> MAIN IDEAS Egypt united under a central government that ruled for centuries ‘Pharaoh Khu built a huge monument to proclaim his glory. riod of Egypt entered a p change as centralized rule weakened > TAKING NOTES ding Skill: Summarizing To summarize in te oman in ve we ere keane od mprtant eta son 38 fone below. Then Use Ueson 3a dgram Me the ane Blow. THe thesn to hep you write a summary ofthe leo pat Tea ah 38 af efor ancient Saymtl en ho taypians. Tomb ro _ raohs and gods holding ang GI suitbuaer Handbook age ‘ay ie ‘eas pacus the main features of 6ST stadt 09 eg 1623 Understand he latonsn Egyptian art and architecture, SST between eign an i betwee order m Mesopotamia end 1164 » Chapter 5 The Pyramid Builders Build on What You Know You have read about the upper and lower Nile. There were also two kingdoms called Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. They united into a strong empire, © Essew iat QUESTION What kind of ovement led Egypt ater it ‘was united? Legend says a king’named Narmer united Upper and Lower Egypt. Some historians think Narmer actually represents several kings who gradually joined the two lands. After Egypt was united, its ruler wore the Double Crown, It combined the red Crown of Lower Egypt with the white Crown of Upper Egypt. (See page 166.) The first dynasty of the Egyptian mpire began about 2925 s.c. A dynasty (DYenuhestee) is a line of rulers from the same family. When a king died, one of his children usually took his place as ruler. The order in which members of a royal family inherit a throne is called. the sueeession. More than 30 dynasties ruled ancient Egypt. Historians divide ancient Egyptian dynasties into the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom, The Old Kingdom started about 2575 8, when the Egyptian empire was gaining strength, > TERM & Names dynasty pharaoh pyramid step pyramid Kuta Pyramids Thess structures, called pyramids, were but the tombs of rulers. ¥ Ancient Egypt + 165About 2630 a, King Djoser (ZHOHesuhr) built ‘much larger pyramid over his tomb, Itis called a step gu Vaesbuaey yramid because its sides rise ina series of giant steps. tis the oldest known large stone structure in the world The Great Pyramid About 80 years later, a pharaoh named Khufu (KOO*P00) decided he wanted a monument that would show the world how great he was, He ordered the construction of the largest pyramid ever built, Along its base, each side was about 760 feet long. The core was built from 2.3 million blocks of stone, Building the Great Pyramid was hard work. Miners cut the huge blocks of stone using copper saws and chisels. ‘These tools were much softer than the iron tools developed later, Other teams of workers pulled the stone slabs up long, sloping ramps to their place on the pyramid, Near the top of the pyramid, the ramps ended. Workers dragged each heavy block hundreds of feet and then set it in place. Farmers did the heavy labor of hauling stone du: season when the Nile flooded their fields. Skilled stonecutters and overseers worked year-round, The Great Pyramid took nearly 20 years to build, An estimated 20,000 Egyptians worked on it A city called Giza (GEE*zuh) was built for the pyramid workers rnd the people who fed, clothed, and housed them. pyramid sep pyramid ouble Crown of upper and Lower EayPt crown of crown of sam Upper Egypt pt became known a8 the | : ‘meant “great house, “ lace. Later it jr euled from the ng of Fey aohs Rule The king. Pmt (PAIReoh), The word hart ear, aa riinay used to describe the Kins PT an ile ofthe ing himself The capital city of Memphis he ancien iypeans thw ods anda god himself EBy ed ejects Honored te Tgypt suffered hard times for 2 lent a, e blamed riod, the people blams paypt su mes fora long period the PEP: TT, he phat Herefor angering the gods. nsuch a case 2 al mi vows ‘ ‘pe a god, governme fas a child of the ght the pharaoh ho lle if the pharaoh rete ha ° sans es would be bapey nt rive him from Powel ta cause the pharaoh wa cen yt Piss had mh IUFU (ruled during the 2500s 8.c) power in the government = thes, Srey (SNEHFeRoo), was awa king who brought sncent EAP 5peity to Egypt Snefru celebrated his deeds by building inked in a religion and government i igi ts ue pyramid as his burial monument. Khufu ied the pyramids design, but he decided that Her vas even better. His Great Pyramid was te tallest ure on Earth for over 4,300 years. Can you imagine the fcr ches a ruler ike that must have included in his GGT How were Khutu’s Great Pyramid |AL QUESTION How dd Pharaoh Khuf proclaim his glory @ essen Jerground nb We con reypt were often buried in an und 4 fe cn only magne because rave robers emptied The frst rulers of EN soon, kings wanted more Perma, nbs inde the pyramid lng ago. The only objec eft | tom topped yd the md brick witha sal py af Rs nerlisa ship discret in 1954. Ths oot | monuments. They replaced the MH TT. guructure shapes ent to transport Khufu’ soul through theatre | Tek or stone, pyran (IHRAUNeT the pth ofthe an god i Tike a triangle, with four sides tha ‘Ancient Egypt * 167gyptians stop fe Robbers Eventually, FgyP' eave BO ie reason is that the pyramids are them, crave robes BEC the treasure buried wit the mummies igyptians believed that if : anny te cut not havea happy afer Kingdom, pharaohs began bulging mow talled the Valley of the Kings. The burial ¢ cd ain neath Nie 1 protect their bodies and treasures Inside the Tombs Both the pyramids several passageways leading {© Confuse grave robbers about wI felatives, such as the queen, were but Tombs were supposed to be the palaces afterlife. Mourners filled the 2 food to furniture that the mummified ph Some tombs contained small statues that Sewvants forthe dead person ert ku 1168 » Chapter 5 ih the pharaohs, Sometimes they pped building drew attention to the 10 the tombs to steal ‘a tomb was rabbed, the person fe. During the New ecret tombs in an area yers were hidden ‘way, the pharaohs hoped (0 ‘hab s from robbers. and later tombs had different rooms. This was to nich passage to take. Sometimes ied in the extra rooms. of pharaohs in the tomb with objects ranging from araoh would need. ‘were supposed to be ng camber also stole rand galley Egyptian artists decorated royal tombs with wall paintings and sculptures carved into the walls Artwas meant to glorify both the gods and the dead person. A sculpture of a dead pharaoh had “perfect” features, no matter how he really looked, Artists also followed strict rules about how 10 portray humans, Paintings showed ‘a person's head, arms, and legs from the side. They showed the front of the body from the neck down to the waist Wall paintings showed pharaohs enjoying themselves so Western Bites they could havea happy afterife, (Ml SSS} One favorite scene was ofthe mies |e " pharaoh fing in w papyro mitre) | | marsh. Warlike kings were often portrayed in battle. Scenes mig] also show people providing for he needs of the dead person. Such activities included growing and preparing food, caring for animals, and building boats, As hard as the pharaohs tried to hide themselves, robbers, ole the treasures from almost every tomb. Only a secret tomb built for a New Kingdom pharaoh was ever found with much of its treasure untouched. The dazzling riches found in this tomb show how much wealth the pharaohs spent preparing for he afterlife. st Eytan es ated Why did Khufu decide to build such a large pyramid? Middle Kingdom ESSENTIAL QUESTION What happened to Egypt when centralized Ile weakened? By about 2130 8, Egyptian kings began to lose their power to local rulers of the provinces. For about 500 more years, the kings Feld Fgypt together, but with a much weaker central government. period of Egyptian history is called the Middle Kingdom, This p ‘Ancient Egypt + 169Invasions Rolers during the Middle Kingdom also faced aves from outside Faypt. Anjomadic peopl called We Hyksos (FKesohs) invaded Egypt from the now hes Their “d by using better weapons and horse-dravvn ay ots, which were nev to Egyptians. After about 09 Yea": ‘he Egyptians drove out the Hyksos and began the New Kingsom. You will study this period in Lesson 4 army conquere (CEST How was he Wile King ferent fom he OM Kingdom? Lesson Summary aoe thousands of years, Egypt remained a unified country ruled by a series of dynasties «The Egyptians built pyramids to honor pharaohs Tombs inside the pyramids held treasures to be used in the afterlife «The Middle Kingdom was a time when the ‘entral government lost power to the provinces Why It Matters Now « any nc Faye ail fascinates people. Books ancl movies Porty he mystery of mummies and tombs. People weat jewelry and se ausehold objects modeled on Egyptian artifact Re Yee Main Kdeas 3. vty were eign and government not separa in ancient Egypt (62.3) ‘4 hat were some of the man features of PH ar? (625) '5, What group was able to conquer Eaypt dui) ‘MidleKingdom? (CST 1) Ccitieal Thinking po £. Evaluating Information Wiy id Ese won’) prod of change dng the Hide eo! . 1 Making Decisions Did pyanis accor That purpose? Consider what they id fo pharaoh whi he ved and afte be ied “Terms & Names 4. Explain the importance of dyrasty——pharaot—_step yramid Steceston pyramid Khufu Using Your Notes Sumariing Use your competed dra © Stover te ftoning questo Fat ws the purpose ofthe pyamis? (25) (rope wi Ss “Writing a Narrative Look at the | ‘jlustration on pages 140-141 and reread “The Great Fm verge arate yon ne twos (921) { 170 « Chapter 5 Make A Pyramid feed I To understand the art and architecture of : vy creating a pyramid and decorating its val ofan Fayre © Bese ein mais and at Sy hea \is chapter and in books about Egypt. ne Materials & Supplies * yellow or tan construction paper * ruler and protractor + scissors and tape markers Optional: Book on Egyptian tombs © Reread the inform: formation on pyramids on pages 166-169 i Datthe Activity © Draw and cut outa six:inch square. Then draw and. Pisses accfenaliag). e Des mt aa of each triangle with the type é 4 0 think would be found inside a tomb. ae an "ae rf tsi po The pete btm ts ote of te anes ee uae bape. Make sete at goes on the nse eave one of the triangles unattached to the square ofthe tr tv one ofthe langle unatached othe qua is an understanding of geometry feted butlding a pyamig? do the imag he ge tha you tine rami relate to Egyptian beliefs? Bio he clans Explain hy you your art and how it expressea lan beliefs about life after death,