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1KGKDKPFGK (Pdkfpghkoko
1KGKDKPFGK (Pdkfpghkoko
Abstract
Production cars are designed to understeer and rarely do they oversteer. If a car could automatically compensate
for an understeer/oversteer problem, the driver would enjoy nearly neutral steering under varying operating conditions.
Four-wheel steering is a serious effort on the part of automotive design engineers to provide near-neutral steering. Also in
situations like low speed cornering, vehicle parking and driving in city conditions with heavy traffic in tight spaces,
driving would be very difficult due to vehicles larger wheelbase and track width. Hence there is a requirement of a
mechanism which result in less turning radius and it can be achieved by implementing four wheel steering mechanism
instead of regular two wheel steering.
In this project Maruti Suzuki 800 is considered as a benchmark vehicle. The main aim of this project is to turn the
rear wheels out of phase to the front wheels. In order to achieve this, a mechanism which consists of two bevel gears and
intermediate shaft which transmit 100% torque as well turns rear wheels in out of phase was developed. The mechanism
was modelled using CATIA and the motion simulation was done using ADAMS. A physical prototype was realised.
The prototype was tested for its cornering ability through constant radius test and was found 50% reduction in
turning radius and the vehicle was operated at low speed of 10 kmph.
By changing the direction of the rear wheels there is
reduction in turning radius of the vehicle which is
efficient in parking, low speed cornering and high speed
lane change.
Nomenclature
L
R
a2
if
of
ir
if
R1
Wf
W
C1
C2
wf
wr
i
o
Wheelbase (mm)
Turning radius (mm)
Distance of CG from rear axle (mm)
Inner angle of front tire (degree)
Outer angle of front tire (degree)
Inner angle of rear tire (degree)
Outer angle of rear tire (degree)
Distance between instantaneous centre and
the axis of the vehicle (mm)
Load on front axle (kg)
Total weight of car (kg)
Distance of instantaneous centre from front
axle axis (mm)
Distance of instantaneous centre from rear
axle axis (mm)
Front track width (mm)
Rear track width (mm)
Total steering angle of the vehicle (degree)
Total inner angle of the vehicle (degree)
Total outer angle of the vehicle (degree)
2. BACKGROUND THEORY
The most effective type of steering, this type has
all the four wheels of the vehicle used for steering
purpose.
1. INTRODUCTION
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3.1 Methodology
4. CALCULATION [5]
Calculation for steering angles for the turning radius of
4.4m.
From the benchmark vehicle we know that turning
radius is 4.4 m.
We know that
R2 = a22 + R12.. (1)
Where R = Turning radius of the vehicle.
a2 = Distance of CG from rear axle.
R1 = Distance between instantaneous centre
and the axis of the vehicle.
To find a2
Wf = (W * a2) / L (2)
Where Wf = Load on front axle.
W = Total weight of car.
L = Wheelbase.
So from equation 2 and 1
a2 = 1305 mm.
R1 = 4202 mm.
To find steering angles;
From test we found that the inner angle of front tire is,
if = 25.60.
tan if = C1 / (R1 wf / 2). (3)
C1 + C2 = L.. (4)
Where C1 = Distance of instantaneous centre from front
axle axis.
C2 = Distance of instantaneous centre from
rear axle axis.
wf = Front trackwidth.
From equation 3 and 4
C1 = 1722.19 mm.
C2 = 452.80 mm.
To find of = outer angle of front tire.
tan of = C1 / (R1 + wf / 2).. (5)
of = 19.700
To find ir = inner angle of rear tire.
tan ir = C2 / (R1 wr / 2).. (6)
ir = 7.1640
To find if = outer angle of rear tire.
tan or = C2 / (R1 + wr / 2). (7)
or = 5.3860
angles.
Sano [4] conducted experiment and calculated for
the turning radius and suggested low speed turning
performance is improved by steering the rear wheels out
of phase with the front wheels to reduce the turn radius,
thus improving maneuverability. Normally the rear
wheel steer angles are a fraction of that at the point
(typically limited to about 5 degrees of steer) and may
only be applied at low speeds. At 50 percent rear steer
angle, a one third reduction in turn radius is achieved.
At 100 percent rear steer angle, a 50 percent reduction
in turn radius occurs.
The primary advantage of 4WS is derived from the
better control of transient behaviour in cornering. In
general 4WS systems yield a quicker response with
better damping of the yaw oscillation that occurs with
initiation of a turn.
3. PROBLEM DEFINATION
Nowadays all vehicles uses two wheel steering
system, but the efficiency of the two wheel steering
(2WS) vehicle is proven that it is still low compared to
the four wheel steering (4WS) system car. So, this
project is base on how to prove that the 4WS is better
than 2WS in terms of turning radius.
A vehicle with higher turning radius face difficulty
in parking and low speed cornering due to its higher
wheelbase and track width, but the passenger prefer the
vehicle to be higher wheelbase and track width as it
gives good comfort while travelling. In this scenario
four wheel steering will be effective as the turning
radius will be decreased for the same vehicle of higher
wheelbase. In this project a benchmark vehicle is
considered and four wheel steering is implemented
without change in dimension of the vehicle and
reduction in turning radius is achieved. For achieving
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C2 = 1394.17 mm.
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the shaft gets the rotational moment from the bevel gear
and this bevel gear gets the rotational moment from
steering column.
Part
Part
Steering wheel
Rack body
Joint
Revolution
Steering wheel
Steering column 1
Hooke
Steering column 1
Steering column 2
Hooke
Steering column 2
Rack body
Cylindrical
Rack
Tie rod
Translation
Tie rod
Ball joint
Spherical
Ball joint
Wheel
Fixed
Wheel
Tire
Fixed
5. DESIGN OF FRAME
For building of prototype model, the designed
model is considered along with that a frame is built to
support the steering, suspension and seat.
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8. REFERENCES
[1] Unknown,
Four
wheel
steering
report,
http://www.scribd.com/doc/34677964/FourWheel-Steering-report, Retrived on 13th Sep 2012.
[2] Unknown,
Four
wheel
steering,
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-four-wheelsteering.htm, Retrived on 13th Sep 2012.
[3] Unknown, Four wheel steering, http://what-whenhow.com/automobile/four-wheel-steering-4wsautomobile/, Retrived on 14th Sep 2012.
[4] Honda Prelude Si 4WS: It Will Never Steer You
Wrong, Car and Driver, Vol. 33, No. 2, pps. 4045, August 1987.
[5] Sano s et al, Operational and design features of
the steer angle dependent four wheel steering
system. 11th International conference on
Experimental safety vehicles, Washington D C
1988, 5P.
[6] Jack Erjavec., Automotive Technology, A System
Approach, 5th Edition, 2010.
[7] Farrokhi,
Four
wheel
steering,
http://www.iust.ac.ir/files/ee/farrokhi_0a5f0/journa
l_papers/j13.pdf, Retrived on 20th Oct 2012.
[8] M. Abe, "Vehicle Dynamics and Control for
Improving Handling and Active Safety: From
Four-Wheel-Steering to Direct Yaw Moment
Control," in Proc. Institution of Mechanical
Engineers, Part K, Journal of Milti-body
Dynamics, vol. 213, no. 4, 1999.
[9] Lee, A.Y., Vehicle Stability Augmentation
Systems Designs for Four Wheel Steering
Vehicles, ASME Journal of Dynamical Systems,
Measurements and Control, Vol. 112, No. 3, pps.
489-495, September 1990.
[10] four wheel steering system for future International Journals
tjprc.org/download.php?fname=223...5...%20FOUR%20%20...
[11] Nalecz A G and Bindemann A C, Analysis of the
dynamic response of four wheel steering vehicles
at high speed. International journal of vehicle
design, Vol 9, No 2, 1988, pp. 179-202.
[12] Unkown,
Maruti
Suzuki,
http://www.carfolio/maruti-suzuki-800.htm,
Retrived on 4th Nov 2012.
[13] Reza.N.Jazar., Vehicle Dynamics, Theory and
applications, 2008.
Four
wheel steer
Two
wheel steer
By
calculation
2.59 m
4.4 m
By
experiment
2.85 m
5.75 m
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