PANDIAGONAL-CONCENTRIC MAGIC SQUARES OF ORDERS 4m

Author(s): Harry A. Sayles

Source: The Monist, Vol. 26, No. 3 (JULY, 1916), pp. 476-480
Published by: Oxford University Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27900603
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THE

476

MONIST.

order 3 we

to
of order 3x3x5
obtain five magic parallelopipeds
an
order
3
3
5.
associated
octahedroid
of
5
gether forming
magic
Since the lengths of the edges are the same as those of the octa
hedroid formed from Fig. 7 square, these two four-dimensional
figures are identical but the distribution of the numbers in their
cells is not the same. They can however be made completely iden

tical both in form and distribution of numbers by a slight change

in our method of dealing with the square Fig. 6, i. e., by taking the
from the knight paths
square plates to form the parallelopipeds
instead of the diagonals.
Using the path -1, 2 we get 225, 106, 3,

and then using

188, 43 for the first plates of each parallelopiped,
we
of
for
the
successive
obtain
the parallelo
2,-1
each,
plates
:
pipeds

I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.

225,
106,
3,
188,
43,

8,
193,
45,
211,
108,

31,
213,
113,
13,
195,

118,
15,
181,
33,
218,

183
38
223
120
1

This

is completely identical with that previously ob

octahedroid
tained from Fig. 7, as can be easily verified by taking any number
at random and writing down the four series of numbers through
its containing cell parallel to the edges, first in one octahedroid
and then in the other. The sets so obtained will be found iden
tical.
Hayward's

England.

Heath,

C.

PANDIAGONAL-CONCENTRIC
ORDERS

MAGIC
4m.

Planck.

SQUARES

OF

squares are composed of a central pandiagonal

square
surrounded by one or more bands of numbers, each band, together
with its enclosed numbers, forming a pandiagonal magic square.
These

The squares described here are of orders 4m and the bands

or borders are composed of double strings of numbers. The central
square and bands are constructed simultaneously instead of by the

usual method
the bands
2The

A.

of first forming the nucleus

successively around it.

square

and

Theory of Path Nasiks, by C. Planck, M.A., M.R.C.S.,

J. Lawrence,

Rugby,

Eng.

arranging
printed by

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CRITICISMS

AND DISCUSSIONS.

477

A square of the 8th order is shown in Fig. 1, both the central

42 and 82 being pandiagonal.
It is 42ply, i. e., any square group
of 16 numbers gives a constant total of 8(n2 +1), where w = the num
It is also magic in all of its
ber of cells on the edge of the magic.
Franklin diagonals ; i. e., each diagonal string of numbers bending
at right angles on either of the horizontal or vertical center lines
of the square, as is shown by dotted lines, gives constant totals.
In any size concentric square of the type here described, all of its
concentric squares of orders Sm will be found to possess the Frank
lin bent diagonals.
The analysis of these pandiagonal-concentric
squares is best
illustrated by their La Hirean method of construction, which is
I

4S \2S\3S \
22 \
47 26
33 24
\ \
49 8 63 /O S/
61 /
40

3/ 42

44 /3 38
36 /S S8

3 S4 3
46 27 36 2

43 ZS 34 23
62 //

64 3

SO

32 4/ /S 33 30 43 20 37
S3

S9
Fig.

SS

S7

1.

here

in connection with the 12th order square.

The
explained
lattice
of
the
for
convenience
square
subsidiary square, Fig. 2, is,
of construction, divided into square sections of 16 cells each.
In
each of the corner sections (regardless of the size of the square

to be formed) are placed four Ts, their position to be as shown in

Fig. 2. Each of these Ts is the initial number of the series 1, 2,
which must be written in the lattice in natural order,
3,.(w/4)2,
each number falling in the same respective cell of a 16-cell section
as the initial number.

of these series are indicated

in Fig. 2
by circles enclosing the numbers, and inspection will show that each
of the remaining series of numbers is written in the lattice in the
same manner, though they are in a reversed or reflected order. Any
size subsidiary square thus filled possesses all the magic features
of the final square.
Two

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THE

478
A

MONIST.

second subsidiary square of the 4th order is constructed with

the series0, (n/4)2, 2(w/4)2, 3(w/4)2,.15(n/4)2,

whichmust

be so arranged as to produce a pandiagonal magic such as is shown

in Fig. 3. It is obvious that if this square is pandiagonal,
several
of these squares may be contiguously arranged to form a larger

/ 5

3
m
?

?4

3
7

-.

3
8

8 !s

8
3

m
'
I
7 !6

2.

Fig.

\S9S4
/OB

7Z 46
/3S /6

63

30

7/7 ?7

Fig.

36 3/
7Z6

3.

and 42-ply, and also has the concentric

square that is pandiagonal
features previously mentioned.
Fig. 3 is now added to each section of Fig. 2, cell to cell, which
will produce the final magic square in Fig. 4.
With a little practice, any size square of order 4w may be con

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CRITICISMS

479

AND DISCUSSIONS.

structed without the use of subsidiary squares, by writing the numbers

directly into the square and following the same order of numeral
procession as shown in Fig. 5. Other processes of direct con
struction may be discovered by numerous arrangements and com

of the subsidiary squares.

contains pandiagonal
5
squares of the 4th, 8th, 12th and
Fig.
16th orders and is 42-ply. The 8th and 16th order squares are also
magic in their Franklin bent diagonals.
binations

These

concentric

\/oo\

79 48

73
\/09\
70 S3

\/2028

/3S\

20
/43\

//3

\"S\/2 V96\

27)

40

B7\

\99 \43\
~84\

3/
\/Z3\

/32\

34 /29\
\/26\

/07 S6

77 SO

\/04

/4

in

73 S4

/O? S7\

739\

feature

23

\//6 //

/03\ss\

\S3_

26
\'37\
32 36 89 \66~9S\ 4/ 86 \
6S\98 44 83
32 /3/
//9\29 /34\
\/22\
\'2S\3S /28\

\//0

\//2

\90*7\96

6Z SO 47
\/o/\

7/

60 \

/03

21
37

involve another magic

squares

6i 81
\'02\

46

/// /6 /44 \/9

\7Z91

39

30
\//3

88

SS
/OS\

78

49

\//4
69 94

74/

ZZ

"7

/o 738

42

8S

S?

97

733\

33
\/2/
Fig.

\/30\

7S sz
;
\2S

~4S\

V24\

36

\'27\

4.

These
respect to zig-zag strings of numbers.
strings pass from
side to side, or from top to bottom, and bend at right angles after
every fourth cell as indicated by the dotted line in Fig. 5. It should

be noted, however, that in squares of orders 8w + 4 the central four

numbers of a zig-zag string must run parallel to the side of the
square, and the string must be symmetrical in respect to the center
line of the square which divides the string in halves. For example
in a square of the 20th order, the zig-zag string should be of this form
and not of this form

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THE

48

MONIST.

In fact any group or string of numbers in these squares, that

is symmetrical to the horizontal or vertical center line of the magic
and is selected in accordance with the magic properties of the 16
cell subsidiary square, will give the sum [r(n2 + l)]/2, where r =
= the number of
the number of cells in the group or string, and
One of these strings is exemplified
cells in the edge of the magic.
in Fig. 5 by the numbers enclosed in circles.
67 228

232

220\ S7

2/6

236

S3

//3 776 77 746 //7 /72 73 /S2 /2/ /68 69

20S\ 20

\24/48 20/ 24

7?3

/29 96

/OO

\24S44

/SS 704 /33 92

223 62 227

2/9 SS

/37 28

/3 2/2 43 240
/64

7S6

/2S

40

/93 32

/3/ /OS 737 88 m

/60
2S3\ 36

//2

23/ /O 2/S S4

64

2// SO

7/4 773 73 747 7/6 77/ 74 75/ /22 /67

/SS /26

206 79 242 47

23
\202\

\24643

798

2S0 39

794 3/ 2S4 3S

/90 99

786 703 734 97

782

738 87

/78 /77 /42 83

730 9S

222 63 226
7/S 774 79 746

2/8 S9
773

\230//

770 7S /SO

SS

723

7S4 7Z7 762 67

77

207 78

44
\243

203 22

247 42

/99

797

73/

tez

73S 30

7S3 /06 739

227 64
776 773 80
206

\22S

/02

/4S /2? /69

77 \2444S 204 27

792 97 732 33

76^

/S8

79S

38

26

2/Z 60 229 72 2/3 S?

234 /S 2/0 S/ 238

//O

\233 76 209

/49 /24 /6S 72 /S3

/28

743^2)
237\

/6/

7S7

\2484/

\2002S 2S2 37

796 29 2S6 33

7SS /O/ 736 ?9

7S4 /oS\/40 6S

/30 /OS 744 6/

Fig.

5.

explain what is meant above in reference to selecting the

numbers in accordance with the magic properties of the 16-cell sub
sidiary square, note that the numbers, 27, 107, 214, 166, in the exem
plified string, form a magic row in the small subsidiary square, 70,
To

235,

179, 30 and 251, 86,

14, 163 form magic

diagonals,

159,255, 34 and 141,239, 82, 52 formply groups.

Harry

schenectady,

A.

and 66,

Sayles.

n. y.

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