D> MAIN IDEAS Be TeRMs a NAMES Life in on z. Ancient Egypt = Build on What You Know As you have seen, Egypt prospered along the Nile. This prosperity made life easier and provided greater opportunities for many Egyptians. wloped a complex dow eae snd social roles. society with many diferent jobs a Egyptians made sien. in calendars, geamely, medicne, and on @ ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did work and social roles affect people Egyptians believed in many gods in ancient Egy? ‘and a happy life after death When farmers produce food surpluses, the society's economy begins to expand. Cities emerge as centers of culture and PPPTTTIT EST eee ss power, and people lear to do jobs that do not involve e agriculture. For example, some ancient Egyptians learned to > TAKING NOTES er be seribes, people whose job was to write and keep records. Reading Skill: Categorizing Sorting erstand patterns in history In LeS0O S As Egyptian civilization grew more cyoups nips you Tens Took forthe categories of Egyptian alte “ on 2 complex, people took on jobs other than that of a farmer or abou them. Reor the information = scribe. Some skilled artisans erected stone or Brick houses yay, egypt siled and temples, Other artisans made pottery, incense, mats, grisans ped o ‘urniture, linen clothing, sandals, or jewelry. bull he temple andthe shafts with \ few Egyptians traveled to the upper Nile to rade with athe shit other Africans. These raders took Egyptian products such melee we as scrolls, linen, gold, and jewelry. They brought back exotic Hesebsh (=) iS fey mae ti ea tent mais an 08 = (Gl seen sttont. se tne evoiution af ane ectand we reionshig 629 Tae the Soltin 22 Teeth development $23. UnNEiGon andthe socal and language ond a : md rz sadents unde tt C2 ccs ee pote 2 Sader Pere neering Fat rece Sate ‘thure ond power. Tas fendersRulers and Priests As Egypt stew: s° did ned oe nse edo eee en Fn a created a ary 1 defend Hel ‘One of the highest jos in Baypt was 7 bane Be flows oma dap on pes EN es, and even fed them meals temples, changed their clothes, and Priests Pyne SRIUBUHDER inteRPRETIG VSUALS tots oe Seng permed ini ee at eo rene mor oe ha Pal edo araoh The er, called the ‘pharaoh, was above all other People because he o she wos Considered 2908 rests Te press aed forthe temples nd eld CGremoner to feep be seas hopy sibs The sribes were trained inthe at of ting snd record keeng. Famers, Labores and slaves The Ioegest agent of he population was made tp of farmers labore Together, the priests and the ruler held ceremonies to please the gods. Egyptians believed that if the gods were angry, the Nile ‘would not flood, As a result, crops would not grow, and people would die. So the ruler and the priests tried hard to keep the gods happy. By doing so, they hoped to maintain the social and political order, Slaves Slaves were at the bottom of society. In Egypt, people became slaves if they owed a debt, committed a crime, or were captured in war, Egyptian slaves were usually freed after a period of time, One exception was the slaves who had to work in the mines, Many died from the exhausting labor. Life for Women Egypt was one of the best places in the ancient world to be a woman. Unlike other ancient African ‘cultures, in Egyptian society men and women had fairly equal rights, For example, they could both own and manage their own property. The main job of most women was to care for their children and home, but some did other jobs too, Some women. wove cloth. Others worked with their husbands in fields or workshops. Some women, such as Queen Tiy, even rose to important positions in the government. Childhood Children in Egypt played with toys such as dolls, animal figures, board games, and marbles. Their parents made the toys from wood or clay. Boys and girls also played rough physical games with balls made of leather or reeds. Boys and some girls from wealthy families went to schools run by scribes or priests, Most other children learned their parents’ jobs. Almost all Egyptians married when they were in their early teens. What were the levels of Egyptian society? Expanding Knowledge ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did learning advance in ancient Egypt? ‘As in many ancient societies, much of the knowledge of Egypt tame about as priests studied the world to find ways to please the Bods. Other advances came about because of practical discoveries. L ‘Ancient Egypt » 157priests studied the sky ‘ago, they noticed that as appeared shortly Egyptian religion. About 5,000 years called Sirius (SITRecewuhs) began to flood. The star returned to the s days. Based on that, Egyptians developed the world’s first practical calendar, she Egyptians developed some of the fist 6&0 detiyear the Nile’ floods washed away land bouncauks restore property lines, surveyors ropes that were knotted at regular intervals ‘ccometric shapes such as squares and trlangles wer to Egyptians. Architects used them in and monuments. eyptian doctors often prepared de burial, so they knew the parts o helped them perform some of the wor doctors specialized in using medicines wr medicine was far from perfect, Doctors ‘made of herbs. Egyptia that the heart cont , ch ris the opposite of what is Knovin now. Some FEYDS treatments would raise eyebr vMomach was to eat a hog’ tooth crushed inside sug e Beginning about 3000 8: Egyptians Boe iting system using bierogy pbs. HieogHPhs {Hiveuhreubecuns) are pictures that stand fo different cay sounds. Early Egyptians created a ieroghy hie ote with about 700 characters. Overtime the sytem grew to include more than 6,000 symbols. “The Egyptians also developed a paper ike material called papyrus (PubsPYerus) from a reed of the same name. Egyptians teat the stems into strips, pressed them, Gnd dried them into sheets that could pe rolled into scrolls. Papyrus scrolls swore light and easy to carry. With them. Tayptians created some of the first books What advances in learning did the Egyptians make? ‘chapter 5 as part of the! before the Nile ‘ame position in 365 measured the land by using the design of royal temples ad bodies for ¥ the body. That knowledge a’ first surgery. Some believed vied thought and the brain circulated blood, vows today. One “cure” for an upset cakes! ieee These aymbots represent the cofruler Senusret Hieroglyphs ‘The ancient Egyptians used hieroglyphs in many ways, a5 shown in this carving of Senusret a ruler from the 1900s a These pctres stand forthe idea ven ie «They could be simple picture writing. For example, a wavy line might mean “water” metry. To “+Some pictures stood for ideas. A - Circle often meant Re, the un god. «Finally, some signs also came to represent sounds. For example, the signs below represent the name cof Cleopatra a foreign queen who would later rue Egypt. AIADRS KLE O PA TR AT These symbols ofthe Egyptian © - ‘DOCUMENT-BASED QUESTION ws oyu thinks the purpose o a pose of rods his caving? © EsseNTIAL QUESTION What religious bts cd Egyptians hold? fn fom chat wing wad hei ath, im gene, che ptians had a positive view of life. The black land provided most of the Egyptians’ need, As asl, they di nt ‘struggle to make a living. rho ochaveso Li Their positive outlook shaped their Vocabulary strat teligion and led them to bel = Afterite 3 ‘compound word. You can divide it ito the words arte and lite. An afte i 3 life believed to follow death Tha the gods fvored then Egan belcred th ti poset auld evn with apy afin ate ie tt ft ety Nora ue he /ptians’ beliefs. For example, the Sumerians thou h that the afterlife was miserable. en sere Apecson ranted to be a8 study many e05t ‘ofthe coo ‘Ancient Egypt * 159sd deeds made a heart eo. me prin’ ear, a shown It reared was happy afte amma in Chapter 3 pote = gods that were pasihesin we ea oem sete itn fea ae Osiris’ wife ; «Anubis (uh*NOOsbihs) —a god of the dead i ey would need Making Mummies Egyptians thought ws + sl they embalmed dead people. their bodies in the afterlife, so they cle to preserve a body after death, First, em En ence the er. Next they filled he boy vrof salt and herbs to create a mummy. A Samy dried so it won't decay. When dry (re eds of yards of linen strips. The smmy was wrapped in hundseds wal p ing took about 70 days, ‘whole process of embalming and wrapping (0 ‘ removed all with a mixture of salt is a body that has been 460 » Chapter 5 The mummy was placed in a coffin inside a tomb. The tomb also held everyday objects, furniture, and food. Scenes from the person’ life were painted on the walls. The Egyptians expected these pictures to become real so that the dead person could use Arabs Eoyotians chem in the afterlife Beteved te oct aed god Anis What the Egyptians thnk happened after death? weighed he hearts Merde Lesson Summary + The Egyptians developed a calendar, early ‘geometry, medical knowledge, and hieroglyphic writing, * Ancient Egypt had a complex society with specialized jobs. Women and slaves lived better there than in many other ancient lands. + The Egyptians believed in many gods related to nature. They also believed in a happy afterlife. Why It Matters Now .... The ancient Egyptians were the first people known to develop a formal religion based on a belief in the afterlife. Such a belief is part of most religions today. 2. Lesson Review Homework Helper zp Main ideas 3. Why were some Egyptians able to become artisans? (622) 4. How were hieroglyphs used? (629) 5. What duties dd priests have? (62.3) A-Epplainthe importance of scribe papyrus Hierootos Serie embalm muy Your Notes ering ie our cpl web dog 10 the following question: * Expt al (62.3) Critical Thinking 6. Understanding Cause and Effect Why vere Eayptianescoveres in astronomy and medicine Important? (HI 2) 7. Making Generalizations How did the Nile alectthe Egyptians’ view ofthe afterife? (6.2.3) Writing n Wieroglyphs Use the hsoahphe lerogyphs Us the hal shown on page 58 wite A few words. (6.2.9) me Ancient Egypt * 161TEs st Egyptian doctors Pr ‘aeleeiaa reatedphysial injures, such medi povided The Legacy of Egypt spear nae ene os Purpose: To lear knowledge and le ir lagnoss, Egyptians were sophisticated, suchas fs the ist to use surgical those used for laser | | irseuments, such as those surgery. But doctors shown here, today stil use the tree categories that Egyptians used to describe a patent's ‘condition: favorable uncertain, and unaverable, faring have on people today ion with te ancient Egyptians 25 you ‘You may fee! litle connection wit ; eater ization. Yet our ization oves OF seat the Egyptians. They left behind 2 ich heftage 5 cet mathemati that we cotinue to bul on te Past Arad 4000. the EON 7 ast Aes day calendar be the Ss agent ra 2b pt sar Ss Tn coc vm Te st come mai be yea fee ech re ied nto 2 HW 1 Snr hl > Pa measured fields Maing such geomet shapes as wiangls. Dchitecs so used ths shape when they esent The Egyptian built their grea gramids. You will "end the bass for the Bes mace abut Egyptian prams in the ema sem en Poti rene : Sa pe emt shown et reer tomato pra Pecan digs j 1 ie thar ‘ancient Egyptians never i 4 a architecture. The glass pyramid enn ae seu Pts ist one easing mines and aca le of yin uence om _— ae | 1 What do Cees toeeenant hiaoniedys o. ne i ae = will our chilleation be ri " remembered for? Write a ei e Paragraph teling what you thnk a DURES ur egacy vill be (Writing 2.2) : \ Ancient Egypt * 163