Section A: Principles of Chemistry

a)

electron

b)

electron

c)

proton and neutron

d)

proton and electron

e)

neutron

a)

metals; non-metals; lost, gained; high; high

ii)

2.8; 2.8.8

b) i)
3

a)

2.8.2; 2.8.7

Starting states B; B; A; C Finishing states A; C; C; A

b) B

c)

element; mixture; mixture; compound

a)

Atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Alternative answer
Atoms with same atomic number but different mass numbers, or atoms of the same
element with different masses.
b) i)
ii)
c)

First row 37; 48 Second row 37; 87

(85 ! 71) + (87 ! 28)
= 85.6
100

They have the same electronic configuration.

Chemistry Revision Guide

It is essential to include the word atom in your answer.

Do not mention protons or neutrons in your answer.

Chemical reactions involve only electrons.
Alternative answer
Both have same number of electrons in the outer shell, or both have one electron in
the outer shell.
d) i)
ii)

Rb2O; RbCl
Any two from:

rubidium fizzes or bubbles or moves around

rubidium disappears or dissolves
rubidium melts or forms a ball
rubidium catches fire or explodes or flame is produced

iii) 2Rb + 2H2O 2RbOH + H2

5

a)

Electrons within the structure are free to move.

b) Ions cannot move until the lead(II) bromide is a liquid.

c)

First reaction B and reduction

Second reaction A and oxidation

d) i)

a)

ii)

Mass of bromine = 0.05 x 160 g = 80 g

i)

(39 + 16 + 1) = 56

ii)

14.0
= 0.25 mol
56

iii)

0.25 !

Chemistry Revision Guide

b) i)

a)

Amount of Pb = 0.05 mol; Amount of Br2 = 0.05 mol

1000
= 1.0 mol/dm 3
250

200
! 2.0 = 0.40 mol
1000

ii)

1
! 0.40 = 0.20 mol
2

iii)

0.20 ! 24 = 4.8 dm 3

Allotropy
Allotropy is no longer on the specification.

b) Covalent. The attraction of each of the two nuclei for a shared pair of electrons.
c)

Cutting or drilling.

d)

e)

Both are giant structures containing lots of covalent bonds that have to be broken.
It requires a lot of energy to break these bonds.

a)

The force of attraction between two nuclei and a pair of electrons shared between them.

b) simple; weak; molecules; low.

c)

i)

ii)

a)

A magnesium atom loses two electrons to form a magnesium ion.

A fluorine molecule/ two fluorine atoms gain two electrons to form two fluoride ions.

c)

i)

Na+ and F

ii)

NaF

d) Yellow
10 a)

NaCl(s) and H2O(l)

b) i)
ii)

Dilute nitric acid and aqueous silver nitrate.

White precipitate.

iii) Diffusion.
c)

i)

ii)
11 a)

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b) Magnesium; loss of electrons is oxidation.

(Simple) distillation.

(56 2) + (16 3) = 160

b) i)
ii)

320 ! 1000
= 2000
160

2 2000 = 4000

iii) 4000 56 = 224000 g = 224 kg

c)

i)

It restricts the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen.

ii)

5000 24 = 120000 dm3

d) Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2

e)

12 a)

i)

Silicon dioxide (silica/sand)

ii)

CaCO3 CaO and CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3

By heating.

b) i)
ii)

Diffusion
Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl)

iii) Ammonia particles move more quickly

iv)
13 a)

A red; B blue

Distillation

b) Evaporation
c)

Filtration / decantation

d) Chromatography
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e)
14 a)

Fractional distillation
i)

(1 + 80) = 81

ii)

1.62
= 0.02
81

iii)

0.02
! 1000 = 0.08
250

iv)

0.08 x 81 = 6.48

b) i)

HBr + NaOH NaBr + H2O OR H+ + OH H2O

ii)

A proton is transferred from HBr to NaOH / OH

iii)

20.0
! 0.20 = 0.004(00)
1000

iv)

20.0 2 = 40.0 cm3

v)

Methyl orange red to orange (allow yellow), OR

Phenolphthalein colourless to pink (allow red)

15 a)

i)

Giant lattice of positive ions with delocalised electrons.

ii)

Can be beaten or hammered into shape.

iii) The layers of ions can slide over one another.

b) The two fluorine nuclei are attracted to a shared pair of electrons.
c)
d)

i)

2.7

ii)

2.8

16 a)

i)

Left-hand electrode ; right-hand electrode +

ii)

H+; it is gaining electrons

iii) Horizontal line in right-hand tube halfway between the line given and the top of the tube.
The same number of moles of electrons produce twice as many moles of hydrogen as
oxygen.

c)

0.40
= 0.20
2

ii)

(0.20 24) = 4.8 dm3

i)

0.80
= 0.20
4

ii)

(0.20 32) = 6.4 g

Chemistry Revision Guide

b) i)