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CHNG 1................................................................................................................1
TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN QUANG. ......................................1
1.1. Gii thiu chng ............................................................................................1
1.2. Gii thiu v thng tin quang...........................................................................2
1.2.1. S pht trin ca thng tin quang .............................................................2
1.2.2. Nhng u im ca h thng thng tin quang ..........................................3
1.2.3. Cu trc v cc thnh phn chnh ca h thng thng tin quang ..............5
1.3. Si quang..........................................................................................................7
1.3.1. Si dn quang ............................................................................................7
1.3.2. S truyn nh sng trong si quang. .........................................................8
1.3.3. Cc thng s ca si quang. ....................................................................10
1.3.3.1. Suy hao ca si quang......................................................................10
1.3.3.1.1. nh ngha ................................................................................10
1.3.3.1.2. c tuyn suy hao ....................................................................11
1.3.3.1.3. Cc nguyn nhn gy suy hao trn si quang ...........................12
1.3.3.2. Tn sc nh sng ..............................................................................13
1.3.4. nh hng ca tn sc n dung lung truyn dn trn si quang ........14
1.4. Kt lun chng .............................................................................................14
CHNG 2..............................................................................................................15
GII THIU MNG WDM. .................................................................................15
2.1. Gii thiu chng ..........................................................................................15
2.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng WDM ......................................................17
2.3. u im ca h thng WDM .........................................................................18
2.4. Vn tn ti ca h thng WDM v hng gii quyt trong tng lai.......19
2.5. Chuyn mch quang .......................................................................................19
2.6. Cc thnh phn chnh ca h thng WDM ....................................................21
2.6.1. Thit b u cui OLT .............................................................................21
2.6.2. B ghp knh xen/rt quang OADM ......................................................22
2.6.3. B khuch i quang ...............................................................................26
2.6.4. Gii thiu v b kt ni cho quang OXC ..............................................29
2.6.4.1. Chc nng OXC ...............................................................................29
2.6.4.2. Phn loi OXC .................................................................................32
2.7. S chuyn i bc sng ...............................................................................34
2.8. Kt lun chng. ............................................................................................36
CHNG 3..............................................................................................................37
NNH TUYN V GN BC SNG. ..............................................................37
3.1. Gii thiu chng ..........................................................................................37
3.2. Gii thiu v nh tuyn v gn bc sng (Routing and Wavelength
Assignment - RWA). .............................................................................................37
3.3. nh tuyn bc sng ....................................................................................39
3.4. nh tuyn (Routing) .....................................................................................41
3.4.1. Gii thiu.................................................................................................41
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A
APD
Avalanche Photodiode
AS
Autonomous System
H thng c lp
ATM
Kiu truyn bt ng b
B
BGP
C
CDM
D
DVA
WDM mt cao
E
EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
I
IGRP
ISDN
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L
LD
Diod Laser
LED
LP
Lightpath
ng i nh sng
LSA
O
OADM Optical Add/Drop Multipler
OLT
OXC
B kt ni cho quang
P
PIN
R
RIP
RWA
nh tuyn v gn bc sng
B khuch i quang bn dn
S
SOA
T
TDM
W
WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing
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Em xin chn thnh cm n thy gio Nguyn Vn Phng tn tnh hng dn,
cung cp ti liu, ng thi ng vin trong thi gian em nghin cu ti ny. Em
xin cm n tt c cc thy c gio trong khoa in T Vin Thng nhit tnh dy
d, cung cp trang b cho em nhng kin thc qu bu, cm n gia nh ng
vin em trong sut thi gian va qua, cm n cc bn gp nhng kin chn
thnh gp phn gip em hon thnh n.
Trong thi gian thc hin n kh ngn n, mc d c nhiu c gng nhng
n khng khi trnh nhng thiu st. Knh mong cc thy c gio trong khoa
cng cc bn tn tnh ch bo v gp kin n c hon thin hn. Em xin
chn thnh cm n.
Nng, ngy...thng...nm 2007
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CHNG 1
TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN QUANG.
1.1. Gii thiu chng
Lng thng tin trao i trong cc h thng thng tin ngy nay tng ln rt
nhanh. Bn cnh gia tng v s lng, dng lu lng truyn thng trn mng cng
thay i. Dng d liu ch yu l lu lng Internet. S ngi s dng truy cp
Internet ngy cng tng v thi gian mi ln truy cp thung ko di gp nhiu ln
cuc ni chuyn in thoi. Chng ta ang hng ti mt x hi m vic truy cp
thng tin c th c p ng mi lc, mi ni chng ta cn. Mng internet v
ATM ngy nay khng dung lng p ng cho nhu cu bng thng trong
tng lai.
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V vy vic pht trin v xy dng h thng thng tin si quang l cn thit cho
nhu cu pht trin thng tin trong tng lai. Trong chng ny s ni r v h thng
thng tin si quang v vic truyn nh sng trong si quang.
1.2. Gii thiu v thng tin quang
Khc vi thng tin hu tuyn hay v tuyn - cc loi thng tin s dng cc mi
trng truyn dn tng ng l dy dn v khng gian nh hnh 1.2 - th thng tin
quang l h thng truyn tin qua si quang nh hnh 1.3. iu c ngha l thng
tin c chuyn thnh nh sng v sau nh sng c truyn qua si quang. Ti
ni nhn, n li c bin i thnh thng tin ban u.
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Thit b
pht
quang
B
lp
Si
quang
Si
quang
Thit
b thu
quang
Gii
m
Thu
Cc thnh phn ca tuyn truyn dn quang bao gm: phn pht quang, cp si
quang v phn thu quang.
-Phn pht quang: c cu to t ngun pht tn hiu quang v cc mch iu
khin lin kt vi nhau. Phn t pht x nh sng c th l: Diod Laser (LD), Diod
pht quang (LED: Light Emitting Diode). LED dng ph hp cho h thng thng
tin quang c tc bit khng qu 200Mbps s dng si a mode. LED pht x t
pht, nh sng khng nh hng nn s dng LED tt trong h thng thng tin
quang th n phi c cng sut bc x cao, thi gian p ng nhanh. LD khc phc
nhc im ca LED, thng s dng LD cho truyn dn tc cao. LD c nhiu
u im hn so vi LED: ph pht x ca LD rt hp (khong t 1 n 4nm nn
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gim c tn sc cht liu), gc pht quang hp (5- 100), hiu sut ghp nh sng
vo si cao.
- Cp si quang: gm cc si dn quang v cc lp v bc xung quanh bo
v khi tc ng c hi t mi trng bn ngoi. C th chn cc loi si sau: si
quang a mode chit sut nhy bc, si quang a mode chit sut gim dn, si
quang n mode.
- Phn thu quang: do b tch sng quang v cc mch khuch i, ti to tn
hiu hp thnh. Trong h thng thng tin quang, ngi ta quan tm nht i vi cc
b tch sng quang l cc diod quang PIN v diod quang kiu thc APD c ch
to t cc bn dn c bn Si, Ge, InP.
Ngoi cc thnh phn ch yu ny, tuyn thng tin quang cn c cc b ni
quang, cc mi hn, cc b chia quang v cc trm lp. Tt c to nn mt tuyn
thng tin hon chnh.
Tng t nh cp ng, cp si quang c khai thc vi iu kin lp t khc
nhau, c th c treo ngoi tri, chn trc tip di t hoc t di bin,tu
thuc vo cc iu kin lp t khc nhau m ch to ca cp cng khc nhau v
cc mi hn s kt ni cc di cp thnh di tng cng ca tuyn c lp
t. Tham s quan trng nht ca cp si quang tham gia quyt nh di tuyn l
suy hao si quang theo bc sng.
Ngun pht quang thit b pht c th s dng LED hoc laser bn dn. C hai
ngun pht ny u ph hp cho cc h thng thng tin quang, vi tn hiu quang
u ra c tham s bin i tng ng vi s thay i ca dng iu bin. Bc
sng lm vic ca ngun pht quang c bn ph thuc vo vt liu ch to, on si
quang ra ca ngun pht quang phi ph hp vi si dn quang khai thc trn
tuyn.
Tn hiu nh sng c iu ch ti ngun pht quang s uc lan truyn dc
theo si quang ti phn thu quang. Khi truyn trn si dn quang, tn hiu
thng b suy hao v mo do cc yu t hp th, tn x, tn sc gy nn. B tch
sng quang phn thu thc hin tip nhn nh sng v tch ly tn hiu t hng
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c
v
V c v nn n 1
Trong qu trnh sn xut si, mt s tp cht no c a vo trong li hoc
v cho ch s khc x trong li ln hn mt t so vi v. Cc nguyn liu nh
Germani hoc Photpho lm tng chit sut silica v c dng thm vo phn li
ca si quang, trong khi cht Bo hay Flo lm gim chit sut ca Silica nn c
dng tp cht cho lp v.
nh sng c th c xem nh mt chm tia truyn theo nhng ng thng
trong mt mi trng v b phn x hoc khc x b mt gia hai vt liu khc
nhau. Mt tia sng t mi trng 1 n mt phn cch ca mi trng 2, gc ti l
gc gia tia ti v php tuyn vi b mt chung ca hai mi trng c biu th
bng 1 . Phn nng lng b phn x vo mi trng 1 l mt tia phn x, phn cn
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1r = 1
n
n2
, lc ny gc 1 c gi l gc ti hn c gi tr c = sin 1 2 , vi
n1
n1
n1 > n2 .
Hnh 1.6: S phn x v khc x cc tia sng ti mt phn cch hai mi trng.
iu kin xy ra hin tng phn x ton phn:
Cc tia sng phi i t mi trng c chit sut ln sang mi trng c chit
sut nh hn.
Gc ti ca tia sng phi ln hn gc ti hn.
nh sng truyn trong si quang do hin tng phn x ton phn xy ra gia b
mt phn li v v.
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P(Z)= P(0)x 10 10
Trong :
P(0): C cng sut u si.
P(z): cng sut c ly z tnh t u si.
: h s suy hao.
Trong :
P1: Cng sut a vo si.
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P1
P2
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A(dB )
L(km )
Trong :
A: Suy hao ca si.
L: Chiu di ca si.
1.3.3.1.2. c tuyn suy hao
c tuyn suy hao ca si quang khc nhau tu thuc vo loi si. Hnh di
cho thy suy hao trong si quang nh mt hm theo bc sng. Ta thy rng suy
hao nh nht ba di bc sng dng trong thng tin quang: 0.8 m , 1.3 m v
1.55 m .
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Tn x do mt phn cch gia li v lp bc khng hon ho: khi tia sng truyn
n nhng ch khng hon ho gia li v lp bc tia sng b tn x. Lc 1 tia
ti c nhiu tia phn x vi nhiu gc phn x khc nhau.
Suy hao do b un cong: bao gm suy hao do vi un cong v do un cong.
Suy hao do vi un cong: si quang b chn p to nn nhng ch un cong nh
th suy hao ca si cng tng ln. Suy hao ny xut hin do tia sng b lch trc i
qua nhng ch vi un cong . Si n mode rt nhy vi nhng ch vi un cong
nht l v pha bc sng di.
Suy hao do un cong: khi b un cong vi bn knh cong cng nh th suy hao
cng tng.
1.3.3.2. Tn sc nh sng
Tng t nh tn hiu in, tn hiu quang truyn qua si quang cng b bin
dng. Hin tng ny c gi l tn sc. S tn sc mo dng tn hiu analog v
lm xung b chng lp trong tn hiu digital. S tn sc lm hn ch di thng ca
ng truyn dn quang.
.
Hnh 1.9: Dng xung vo v ra do tn sc
Tn sc mode: trong si a mode, do xung nh sng vo mc d ch c mt
bc sng nhng lan truyn vi vi mode khc nhau vi tc truyn khc nhau,
n lm khong trng thi gian gia cc xung cnh nhau tr nn ngn hn v tng
theo khNu s ca si. Hin tng ny gi l tn sc mode. Do , rng bng
truyn dn ca n b gii hn ch yu do tn sc mode.
Tn sc th: bao gm tn sc cht liu v tn sc dn sng.
Tn sc cht liu: nh sng s dng trong thng tin quang khng phi l nh
sng hon ton n sc. Chit sut ca thu tinh thay i theo bc sng nn vn
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tc truyn ca nh sng c bc sng khc nhau cng khc nhau. Chnh v th, nh
sng c phn b tc lan truyn khc nhau ca cc thnh phn bc sng nh
sng khc nhau. Hin tng ny c gi l tn sc cht liu.
Tn sc dn sng: s phn b nng lng nh sng trong si quang ph thuc
vo bc sng. S phn b ny gy nn tn sc ng dn sng.
1.3.4. nh hng ca tn sc n dung lung truyn dn trn si quang
Tn sc gy ra mo tn hiu v iu ny lm cho cc xung nh sng b gin rng
ra khi c truyn dc theo si dn quang. Khi xung b gin ra s dn ti chng lp
ln xung bn cnh. N u vt qu mt gi tr no th thit b thu s khng cn
phn bit cc xung k nhau na v lc ny xut hin li. N h vy, cc c tnh tn
sc s xc nh gii hn dung lng truyn dn ca si dn quang.
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CHNG 2
GII THIU MNG WDM.
2.1. Gii thiu chng
K thut mng ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng WDM (Wavelength
Division Mutiplexing) c coi l cuc cch mng v bng thng trong mng
xng sng Internet v hn th na. N hu cu bng thng ang gia tng mt cch
nhanh chng vi nhiu ng dng mi phong ph, chng hn nh thng mi in
t, video theo yu cu, cc cng vic i hi hot ng ng b trn ton cu.
Mng quang WDM a ra ha hn ht sc ngha cho nhu cu bc thit trn.
Khi si quang c s dng truyn thng tin th thch thc c t ra i
vi chng ta trong giai on mi trc nhu cu thng tin ngy cng tng mnh m
ca con ngi. Khi m ngy cng c nhiu ngi bt u s dng cc mng d liu
v c mi ln s dng cng chim mt bng thng ng k trong cc ng
dng thng tin ca h chng hn nh c lt thng tin trn cc trang web, cc ng
dng s dng Java, hi ngh truyn hnh, T cho thy nhu cu thng tin bng
rng t ra ht sc bc thit, v nhu cu ny cn vt xa hn na trong tng lai.
Hnh 2.1 cho thy s gia tng bng thng ca cc mng khc nhau qua cc nm. S
pht trin mnh m ny ch yu l do s trin khai cc h thng thng tin quang.
Hnh 2.1: S gia tng bng thng ca cc mng khc nhau qua cc nm
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Knh 1
Knh 2
Knh n
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N gun 1
N gun 2
Thit b
WDM
mt si
quang
1 , 2 ,...,n
Thit b
WDM
N gun n
Thu 1
Knh 1
Thu 2
Knh 2
Thu n
Knh n
(a)
Knh vo
N gun 1
Thit b
WDM
Knh ra
Thu 2
Mt si
1
2
Thu 1
Knh ra
Thit b
WDM
N gun 2
Knh vo
(b)
Hnh 2.5: H thng WDM theo mt hng (a) v hai hng (b)
So vi h thng WDM mt chiu, h thng WDM hai chiu gim c s lng
b khuch i v ng dy. Tuy nhin, h thng WDM hai chiu thng b can
nhiu nhiu knh, nh hng phn x quang, vn cch li gia cc knh hai chiu,
tr s v loi hnh xuyn m, ng thi phi s dng b khuch i quang hai
chiu.
2.3. u im ca h thng WDM
C kh nng to dung lng ln ch trn mt si quang, v c th t
dung lng ln hn khi s dng k thut DWDM (Dense WDM: ghp knh phn
chia theo bc sng mt cao).
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H thng WDM thun tin khi cho php truyn dn ng thi tn hiu khng
ng nht.
C kh nng truyn dn tn hiu hai chiu.
2.4. Vn tn ti ca h thng WDM v hng gii quyt trong tng lai
Vi h thng WDM, si quang cung cp cho chng ta tc truyn mong mun
nhng bng thng mng li b gii hn bi tc x l cc nt, do tc x l
cc nt c thc hin bng in t, m tc in t li thp hn rt nhiu so vi
tc thng tin truyn trong si quang (khong vi Gbps). N h vy, tn hiu quang
trn si khi n nt s c chuyn thnh tn hiu in thc hin x l in t (s
chuyn i quang- in O/E), sau c chuyn li thnh tn quang truyn i.
iu ny lm gim tc mng, gii php t ra l xy dng mng m trong
tn hiu c x l hon ton trong min quang, gi l mng ton quang.
Trong mng ton quang, d liu i t ngun n ch hon ton di dng
quang m khng cn bt c s chuyn i quang- in no trn ng i, vic iu
khin x l chuyn mch cng c thc hin di dng quang. Tuy nhin, mng
ton quang hin ti vn cha c tin hnh thnh cng bi nhng tn ti ca n.
Cc thit b logic hon ton trong min quang kh thc hin hn nhiu so vi cc
thit b logic in t. Bi v, khc vi cc electron th cc photon khng tng tc
nh hng ln nhau, thng th cc thit b logic phc tp u c to ra bng
cch s dng cng ngh in t. Bn cnh , cc trm lp bng quang cng rt kh
thc hin hn nhiu so vi cc trm lp in t mc d cc trm lp trong mng
ton quang c t nhng khong cch nh k rt xa nhau.
2.5. Chuyn mch quang
Hu ht cc thit b mng ngy nay u da trn tn hiu in, iu c ngha
tn hiu quang cn chuyn i sang tn hiu in c khuch i, ti to hoc
chuyn mch v sau c chuyn i tr li tn hiu quang. iu ny ni n s
chuyn i optical-to-electronic-to-optical (O-E-O) v l cng vic ct li ht sc
c ngha trong vic truyn tn hiu. S lng ln tn hiu i qua mng quang cn
c chuyn mch qua cc im khc nhau, c gi l cc node. Thng tin n
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hai b tip sng node B nh trong hnh (b), hn l thit k mt OADM ring bit.
iu ny l c th, cc OLT c thit k h tr kh nng ny. Lp vt l c
xy dng trong cc mng phc tp hn nhiu cc h thng im ni im.
C nhiu kin trc xy dng nn OADM, cc kin trc ny in hnh s dng
cc b ghp/b lc. Ta xt OADM nh mt hp en c hai cng mang mt tp hp
cc bc sng v mt s cng ni b. Cc thuc tnh chnh ca OADM gm c:
Tng s bc sng c th cung cp c l bao nhiu.
S bc sng ln nht c th xen/ rt l bao nhiu.
C rng buc trn mt bc sng no c xen/rt. Mt kin trc ch cho
php mt s bc sng xc nh no c xen/ rt ch khng phi bt k bc
sng tu no cng c.
C d dng xen/ rt cc knh thm vo. C cn thit ph v mt knh ang
tn ti xen/ rt cc knh thm vo.
Tnh n chi ph.
Tnh phc tp ca vic thit k OADM lp vt l v khi thm vo cc knh
mi th nh hng n vic thit k ny nh th no.
Hnh di y cho ta thy cc kin trc ca OADM:
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vic tch v ghp cho tt c nhng knh i vo. iu ny cng dn n suy hao cao
hn. Tuy nhin khi mt s lng ln s knh c rt v linh hot trong vic thm
vo hoc ly ra bt c knh no th cu trc ny cng cho ta hiu qu kinh t.
Hnh 2.8(b) l s ci tin ca hnh 2.8(a) nhm gim chi ph thit k trn, vic
ghp v tch knh c thc hin qua hai giai on. Giai on th nht tch ring
cc bc sng thnh nhng di (bands), giai on th hai tch nhng di thnh cc
bc sng ring l. V d nh h thng 16 knh, c th thc hin s dng bn di,
mi di gm bn knh. N u ch c bn knh c rt mt v tr, th 12 knh c
th gi nguyn trong cc di, thay v phi tch xung thnh tng knh ring l. iu
ny cho thy ta tit kim c chi ph cho b MUX v DEMUX. N goi ra, vic
s dng cc di cho php tn hiu c i qua vi suy hao quang thp hn. Khi
mng c s knh ln th cu trc hnh 2.8(b) ghp knh nhiu giai on tr nn cn
thit.
Trong cu trc hnh 2.8(c), mt knh ring l c tch v ghp t mt tp cc
knh i vo. Ta gi thit b ny l b xen rt n knh (SC - OADM). tch v
ghp nhiu knh th cc SC - OADM c ni lin tip nhau. Kin trc ny b sung
cho kin trc ca hnh 2.8(a). Vic tch v ghp knh nh hung n cc knh ang
tn ti, nn nhm gim ti thiu nh hng ny th ln k hoch tp bc sng no
cn c ly ra tng v tr. Tuy nhin nu s knh cn c tch ra l ln th kin
trc ny khng cn ph hp na, do chng ta phi s dng nhiu thit b ring l
ni li vi nhau. iu cho thy n khng hiu qu v kinh t. N goi ra suy hao
cng gia tng theo.
2.6.3. B khuch i quang
N hm b li s suy hao tn hiu trn ng truyn si quang cng nh ti cc
thit b (nh cc b ghp knh) th cc b khuch i c t gia cc kt ni si
quang nhng khong cch nh k. Trc khi cc b khuch i quang ra i th
la chn duy nht l ti to li tn hiu, ngha l nhn tn hiu v sau pht li n.
Qu trnh ny c thc hin bng cc b lp ti sinh. Mt b lp chuyn tn hiu
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quang thnh tn hiu in, khi phc sau chuyn li thnh tn hiu quang
truyn tip. iu ny hn ch tnh trong sut v tng chi ph bo tr ca h thng.
K thut khuch i quang chim u th hn nhiu cc b lp. B khuch i
quang khng ph thuc vo tc bit v cc nh dng tn hiu. Mt h thng s
dng khuch i quang c th d nng cp hn nhiu, v d n mt tc bit cao
hn m khng cn phi thay th b khuch i. Hn na cc b khuch i quang
c bng thng ln nn c th c dng khuch i ng thi nhiu tn hiu
WDM. N u khng vi mi bc sng ta phi s dng mt b lp.
Loi khuch i quang in hnh l b khuch i quang si EDFA (Erbium
Doped Fiber Amplifier - khuch i quang si c pha tp Erbium).
B EDFA thc cht l si quang c pha tp c chc nng khuch i c tn
hiu nh sng, chng c th thay i cc c tnh vt l ca si theo nhit , p sut
v chng c tnh cht bc x nh sng. c im ca si ny l chng c kh nng
t khuch i hoc ti to tn hiu khi c kch thch ph hp.
EDF
WDM
u vo
u ra
B cch li
B cch li
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photon cha nng lng bng nng lng dch chuyn. Khi tn hiu d liu c
truyn n EDFA, tn hiu d liu ny n gp cc ion Er3+ c kch thch
mc nng lng cao. Qu trnh ny lm cho cc ion nhy t trng thi nng lng
cao xung mc trng thi nng lng thp nn pht ra photon, do s khuch i
cng sut tn hiu ln ri truyn i tip trong si quang.
Thng thng, mt b cch li c dng trc ng vo hoc ng ra ca b
khuch i tn hiu EDFA ngn s phn x vo trong b khuch i ny.
EDFA cho h s khuch i ln, cng sut ra ln v nhiu thp, n lm vic
bc sng 1550nm. Trong cc h thng thng tin quang, cho cc EDFA hot
ng th cn c ngun bm. Cc ngun bm thc t l cc diod laser bn dn cng
sut cao dng cung cp ngun nh sng cho EDFA.
EDFA c cc c im sau:
Khng c mch ti to thi gian, mch phc hi (b chuyn i O/E v
E/O).Do mch s tr nn linh hoc hn.
Cng sut ngun nui nh nn khi p dng cho cc tuyn thng tin vt
bin, cp s c cu trc nh v nh hn cp thng.
Gi thnh ca h thng thp do cu trc ca EDFA n gin, trng lng
nh, khong lp v dung lng truyn dn c nng cao.
N goi ra do EDFA c kh nng khuch i nhiu bc sng trong cng mt si
nn n c kh nng tng dung lng tc ln n 20Gbps hoc cao hn khi s
dng k thut WDM.
N goi loi khuch i EDFA cn c dng khuch i SOA (Semiconductor
Optical Amplifiers- b khuch i quang bn dn). V c bn, SOA l mt mi ni
P-N . Lp gia c hnh thnh mi ni hot ng nh l mt vng tch cc. nh
sng c khuch i do s pht x kch thch khi n lan truyn qua vng tch cc
ny. i vi mt b khuch i, hai u cui ca vng tch cc c ph mt lp
khng phn x loi b gn sng trong li b khuch i.
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mng ln. N cng quan trng khi cc lightpath trong mng cn cu hnh li p
ng vi s thay i lu lng ca mng.
Bo v: Chc nng quan trng ca b kt ni cho l bo v cc lightpath
khi si b t hoc thit b gp s c trong mng. B OXC l phn t mng thng
minh m n c th pht hin s c trong mng v nhanh chng nh tuyn li cc
lightpath.
Trong sut i vi tc bit: kh nng chuyn mch cc tn hiu vi tc
bit.
Gim st thc hin, nh v li: OXC cho thy tham s ca mt tn hiu
nhng nt trung gian, OXC cho php kim tra thit b v gim st cc tn hiu i
xuyn qua n.
Chuyn i bc sng: ngoi kh nng chuyn tn hiu t cng ny sang
cng khc, OXC cn kh nng c th chuyn i bc sng bn trong.
Ghp knh: cc OXC iu khin cc tn hiu ng vo v ng ra tc
ng dy quang, tuy nhin n c kh nng ghp knh chuyn mch lu lng
ni ti.
Mt OXC c phn theo chc nng thnh mt trung tm chuyn mch v mt
khu lin hp cng. Trung tm chuyn mch cha b chuyn mch m n thc hin
chc nng kt ni cho thc s. Khu lin hp cng cha cc card c dng nh
cc giao din lin lc vi cc thit b khc. Cc cng giao tip c th bao gm
cc b chuyn i quang- in, in- quang hoc khng.
Mt phn t kt ni cho c bn 2 x 2 gi cc tn hiu quang t hai ng vo n
hai ng ra v c hai trng thi, l: trng thi cross v trng thi bar. Trong trng
thi cross, tn hiu t cng vo pha trn c gi n cng ra pha di, v tn hiu
t cng vo pha di c gi n ng ra pha trn. Trong trng thi bar, tn hiu
t cng vo pha trn c gi n cng ra pha trn, v tn hiu t cng pha di
c gi ti cng ra bn di.
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v tr m mun i n node khc. OXC thc hin chc nng ny, n lm vic
k bn cc phn t mng SON ET/ SDH, b nh tuyn IP v cc chuyn mch
ATM, cc thit b u cui WDM v b ghp knh xen/ rt. Mt cch in hnh,
mt s cng OXC c kt ni n cc thit b WDM, cc cng khc c ni n
cc thit b kt cui. V th OXC cung cp dung lng hiu qu hn nhiu.
2.7. S chuyn i bc sng
Chuyn i bc sng l kh nng chuyn tn hiu t bc sng ny( 1 ) trn
mt ng vo sang bc sng khc ti ng ra ( 2 ). B chuyn i rt c ch trong
vic gim xc sut tc nghn mng. N u cc b chuyn i c tch hp vo trong
b kt ni cho quang trong mng WDM, cc kt ni c th c thit lp gia
ngun v ch ngay c khi trn tt c cc tuyn ca ng i khng c sn cng mt
bc sng. Cc b chuyn i bc sng gip loi tr s bt buc tnh lin tc v
bc sng.
B chuyn i bc sng y gip cho vic gim xc sut tc nghn tt hn
nhng thc t b chuyn i ny rt kh thc hin bi cc l do v chi ph v gii
hn k thut. Trong mt mng c rt t node mng c trang b b chuyn i bc
sng, do cn phi c s la chn cc node t cc b chuyn i bc sng
cc v tr thch hp sao cho ti u mng, thng t cc b chuyn i bc sng
nhng node m lu lng mng xy ra cc i.
tr--
N ode A
N ode B
N ode C
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CHNG 3
NNH TUYN V GN BC SNG.
3.1. Gii thiu chng
Trong mng quang nh tuyn bc sng, ngi s dng lin lc vi nhau qua cc
knh thng tin quang c gi l cc lightpath. Lightpath l mt ng i ca tn
hiu nh sng t ngun n ch di dng quang thng qua cc kt ni trung gian.
Mt lightpath c th ko di qua nhiu tuyn truyn dn cung cp mt kt ni
chuyn mch mch gia hai node m c th cha mt lung lu lng ln gia
chng.
Khi cc lightpath thc hin vic mang thng tin t mt node ngun n mt node
ch no th n cn c nh tuyn v gn bc sng. nh tuyn v gn bc
sng cho lightpath l vn ht sc quan trng v xy ra thng xuyn trong mng.
Chng ny s ni r v vic nh tuyn v gn bc sng cho cc lightpath, cc
thut ton thc hin nh tuyn v cc phng php gn bc sng trong mng
WDM.
3.2. Gii thiu v nh tuyn v gn bc sng (Routing and Wavelength
Assignment - RWA).
Khi mt lightpath c chn v xc nh, mi lightpath cn c nh tuyn v
gn bc sng cho n. T t ra bi ton nh tuyn v gn bc sng.
nh tuyn l vn tm ng gia hai node bt k trong mng tho mn mt
mc ch no , thut ng gi l ti u hm mc tiu (cost function). Vn ny
rt quen thuc v rt quan trng trong mng. Thng thng nh tuyn trong IP s
dng thut ton tm ng Dijkstra, vi hm mc tiu l cc metric quen thuc nh
bng thng, tr, chi ph tuyn,
Trong mng quang, tm ng c hiu theo hai kha cnh, l tm ng vt
l mang c mu lu lng yu cu (Routing) v a ra bc sng ph hp mang
lu lng trn mi link dc path (Wavelength Assignment) trong s cc bc sng
cho php (bi mi path gm mt s fiber, m trn mi fiber ny, bn c th c W
sub-chanels, cng l W bc sng v W la chn cho yu cu kt ni hin ti). Vn
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Protocol), IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), OSPF (Open Shortest Path
First), EIGRP (Enhanced IGRP),
nh tuyn ngoi: nh tuyn xy ra gia cc h thng c lp (AS), lin quan ti
dch v ca nh cung cp mng s dng giao thc nh tuyn ngoi rng v phc tp.
Giao thc thng dng l BGP (Border Gateway Protocol).
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Hnh 3.6: V d
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CHNG 4
THC HIN M PHNG
4.1. Gii thiu chng
nh tuyn l cng vic ht sc quan trng trong mng quang WDM, n thc
hin tm ng cho lightpath mang lu lng thng tin t ngun n ch vi mc
ch ti u mng. Trong chng ny, da trn phn mm Visual C++, em m
phng phn nh tuyn cho cc lightpath vi hm mc tiu chng ta c th tu chn
nh chi ph, tr, lng lu lng qua cc tuyn t ngun n ch. Thut ton
s dng thc hin nh tuyn l thut ton Dijkstra.
Cc trng s trn cc tuyn khng ch l di ng i ca tuyn m tu theo
mt tiu ch no ca mng nh chi ph tuyn, tr, bng thng, lu lng
thng tin... N u ly theo tiu ch l chi ph thp nht th trng s trn cc tuyn
(cnh) l ch ph ca tuyn .
4.2. Gii thiu v ngn ng Visual C++
Visual C++ l ngn ng lp trnh da trn nn tng c bn ca C++, l lp
trnh hng i tng. N u cc bn lp trnh trn C++ th vic xy dng cc ng
dng trn Visual C++ rt thun li.
Khi thc hin lp trnh C/C++, to cc giao din phc tp, trnh by p hon
ton khng n gin. N hng i vi Visual C++ th vic kh n gin. Bn ch
cn s dng cc iu khin hay xy dng mt menu a vo ng dng ca mnh m
cc m lnh cn vit khng qu di dng v phc tp nh trong C/C++.
Trong chng trnh m phng ca em c th s dng bt k ngn ng lp trnh
no. Em chn ngn ng Visual C++ do kh nng ca n to giao din d dng hn
C/C++.
4.3. Lu thut ton
Gi s b nh tuyn m phng tm ng i vi ng i ngn nht qua cc
tuyn gia node ngun v node ch. Cc trng s trn cc cnh l di ca tuyn
thng tin t node ny n node kia.
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Bt u
Xc nh node ngun v ch nh
V1 v V2
Thit lp V1 l T-node
Kt thc
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3.Click vo biu tng DUON G N GAN N HAT thc hin tm ng ngn nht
gia hai cp node bt k.
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PH LC
Thc hin thm bin v thc hin m lnh sau:
void CAlgorithmsView::OnAddN ode()
{
m_Dijkstra.StartAddN odes();
}
void CAlgorithmsView::OnAddEdge()
{
m_Dijkstra.StartAddEdges();
}
void CAlgorithmsView::OnShortestPath()
{
CShorthestPath dlg;
if(dlg.DoModal()==IDOK)
//
{
m_Dijkstra.ShortestPath(dlg.m_node1, dlg.m_node2);
}
}
Thc hin v cc node v cc cnh bng m nh sau:
class CGraph
{
public:
long GetN rN odes();
CGraph();
virtual ~CGraph();
VTYPE_N ODE m_nodes; // dy cc node
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virtual ~CEdge();
};
// ve canh bat dau tu node dau den node cuoi
Thut ton Dijkstra:
// The Dijkstra's algorithm
STDMETHODIMP CDijkstra::ShortestPath(long node1, long node2)
{
ReleaseGraph();
InitializeSource(g, g.m_nodes[node1-1]);
// Thiet lap S ve rong
VTYPE_N ODE S;
// Dat cac node vao Q
VTYPE_N ODE Q;
VTYPE_N ODE::iterator kl;
for(kl=g.m_nodes.begin(); kl<g.m_nodes.end(); kl++)
{
CN ode node = (*kl).Copy();
Q.push_back(node);
}
// Algorithm
while(Q.size())
{
CN ode nod = ExtractMin(Q); // tach node tim duoc ra khoi tap Q
// dua node nay vao tapS
S.push_back(nod);
VTYPE_N ODE::iterator kl;
for(kl=g.m_nodes.begin(); kl<g.m_nodes.end(); kl++)
{
if(ExistEdge(nod, (*kl)))
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{
bool gasit = false;
VTYPE_N ODE::iterator kll;
for(kll=Q.begin(); kll<Q.end(); kll++)
{
if((*kll).m_N odeN r == (*kl).m_N odeN r)
gasit = true;
}
if(gasit)
Relax(nod, (*kl), GetEdgeVal(nod, (*kl)));
}
}
}
RefreshDone(node1, node2);
return S_OK;
}
Lnh thc hin v:
// Draw
HDC dc = ::GetDC(m_hWnd);
HPEN pen=CreatePen(PS_SOLID,0,RGB(0,0,0));
HPEN penred=CreatePen(PS_SOLID,2,RGB(255,0,0));
HBRUSH brush=CreateSolidBrush(RGB(0,0,0));
HPEN oldpen;
HPEN oldbrush;
oldpen=(HPEN )SelectObject(dc,pen);
RECT rc;
::GetClientRect(m_hWndCD, &rc);
Rectangle(dc, rc.left, rc.top, rc.right, rc.bottom);
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POIN T po;
po.x = ((*kll).m_firstPct.x+(*kll).m_secondPct.x)/2;
po.y = ((*kll).m_firstPct.y+(*kll).m_secondPct.y)/2;
char s[5];
ltoa((*kll).m_cost, s, 10);
TextOut(dc, po.x, po.y, s, 1);
if((*kll).m_red)
SelectObject(dc,temp);
}
::SelectObject(dc, OldFont);
SelectObject(dc,oldpen);
SelectObject(dc,oldbrush);
DeleteObject(pen);
DeleteObject(brush);
::ReleaseDC(m_hWnd, dc);
}
}
void CDijkstra::ReleaseGraph()
{
g.d.clear();
g.pi.clear();
VTYPE_EDGE::iterator kll;
for(kll=g.m_edges.begin(); kll<g.m_edges.end(); kll++)
{
(*kll).m_red = false;
}
Refresh();
}