BP TERMS 2 NAMES Geography and | ssi Indian Life == > MAIN IDEAS civilization Ooo nresae and afte agate Build on What You Know Have you ever visited a part winds shape the cia a of the United States with a different climate? Some regions ‘The earliest Indian civilization of the country receive much more rainfall than other ‘built well-organized cities near the Indus River. — regions do. As you are about to learn, India has two distinct PP? @ ESSENTIAL QUESTION How do mountains and seasonal winds s PPPPETTIT To dee e shape the clmate of nia? oneal ae India is a subec which is a large landmass that is ‘the major rivers of B TAKING NOTES a a be _— ch als elandmase = ted, Mort inion Reatng kl: aig ents presenedoy argadch Stan. nda Nepal ang mot of Saleh A generalization & 2 toad sore a Pakistan. It is often referred to as South Asia. Geographers ‘shows, the banks of on neato so ete one blow. att think the Kehaped Indian subcontinent used o be a etree en (Gecaraphy are ican Ue pest or king from the ng ‘ty of Mohenj-Dao. | Physical eoararhy Harappan culture GI sete Handbook, page RB ‘toncal mgratin of people Er stadens treme aul that canbe answer BY ‘gy and research 218 » Chapter 7| eee Mountains and Waterways ‘Those high mountains wer over the northern borders of India, They form several mountain ranges, including the Hindu Kush (HIFIN¢doo Kush) and the ‘Himalayas (H1s%euheL AYeubs). tn addition to tall mountains, the subcontinent has several grea vers. These incude the Ganges (GANeter2) and the Indus Tike other rivers you have studied, these two rivers carry water for Fe ne Thea thy depos makes the land fertile. The ts River valley was the home of the first Indian civilization, In ancient times another river called the Saraswati (suheRUHSewuhetee) ran parallel othe Indus. The Saraswat area was also home. ret Eties, However ied up, pesaps Becase 8 earthquake. See Starting with a Story on pages 216-21 7 (pe Arabian Sa, Indian Ocean, and Bay of Bengal surround India, Ancient indians sailed these waters to other ancient lands such as Mesopotamia, Ths travel helped encourage trade. Climate ‘The tall mountains help block cold north winds from reaching much of India, As a result, temperatures are The word mona generally warm there. In addition, seasonal winds called ‘monsoons sliape India’s climate. Because of the monsoon, India has a dry season in the winter and a rainy season ‘A monsoon is a seasonal wind. India ‘and Pakistan have two main monsoons: ‘a summer monsoon and a winter monsoon “The winter monsoon bons fom the notes sth winds pass oe te These monsoon ms fest tse i ore oan Tsar his ase on puso din sea 28 (GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER INTERPRETING VISUALS Region Which monsoon i responsible foreausing 2 rainy season? 220 » Chapter 7 ako sometines use| © ESseNTIAL QUESTION Why asthe east Indian in the summer, The summer monsoon provides rain for India’s crops. But these rains can also cause severe floods. How do India's rivers and cimate affect agricuture? Cities in the Indus Valley ivlzation located near the Indus River? Huge earth mounds dot the Indus Valley. Near them, people found burnt bricks and tiny stone seals covered with a mysterious writing, These finds caused further exploration of the mounds. Archaeologists uncovered the ruins of an ancient civilization, Inde Valley Seah ‘The seal eal shoves an elephant, butscholars ont ow wy No one read the pctographs Early Inhabitants History in the Indus River valley followed the same pattern as in Sumer and Egypt. As in other regions, civilization along the Indus River began with agriculture. The earliest farmers raised wheat and barley. By 3000 8c, they were growing cotton and making it into fabrie—the first peaple in Asia to do so, They domesticated cattle, sheep, goats, and chickens. They also learned how to make copper and bronze tools, which were ‘more effective than stone tools. People in the villages traded with one another. Over time, the Indus Valley people began to trade with people from farther away. The wealth they gained from trade helped them to develop 1 more complex culture Great Cities By 2500 nc, some villages had grown to be great cities. The Indus and Saraswat valleys contained huncleds of cites. ‘At Teast 35,000 people may have lived in the largest an best-known Cites, Mohenjo-Daro (mohenixNejohDAHReoh) and Harappa (huh*RAPeuh). Harappa gave its name to the entire Indus Rivet culture Today that ancient culture is called Harappan cvlzation. This civilization featured planned cities, which were cities that ‘were built according toa design. Architects surrounded these cities With heavy brick protective walls. City streets crossed each other ina neat grid with square corners. Along the streets were homes? shops, and factories. The cities also had large public buildings that Tay have been used for religious or government functions. ‘Ancient India * 221fen ng human waste. Harappan_ fo dea with the problem of removing human WS anced in that a 0 and a toilet. Underground sewers cities were very adv contained a bathroom ‘carried away the waste. People need to use muc! build such complex cities. the ancient Harappans 1 thot know if priests or kings ora combination Harappans, but their government must ha \d organization 10 fy planning an > Because of that, historians believe rs, We do “ast have had powerful leade smbination of both ruled the been strong. coiizations? an citation smi to ther ancien ESTED How was Hara © essenria QUESTION iat eee etal ees of ee red the stone seals that A mysterious form of writing cover eo Aan the ued ees. Some ot peo ned ayes of wae goods —— Se ‘polars think that the 500 pic ogres iS, : or Tara may stand for words, sounds, oF 2 erally know. No eas Beare ow BON rahe only way we can learn about the civilization iS by studying artifacts Archaeologists have not identified the site of any temples for specific gods. But they have found evidence of religion. Mohenjo-Daro had a huge public bath that may have been used for religious rituals. (Many religions have rituals, linked to cleansing. For example, Christian baptism stands for the act of washing away sin.) Archaeologists have found figures of animals, such as bulls, that Indians still regard as holy. They also found clay figurines that may be goddesses or simply dolls. 1 People across a ‘wide region shared Harappan culture. Harappan cities spread across an area that was about 500,000 square miles in size. That region was nearly twice as big as Texas is today. Even so, these cities shared a common design. Those shared designs show how widely the culture had spread. Harappan people used standard weights and measures. Across the region, they made similar bronze statues and clay toys. These artifacts show that the Harappans could afford to have more than. just basic necessities. This was because they gained wealth from agriculture and trade. Archaeologists have found seal from the Indus Valley as far away as Mesopotamia. Indians traded timber, ivory, and beads. Mesopotamians sold the Indians silver, tin, and woolen cloth. Mohenjo-Dare The rin ofthe ance city show how carl planned it was The erete were at ight anges, and the walls were well ult. The smaller photograph isthe Great ath, which was probably a public bathhouse, ¥ found inthe cemetery inthe city of Naropa ‘Ancient India + 223Challenges to Harappan Life Around 2000 to 1500 ‘hc, earthquakes shook the region, These quakes probably caused the Saraswati River to dry up. The same natural disaster may have caused the Indus River to flood. The problems forced people to leave their cities. Harappan Givilization went into decline, As you will read in Make a Climate Graph Goal an bout pal eting th pore te nappan civilization by creating abut graph showing average monthly rainfall ial * “ Materials & Supplies * graph paper + colored markers pencils, or pens ruler © Look at examples of bar graphs in your textbooks, Notice how sich gaps are onsrced Lean th i erms vertical axis and horizontal axis. 7 EGIEED How is the Harappan iting similar to hieroglyphs? Average Monthly Rainfall in fSarabad, Pakistan Month | Rainfall inches) jan. 23 Feb. Perce i a © 0 piece of graph paper, draw the horizontal axis ani the vertical axis, On the vertical axis, mark 11 one-inch ‘measurements up the side and label them a Lesson Summary "s The rivers of India and the seasonal monsoons helped make agriculture possible. «+ Agricultural wealth led to the rise of a complex civilization in the Indus Valley. « The prosperous Harappan culture lasted for about 800 years. @ scudy the chart at right of average monthly rainfall in Islamabad, ‘4 copper Tools = "akistan—a city located near the site of ancient Harappa. Farmer ied thes tools for asks such ss weeieg and leveling Why It Matters Now... ‘Ancient Indians developed products that are still important today. They were the first people to domesticate chickens and te ane to produce cotton cloth © Below the horizontal axis, write the names of all 12 months. You may abbreviate the names. Space them evenly. BB oc each month, draw a bar whose height indicates the average amount of rainfall Main ideas Saree wa eras Br tate saved aches th ot ance ‘histo a ens nth rts Vey (5!) 4. at econonic acts alowed Harapen “Sntaton begin ong he nds and tes? 658, ST) 5. what evidence suggested that HaopPaN ton was prosperous? (65) ‘Terms & Names 4. Explain the importance of subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush monsoon ae Harappan clization planed city Ayo eed in tsa the the summer monsoon low oh nn Lokat our ah nha mth des he Toplant before or after the summer monsoon? Explain. " | Using Your Notes [Making Generalizations Use your completed Chart to answer the following question: 2. What are advantages and disadvantages of having monsoons? (6.5.1) Critical Thinking 6. Framing Historical Questions Wot gusto oust Rave about Hareppan cure? (REF) 7. Understanding Cause and Effect Wat {wo postive ae two negative effect of nd ret rivers? (65.1) peratures in Islamabad. Create a line faph to convey this information, sua) Doing a Dig Find a toy, tool, or object in your house or classroom. Study it and describe lt pain carlo Ut ve tings Has you abouts nme. REP)