Complex Numbers

What is Complex Number?

Complex Number is a combination (sum or
difference) of real and imaginary numbers.

Definition of Complex Numbers

A complex number, z, is a number in the
form of a + bi or x +jy, where i or j = -1.
a or x is called the real part of z, and b or y
is called the imaginary part of z.
The standard form of a complex number
is, z = a + bi = x + jy, where a, b, x and y
are real numbers.

Definition of Complex Numbers

It can be represented geometrically either
as points, or as directed line segments
(vectors), in the complex plane.

Definition of Complex Numbers

Complex
numbers as
points.

Definition of Complex Numbers

Complex
numbers as
vectors.

Complex Plane
Known as Argand Diagram in honor to
Swiss amateur mathematician and
bookkeeper Jean-Robert Argand, which
introduced the concept of the complex
plane in 1806.
It is also called the z-plane because of the
representation of complex numbers in the
form z = x + iy.

Complex Plane
Plotting the complex number z = a + ib = x
+ jy as the point (a, b) or (x, y) in the plane
(rectangular cartesian coordinates)
where:
x-coordinate of z is a = Re{z}
y-coordinate is b = Im{z}.
A complex number written in the form z =
a + ib is said to be expressed in cartesian
form or rectangular form.

Forms of Complex Numbers

Rectangular Form:
z = (x jy)
where: x = real part or component
jy = imaginary part or imaginary
component.

Forms of Complex Numbers

Polar Form:

z r

where: r = magnitude or amplitude

= argument or displacement in
degrees.
= bar angle

Forms of Complex Numbers

Trigonometric Form:

z r (cos j sin ) rcjs rcis

Forms of Complex Numbers

Exponential Form:

z re

where: r = magnitude or amplitude

= argument or displacement in
radians.

Example
Convert the following:
a. 6 j 3 to polar form, exponential form
and trigonometric form.
O
6

30
b.
to rectangular form,
exponential form and trigonometric form.

Imaginary Number
It is a real number with an imaginary
operator either i or j.
where: i or j = pure imaginary unit = 1

Integral Powers of i or j
4 n 1

i,
1,

i i,

i i i i,

i 1,

i i i 1, i

4n2

i i i i, i i i i, i

4 n 3

i,

i i i 1, i i i 1,

4n4

1,

6
7

Example
Find the equivalent of the following:
a.
b.
c.
d.

i1995
i2006
i1988
i1991

Example
Simplify each expression.
a.

81

b.

121x

c.

200x

d.

j8 j 3

e.
5

5 20

Theorems on Complex
Numbers
1. If x + iy = 0, then x = 0, and y = 0.
2. If x1 + iy1 = x2 + iy2, then x1 = x2 and y1 =
y 2.
3. If (x1 + iy1)(x2 + iy2) = 0, then at least one
of the factors is zero, that is , x1 + iy1 = 0
or x2 + iy2 = 0.

Arithmetic Operations in
Rectangular Form
a. Addition: z1 + z2 = (x1 + iy1)+(x2 + iy2)
= (x1 + x2)+i(y1 + y2).
b. Subtraction: z1 - z2 = (x1 + iy1)-(x2 + iy2) =
(x1 - x2)+i(y1 - y2).

Arithmetic Operations in
Rectangular Form
c. Multiplication: z1z2 = (x1 + iy1)(x2 + iy2)
= (x1x2 - y1y2 ) + i(x1y2 + x2y1).
d. Division:

z1 x1 iy1
x1 iy1 x2 iy 2

z2 x2 iy 2 x2 iy 2 x2 iy 2
z1 x1 x2 y1 y2
x2 y1 x1 y2

i 2
2
2
2
z2
x2 y2
x2 y2

Arithmetic Operations in
Rectangular Form
e. Extraction of Square Roots:

x jy a jb
or

x jy

1
2

1
2

r ( 360 k ) 2
0

Arithmetic Operations in Polar

Form and Exponential Form
The representation of z by its real and
imaginary parts is useful for addition
and subtraction.

For multiplication and division,

representation by the polar form and
exponential form has apparent
geometric meaning.

Multiplication of two Polar Forms of

Complex Numbers
z1 r1 cos1 j sin1 r11 ,
z2 r2 cos 2 j sin 2 r2 2 .
z1 z2 r11 r2 2

z1 z2 r1r2 cos1 j sin1 cos 2 j sin 2

z1 z2 r1r2 [(cos1 cos 2 sin1 sin 2 )
j (sin1 cos 2 cos1 sin 2 )]
z1 z2 r1r2 [cos(1 2 ) j sin(1 2 )]
z1 z2 r1r21 2

Multiplication of two Exponential

Forms of Complex Numbers
z1 r1e

j 1

z2 r2e

j 2

z1 z2 r1e

j 1

z1 z2 r1r2e

r e

j 2

j ( 1 ( 2 ))

Division of two Polar Forms of

Complex Numbers
z1 r11 r1 cos1 j sin 1 cos 2 j sin 2

z2 r2 2 r2 cos 2 j sin 2 cos 2 j sin 2

z1 r1 cos1 cos 2 sin 1 sin 2
sin 1 cos 2 cos1 sin 2

j

2
2
z2 r2
cos 2 sin 2
cos 2 2 sin 2 2

z1 r1
cos(1 2 ) j sin( 1 2 )
z2 r2
z1 r1
1 2
z2 r2

Division of two Exponential Forms

of Complex Numbers
z1 r1e

j1

z2 r2e

j 2
j1

z1 r1e
r1 j (1 2 )

e
j 2
z2 r2e
r2

Example
Perform the indicated operations:
O
j 0.752
O
a. 6 j7 10cjs30 10e
5 25

b. 5 j3 630O

5 j4
c.
3 j4

Example
Evaluate the square root of (3+j4).

Seatwork 1.1
1. Find the sum and difference of

5cjs30 2e
3 j5
2. Simplify using rectangular form and polar
form
O

j 0.752

4 j3
2 j

3. Find the square root of the product of 3 j 4

and 2 j8

Powers of Complex Numbers and

De Moivres Theorem
j
Let z re r
2
2 j 2
2
r 2 ;
successive powers, z r e
3 j 3

z r e r 3 ,...
n
n jn
n
z r e r n ,
3

In general,

letting r = 1,

cos

j sin cos n j sin n

n

or in the abbreviated form.

Example
2
2

1. Simplify cos 2 j sin 2 cos 6 j sin 6

3
cos 3 j sin 3 cjs10

3
2. Evaluate 1
3

j
2
2

Roots of Complex Numbers

Let

z re

j ( 2 k )

r k 360

Then
n

1
n

1
n

z z r e
1
n

2 k
j

k 360
n

, k 0,1,2,...

Roots of Complex Numbers

0
360 0 k
360 k
j sin

r cos
n
n

0
0

360 k
360 k
n
j sin

Wk r cos
n
n

1
n

where:
k = 0,1,2,(n-1)
W0 = is the principal value or root, and must be
a positive angle.

Example
1. Find the three roots of 125
2. Find the four roots of 16 20

Homework 1.1
1. Find the three roots of 1230

2
cos

j
sin
2. Simplify
3
3

Exponential and Trigonometric

Functions of Complex Numbers
From Eulers formulas

e cosz j sinz
jz
e cosz j sinz
jz

putting

e
e

z z1 z 2

j ( z1 z2 )

cos(z1 z2 ) j sin(z1 z2 )

j ( z1 z2 )

cos(z1 z2 ) j sin(z1 z2 )

Exponential and Trigonometric

Functions of Complex Numbers
By addition and subtraction,

sin(z1 z 2 )
cos( z1 z2 )

e
e

j ( z1 z2 )

j ( z1 z 2 )

e
j2
e
2

j ( z1 z2 )

j ( z1 z 2 )

Eqn. 1

Exponential and Trigonometric

Functions of Complex Numbers
e
e
e

j ( z1 z 2 )

j ( z1 z 2 )

cosz1 j sinz1 cosz2 j sinz2

j ( z1 z 2 )

jz 1

jz 2

cosz1 cos z2 sinz1 sinz2

j sinz1 cosz2 cos z1 sinz2

Eqn. 2

Exponential and Trigonometric

Functions of Complex Numbers
e
e
e

j ( z1 z 2 )

j ( z1 z 2 )

cos z1 j sinz1 cos z2 j sinz2

j ( z1 z 2 )

jz 1

jz 2

cos z1 cos z2 sinz1 sinz2

j sinz1 cos z2 cos z1 sinz2

Eqn. 3

Exponential and Trigonometric

Functions of Complex Numbers
Substituting Eqn. 2 and Eqn.3 to Eqn. 1,

sin( z1 z 2 ) sin z1 cos z 2 cos z1 sin z 2 ,

cos( z1 z 2 ) cos z1 cos z 2 sin z1 sin z 2
Let z1 x, z 2 jy
Then z1 z 2 x jy

Exponential and Trigonometric

Functions of Complex Numbers
sin( x jy ) sin x cos jy cos x sin jy
y

e e
e e
sin( x jy ) sin x
cos x
2
j2
sin( x jy ) sin x cosh y j cos x sinh y
y

cos( x jy ) cos x cosh y j sin x sinh y

sin( jy ) j sinh y
cos( jy ) cosh y

Hyperbolic Functions of Complex

Numbers
hyperbolic functions for the complex number z

e e
sinh z
2
z

e e
, cosh z
2
z

Hyperbolic Functions of Complex

Numbers
cosh z sinh z 1
2

sinh(z1 z 2 ) sinhz1 coshz 2 coshz1 sinhz 2

cosh(z1 z 2 ) coshz1 coshz 2 sinhz1 sinhz 2
sinh(x jy) sinhx cos y j coshx sin y
cosh(x jy) coshx cos y j sinhx sin y
sinh(jy) j sin y
cosh(jy) cos y

Example
Determine the value of each of the following:
a. sin( j 0.78)
b. cosh( j 0.78)
c.

sinh( 0.942 j 0.429 )

d.

cos( 0.942 j 0.429 )

e.

sin ( j0.78) cos ( j0.78) 1

2

Seatwork 1.2
Determine the value of each of the
following:
a. tan( j 0.78)
b. tan( 0.942 j 0.429 )

c. sin (0.942 j0.429) cos (0.942 j0.429) 1

2

Logarithms of Complex Numbers

Express the complex number z = x + jy in the
general exponential form

z re

j ( 2 k )

where is in radians and k = 0, 1, 2,

Taking the natural logarithms of both numbers,

ln z ln( x jy ) ln r j ( 2k ),
where : k 0,1,2,...

Two Types of Logarithm:

1. Common(or Brigssian) Logarithm
Notation: log
Base: 10 ; i.e. log10Z
2. Natural(or Napierian) Logarithm
Notation: ln
Base: e = 2.718281828 ;
i.e. logeZ = lnz

Properties of Logarithm:
1. logbN = x ; N = bx
2. logeN = y ; ln N = y ; N = ey
3. lnex = x
4. elny = y
5. 10logx = x
6. lnxn = nlnx
7. loga(xy) = logax + logay
8. loga(x/y) = logax - logay

Logarithm and Natural Logarithm of

a Complex Numbers

Log ( A ) Log A e

j / 1 8 0

Log ( A ) LogA Loge

j / 1 8 0

Log ( A ) LogA j / 180 Loge

Log ( A ) LogA j / 180 0.4343

Logarithm and Natural Logarithm of

a Complex Numbers

Ln ( A ) Ln A e

j / 18 0

Ln ( A ) LnA Lne

j / 18 0

Ln ( A ) LnA j / 180 Lne

Ln ( A ) LnA j / 180 1

Logarithm and Natural Logarithm of

a Complex Numbers
Log ( N ) Log N180
Log ( N ) LogN j180 / 180 Loge
Log ( N ) LogN j 0.4343

Logarithm and Natural Logarithm of

a Complex Numbers
Ln ( N ) Ln N180
Ln ( N ) LnN j180 / 180 Lne
Ln ( N ) LnN j 1

Example
Determine the general value of the
following :
O
a. ln 630
(3 j 2)
b.(3 j 2)
c. Log(-9)
d. Ln(-9)

Example
Evaluate Log(1 j ) (1 j 3) and express
the final answer in the polar form.

Homework 1.2
Determine the general value of the following:
a. ln (3+j5)j
b. log(-5)
c. (6 j 4) (1 j 2)

EULERS THEOREM
By definition

e
cos j sin

where:
e j e j
cos
2

e
2

and

e
j

sin

e
j2
j

e
j2

Trigonometric Functions of
Complex Numbers
1.

2.

3.

cos

sin

e
2

e
j2
j

e e
tan j j
j
e e

Trigonometric Functions of
Complex Numbers
4.

5.

6.

e e
cot j j
j
e e

csc

sec

j2
j
e

2
j
e

Inverse Trigonometric Functions of

Complex Numbers

1.

arcsinx j ln jx 1 x

2.

arccosx j ln x x 1

jx
3. arctan x j ln
1 jx

Inverse Trigonometric Functions of

Complex Numbers
4.

x j
arc cot x j ln
x j

5.

1 1 x2
arcsec x j ln

1
6.

arccsc x j ln

Proof of Inverse Trigonometric

Functions of Complex Numbers
e j e j
sin x; sin
j2
arcsin x
e

e
j2

(e ) (e

e ) j 2 xe

(e ) 1 j 2 xe

(e j ) 2 j 2 xe j 1 0
e j

e j

j2x 2 1 x 2

e j jx 1 x 2

e j e j j 2 x
j

e j

j2x 4 4x 2

j 2 x ( j 2 x) 2 4(1)(1)

2(1)

ln e j ln jx 1 x 2

j ln jx 1 x 2
1
ln jx 1 x 2
j
1
arcsin x ln jx 1 x 2
j

Hyperbolic Functions of Complex

Numbers
1.

e
sinh x

2.

e
cosh x

3.

e
tanh x
e

x
x

e
2

e
2

e
x
e

Hyperbolic Functions of Complex

Numbers
4.

e
coth x
e

x
x

5.

2
sec hx x
e e x

6.

2
csc hx x
x
e e

ex
x
e

Inverse Hyperbolic Functions of

Complex Numbers
1.

; for y is

arcsinhy ln y y 1
2

a real number
;
y1
2

2.

arccoshy ln y y 1

3.

1 1 y
arctan hy ln
2 1 y

y 1

Inverse Hyperbolic Functions of

Complex Numbers
4. arc coth y 1 ln y 1 ; y 1

y 1

1 1 y2
5. arc sec hy ln

;0<y1

1 1 y2
6. arc csc hx ln

; +y > 0, -y < 0

Hyperbolic Function Identities:

1.

cosh y sinh y 1

2.

sech y tanh y 1

3.

coth y csch y 1

4. sinh( ) sinh cosh cosh sinh

5. cosh( ) cosh cosh sinh sinh

tanh tanh
6. tanh( ) s
1 tanh tanh

Relations Between Hyperbolic and

Trigonometric Functions:
1. sinjx = jsinhx
2. cosjx = coshx
3. tanjx = jtanhx
4. sinhjx = jsinx
5. coshjx = cosx
6. tanhjx = jtanx

Example
Evaluate cos( 0.573 j 0.783) and
express the result in polar form.

Example
Evaluate arcsin( 3 j 4) and express the
result in polar form.

Example
Evaluate arcsin h0.430 and express the
result in polar form.
O

Example
Evaluate sinh 0.346 j0.548 and express
the result in polar form.

Seatwork 1.3
Evaluate the following and express the
result in polar form.
1. cos0.492 j 0.942

2. arc cot j
6

3. sinh 0.5 j 0.75

Cauchy-Riemann Equations
It can be obtain from the derivative of any
of the following formulas:

dw u
v v
u

i
dz x
x y
y
and

dw v
v u
u

i
dz y
x x
y

Cauchy-Riemann Equations
Example
Show that sin(z) is an entire function.

Cauchy-Riemann Equations
Example
Consider the function w = 1/z

Cauchy-Riemann Equations
Example
Find the derivative of the following using
Cauchy-Reimann equations:
a. d

sin(z )

dz
b. d 1

dz z