form of graph or message.
Provide traffic monitoring on IP, UDP and TCP three layers.
108
ZTE WiNOM RNT
Data Service Test Multi-protocol Test

PPP test
FTP test
Ping test
Query IP address
ZTE WiNOM RNT
Scanner Test
Scrambling code
measurement
Spectrum
analysis
Continuous wave
measurement
109
ZTE WiNOM RNT
Parameters of WCDMA Layer 1 and Layer 2

T
Provide display of kinds of layer 1 and layer 2 parameters
Finger Info
RLC Info
Pilot
Histogram
BLER
ZTE WiNOM RNT
Browsing WCDMA RRC Layer and NAS

Layer Signaling
T
Support real time decoding of RRC layer and NAS layer signaling,
and support concatenation of system information blocks and signaling
filtering function, set display color by types of signaling.
Concatenation and full

decoding of system
information blocks
110
ZTE WiNOM RNT
GSM/GPRS Parameter Display
Cell Parameters
GSM Parameters
RxLev
Signaling
Window
ZTE WiNOM RNT
2/3G handover Observation

T
Visually display the 2/3G handover and provides comparison of

camped cells before and after handover .
Observation of
system handover
Comparison of cells before
and after 2/3G handover
111
ZTE WiNOM RNT
Data Playback
Playback Toolbar
To the start
Pause
Fast backward
Stop
Play
Fast play
To the end
Move forward
Auto fill in a
section of data
before the point of playback
Data playback, repeating the test process, helps us to quickly locate

locate the network faults.
Content
ZTE WiNOM RNT
ZTE WiNOM RNA
ZTE NOP
112
ZTE WiNOM RNA
WiNOM RNA Characteristics

T
WiNOM RNA(WCDMA Edition) is a professional analysis

software for WCDMA network optimization. Based on the drive
test data and other auxiliary data, its able to make smart
analysis of the radio network to locate the network problems in
a fast and accurate manner for network optimization.
GIS related functions
Message related functions
Advanced analysis functions
Report related functions
ZTE WiNOM RNA
GIS
T
Message
Make analysis based on drive
Complete RRC message decode.
test data along with site
SIBs are decoded and
information and GIS data.

T
concatenated automatically.
The spatially overlapped data
Detailed NAS message decode.
layers are automatically or
Show message list by color
manually offset to avoid
mapping and filtering plan,
mutual coverage.
support browse, play, query and
Auto associate the data layer
bookmark functions.
with the base station cell layer
Self define event analysis.

Multiple KPI analysis.
through PSC.
Flexible layer control.
User defined marks
113
Flexible query and statistics.
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Analysis
T
Correlated synchronized analysis of data points and cells on the test path.
Specify best and full Ec/Io coverage rendering analysis of PSC.
Pilot pollution analysis algorithm.
Over shoot analysis algorithm.
Missed neighbor cell analysis.
Coverage rate analysis.
Inter-system and Intra-system neighbor planning.
Report
T
Detailed export of graphs and tables.
One-click auto report generation.
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Data File Management

T
Load APT, SD5 and ZRX data files, and merge

multiple data files in multiple ways.
Load SD5 data file
Merge multiple data files
114
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Workspace Management
Save the user s settings and restore to the saved

configuration of views and windows layout upon next
startup.
Save workspace
Load workspace
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Geological Analysis Window
Graphic button
Shortcut menu
Display zone
Legend
115
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Geological Analysis Setting

T
Provide layer setting, map parameters setting, legend

setting, cell
color setting and analysis connection setting.

BIN setting
Drive test
symbols
Legend type
Offset setting
Layer control setting
Map parameter setting
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Geological Analysis Setting (cont.)
Legend management
Cell color
Legend setting
Cell color setting
116
ZTE WiNOM RNA
In-Building Test Analysis

T
Load in-building test data, import in-building test map, and

analyze the parameters of in-building test.
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Table Analysis
T
Table shows the values of parameters on a data layer, on which a

user can browse, copy, search, export and synchronize the data.
Show all parameters
117
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Graph Analysis
T
Describe the trends of observed parameters in

2D graph.
ZTE WiNOM RNA
PDF Curve Diagram Analysis

T
Probability distribution curve analysis
118
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Information Browsing
T
The message analysis window is divided into two parts, the upper part
is MessageList subwindow, while the lower part is Decode subwindow.
Detailed decoding
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Analysis of Multiple Types of Messages

T
Including message filtering, customized event analysis, call

delay analysis and KPI analysis.
Delay analysis (CS separated from PS)
119
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Complete Data Replay

T
After the test is finished the data is replayed to represent the actual test
process. The replay supports synchronous display of replay window that
shows signal strength, pilot, power and BLER.
Power replay
Signal strength
replay
BLER replay
Pilot replay
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Single Track Point Data Replay

T
Show full information of one point on the test path in

the map window.
Single point
parameter
120
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Data Filter Function

T
To filter the records and ratio of the data meeting

certain conditions. Filtered results (points) can be
displayed on the map.
Filter table
Optional
filter items
Filter conditions
Filter results
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Pilot Analysis: Specify Coverage Rendering of a

PSC
T
Specify best coverage of a PSC (PSCs Ec/Io is best) and

specify full coverage of a PSC (PSCs Ec/Io in NBList)
Full analysis
Best analysis
121
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Pilot Analysis: Best Coverage Rendering of All PSC
The function can display best Ec/Io (Best Ec/Io in NBlist) and
best Ec/Io PSC (Best PSC in NBlist) along the test path.
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Pilot Pollution Analysis

T
PSCs Ec/Io is above the defined pilot pollution threshold,

but is not in the active set.
122
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Over Shoot Analysis

T
PSCs coverage exceeds defined threshold, and may cause

negative influence on remote region.
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Coverage Rate Analysis

T
Show the coverage according to coverage rate algorithm,

1: covered, 0: not covered
RxPower>m
&AggEc/Io>n
123
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Neighbor List Planning and Check

T
Neighbor list generation from site topology
Import neighbor planning result from Aircom
Visual presentation of neighbor defined in OMCR
Check validity of certain neighbor scheme and make

modifications manually
Export modified neighbor list to OMCR
Support 2G-3G two-way neighbor planning

Master Cell
Neighbor Cell
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Neighbor List Planning and Check (cont.)
124
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Neighbor List Planning and Check (cont.)
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Visual Presentation of Neighbor Cells
125
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Statistics Report
T
T
T
Count the number and proportion of data points of interested items.

Data can be filtered and averaged using bin mode.
Result graph can be previewed and exported to Excel or Word.
ZTE WiNOM RNA
Report Export
T
Export in multiple formats is supported, such as histogram,

pie chart and table.
126
ZTE WiNOM RNA
One-Click Report Generation

T
Automatically export the selected analysis items to the Word

document with the predefined template in the form of map, table
and curve diagram.
Output option
Content
ZTE WiNOM RNT
ZTE WiNOM RNA
ZTE NOP
127
ZTE NOP
What is NOP?
ZXM-NOP is the network optimization subsystem of ZTE

WCDMA Solution.
ZXM-NOP is based on the performance data,

configuration data and engineering parameters.
ZXM-NOP provides various of data views to plan and

optimize the network quickly and efficiently.
ZTE NOP
What Kind of Problems Can NOP Solve
NetWork Quality
Evaluation
Performance
Analysis
Optimize Adjacent
Cell
Find Equipment
Fault
NOP
Optimize Project
Parameter
Interference
Analysis
Optimize Radio
Parameter
System Capacity
Analysis
128
ZTE NOP
All-in-One Tool Suite

T
Each tool has its operate scene
Each tool has its data format
Expert experiences accumulated are hard to share
PLMN
PLMN
ZTE NOP
Functions of NOP
Data Management
Import OMCR data

Import radio
configuration
parameters
Import project
parameters
Import performance
data
antenna
Management
Export data to
OMCR
NOP data
management
Performance
Analysis
Network Planning
GIS display
View and inquire radio
configuration data
View and inquire project
parameters
View and plan adjacent cells
Auto adjust and optimize
adjacent cells
Divisional display
Compare and check
configuration data
Plan NodeB/Cell project
parameters
Generating Change Request
Note and MMI Command
Customize regions
Customize Indices
Customize
Templates
Inquire
performance data
Display
performance analysis
GIS
System Management
129
Expert System
Creating Network
Optimization Report
Creating Network
Evaluation Report
ZTE NOP
Highly Integration
Integrate the network planning,

optimization and performance
analysis
Generate advices of network

optimization synthetically
Closely integrated with OMCR
Provide a unified work platform

of network optimization
ZTE NOP
Powerful Functions
T
Provide many functions

used most commonly in
work of network planning
and optimization
B Correlated analysis of UE
and RNC signal trace logs.

B Auto optimize PSC
assignment
B Verify network planning
data
B Expert system support
B
130
ZTE NOP
Powerful Functions (cont.)

T
Provide detailed logs and help

engineers know the history
C/S structure, allow multiengineers to work together
Classified and detailed Change

Request Notes, provide
information of adjusted network
elements and parameters
ZTE NOP
Complete and Flexible Indices Inquiring

T
Inquire with customized index

formula templates
Support different granularities of

time to inquire
All indices of performance

analysis reports can be modified
131
ZTE NOP
Complete and Flexible Indices Inquiring

(cont.)
T
Support tables and

charts display
Support correlation of
different index data
ZTE NOP
Powerful Compatibility
ZXM-NOP supports all OMCR versions
If other manufacturers can provide the data interface

mode, NOP could import the performance data of other
manufacturers
Depends on the powerful compatibility, NOP can be used

in all kinds of PLMN system, including WCDMA, TDSCDMA, GSM
132
ZTE NOP
Use Case 1: KPI Alarm and Visual

Presentation
T
Engineer choose KPI alarm threshold, may be

performance or resource related KPI.
KPI query condition may be single or combined, e.g., CS

Traffic (erl)>1 and Call Drop Rate(%)>2
NOP output the filter result, and selected cells are

rendered on map using different colors. KPI value can be
displayed as well.
Query condition can be saved as template for reuse in

different projects.
ZTE NOP
Use Case 2: Neighbor List Optimization
Engineer choose to export handover statistics in certain

periods.
Handover related counters include attempt number,

success number, and virtual handover number
according to detected set measurement report.
Missed neighbor can be identified quickly, and

unnecessary neighbor relationship can be removed.
Modified neighbor list configuration can be imported into

OMCR directly.
133
ZTE NOP
Use Case 3: Low Data Service Throughput Analysis
Engineer identify Top N cells with cell throughput KPI

lower than threshold.
Engineer query for related statistics which maybe the root

cause of network problem.
B E1 configuration of target cell?
B BLER and RLC retransmission rate of target cell?
B Any alarm log in OMCR related to target cell?
B Interference exists in target cell?
B
ZTE NOP
Use Case 4: Uplink Interference Identify
Engineer query for RTWP data in a certain period.
If multiple cells uplink RTWP rises at the same time, and

the value exceeds a certain threshold for a long time, they
might be interfered by unknown source.
If azimuth of all influenced cells points to nearly the same

direction, the interference source may be there.
134
135
136
WR_BT06_E1_1
Interface protocol and signaling flow
ZTE University
Objectives
At the end of this course, you will be able to:
Understand ATM basic knowledge
Master Network interfaces protocol
Master signaling flow
137
Content
ATM Basics
Network Interfaces
UE State transition
Signaling flow
ATM Basics
ATM Basics
T
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

Synchronous
Frame
Periodical
STM
STM
Need no exact timing

Nonperiodical
ATM
ATM
138
ATM Basics
ATM Cell format

T
ATM transfers information in fixed-size units called cells.
Each cell consists of 53 bytes, with 5 bytes of header and

48 bytes of payload.
5bytes
cell-header
53 bytes
48 bytes
payload
(user information)
ATM cell
ATM Basics
ATM Switch Type

T
Circuit Switch
B Fixed connecting, synchronization time division multiplexing
B Good real time performance but weak flexibility
Packet Switch
B Virtual circuit connecting without fixed time slot
B Weak real time performance but good flexibility
ATM Switch
B One which falls in between Circuit Switch and Packet Switch and
combines their advantages.

B ATM Switch consists of two types:
O VPS (Virtual Path Switch)
O VCS (Virtual Channel Switch)
139
ATM Basics
ATM protocol reference model(1)
ATM Basics
ATM protocol reference model(2)

T
The ATM protocol reference model consists of four layers:
Physical layer
B responsible for correct and effective cell transmission via the
physical media
T
ATM layer
B responsible for cell switching, routing and multiplexing
ATM adaptation layer

B the AAL layer is responsible for adaptation of higher-layer service
information or signaling information to ATM cell flow

T
Higher layer
B equivalent to the application layer of each service or the higher
layer of signaling.
140
ATM Basics
VP&VC
T
VC (Virtual Channel) and VP (Virtual Path) are logical

conceptions
ATM Basics
VP & VC Switching
T
The VPI value has to be changed during VP switching While all

VCI values contained in it remain unchanged.
During VC switching, both the VPI and VCI values should be
changed.
VC Switching
VCI 1
VCI 2
VPI 1
VP Switching
Port 1
VCI 3
VPI 3
VCI 4
Port 2
VPI 2
VPI 2
VCI 4
VCI 1
VCI 2
VPI 1
VPI 3
VCI 3
VCI 1
VCI 2
VPI 4
VPI 5
VCI 1
VCI 2
Port 3
141
ATM Basics
ATM Adaptation layer

T
AAL between ATM layer and high-layer applications

B Implements the service functions needed by the high layer
(such as error processing and timing control).
B Supports the adaptation between the high layer and ATM
layer-mapping PDU of the high layer to the information

segment of the ATM cell and vice versa.
B Different services need different adaptation. According to
the Timing between source and destination, Bit rate and

Connection mode, ITU-T divides them into 4 classes: Type
A/B/C/D.
ATM Basics
AAL classes
Traffic
Parameter
Class A
Timing between
source & destination
Bit rate
Service sample
QoS
Class C
need
Class D
Not need
fixed
various
Connection-orient
Connection mode
AAL types
Class B
AAL 1
AAL 2
Circuit
simulation
Moving image
video and
audio
QoS1
QoS2
142
AAL 3
Connectionlessorient
AAL 4
AAL 5
Connectionorient data
transmitting
QoS3
connectionless data
transmitting
QoS4
ATM Basics
AAL2
AAL2
B suitable for VBR (variable bit rate) traffic, typically includes
services characterized as voice or video.

B Traffic must be real-time transmitted for existing timing
relationship between signal source and signal destination.

B In UMTS, transmission of user-plane data is beared by
AAL2, such as voice.
ATM Basics
AAL5
AAL5
B Efficient Data traffic transmitting adaptation protocol.
B Supplying the same traffic with AAL3/4
B In the WCDMA signaling stack, AAL5 is used to bear the
signaling in Iux interface and the PS data in Iu-PS interface
143
Content
ATM Basics
Network Interfaces
UE State transition
Signaling flow
Network Interfaces
UTRAN Architecture
144
Network Interfaces
Universal model of the UTRAN interfaces

Radio
Control Plane
User Plane
Application
Protocol
Data
Stream(s)
Network
Layer
Transport Transport Network

Network
User Plane
Layer
Transport Network
Control Plane
Transport Network
User Plane
ALCAP(s)
Signalling
Bearer(s)
Signalling
Bearer(s)
Data
Bearer(s)
Physical Layer
Network Interfaces
Universal model of the UTRAN interfaces

T
Horizontal: UTRAN falls into 2 layers

B Radio Network Layer (RNL)
B Transport Network Layer (TNL)
Vertical: UTRAN falls into 4 planes

B Control plane
B User plane
B TNL control plane
B TNL user plane
In R99 and R4, the ATM technology is adopted at the

transport network layer, while R5, IP transmission is
introduced.
145
Network Interfaces
Iu Interface
Core Network (CN)
UTRAN
CS
Domain
Node B
RNC
Iu-CS
Node B
PS
Domain
Iu-PS
Node B
RNC
BC
Domain
Node B
Iu-BC
Iu Interface
Network Interfaces
Iu-CS Interface Stack Structure

Radio
Network
Layer
Control Plane
User Plane
RANAP
Iu UP Protocol
Layer
Transport Network
User Plane
Transport Network
Control Plane
Transport Network
User Plane
Q.2630.1
Transport
Network
Layer
SCCP
MTP3b
Q.2150.1
MTP3b
SSCF-NNI
SSCOP
AAL5
SSCF-NNI
SSCOP
AAL5
ATM
Physical Layer
146
AAL2
Network Interfaces
Iu-PS Interface Stack Structure

Radio
Network
Layer
Control Plane
RANAP
Transport Network
User Plane
Transport
User Plane
Iu UP Protocol
Layer
Transport Network
Control Plane
Transport Network
User Plane
SCCP
M3UA
Network
MTP3-B
Layer
SCTP
SSCF-NNI
IP
SSCOP
AAL5
GTP-U
UDP
IP
AAL5
ATM
ATM
Physical Layer
Physical Layer
Network Interfaces
Iu interface Functions
T
RAB management
B RAB setup, modification and release
B mapping of RAB characteristics to the Uu bearer
B mapping of RAB characteristics to the Iu transmission bearer
B RAB queuing, preemption and priority
Iu radio resource management

B radio resource acceptance control
Iu connection management
B Iu signaling connection management
Iu-UP (RNL) management

B Iu-UP frame protocol mode selection and protocol initialization
Mobility management
Security management
Service and network access
Paging coordination
147
Network Interfaces
Iur Interface Stack Structure

Radio
Network
Layer
Control Plane
User Plane
Iur data stream
RNSAP
Transport
User
Network
Plane
Transport Network
Control Plane
Transport
User
Network
Plane
ALCAP Q.2630.1
Transport
Network
Layer
STC Q.2150.1
SCCP
MTP3B
M3UA
MTP3B
M3UA
SSCF-NNI
SCTP
SCTP
SSCOP
IP
NN
SSCF-NNI
SSCF
I
SSCOP
AAL5
IP
AAL5
AAL2
ATM
Physical Layer
Network Interfaces
Iur interface Functions

Iur interface has the following functions:
T Inter-RNC mobility management
B SRNC relocation, inter-RNC cell and UTRAN registration
area update, inter-RNC paging, and protocol error report.

T
Dedicated channel data transmission

B used to transmit dedicated channel data between two
RNCs.
T
Common channel data transmission

B setup and release of the transmission connection needed in
common channel data stream transmission of the Iur

interface,
T
Global resource management

B transmission of inter-RNC cell measurement information.
B transmission of inter-RNC Node B timing information.
148
Network Interfaces
Iub Interface Stack Structure

Radio Network
ControlPlane
CPCH FP
DSCH FP
USCH FP
FACH FP
PCH FP
DCH FP
Node B
Application Part
(NBAP)
User Plane
RACH FP
Radio
Network
Layer
Transport
Network
ControlPlane
ALCAP
Q.2630.1
Transport
Layer
Q.2150.2
SSCF-UNI
SSCF-UNI
SSCOP
SSCOP
AAL Type 5
AAL Type 5
AAL Type 2
ATM
Physical Layer
Network Interfaces
Iub interface Functions

T
Management of the Iub interface transmission resources.
Logic operation maintenance of Node B, including:

B the cell configuration management
B radio network performance measurement
B common transmission channel management
B radio resource management
Transmission of application-related operation & maintenance data.
System information management.
Channel traffic management.
Timing and synchronization management, including:

B node synchronization
B transmission channel synchronization between the RNC and Node B
149
Network Interfaces
Uu Interface Stack Structure

G
C
N
t
D
C
Duplication
avoidance
D
N
C
t
G
C
L3
control
Radio
Bearers
control
contro
control
RRC
control
UuS
boundary
U-plane
information
C-plane
signalling
PDCP
PDCP
L2/PDCP
BMC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
L2/
BMC
L2/RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
Logical
Channels
MAC
L2/MAC
Transport
Channels
PHY
L1
Network Interfaces
Uu Interface Stack Structure(1)

T
T
T
Physical Layer Protocol

B provides the MAC sublayer with transmission channel services.
MAC Protocol (Media Access Control)
B provides the RLC sublayer with logic channel services.
RLC Protocol (Radio Link Control)
B on the control plane, provides the RRC sublayer with signaling
radio bearer services.
B on the user plane, provides service radio bearer services together
with the PDCP sublayer.
PDCP (Packet data convergence protocol)
B adapt different types of network layer protocols to the radio
interface.
B only exists in the packet domain
BMC (Broadcast main control)
B transfer broadcast and multicast information over the radio
interface
150
Network Interfaces
Uu Interface Stack Structure(2)

T
RRC (Radio resource control)

B Provide services for the non-access layer, for example, transmitting
messages like call control, session management and mobility

management at the control interface.
B Setup, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between UE
and UTRAN.
B Setup, reconfiguration and release of radio bearer.
B Distribution, reconfiguration and release of radio resources used in the
RRC connection.
B RRC connections mobility function management.
B Request for QoS control.
B UE measurement report and report control.
B Outer loop power control, ciphering control, paging.
B Initial cell selection and reselection in the idle mode.
Network Interfaces
Appendix
Abbreviation
Full Name
SCCP
Signaling connection control protocol
MTP3B
Broadband message transfer protocol
SSCF-NNI
Service specific coordination function for support of signaling

at the network node interface
SSCF-UNI
Service specific coordination function for support of signaling

at the user network interface
SSCOP
Service specific connection oriented protocol
Q.2630.1
AAL2 signaling control protocol
Q.2150.1
AAL2 signaling transport converter at NNI
M3UA
MTP3 user adaptation protocol
SCTP
Stream control transmission protocol
GTP-U
GPRS tunneling protocol user
151
Network Interfaces
Radio Network Control-Plane protocol

CN
RANAP
RNSAP
RRC
UE
RNC
RNC
NBAP
Node B
NBAPNode B Application Part

RANAP: Radio Access Network Application Part
RNSAP: Radio Network Subsystem Application Part
RRC: Radio Resource Control
Network Interfaces
UTRAN Control Plane Protocol Stack
UE
CC
RNC
Node B
CN
CC
SM
SM
MM/GMM
MM/GMM
RRC
RRC
RLC
RLC
MAC
NBAP
L1
L1
Uu
Transport
Layer
NBAP
MAC
RANAP
RANAP
Transport
Layer
Transport
Layer
Transport Layer
Iub
152
Iu
Network Interfaces
UTRAN User Plane Protocol Stack

UE
RNC
Node B
CN
Iu UP
User data
PDCP
PDCP
RLC
RLC
MAC
MAC
L1
L1
Uu
FP
Transport
Layer
Iu UP
Transport
Layer
Transport
Layer
FP
Transport Layer
Iub
Content
ATM Basics
Network Interfaces
UE State transition
Signaling flow
153
Iu
UE State transition
UE Working Modes
There are two basic working modes:

B Idle
O UE stands by without any service. Theres no connection
between UE and UTRAN.
B Connected
O UE transferred to the connected mode after accomplishing
RRC Connection Setup.
O UE has 4 states under the connected mode:
Cell-DCH, Cell-FACH, Cell-PCH, URA-PCH
UE State transition
UE States Under the Connected Mode

T
Cell-DCH
B UE is activated, and in service using its dedicated channels.
B There are dedicated channels in both uplink and downlink.
B UTRAN knows exactly which cell the UE is in.
Cell-FACH
B UE is activated, but without too much date to transmit, so
theres no need to assign dedicated channels to it.

B Downlink data transmitted in FACH, while uplink in RACH.
154
UE State transition
UE States Under the Connected Mode

T
Cell-PCH
B There is no data transmitted in both uplink and downlink.
B UE needs to listen to PICH for paging information.
B UE works in discrete receiving, which saves the power effectively.
B UE needs to do cell update procedure when it passes cells.
URA-PCH
B There is no data transmitted in both uplink and downlink.
B UE needs to listen to PICH for paging information and receive discretely.
B UTRAN only knows which URA (UTRAN Registration Area) UE exists.
B UE updates its location information only when its URA changes, which
further reduces the signaling saves resource.
UE State transition
RRC State Transition (I)

Transit from IDLE Mode
URA_PCH
CELL_PCH
After RRC Connection Setup, UE will

transit to CELL_FACH or CELL_DCH.
CELL_DCH
CELL_FACH
CN indicates UE using dedicated channel

(CELL_DCH) or common channel
(CELL_FACH) according to the service
IDLE
DEAD
request.
T
If there is no service right now, UE will be

indicated into PCH mode or release RRC
Sketch of RRC State Transition
connection back to IDLE mode.
155
UE State transition
RRC State Transition (II)

Transit from CELL_FACH Mode
URA_PCH
CELL_PCH
T
CELL_DCH
UE do not occupy dedicated channels

In the mode of CELL_FACH.
CELL_FACH
UE receives downlink data through

FACH(S-CCPCH).
IDLE
UE transmits uplink data through

RACH(PRACH).
DEAD
UE State transition
RRC State Transition (III)

Transit from CELL_DCH Mode
URA_PCH
CELL_PCH
UE transceives uplink and downlink data

through dedicated channels (DPDCHs and
CELL_DCH
DPCCHs).
CELL_FACH
T
IDLE
During the time when there is no data

transmitted, CN may indicate UEs
transiting to URA_PCH or CELL_PCH.
DEAD
156
UE State transition
RRC State Transition (IV)

CELL_PCH and URA_PCH states
URA_PCH
CELL_PCH
CELL_DCH
UE has no activated uplink.
Paging Information makes UE back to

CELL_FACH or CELL_DCH mode.
CELL_FACH
In CELL_PCH, UE should transit to

CELL_FACH first to finish cell updating, and
IDLE
go back if no service request.

T
DEAD
In URA_PCH, if URA changes, UE also

transits to CELL_FACH to finish cell updating
first before it goes back to URA_PCH.

T
System resource can be saved in these two

modes.
Content
ATM Basics
Network Interfaces
UE State transition
Signaling flow
157
Signaling flow
Basic Conception (1)

T
RRC (Radio Resource Control)

B provides information transfer service to the NAS (Non Access
Stratum).
B responsible for controlling the configuration of UMTS radio
interface Layers 1 and 2.

T
RRC Connection
B A point to point bi directional connection between the RRC (Radio
Resource Control) entities on the UE (User Equipment) and

UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network).
B The UE requires an RRC connection to access the services of the
UMTS network.
Signaling flow
RAB -Radio Access Bearer

B Identify the service the AS (Access Stratum) provides to the
NAS (Non Access Stratum) for transfer of user data

between the UE (User Equipment) and the CN (Core
Network).
T
RB -Radio Bearer
B The service provided by the Layer 2 for the transfer of user
data between UE (User Equipment) and UTRAN (UMTS

Terrestrial Radio Access Network).
158
Signaling flow
RL (Radio Link)
B RL is a logical association between single UE (User
Equipment) and a single UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio

Access Network) access point.
B Its physical realization comprises one or more radio bearer
transmissions.
B It is possible for a UMTS mobile to have many radio links
established, when this occurs the mobile is said to be in a

soft handover.
Signaling flow
Sketch of the basic conceptions
159
Signaling flow
UE Call Procedure Overview
Startup
Startup
CellSearching
Searching
Cell
Cell/URA
Cell/URA
Update
Update
Handover
Handover
RL
RL
Reconfiguration
Reconfiguration
Location
Location
Update
Update
RRC
RRC
Connection
Release
Connection Release
Standby
Standby
Call/Called
Call/Called
initiate
initiate
RB/RAB
RB/RAB
Reconfiguration
Reconfiguration
RAB
RAB
Assignment
Assignment
RRC
RRC
Connection
Setup
Connection Setup
NAS
NAS
ConnectionSetup
Setup
Connection
Signaling flow
Trilogy of Call Setup
RRC Connection Setup

B The signaling interacting in UTRAN is normal when receiving the
signaling RRC Connection Setup Complete.

T
NAS Connection Setup

B UE interacts with CN about the service request, authentication and
ciphering, etc. through the Non-Access Stratum (NAS) signaling,

T
RAB Assignment
B CN allocates resource according to UEs service requests.
160
Signaling flow
Call Setup Flow

B CN initiates a paging message to RNC.
B RNC judges the paging message from the CN and then sends a paging
message to the corresponding UE.

B If no RRC connection is available, UE will send a RRC connection setup
request message (RRC Connection Request) to RNC.

B RNC determines to set up a RRC connection according to the service
request and system resource occupation then sends a RRC connection

setup message (RRC Connection Setup) to UE.
B After signaling connection setup, the higher layer of UE (NAS) sends a
service request message to CN through a directly transfer message.

B CN sends a RAB assignment message (RAB Assignment Request) to
the RNC to allocate resource for UEs request.
Signaling flow
RRC setup
UE
RRC
Node B
RNC
1.CCCH: RRC Connection Request
RRC
Allocate RNTSelect L1
and L2 parameters
2.Radio Link Setup Request
NBAP
NBAP
Start RX
3.Radio Link Setup Response

NBAP
NBAP
ALCAP Iub Data Transport Bearer Setup

DCH-FP
4.Downlink Synchronisation
DCH-FP
5.Uplink Synchronisation
DCH-FP
DCH-FP
Start TX
RRC
RRC
6.CCCH: : RRC Connection Setup

7.DCCH: : RRC Connection Setup Complete
161
RRC
RRC
Signaling flow
RAB setup
UE
Node B
SRNC
CN
RAB ASSIGNMENT REQUEST

ALCAP setup
RL RECONFIG PRE
RL RECONFIG READY
ALCAP setup, synchronization
RL RECONFIG COMMIT
RRC RB SETUP
RRC RB SETUP COMPLETE
RAB ASSIGNMENT RESPONSE
Signaling flow
Call Setup Flow

UE
Node B
RNC
CN
Paging (RANAP)
Paging (RRC)
RRC connection setup request
RRC connection setup
NAS message interaction (service request)

RL setup request
RAB assignment request
RL setup response
RB setup
RB setup completion
RAB assignment response
162
Signaling flow
Soft Handover Flow

NodeB
UE
DRNS)
NodeB
(SRNS)
DRNC
SRNC
Measurement
report
RL creation request
RL setup request
RL setup response
RL setup response
Active set update command

Active set update completion
RL Deletion request
RL Deletion response
Signaling flow
Hard Handover Flow

UE
Target Node
B
Original
NodeB
SRNC
Measurement report
RL setup request
RL setup response
Reconfiguration command
Reconfiguration completion
RL deletion request
RL deletion response
163
Signaling flow
Call setup flow (1)
Signaling flow
Call setup flow (2)
164
Signaling flow
Call setup flow (3)
Signaling flow
Call setup flow (4)
165
Signaling flow
Call setup flow (5)
Signaling flow
Call setup flow (6)
166
Exercise
T
vertical:UTRAN interface universal model involve 4

planes,they are (
)( )(
)( )
horizontal :UTRAN interface universal model involve 2

layers, they are ( ) ( )
pls write down IUCS\ IUPS \IUB interface control plane

application protocol and user plane protocol.
Uu Interface is fall into ( )plane and (
There are 3 layers in Uu Interface, they are ( ) (
pls describe the RRC setup procedure.
167
) plane.
) ( ).
168
WCDMA RAN KPI Introduction
ZTE University
Content
KPI Overview
WCDMA RAN KPI Definition and
Measurement Methods
Libya WCDMA Network KPI Values
169
KPI Overview
KPI Overview
What is KPI?
KPI is Key Performance Indicator.
The general characters of KPI

B Measurability
B Comparability
B Integrality
B Applicability
KPI Overview
RAN KPI Category

Mobility Class
Coverage Class
Capacity Class
' Coverage Probability
' CS Capacity
' PS Capacity
' Cell UL Load Factor
' Block Call Ratio
'
' RNC Soft Handover Success

Ratio
' Inter-Frequency Hard
Handover Success Ratio
' Intersystem Hard Handover
Success Ratio (CS domain and
PS domain)
Resource Usage Class
' RRC Connection Setup

Success Ratio
' RAB Setup Success Ratio
' Call Setup Success Ratio
' Drop Call Ratio
'Average UL/DL Throughput
' RTT Ping with 32Bytes
' Trouble Cell Ratio

' Busy Cell Ratio
' Sleeping Cell Ratio
'
QoS Class
RAN KPI Class
170
Content
KPI Overview
Measurement Methods
WCDMA RAN KPI Definition and Measurement Methods
Coverage Probability
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Signaling Flow
Indicator
Extension
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Period
Period
W
W
Statistic
Statistic AreaClutter-wise
AreaClutter-wise
W
W
Indoor
Indoor or
or OutdoorBOTH
OutdoorBOTH
W
W
Measurement
Measurement MethodsDT
MethodsDT or
or CQT
CQT
W
W
Index
Index MeaningThe
MeaningThe coverage
coverage probability
probability reflect
reflect the
the RF
RF coverage
coverage strength
strength
and
and RF
RF signal
signal quality.
quality.
171
Coverage Probability
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Signaling Flow
Indicator
Extension
F=RSCP
R and Ec/Io S
(Notes
RSCP is the Received Pilot Signal Chip Power
Ec/Io is the received pilot
signal quality
R and S is the threshold for the RSCP and Ec/Io calculation.
When these two conditions satisfied
F=1; otherwise F=0)
Coverage Probability is defined as

the percentage of the samples
whose F=1 to the all measured samples
(Note
Unreasonable samples are not included
The R and S are different to different service
RRC Connection Setup Success Ratio

(Service Related
Indicator
Description
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Definition
Indicator
Extension
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Period
Period :15
:15 Mins,30
Mins,30 Mins,1
Mins,1 Hour.
Hour. 1Day.
1Day.
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Area
Area cell-wise
cell-wise
W
W
Indoor
Indoor or
or OutdoorBOTH
OutdoorBOTH
W
W
Measurement
Measurement Methodcalculate
Methodcalculate based
based on
on the
the OMC
OMC Counters
Counters value
value
W
W
Indicator
Indicator Meaningthis
Meaningthis indicator
indicator reflect
reflect the
the accessibility
accessibility of
of the
the service
service of
of
the
the Cell
Cell and
and RNC
RNC
172

(Service Related
Indicator
Description
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Definition
Indicator
Extension

Service Related
RRC Connection Setup Complete Times

Service Related
/RRC Connection Setup Request Times

Service Related
100%

(Service Related
Indicator
Description
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Definition
Indicator
Extension

Request Times
Complete Times
173

(Service Related
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension
W
W
Outgoing
Outgoing Conversation
Conversation Service
Service RRC
RRC Connection
Connection Setup
Setup Success
Success Ratio
Ratio
W
W
Outgoing
Outgoing Streaming
Streaming Service
Service RRC
RRC Connection
Connection Setup
Setup Success
Success Ratio
Ratio
W
W
Outgoing
Outgoing Interactive
Interactive Service
Service RRC
RRC Connection
Connection Setup
Setup Success
Success Ratio
Ratio
W
W
Outgoing
Outgoing Background
Background Service
Service RRC
RRC Connection
Connection Setup
Setup Success
Success Ratio
Ratio
W
W
Incoming
Incoming Conversation
Conversation Service
Service RRC
RRC Connection
Connection Setup
Setup Success
Success Ratio
Ratio
W
W
Incoming
Incoming Streaming
Streaming Service
Service RRC
RRC Connection
Connection Setup
Setup Success
Success Ratio
Ratio
W
W
Incoming
Incoming Interactive
Interactive Service
Service RRC
RRC Connection
Connection Setup
Setup Success
Success Ratio
Ratio
W
W
Incoming
Incoming Background
Background Service
Service RRC
RRC Connection
Connection Setup
Setup Success
Success Ratio
Ratio
RAB Assignment Success Ratio

Indicator
Description
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Definition
Indicator
Extension
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Period
Period :: 15
15 Mins,30
Mins,30 Mins,1
Mins,1 Hour.
Hour. 11 Day.
Day.
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Area:
Area: cell-wise
cell-wise
W
W
Indoor
Indoor or
or Outdoor:
Outdoor: BOTH
BOTH
W
W
Measurement
Measurement Method:
Method: calculate
calculate based
based on
on the
the OMC
OMC Counters
Counters value
value
W
W
Indicator
Indicator Meaning:
Meaning: RAB
RAB assignment
assignment is
is the
the last
last step
step of
of the
the service
service
connection.
connection. IfIf itit is
is successfully
successfully assigned,
assigned, the
the connection
connection to
to the
the User
User
Panel
Panel is
is Successfully
Successfully Setup
Setup
174
Indicator
Description
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Definition
Indicator
Extension

CS RAB Assignment Success Times
+PS RAB Assignment Success Times
/(CS RAB Assignment Request Times

PS RAB Assignment Request Times
100%

Indicator
Description
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Definition
Indicator
Extension
RAB Assignment
Request Times
RAB Assignment
Success Times
175

Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension
W
W
CS
CS RAB
RAB Assignment
Assignment Success
Success Ratio
Ratio
W
W
PS
PS RAB
RAB Assignment
Assignment Success
Success Ratio
Ratio
W
W
AMR
AMR RAB
RAB Assignment
Assignment Success
Success Ratio
Ratio
W
W
CS
CS C
C 64/64
64/64 RAB
RAB Assignment
Assignment Success
Success Ratio
Ratio
W
W
PS
PS II 64/64
64/64 RAB
RAB Assignment
Assignment Success
Success Ratio
Ratio
W
W
PS
PS II 64/128
64/128 RAB
RAB Assignment
Assignment Success
Success Ratio
Ratio
W
W
PS
PS II 64/384
64/384 RAB
RAB Assignment
Assignment Success
Success Ratio
Ratio
W
W
Call Setup Success Ratio

Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Period:
Period: 15
15 Mins,
Mins, 30
30 Mins,
Mins, 11 Hour.
Hour. 11 Day.
Day.
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Area:
Area: cell-wise
cell-wise
W
W
Indoor
Indoor or
or Outdoor:
Outdoor: BOTH
BOTH
W
W
Measurement
Measurement Method:
Method: calculate
calculate based
based on
on the
the OMC
OMC counters
counters value
value
W
W
Indicator
Indicator Meaning:
Meaning: this
this indicator
indicator reflect
reflect the
the accessibility
accessibility of
of the
the service
service of
of
the
the Cell
Cell and
and RNC
RNC
176
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension

RRC Connection Setup Success Ratio (Service Related)
100%

Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension

Success Ratio
RAB Assignment
Success Ratio
177
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
W
W
AMR
AMR Call
Call Setup
Setup Success
Success Ratio
Ratio
W
W
CS
CS C
C 64/64
64/64 Call
Call Setup
Setup Success
Success Ratio
Ratio
W
W
PS
PS II 64/64
64/64 Call
Call Setup
Setup Success
Success Ratio
Ratio
W
W
PS
PS II 64/128
64/128 Call
Call Setup
Setup Success
Success Ratio
Ratio
W
W
PS
PS II 64/384
64/384 Call
Call Setup
Setup Success
Success Ratio
Ratio
W
W
PS
PS S
S 64/64
64/64 Call
Call Setup
Setup Success
Success Ratio
Ratio
W
W
Extension
Call Drop Ratio
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Period:
Period: 15
15 Mins,
Mins, 30
30 Mins,
Mins, 11 Hour.
Hour. 1Day.
1Day.
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Area:
Area: cell-wise
cell-wise
W
W
Indoor
Indoor or
or Outdoor:
Outdoor: BOTH
BOTH
W
W
Measurement
Measurement Method:
Method: calculate
calculate based
based on
on the
the OMC
OMC Counters
Counters value
value
W
W
Indicator
Indicator Meaning:
Meaning: this
this indicator
indicator reflect
reflect the
the Retainability
Retainability of
of the
the network,
network, itit
is
is one
one of
of the
the most
most important
important indicators
indicators of
of the
the customers
customers experience.
experience.
178
Call Drop Ratio

Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension
Call Drop Ratio

RNC Triggered CS RAB Release Times
RNC Triggered CS Iu Release Times
RNC Triggered PS RAB Release Times
+RNC Triggered PS Iu Release Times
/(CS RAB Assignment Success Times

PS RAB Assignment Success Times
100%
Call Drop Ratio
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension
CN
RNC
RNC Triggered RAB Release

Times, it includes CS and/or
PS RAB
RAB
R ELE ASE R EQ U ES T
RNC
CN
IU RELEASE REQUEST
179
RNC Triggered Iu Release Times,

When UE is lost or it is inactive,
or the UTRAN failure is happened,
RNC will send the Iu Release
Request to CN
Call Drop Ratio
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
W
W
CS
CS Call
Call Drop
Drop Ratio
Ratio
W
W
PS
PS Call
Call Drop
Drop Ratio
Ratio
W
W
AMR
AMR Call
Call Drop
Drop Ratio
Ratio
W
W
CS
CS C
C 64/64
64/64 Call
Call Drop
Drop Ratio
Ratio
W
W
PS
PS II 64/64
64/64 Call
Call Drop
Drop Ratio
Ratio
W
W
PS
PS II 64/128
64/128 Call
Call Drop
Drop Ratio
Ratio
W
W
PS
PS II 64/384
64/384 Call
Call Drop
Drop Ratio
Ratio
W
W
Extension
RNC Soft Handover Success Ratio

(Including Softer Handover)
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Period:
Period: 15
15 Mins,
Mins, 30Mins,1Hour.
30Mins,1Hour. 1Day.
1Day.
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Area:
Area: RNC-wise
RNC-wise
W
W
Indoor
Indoor or
or Outdoor:
Outdoor: BOTH
BOTH
W
W
Measurement
Measurement Method:
Method: calculate
calculate based
based on
on the
the OMC
OMC counters
counters value
value
W
W
Indicator
Indicator Meaning:
Meaning: this
this indicator
indicator reflect
reflect the
the soft
soft handover
handover mobility
mobility in
in the
the
RNC
RNC control
control area.
area.
180

(Including Softer Handover
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension
Soft Handover Success Ratio

Soft Handover Requirement Times
Soft Handover Failure Times
/Soft Handover Requirement Times

100%

Indicator
Description
UE
Indicator
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Definition
Extension
UTRAN
Success flow
ACTIVE SET UPDATE
Soft Handover
Requirement Times
A
ACTIVE SET UPDATE COMPLETE
B
UE
Failure Flow
UTRAN
ACTIVE SET UPDATE

A
ACTIVE SET UPDATE FAILURE
B
181
Soft Handover Failure Times. If the

handover is failed, RNC will received
this Message. And if the Update
Complete Message is not replied in a
certain time delay, it will be counted to
the handover failure time.

Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension
W
W
configuration
configuration unsupported
unsupported failure
failure caused
caused handover
handover failure
failure ratio
ratio
W
W
physical
physical channel
channel failure
failure caused
caused handover
handover failure
failure ratio
ratio
W
W
incompatible
incompatible simultaneous
simultaneous reconfiguration
reconfiguration caused
caused handover
handover failure
failure ratio
ratio
W
W
protocol
protocol error
error caused
caused handover
handover failure
failure ratio
ratio
W
W
cell
cell update
update occurred
occurred caused
caused handover
handover failure
failure ratio
ratio
W
W
invalid
invalid configuration
configuration caused
caused handover
handover failure
failure ratio
ratio
W
W
No
No reply
reply caused
caused handover
handover failure
failure ratio
ratio
W
W
Inter-Frequency Hard Handover Success Ratio
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Period:
Period: 15Mins,
15Mins, 30Mins,1Hour.
30Mins,1Hour. 1Day.
1Day.
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Area:
Area: cell-wise
cell-wise
W
W
Indoor
Indoor or
or Outdoor:
Outdoor: BOTH
BOTH
W
W
Measurement
Measurement Method:
Method: calculate
calculate based
based on
on the
the OMC
OMC counters
counters value
value
W
W
Indicator
Indicator Meaning:
Meaning: this
this indicator
indicator reflect
reflect the
the hard
hard handover
handover mobility
mobility in
in the
the
RNC
RNC control
control area.
area.
182
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension

Inter-Frequency Hard Handover Requirement Times
Inter-Frequency Hard Handover Failure Times
/ Inter-Frequency Hard Handover Requirement Times 100%
Inter-Frequency Hard Handover should Include

Intra-RNC hard handover and Inter-RNC Hard handover

Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
UE
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension
Success Flow
SRNC
Inter-frequency hard
handover requirement times
PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION
IntraRNC
Inter
-Frequency
Hard
Handover
Flow
PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE
UE
SRNC
Failure Flow
PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION
PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION FAILURE
183
Inter-frequency hard
handover failure times

Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension
InterRNC
Inter
-Frequency
Hard
Handover
Flow
Sent from SRNC
Feedback to DRNC
W
W
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension
configuration
unsupported caused
caused intra-NodeB
intra-NodeB inter-frequency
inter-frequency hard
hard handover
handover failure
failure
ratio
ratio
W
W
configuration
unsupported caused
caused intra-RNC
intra-RNC inter-frequency
hard handover
handover failure
failure ratio
ratio
W
W
configuration
unsupported caused
caused inter-RNC
inter-RNC inter-frequency
hard handover
handover failure
failure ratio
ratio
W
W
physical
physical channel
channel failure
failure caused
caused intra-NodeB
intra-NodeB inter-frequency
hard handover
handover failure
failure ratio
ratio
W
W
physical
physical channel
channel failure
failure caused
caused intra-RNC
intra-RNC inter-frequency
hard handover
handover failure
failure ratio
ratio
W
W
physical
physical channel
channel failure
failure caused
caused inter-RNC
inter-RNC inter-frequency
hard handover
handover failure
failure ratio
ratio
W
W
184
CS Intersystem Handover Success Ratio

WCDMA->GSM
Indicator
Description
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Definition
Indicator
Extension
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Period:
Period: 15Mins,30Mins,1Hour.,
15Mins,30Mins,1Hour., 1Day.
1Day.
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Area:
Area: cell-wise
cell-wise or
or RNC-wise
RNC-wise
W
W
Indoor
Indoor or
or Outdoor:
Outdoor: BOTH
BOTH
W
W
Measurement
Measurement MethodCalculate
MethodCalculate based
based on
on OMC
OMC Counters
Counters value
value
W
W
Indicator
Indicator Meaning:
Meaning: this
this indicator
indicator reflect
reflect the
the intersystem
intersystem CS
CS handover
handover
mobility,
mobility, the
the handover
handover is
is from
from WCDMA
WCDMA system
system to
to GSM
GSM system.
system.

WCDMA->GPRS
Indicator
Description
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Definition
Indicator
Extension

WCDMA->GSM
1
CS Intersystem Handover From UTRAN Failure Times
/CS Intersystem Handover From UTRAN Required Times
100%
185

WCDMA->GPRS
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Definition
Extension
Success Flow
UE
Handover from
UTRAN command
RNC
CN
2GMSC
Relocation
required
Prepare handover
Relocation
command
Prepare handover
response
CS Intersystem Handover From

UTRAN Required Times
Handover complete
Failure Flow
UE
UTRAN
HANDOVER FROM UTRAN COMMAND
CS Intersystem Handover From UTRAN

Failure Times, if the handover is failed,
RNC will receive this message
HANDOVER FROM UTRAN FAILURE

WCDMA->GPRS
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension
W
W
configuration
unsupported caused
caused CS
CS intersystem
intersystem handover
handover from
from UTRAN
UTRAN failure
failure ratio
ratio
W
W
physical
physical channel
channel failure
failure caused
caused CS
CS intersystem
handover from
from UTRAN
UTRAN failure
failure ratio
ratio
W
W
Configuration
Configuration incomplete
incomplete caused
caused CS
CS intersystem
handover from
from UTRAN
UTRAN failure
failure ratio
ratio
W
W
protocol
protocol error
error caused
caused CS
CS intersystem
handover from
from UTRAN
UTRAN failure
failure ratio
ratio
W
W
cell
cell update
update occurred
occurred caused
caused CS
CS intersystem
handover from
from UTRAN
UTRAN failure
failure ratio
ratio invalid
invalid
configuration
caused CS
CS intersystem
handover from
from UTRAN
UTRAN failure
failure ratio
ratio
W
W
No
No reply
reply caused
caused CS
CS intersystem
handover from
from UTRAN
UTRAN failure
failure ratio
ratio
W
W
186
PS Intersystem Handover Success Ratio

WCDMA->GPRS
Indicator
Description
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Definition
Indicator
Extension
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Period:
Period: 15Mins,
15Mins, 30Mins,1Hour.
30Mins,1Hour. 1Day.
1Day.
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Area:
Area: cell-wise
cell-wise or
or RNC-wise
RNC-wise
W
W
Indoor
Indoor or
or Outdoor:
Outdoor: BOTH
BOTH
W
W
Measurement
Measurement Method:
Method: calculate
calculate based
based on
on the
the OMC
OMC counters
counters value
value
W
W
Indicator
Indicator Meaning:
Meaning: this
this indicator
indicator reflect
reflect the
the intersystem
handover mobility,
mobility,
the
the handover
handover is
is from
from WCDMA
WCDMA system
system to
to GPRS
GPRS system.
system.

WCDMA->GPRS
Indicator
Description
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Definition
Indicator
Extension

WCDMA->GPRS
1
PS Intersystem Handover From UTRAN Failure Times
/PS Intersystem Handover From UTRAN Required Times
100%
187

WCDMA->GPRS
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Success Flow
UE
NODEB
RNC
Cell change order from UTRAN
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension
3G SGSN
Iu Release
Command
RL Del Req
PS Intersystem handover from

UTRAN required Times
RL Del Resp
Iu Release
Complete
Failure Flow
UE
PS intersystem handover from UTRAN failure

times. If the RNC received this message, or
response message of Iu Release Command is not
received by RNC, it means the PS handover from
UTRAN is failed.
UTRAN
CELL CHANGE ORDER FROM UTRAN
CELL CHANGE ORDER FROM UTRAN FAILURE

WCDMA>GPRS
W
W
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension
configuration
unsupported caused
caused PS
PS intersystem
handover from
from UTRAN
UTRAN failure
failure
ratio
ratio
W
W
physical
physical channel
channel failure
failure caused
caused PS
PS intersystem
handover from
from UTRAN
UTRAN failure
failure ratio
ratio
W
W
Configuration
Configuration incomplete
incomplete caused
caused PS
PS intersystem
handover from
from UTRAN
UTRAN failure
failure
ratio
ratio
W
W
protocol
protocol error
error caused
caused PS
PS intersystem
handover from
from UTRAN
UTRAN failure
failure ratio
ratio
W
W
cell
cell update
update occurred
occurred caused
caused PS
PS intersystem
handover from
from UTRAN
UTRAN failure
failure ratio
ratio
W
W
invalid
invalid configuration
caused PS
PS intersystem
handover from
from UTRAN
UTRAN failure
failure ratio
ratio
W
W
No
No reply
reply caused
caused PS
PS intersystem
handover from
from UTRAN
UTRAN failure
failure ratio
ratio
W
W
188

GPRS->WCDMA
Indicator
Description
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Definition
Indicator
Extension
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Period:
1Day.
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Area:
Area: cell-wise
cell-wise or
or RNC-wise
RNC-wise
W
W
Indoor
Indoor or
or Outdoor:
Outdoor: BOTH
BOTH
W
W
Measurement
based on
on OMC
OMC Counters
Counters value
value
W
W
Indicator
Indicator Meaning:
Meaning: this
this indicator
indicator reflect
reflect the
the intersystem
handover mobility,
mobility,
the
the handover
handover is
is from
from GRRS
GRRS system
system to
to WCDMA
WCDMA system.
system.

GPRS->WCDMA
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Signaling Flow
Indicator
Extension
PS Intersystem Handover to UTRAN Success Ration

GPRS->WCDMA
PS Intersystem Handover to UTRAN Success Times

/PS Intersystem Handover to UTRAN Required Times
100%
189
PS Intersystem Handover Success Ratio (GPRS>WCDMA
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Signaling Flow
UE
Serving RNC
Indicator
Extension
CN
1. UE initiated signaling connection establishment
The flow of PS intersystem

handover to UTRAN is
similar to the PS setup
flow on the UTRAN Side
2. Direct Transfer
3. Radio Access Bearer Establishment
RNC received message RRC Connection Requestfrom UE, the cause is Inter-RAT
cell reselectioncan be used for calculation the PS intersystem handover to UTRAN
required timesRNC received message RRC Connection Complete (From UE) can
be used for calculation the PS intersystem handover to UTRAN success times
CS12.2K Service Access Time
Indicator
Description
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Definition
Indicator
Extension
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Period:
Period:
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Area:
Area:
W
W
Indoor
Indoor or
or Outdoor:
Outdoor: BOTH
BOTH
W
W
Measurement
Measurement MethodStatistic
MethodStatistic from
from the
the logging
logging files
files of
of system
system signaling
signaling
W
W
Indicator
Indicator Meaning:
Meaning: this
this indicator
indicator reflect
reflect the
the integrity
integrity of
of CS
CS 12.2K
12.2K service.
service.
ItIt is
is one
one of
of the
the most
most important
indicators of
of the
the customers
experience.
190
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension

Average T
CC Alert)
T
RRC Connection Request

Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
UE
UE
RNS
RNS
Indicator
Signaling Flow
MSC
MSC
Extension
Incoming
Incoming MSC
MSC
TRRC Connection Request

RRC Connection Setup Complete
CN Signaling Connection Process

RRC DT(CM Service Request)
Authority and Safe Mode Process
RRC DT(Setup)
RRC DT(Call Proceeding)
RAB Assignment Process
TCC Alert
RRC DT (Alert)
RRC DT(Connect)
RRC DT(Connect ACK)
ISUP IAM
CN Bear Setup Process
ISUP ACM
Service data talking

talking
191
ISUP ANM
CS64K Service Access Time

Indicator
Indicator
Description
Signaling Flow
Definition
Indicator
Extension
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Period:
Period:
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Area:
Area:
W
W
Indoor
Indoor or
or Outdoor:
Outdoor: BOTH
BOTH
W
W
Measurement
Measurement MethodStatistic
MethodStatistic from
from the
the logging
logging files
files of
of system
system signaling
signaling
W
W
Indicator
Indicator Meaning:
Meaning: this
this indicator
indicator reflect
reflect the
the integrity
integrity of
of CS
CS 64K
64K service.
service. ItIt
is
is one
one of
of the
the most
most important
indicators of
of the
the customers
experience.
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Signaling Flow

Average T
RRC Request)
T
CM Service Request
192
Indicator
Extension

Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
UE
UE
RNS
RNS
Indicator
Signaling Flow
MSC
MSC
Extension
Incoming
Incoming MSC
MSC
TRRC Connection Request

RRC Connection Setup Complete
CN Signaling Connection Process

RRC DT(CM Service Request)
Authority and Safe Mode Process
RRC DT (Setup)
RRC DT (Call Proceeding)
RAB Assignment Process
TCC Alert
RRC DT (Alert)
RRC DT (Connect)
RRC DT (Connect ACK)
ISUP IAM
CN bear setup process
ISUP ACM
ISUP ANM
Service data talking

talking
Average PS Download Data Rate

Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Signaling Flow
Indicator
Extension
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Period:
Period:
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Area:
Area:
W
W
Indoor
Indoor or
or Outdoor:
Outdoor: BOTH
BOTH
W
W
Measurement
Measurement MethodDT
MethodDT or
or
W
W
Indicator
Indicator Meaning:
Meaning: this
this indicator
indicator reflect
reflect the
the integrity
integrity of
of average
average PS
PS
download
download data
data rate.
rate. ItIt is
is one
one of
of the
the most
most important
indicators of
of the
the
customers
experience.
193
Average PS Download Data Rate
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Signaling Flow
Indicator
Extension
Use the software flashget to download and Upload large files

from and to FTP server
Use the software dumeter to statistic the application layer data rate
for about 15 Mins
And from the software dumeter we can get

the PS service average transfer data rate
CS Service Traffic Erlang

Indicator
Description
Indicator
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Definition
Extension
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Period:
1Day.
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Area:
Area: cell-wise
cell-wise
W
W
Indoor
Indoor or
or Outdoor:
Outdoor: BOTH
BOTH
W
W
Measurement
based on
on OMC
OMC Counters
Counters value
value
W
W
Indicator
Indicator Meaning:
Meaning: this
this indicator
indicator reflect
reflect the
the traffic
traffic Erlang
Erlang of
of the
the CS
CS
conversation
conversation service
service
194
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension
CS Call Duration
Time
Radio Link Setup Response
Time
Radio Link Deletion Response
CS Service Traffic ERL

Total CS Call Duration of a Certain Period/3600
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension
W
W
CS
CS AMR
AMR Voice
Voice Service
Service Traffic
Traffic Erlang
Erlang
W
W
CS
CS Video
Video Phone
Phone Service
Service Traffic
Traffic Erlang
Erlang
195
PS Service Throughput
Indicator
Description
Indicator
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Definition
Extension
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Period:
1Day.
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Area:
Area: cell-wise
cell-wise
W
W
Indoor
Indoor or
or Outdoor:
Outdoor: BOTH
BOTH
W
W
Measurement
based on
on OMC
OMC Counters
Counters value
value
W
W
Indicator
Indicator Meaning:
Meaning: this
this indicator
indicator reflect
reflect the
the total
total throughput
throughput of
of PS
PS service
service
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension
UL PS Service Throughput
RNC Received Total RLC PDU Bytes
DL PS Service Throughput
RNC Sent Total RLC PDU Bytes
Including user data
RLC head data
retransfer data
signaling data
Unit
Kbytes
196
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
W
W
PS
PS II 64/64
64/64 UL
UL Throughput
Throughput
W
W
PS
PS II 64/64
64/64 UL
UL Throughput
Throughput
W
W
PS
PS B
B 64/64
64/64 UL
UL Throughput
Throughput
W
W
PS
PS B
B 64/64
64/64 UL
UL Throughput
Throughput
W
W
PS
PS S
S 64/64
64/64 UL
UL Throughput
Throughput
W
W
PS
PS S
S 64/64
64/64 UL
UL Throughput
Throughput
W
W
Extension
UL Interference Load Factor

Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Period:
1Day.
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Area:
Area: cell-wise
cell-wise
W
W
Indoor
Indoor or
or Outdoor:
Outdoor: BOTH
BOTH
W
W
Measurement
Measurement Method:
Method: Calculate
Calculate based
based on
on Measurement
Measurement Report
Report value
value
W
W
Indicator
Indicator Meaning:
Meaning: this
this indicator
indicator reflect
reflect the
the cell
cell average
average UL
UL load
load factor
factor in
in aa
defined
defined period,
period, itit is
is calculated
calculated based
based on
on the
the RTWP
RTWP value
value on
on aa certain
certain
frequency.
frequency.
197
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension

UL RTWP measurement value
N0
/UL RTWP measurement value
100%
DL Power Load Factor

Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Period:
1Day.
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Area:
Area: cell-wise
cell-wise
W
W
Indoor
Indoor or
or Outdoor:
Outdoor: BOTH
BOTH
W
W
Measurement
Measurement Method:
Method: Calculate
Calculate based
based on
on Measurement
Measurement Report
Report value
value
W
W
Indicator
Indicator Meaning:
Meaning: this
this indicator
indicator reflect
reflect the
the cell
cell average
average DL
DL load
load degree
degree in
in
aa defined
defined period,
period, itit is
is calculated
calculated based
based on
on the
the base
base station
station Tx
Tx power.
power.
198
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension

DL Average Transmitting Carrier Power/
Configured DL Maximal Transmitting Carrier Power
100%
Trouble Cell Ratio
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Period:
1Day.
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Area:
Area: RNC-wise
RNC-wise
W
W
Indoor
Indoor or
or Outdoor:
Outdoor: BOTH
BOTH
W
W
Measurement
based on
on OMC
OMC Counters
Counters value
value
W
W
Indicator
Indicator Meaning:
Meaning: this
this indicator
indicator reflect
reflect the
the ratio
ratio of
of dead
dead cells
cells to
to total
total cells,
cells,
itit is
is an
an assistant
assistant to
to analyze
analyze the
the QoS
QoS of
of whole
whole network.
network.
199
Trouble Cell Ratio
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension
Trouble Cell Ratio

Trouble Cell Number/ Active Cell Number
100%
Trouble Cell is the cell whose drop call ratio>a

or Call Setup Success Ratio<b
Busy Cell Ratio
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Period:
1Day.
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Area:
Area: cell-wise
cell-wise
W
W
Indoor
Indoor or
or Outdoor:
Outdoor: BOTH
BOTH
W
W
Measurement
based on
on OMC
OMC Counters
Counters value
value
W
W
Indicator
Indicator Meaning:
Meaning: this
this indicator
indicator reflect
reflect the
the ratio
ratio of
of busy
busy cells
cells to
to total
total cells,
cells,
itit is
is an
an assistant
assistant to
to analyze
analyze the
the QoS
QoS of
of whole
whole network.
network.
200
Busy Cell Ratio
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension
Busy Cell Ratio

Busy Cell Number/Active Cell Number
100
Busy cell is the cell whose DL Power Load factor>c
or Code Resource Occupation Factor>d
Sleeping Cell Ratio
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Period:
1Day.
W
W
Statistic
Statistic Area:
Area: cell-wise
cell-wise
W
W
Indoor
Indoor or
or Outdoor:
Outdoor: BOTH
BOTH
W
W
Measurement
based on
on OMC
OMC Counters
Counters value
value
W
W
Indicator
Indicator Meaning:
Meaning: this
this indicator
indicator reflect
reflect the
the ratio
ratio of
of idle
idle cells
cells to
to total
total cells,
cells, itit
is
is an
an assistant
assistant to
to analyze
analyze the
the QoS
QoS of
of whole
whole network.
network.
201
Sleeping Cell Ratio
Indicator
Indicator
Description
Definition
Indicator
Signaling Flow
Extension
Sleeping Cell Ratio

Sleeping Cell Number/Active Cell Mumber
100%
Sleeping Cell is the cell whose DL power load factor<e
Content
KPI Overview
Measurement Methods
202
Libya Large Scale Commercial Application

one of the few profitable
WCDMA large Scale networks
Libya
Libya
Network Scale
T 1.8 Million lines GSM network, MSS adopted ZTEs
WCDMA R4 CN based on V3 platforms, finished at the
Speciality
T R4 architecture; GSM and WCDMA hybrid network;
support 2G/3G handover and roaming
end of 2005.
T 1 Million lines WCDMA, covering the capital, Tripoli and
the other 13 main cities, can serve 90% of the population
in Libya.
T Both Pre-paid and Post-paid services are available

T Thousands of dual mode mobile subscribers can
smoothly migrate to 3G network
T Within
T Fast growth of subscriber: The number of subscribers

broke through 300,000 at the end of 2006.
months,
finished
the
construction
and
optimization of 1.1 M lines 3G network

T HSDPA in scale application, smoothly evolve to HSPA+
Libya WCDMA Network Dimensioning
ZTE The Most Reliable Partner of 3G Operator

Network KPIs indicate the excellent of Libyanas network:
Phase1 Tripoli
260 sites
Phase2
Highway and 5 cities, 91 sites
Phase3
8 cities, 119 sites
203
Libya WCDMA Network Coverage

T
ZTE Excellent Network Quality

In dense urban, the planning object is CS64K
continuous coverage with CS64K. The road
test for network coverage:
RSCP threshold level is -85dBm,

coverage probability is 95.19%
Ec/Io threshold level is -12dB,

coverage probability is 99.09%
Current KPI from OMCR

100
99.5
99
98.5
98
97.5
97
96.5
96
95.5
3-25
3-26
3-27
3-28
3-2 9
3- 30
3-3 1
4- 1
4- 2
4 -3
R RC S et up S uc ce ss Ra te (f or s er vi ce )( %)
R AB S et up S uc ce ss Ra te (% )
R ad io A cc es s Su cce ss R at e( %)
204
4- 4
4 -5
4-6
4-7
Current KPI from OMCR (cont.)

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
3- 25
3 -26
3 -27
3 -28
3 -29
3 -30
3-31
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
4-6
4-7
CS Call Drop Rate(%)
Current KPI from OMCR (cont.)

100
98
96
94
92
90
88
86
84
3- 25
3 -26
3 -27
3-28
3 -29
3 -30
SHO Success Rate(%)
3-31
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
CS iRATHO Success Rate(%)
205
4-5
4-6
4-7
206
WCDMA Network Optimization

Cases study
ZTE University
Content
WCDMA DT Cases
WCDMA Network optimization Cases
207
WCDMA DT Cases
DT
Best Ec
Weak coverage area
WCDMA DT Cases
DT Best SC
Ant reverse
Over cover
No domi server
208
WCDMA DT Cases
Uplink/downlink unbalance
TX is high
WCDMA DT Cases
Over Shoot Analysis

T
PSCs coverage exceeds defined threshold, and may

cause negative influence on remote region.
209
WCDMA DT Cases
Handover problem analyze

Monitor set 267&283 arestrong
Adjacent
cell
problem
Call drop
Content
WCDMA DT Cases
210
Case1(Handover problem)
T
In especially urban environment, the handover region between two cells

might be too small.
If the UE passes such an area in a very quick speed, the call might be
dropped.
There might be sudden changes of

signal strength at crossroads of the
city.
Case1
For successful handover, the

increase and decrease speed of
the signals received by the UE
can enable the UE to complete
the necessary active set
updating process.
211
Case1
The handover region should

be big enough to ensure the
UE to complete the active set
up-dating process before
being interfered or
compressed.
Case1
Cover the crossroad with one

cell.
212
Case1
The antenna of the cell should be

put higher than the buildings along
the street so that the cell coverage
area can be bigger.
Case1
T
How to determine that the call-drop is caused by too small

handover region or sudden change of signal strength?
B Before the call is dropped, the Ec/Io reported by the UE is very
poor.
B Once in the idle mode, the UE sets up connection with the new
cell.
B The Ec/Io reported by the UE becomes very good.
B The big difference of Ec/Io indicates that the call-drop is caused by
these reasons.
B The pilot strength data of the two cells recorded by the Scanner
also proves the above conclusion.
213
Case2
T
It is found that the call-drop rate is very high on the seaside express way from TRI002 to
TRI004. According to the testing data analysis, the coverage distance of 404 is very short
at the call-drop venue.
Case2
To take a birds-eye view from the sky, it is found that there are
several tall buildings in front of the 404 cell.
214
Case2
Problem analysis:
T
As the handover region is short and the call-drop venue

on the seaside road is close to the TRI002 site (only
400m), signals might be strong at first but disappear
quickly. This can cause slow speed of strong signals of
the adjacent 404 cell in adding the active set. It can also
cause a lot of ping-pang handover and result in call-drop.
Case2
Solution:
Event
Optimize the handover parameter: Adjust 1A and

1B event handover parameters so that adding
Setting before
optimization
Setting after
optimization
Reporting Range
Constant
Hysteresis
3.5dB
2dB
Replacement threshold with strongest pilot is
Time to trigger
200ms
200ms
reduced; replacement observation duration is
Reporting Range
Constant
Hysteresis
3.5dB
4dB
Time to trigger
200ms
640ms
Hysteresis
6dB
4dB
Time to trigger
200ms
320ms
Hysteresis
6dB
4dB
on this section is greatly improved; the call-drop
Time to trigger
200ms
320ms
rate is reduced.
events can easily occur and deleting events occur
1A event
slowly and difficultly. The values of handover

parameters 1C and 1D events are adjusted.
increased. The advantage of such adjustment is to
1B event
enable high percentage of the users using

strongest and stable scramble.
Effect after optimization:
1C event
T
According to the route testing after handover

parameter adjustment, the handover success rate
1D event
215
Case3
Case3
Problem analysis:
T
Spot A is about 2.7km from Sousse2 site. A is the entrance of a uptown

highway and has a turn of about 90 degrees. Signals of cell 228 of
Erriadh TT site become weak suddenly because the cell is sheltered.
Spot B is about 2km from CTT Skanes site. The seaside road that B
located is at a lower sea level than the CTT Skanes site. Signals of cell
332 of CTT Skanes site can be received by the mobile phone after
penetrating several 2~3-layer buildings. At around spot B, the pilot
signal strength is reduced to be below -100dBm.
The NodeB in Sahaling is quite restricted by the environment. The site

height is only 25m; there is little space for increasing the height.
216
Case3
Solution:
Channel
Before adjustment
After
adjustment
Adjust the transmit power of
CPICH
10%
15%
common channels;
BCH
-3dB
0dB
Increase the pilot transmit
FACH
0dB
3dB
power
PCH
-3dB
0dB
PSCH
-4dB
-3dB
SSCH
-4dB
-3dB
The coverage effect and the call-
PICH
-7dB
-4dB
drop rate is optimized. There is
AICH
-7dB
-4dB

T
almost no dropped call along the

express way.
Case 4 (High Sites problem)

T
Flower hall site is located on the Gaoxun Tower beside the Quzhuang cloverleaf junction. Its is at a height of
70m. After line testing, it is found that the 425 (scramble) cell of the site provides cross-cell coverage. Cell
signals are still strong in the First Zhongshan Road, which is far from the Flower hall site. As the 425 cell is
not configured as the Neighbor-Cell of cell 436 in the first sector of the Shuqianlu site located on the First
Zhongshan Road, calls are easily dropped in this area.
The above figure shows the pilot Ec/Io route testing result on the First
Zhongshan Road (affected by signals from the Flower hall site, Ec/Io
in area A is very poor; call-drop rate in the area is high; however, the
pilot strength of the area is good.)
217
Case 4
T
Analysis of the call-drop reason:
As there is shadow fading, the

occurrence of the following events
can be detected from the active set
upgrading report.
Cell2 is the best service area;
Cell1 is deleted from the activation
cell;
Cell3 is not in the Neighbor-Cell list
of Cell2; strong signals from Cell3
result in poor Ec/Io;
Poor Ec/Io results in call-drops.
Solution:
Add Cell3 into Cell2s Neighbor-Cell list;

As Cell3 is in a far distance, it is not expected to be a member of the active set in
the problematic area;
Reduce the transmit power of Cell3 and increase its tilt angle in order to control
its signal coverage range. At the same time, take into consideration the coverage
range to be provided by Cell3.
Case 4
Execute solution:
T
Add the mechanical tilt angle of the antenna of Huachang site

425 cell;
Add Huachang site 425 cell into the Neighbour-Cell list of

Shuqianlu site;
Reduce the maximum transmit power, public channel power

and pilot channel power of Flower hall site 425 cell by 3dB.

T
After optimization, the pilot Ec/Io of area A is obviously

improved.
After optimization, there is no call-drop
218
Case 4
T
There is no strict definition for the high site. It is a relative

concept.
It is not necessarily wrong to put the UMTS base station

on the top of the hill.
The high site can easily receive uplink interference

generated by other users.
The bigger the loads in the high site coverage area, the
more possible the problem might occur.
If the network is vacant or lightly loaded, the effect of the

high site is not obvious. But it still cause cross-cell
coverage, pilot pollution and call-drop.
Case 4
T
Suggestion
In urban areas, buildings are densely located and the penetration loss is big; the radio
transmission environment is complicated and the NodeB coverage distance is small. Hence
the antenna should not be put too high. According to the present building density and
average height, the antenna height can be about 35m; it should be 10~15m higher than the
average height of surrounding buildings. Of course, the specific height of the antenna
should be determined according to the local radio transmission environment.
In rural areas, population is relatively small and buildings are not densely located; distances
between base stations are big. Hence the antenna should be high; in general, the antenna
height in rural areas is around 50m and should be 15m higher than the average height of its
surrounding.
In the sea, the radio transmission model is similar as the transmission model for free
spaces. The radio transmission environment is good; radio electric waves can be
transmitted to a far distance. The site can be located on a high hill (higher than 100m) in
order to expand its coverage.
In deserts and Gobi areas, signals are transmitted to a farer distance than in ordinary plains.
The antenna height is usually 60m or higher in order to expand the signal coverage area.
219
Case 5
The Neighbour-Cell list problems
T
The Neighbour-Cell list is a cell list that might be added

into the active set;
Cells in the Neighbour-Cell list will be measured as

whether they meet the requirement for soft handover or
softer handover with the main service cell;
The number of cells in the Neighbour-Cell list is up to 32;
Avoid missing Neighbour-Cells with best signals in the

Neighbour-Cell list.
Case 5
The network planning tool can use proper algorithm to automatically plan the
Neighbour-Cell list; such planning is always based on the interference among cells;
If the pilot signals of one cell is very strong but the cell is not added in the active set,
signals of the cell will become strong interference;
Either single-directional configuration or bi-directional configuration might be adopted

between Neighbour-Cells;
In setting the Neighbour-Cell list, take into first considerations about the cell
interference and the cells possibility of becoming a main service cell of the MS;
The method of automatically creating the Neighbour-Cell list via the network planning
tool can be regarded as an initial reference of the Neighbour-Cell list. Manual
adjustment is needed. The Neighbour-Cell list should finally be optimized by using
the route testing data.
220
Case 5
T
According to repeated route tests, it is found that calls are usually dropped during the handover in the
direction from the Flower hall site to the Yunshan Hotel site; in the opposite direction from the Yunshan
Hotel site to the Flower hall site, no call-drop occurs.
Case 5
Problem analysis:
T
According to testing data analysis, the section 20m from the call-drop venue is mainly
covered by signals from the third sector (scramble 426) of the Flower hall site instead of
signals from the first sector (scramble 424) of the Flower hall site. The reason might be the
third sector (scramble 426) of the Flower hall site is sheltered by a tall building in front of it;
signals of this sector are reflected to the road segment of 20m between the Flower hall site
and the Yunshan Hotel site. Check the Neighbour-Cell list; it is found that the third sector
(scramble 414) of the Yunshan Hotel site has configured the third sector of the Flower hall
site as an Neighbour-Cell, while the third sector (scramble 426) of the Flower hall site does
not configure the third sector (scramble 414) of the Yunshan Hotel site as an NeighbourCell. This has caused a failure in single-directional handover and resulted in call-drop.
Solution:
T
Configure the third sector (scramble 414) of the Yunshan Hotel site as an Neighbour-Cell of
the third sector (scramble 426) of the Flower hall site.

T
After the Neighbour-Cell is configured, route tests are made on the road segment between
the Flower hall site and the Yunshan Hotel site. No call-drop occurs.
221
Case 5
Summary
T
In the network planning phase, the Neighbour-Cell list can be

automatically generated via the network planning tool.
Optimization of the Neighbour-Cell list can be executed via route tests

and statistics analysis of the route testing data.
The Neighbour-Cell list optimized via route test data statistics analysis
is a short Neighbour-Cell list. And if necessary, the preference
sequence in the Neighbour-Cell list can be very clear.
By analyzing the route test data, Neighbour-Cells not configured in the

Neighbour-Cell list via planning tool can be found.
Case 6
If the path loss values from the MS to multiple cells are similar, problems will be
generated as there is no dominant server.
Such problems include poor Ec/Io, low downlink capacity, and frequent updating
of the active set.
222
Case 6
Add loads on a small network with 7 omni-directional sites; there are

200 voice terminals in average; the connection rate is 100%.
Case 6
Remove the central site; pilot pollution will be generated in the central area, which leads
to the emulated Ec/Io failure (the coverage probability now is 78%).
223
Case 6
Increase the pilot power from 33 dBm to 38 dBm; simulated Ec/Io failures
disappear; but downlink Eb/No failures occur in the same area.
Case 6
Zoom in
Pilot pollution
224
Case 6
Solution:
In the precondition of satisfying coverage, adjust the tilt angle, azimuth and
power parameters of Neighbour-Cells so that signals of one cell become a
dominant server.
Add a site in the problematic area; adopt one cell of the new site into the
dominant server.
ZTE
s Rich Experience
Perfect
Perfect WCDMA
WCDMA Trial
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Network
Planning
Planning &
& Optimization
Optimization in
in China
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W Excellent and comprehensive Test Result with
CMII, CMCC, CNC, CTC, CRC;
W Rich Planning & Optimization experience is
acquired and prepared for the coming large-scale
commercial application of 3G.
225
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ZTE
s Rich Experience
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Perfect WCDMA
WCDMA commercial
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system
Planning
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& Optimization
Optimization in
in the
the world
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W Tunisia 3G commercial System
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W Success of ZTE WCDMA in Brunei
226

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WCDMA Network Planning & Optimization

Training Presentation Slides

Copyright ZTE Corporation

2009, first edition

2. About This Manual

3. Manual Update history

4. From the Author

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Multi-path characteristics of radio channel

reflects the trend of the received signal in the spreading

Description of Fast fading distribution

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Characteristics of Radio Propagation

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Spread Spectrum Principles

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Spread Spectrum Principles

Power is Spread Over a Larger Bandwidth

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Spread Spectrum Principles

B User information bits are spread over a wide bandwidth by

multiplying high speed spread code(chip)

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Spread Spectrum Principles

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication v

Direct sequence spread spectrumDS-SS

band pulse, the pseudo-noise sequence generated by the pseudo-noise

Frequency hopping spread spectrumFH-SS

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

DS-SS communication system

A technology of transmission after spreading signal

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Spread Spectrum Principles

Many code channels are individually

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Spread Spectrum Principles

signal by using the right orthogonal code

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Concept of orthogonal code

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Example of orthogonal code

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Direct spread technique

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Sketch map of Spreading and Despreading

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Characteristics of Spreading Communication

High anti-multi-path- interference capability

Lower transmitting power

Easy to implement large-capacity Multiple Access

Occupy band wide

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Purpose of Channel Coding

By adding redundant information in the original data

No correct coding: BER<10-1 ~ 10-2

Can not satisfy

Can satisfy the

Can satisfy the

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Principle of Channel Coding

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Principle of Interleave Technology

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication