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Math Formulas: Complex numbers

Definitions:
A complex number is written as a + b i where a and b are real numbers an i, called the imaginary unit, has
the property that i2 = 1.
The complex numbers z = a + b i and z = a b i are called complex conjugate of each other.

Formulas:
Equality of complex numbers
a + b i = c + d i a = c and b = d

1.

Addition of complex numbers

2.

(a + b i) + (c + d i) = (a + c) + (b + d) i

Subtraction of complex numbers

(a + b i) (c + d, i) = (a c) + (b d) i

3.

Multiplication of complex numbers

(a + b i) (c + d i) = (ac bd) + (ad + bc) i

4.

Division of complex numbers

a + bi
a + bi c di
ac + bd bc ad
=

= 2
+ 2
i
c + di
c + di c di
c + d2
c + d2

5.

Polar form of complex numbers

a + b i = r (cos + i sin )

6.

Multiplication and division of complex numbers in polar form

7.

[r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1 )] [r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 )] = r1 r2 [cos (1 + 2 ) + i sin (1 + 2 )]

8.

r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1 )
r1
=
[cos (1 2 ) + i sin (1 2 )]
r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 )
r2

De Moivres theorem
9.

[r (cos + i sin )] = rn (cos(n) + i sin(n))

Roots of complex numbers

10.

1/n

[r (cos + i sin )]

=r

1/n

+ 2k
+ 2k
+ i sin
cos
n
n


k = 0, 1, . . . , n 1