CHILD

DEVELOPMENT
Physical Development

Nor Huda bt Haris

Nor Zafirahanis bt Abd Manan
Mohd Ihsan b Faharol Razi
“Child development refers to changing in physical size,
the growth of body parts, the function of body parts,
and human characteristics”
(Woolfolk & Margetts, 2007)
We can say that,
Child development is the development of body size
and head, body weight and height, teeth and bones
growth.
Hurlock (1978) said that these changes (physical
development) effects the personality directly and
indirectly.

Directly = physical development decides the child

ability to do something.
Indirectly = physical development give influence to
the child self-confidence and other
children.
What are we going to learn today?

In this topic, we will be discussing about the physical

development during the prenatal, baby, toddler, child,
an early adolescence
The Principle of Child Development
 Basic Principle
 Our body development starts from head to feet
 After birth, the size of the head develop first follow by body,
hands, and foot.
 The development direction occur from the centre of our
body to physically.
 Physical development aspects in different stages.
The Developmental Stages
Prenatal
 Germinal (conception through week 2)
 Embryonic (weeks 3 through weeks 8)
 Fetal (weeks 9 through birth)
Baby (0 through 2 years old)
Toddler (2 – 6 years old)
Child (7 – 12 years old)
Early Adolescence (12 – 15 years old)
 Prenatal

1 2 3
Germinal Embryonic Fetal
 Prenatal
An individual development start at the time of
fertilization.
When a woman reach puberty, an ovum (egg) be release
after 28 days of mature to fallopian tube. This is called
ovulation.
An ovum that fertilize with a sperm is called a zygote.
The prenatal happen about nine (9) months and have 3
phases that are germinal, embryonic, and fetal.
 Germinal (Zygote)
The period of the germinal lasts about 2 weeks, from
fertilization (zygote) until the tiny mass of cells drifts
down and out of the fallopian tube and attaches itself
to the wall of the uterus.
The zygote’s first cell duplication is long and drawn
out; is not complete until about 30 hours after
conception.
Gradually, new cells are added at a faster rate.
By the fourth day, 60 to 70 cells exist that form a
hollow, fluid-filled ball called a blastocyst.
the cells on the inside, called the embryonic disk, will
become the new organism; the outer ring of cells,
termed the trophoblast, will provide protective
covering and nourishment.
In this photo taken with the aid of a powerful microscope, sperm have completed
their journey up to the female reproductive tract and are beginning to penetrate
the surface of the enormous-looking ovum. When one of the sperm is successful
at fertilizing the ovum, the resulting zygote will begin to duplicate.
Zygote: Seventh to ninth day
 Embryonic
The period of embryo lasts from implantation through
the eighth weeks of pregnancy.
During these brief 6 weeks, the most rapid prenatal
changes take place, because the groundwork for all
body structures and internal organ is laid down.
Last half of the first month, the embryonic disk forms
3 layers of cells
 The ectoderm – become the nervous system and skin
 The mesoderm – develop to muscles, skeleton,
circulatory system, and other internal organ
 The endoderm – become the digestive system, lungs,
urinary tract, and glands.
The second month, growth continues rapidly.
The eyes, ears, nose, jaw, and neck form. Tiny buds
become arms, legs, fingers, and toes.
Internal organ are more distinct.
Now, 1 inch long and one-seventh of an ounce in
weight and the embryo can sense its world
Embryo: Fourth week
Embryo: Seventh week
 Fetal
Lasting from the ninth week until the end of
pregnancy, the period of the fetus is the “growth and
finishing” phase.
In this phase, the organs, muscles and nervous system
start to become organized and connected.
The brain signals, and in response, the fetus kicks,
bend its arm, forms a fist, curls its toes, opens its
mouth and many more
Is the fetus is born during the seventh month of
pregnancy, it will suffer from respiration problem.
But, with today technology, the chance for the fetus to
live is high.
In this phase, the height and weight increase.
Fetus: Eleventh week
Fetus: Twenty-second week
Fetus: Thirty-six week
 Baby (0 – 2 years old)
For the first two years, a baby growth and
development are increase rapidly.
The height of a baby is about 50cm during birth and
increase about 30% for the first 5 months.
The weight of the baby is about 3 to 5 kg during birth.
The weight increase about 1 kg after a month.
The brain’s size and complexity also increase.
Teeth begin to growth at bottom jaw in the age
between 6 to 8 month.
The sequence of the teeth of is at the bottom jaw follow
by upper jaw. This sequence is a must to avoid misplace
of the jaw and the perfection of
After the development of psychomotor, the baby started
to be independence and manage to do some movement.
The movement also manipulated the interaction
between the parents and environment.
In the end of year two, a baby is able to do more
complex activities.
Can you think several activities that can be done by a
baby in this stage?
 Toddler (2 – 6 years old)
In this stage, the physical development become slower
comparing to the first two years.
Their height are double from birth and their weight is
four times.
Muscles(kasar) had full develop but muscles(halus)
are improper development.
Researchers said that the development of girls in this
stage are more faster that the boys.
Changes in psychomotor abilities has a sequence. A
child has to know how to walk first then run.
 Age (years) Psychomotor development
Climbing stairs with help
2 Holding bigger objects: ball
Manipulation of small objects: crayon.
3 Throw ball
Riding a tricycle.
4 Jumping and running
Climbing up and down stairs without help.
Using inline skates
5 Writing simple letter and words

*Psychomotor abilities and changes are influence by the parents genetic

 Child (7 – 12 years old)
Growth and physical development at current stage is
more stabile.
It is more to improvement of psychomotor abilities.
The height of girls increase at the age of 8 until 10
years old and climax at the age of 12.
The height of boys increase at the age of 10 until 12
years old and climax at the age of 15.
When children reach puberty, they look more faster,
tougher, and able to focus on activities or task given.
The development of muscle (halus), eye coordination
and hand are enough for them to write, learn playing
musical instrument, sewing, and many more.
Boys are more towards extreme games.
 Early Adolescence
(12 – 15years old)
Growth and physical development at current phase are
the same as the baby.
Physical changes such as height, body size and shapes
are more towards adult.
Changing in size for female teenagers occur faster
starting one to two years before puberty.
When reaching puberty, body shape of a female
teenager more towards kewanitaan.
For male teenagers who have reach puberty, they will
experience changing in voices.
 Thank You…
Hope you all understand