Buddhism “an and India’s = Golden Age = Build on What You Know As you know, Hinduism is the modern name for the major religion that is practiced in | In Other religions also ha tht beginnings in nda | One of these she religion of anism Jans teach abla {UneHITMesa), which means “nonviolence” Jains practice tina very arty They believe that every ving thing has a soul ad sould not be hur Some ain ever wear masks 0 void acidetally breathing in smal insects > MAIN IDEAS Belief Systems A teacher called the Buddha developed a new religion that focused on helping people to escape suffering. Government The Maurya rulers urited porthem India into the ist great Indian empire ‘culture About 500 years after Asokas death, S rew rule urited northern India and began @ golden age of culture > TAKING NoTES Reading Skill: Comparing and Contrasting “ocompare and contrast sto lok for similares wo ffferences. As you read Lesson 3, compare and rivat the Maurya and Gupta empires. Record your fetes on a Vemn diagram ke the one bow The Rise of Buddhism @ ESSENTIAL QUESTION What re he main teachings ofthe region of Buddhism? Another religion called Buddhism also began in India, Buddhism is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama st (sihdeDAHRetuh GAWetuhemul). He was a prince who ( voura (pon) SH avila Heh we up his wealth and position to try to understand the eur owe we pots carved on pila meaning of lif. Later, when he began tote 4 ‘pb places. he ti woop el the ples wee ‘eared wits lon The king Asoka th what he had learned, he was called the Buddha, or enlightened one. ‘Gl sxibutzer Handbook ane Re nesting Dedtte This carving ofa sleping Buda sin the nt Cves in in, esthetic Framework while Buds 5 Know te fe andrmoral 653 Dials morta oe a 655 Desc Mand the partial MCN) ‘Condn's ides of non er ora snievement of He Scie Emperar Avo ae mB aa Gapie?[iri wees dhartha Gautama (c. 563 to 483 #.<) ing, as Siddhartha Gautama sat jpted him to stop seeking truth. First the spit ent beautiful women, but Siddhartha ignored ther. ‘Then flaming rocks began to rain down on him. But as they threw doce to Siddharth, they became flower petal Finally, the el spit asked what right Siddhartha had ofok for tah Siddhartha touched the ground, and a voice thundered, “I bear you witness"—ich means to testy in one's favor “thot night Siddhartha’s meditation grew even deeper, and he received his great insights. He had become the Buddha, The ti prt deed to tempt him one lst te. "No one will Understand your deep truths,” the spirit taunted, ‘The Buddha simply answered, "Some wil understand.” Acconing to Buddhist teach meditating, an evil spit tem The Buddha's Life and Teachings Siddhartha was born a Hindu price. A priest had predicted that he would become 2 aangesing holy man. To prevent this, Siddhartha’ father gave Vin gon every luxury and sheltered him. Siddhartha did not asi age, ines, death, or poverty until he was 29, When he Tinally di see such troubles, they upset him. He fled his home to search for peace in a world of suffering, Tor six years, Siddhartha starved himself, but this sacriice did. not help him find the answers he sought. Then he sat under cfg tre and meditated until he found understanding, This hve ture insights into reality, which he called the Four Noble Truths 1. People suffer because their minds are not at ease 2. That condition comes from wanting whe doesn't have ot from wanting life to be different 3, People can stop suffering by not wanting. 44, People can stop wanting by following the Fightfold Path. the Fightfold Path involved having the right opinions, desires job, effort, concentration, and meditation, This fs taught, could lead to mlrvana (neer*VAHenub), cycle of at one speech, actions, path, the Buddhi ihe end of suffering, Reaching nirvana broke the et nearnation that Buddbists, as well as Hindus, believed in. 234 © Chapter 7 The Buddha believed in the 7 fed in the practice of ahimsa But he didn’t worship Hindu deities, He also rejected the idea that people in the upper castes lier than others Buddhism Changes Afier the Buddha died, his flower gathered his teachings to pass on to other hese collected teachings are called the dhama (DAHRemuh), which means the true nature of thin, Bhatia’ ft shown ermibchcaiyasawhel Monks and nuns—men and women who li religious communities—helpei oral wunities—helped develop the formal religlon of nid. ter Bodies besa ‘wandering holy men and tried to live as the Budal live as the Buddha ha retin hn pit ony bans Sone reacts sessed he tps of bela x sna ado the Budd if. Other eed eatin Some Buds tng that rdinary people cou become Baas. Sch hy people could work to save others through acts of mercy andl lo Most Buddhists worshiped the Buddha asadivine being. 2 indian Flag othe ‘of modern India i 8 Buddhist symbol—the whet of dharma How could @ Buddhist achieve an end to suffering? The Maurya Empire ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did the Mi id the Maurya rulers unite northern India into the first great Indian empire? " “ener Fresno Heke beeen inflata x foun indian king ruled by its teachings. As you will read, he was the third king ofthe Maurya dynasty, which united India. “ A United india For centres scat Aryan Kingdoms Pde ound Mgt needy, sore kngom tg neg shout 2 Creat ye etmedrahecteh Ove) Pcie ingot Mpa He conte moc eto is su Ep eon ove mush the monte Esiacupts coveted his cule by eed wpe ms peope ian an amy oa Weep order. Many ofr rsp thee people, Chandra ts antand oper Sush ed ss that ‘nonviolent init monk atthe end of his ie ‘Ancient Indla » 235‘Asoka, the Buddhist King ‘The greatest Maurya king was Chandragupta’s grandson Asoka (uheSOriekul), who began to rule in 269 aC. Early in Asoka’s reign, he fought a bloody ‘war and conquered a neighboring kingdom. Afterwards, Asoka decided to rule by Buddhist teachings. He gave up constant ‘warfare, He tried to rule peacefully bylaw instead. ‘Asoka had his policies carved on rocks and pillars. Rocks that survive from his reign advise people to be truthful and kind. Others urge people not to kill living things. ‘Asa result of Asoka’s patronage, Buddhism attracted people to its monastic order. Asoka and the Buddhist rulers that followed him sent missionaries to bring new converts to Buddhism. At the same time, he let people of other relighons worship frely. Asoka’s officials planted trees, dug wells, set tp hospitals, and built rest houses along main roads. These jmprovements allowed people to travel in more comfort than before. Better travel conditions helped traders and officals, Changes to Hinduism The popularity of Buddhism ——_yghnu te ity meant that fewer people were worshiping Hindu deities. visi emai ne arly Hinduism had a set of complex sacrifices that of the most poplar only priests could perform. They conducted the rites in people to feel distant from the deities. Many people turned to Buddhism instead. Rulers who had come under the influence of Buddhism encouraged this shift Hindu thought began to change. Poets began to write hymns of praise to the deities Vishnu and Shiva, These poems were written in languages that common people spoke, instead of in Sanskrit The poems became popular across India. Asa result, many Indians felt a renewed love for their Hindu deities, This renewal of interest in Hinduism occurred at the same time as a decline in Buddhism. Eventually, Buddhism lost most of its followers in India, ymare. cogil init dtl Sanskrit, which few people spoke anymore. This caused yn e 100s. 7 The Golden Age of the Guptas rule India? ‘were the Guptas, and when did they "he Maurya Empire collapsed shortly afer Asoka died because oor rule and invasions Five centuries of confi followed until the Gupta (GUPstuh) family took control The Gupta Empire Like the Mauryas, the Guptas began as leaders in Magada, Chandra Gupta became king in aD 320 {He was not telated to Chandragupta Maurya) Right away, Ye married a king's daughter and gained new lands, Later, his son enlarged the empire by fighting wars. But Chandra Gupta’ grandson, Chandra Gupta was the greatest lero he uring his reign (4p, 375 t0 415), India had a golden age-—a time of great accomplishment. Senne ‘GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER INTERORETING MAPS Region Which empire was rs? Decibe he frees inthe egers th wo erp contol ASIA Arabion boy of By that time, however, it had spread to many other countries in Asia. What were some of Asoka’s accomplishments? 236 » Chapter 7 Benger Ber of sia tworaw ocean KEP tee \‘Art and Literature Under Chandra Gupta Il, Indian igned painted murals and sculpted statues, arts flourished. Architects erected gracefully des temples. Artists) ‘many of which had religious subjects. Kalidasa (KAHeleesDAHesuh) wrote brilliant Sanskrit plays and poems. His most famous play is about a young woman vhamed Sakuntala (SAHekoonsTAHsIah), The ing falls in love with her and promises 10 marry her. Later he forgets her because of a ‘curse laid on him. The couple are reunited in heaven. Today Kalidasa is considered one of the greatest writers India ever had. Mathematics, Science, and Metallurgy Indian scholars invented the numeral system we use today. They developed the decimal system and the symbol for zero, (The Maya of Central “America also came up with the idea of zero inxlependently.) ‘One mathematician figured out the length ofa year. He also estimated the ites eel a Pris the number that is used © pyran shoped ets Ths reece yt remained very influential (Sethe photograph of Angkor Wat on page 28H) value of ‘aleulate the length of a circle’s boundary. # Doctors added new techniques to the ancient practice of Ayurvedic (eareyuhreVAVedihk) medicine. Iis one ofthe oldest systems of medicine in the world, t promotes health by using diet, ind other methods to maintain energy in the body. Indian artisans developed advanced methods of metallurgy in Delhi, an iton pillar erected about aD. 400 (o other people were able 10 ge piece of iron until atleast 1,004 the pillar has resisted rust for 16 centuries that the iron pillar contains more does, As a result, a protective coating (metal working). towers almost 23 feet over the city. Ni ‘manufacture such a la Tater, Unlike most iron, ‘One possible explanation is phosphorous than most iron formed on the surface Trade Spreads Indian Culture Gupta India profited from foreign trade. Traders sold Indian goods such as cotton and ivory to foreign merchants. Indian merchants bi Lesson Summary Why It Matters Now ‘The spread of Hinduism and Buddhism shaped Asian cultures. Many Asian people still practice those religions today. hing Your Hotes Gearing ad nosing ye cogs mas toarna Be ong Quon rit B.Hlow were the Me Fae Se Maurya ad Gta empreso India alike? (6.5.6) " goods such as silk. They resold these goods to traders who were traveling west Both traders and missionaries 1s and missionaries spread Indian culture and beliefs. Hinduism spread to parts of Southeast Asia. Buddhism gradually spread to Central Asia, Sri Lanka (formerly called Ceylon), China, and Southeast Asia Why was the period of Gupta rule a golden age for india? * Anew religion called Buddhism taught people tocseapesuffingby flowing path of right living + Inflenced by Budi, King Asoka ted to rule wit peace law and good works «Under Gupa rule, India hada golden age. The ant acience, metallurgy, and inde prospered Ye sao Terms 8 Names 1. Explain the importance of or 3. The Buddhas Eightfold Path stressed right Wi roi part he cota feredvaneaor SS lig sb ‘on pds Sitar Gatana shana behavior in eight areas, What were they? (6.5.5) Asoka 4, How dd Bude nfuence Asoka sul? (656) > $e wee fe nprart steers literature? (6.5.7) " {6 Comparing Was Hinduism or Buddhism more similar to ancient Egyptian religion? Why? (655) ‘Assessing Credibty of Primary Sources if historians found an engraved rock pl fram Asola’s ime, would that be 2 primary source or a secondary source? 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