1.

OVERVIEW
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The title of the project is DIGITAL CALENDAR which is an embedded based
project.
An embedded project is a combination of hardware and software.
Microprocessors and microcontrollers are widely used in such embedded system
products. Each embedded system is unique and highly customized to the application at
hand. The main basics that includes in embedded programming are either assembly
programming or it may be high level languages such as C,C++ or Embedded C.
This project DIGITAL CALENDAR using microcontroller ia an advanced
digital calendar, which displays the Seconds,Minutes,Hours, Date, Day, Month over the
LCD display. It has the advantage of setting these features. It has an 8-bit microcontroller
which runs on the program embedded on its ROM.

1.2 AIM OF THE PROJECT

The main objective of the project is designing a DIGITAL CALENDAR by
interfacing microcontroller with RTC, in which time, date, day of the week, name of the
month, can be reset, displayed and updated.

1.3 ORGANISATION REPORT

Chapter 2 deals with Embedded Systems.
Chapter 3 deals with the overview of microprocessor and microcontroller.
Chapter 4 deals with the 8952 Microcontroller IC.
Chapter 5 deals with Power Supply of project.
Chapter 6 deals with the Real Time Clock (RTC 12887A).
Chapter 7 deals with LCD display and its pin description.
Chapter 8 deals with software description and code of the project.
Chapter 9 covers conclusion.
1

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

LCD DISPLAY
RTC 12887

AT89S52
KEY PAD
4X4

POWER
SUPPLY

FIGURE 1 : BLOCK DIAGRAM

This project DIGITAL CALENDAR using microcontroller ia an advanced digital

calendar, which displays the Seconds,Minutes,Hours, Date, Day, Month over the LCD
display. It has the advantage of setting these features. It has an 8-bit microcontroller
which runs on the program embedded on its ROM.
Methodology:
This project consists of seven major blocks. They are
1)Power supply 2)Microcontroller 3)RTC 4)Key pad 5) LCD Display
1) Power supply:
Since we are using electronic components which only work on DC we should supply
DC power to them. So we convert 220V a.c to required amount of DC power. It converts
a.c to DC using following sequence. Transformer to rectifier circuit to filter to regulator.
The output of regulator is DC. Here we are using two regulators (7805, 7812) due to our
requirement. LEDs indicate the supply of power.

2) Micro controller:
We are using 8952micro controller in this project. Micro controller is the control unit of
the project. All the devices are connected to the micro controller. Its function is to receive
the signal from RTC and to transmit the signal to LCD display. The appropriate date and
time would we displayed on the LCD screen.
3) RTC:
Its a drop in replacement for IBM at computer clock/calendar. Totally non-volatile with
over 10 years of operation in the absence of power, self contained sub-system includes
lithium, quartz and support circuitry. It counts seconds, minutes, hours, days, day of the
week, date, month, and year with leap year compensation valid upto 100 years.
4)Keypad:
It is used to update the date and time when the microcontroller is reset.
5)LCD Display:
It is another output device of the system. We used 2X16 LCD display. As and when
an interruption occurs it displays the type and location of interruption with the help of
micro controller.

FIGURE 2 : PROJECT LAYOUT

2. EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

2.1 DEFINITIONS
Embedded system is a combination of hardware and software; it is also named
as Firm ware.
An embedded system is a special purpose computer system, which is completely
encapsulated by the device it controls. It is a computer-controlled system
An embedded system is a specialized system that is a part of a larger system or
machine. As a part of a larger system it largely determines its functionality. Embedded
systems are electronic devices that incorporate microprocessors with in their
implementations. The main purposes of the microprocessors are simplifying the system
design and improve flexibility. In the embedded systems, the software is often stored in a
read only memory (RAM) chip.
Embedded systems provide several major functions including monitoring of the
analog environment by reading data from sensors and controlling actuators.

2.2 EXAMPLES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Embedded systems are found in wide range of application areas. Originally they
were used only for expensive industrial control applications, but as technology brought
down the cost of dedicated processors, they began to appear in moderately expensive
applications such as automobiles, communication and office equipments and television

Today's embedded systems are so inexpensive that they are used in almost every
electronic product in our life. Embedded systems are often designed for mass production.
Some examples of embedded systems:

Automatic Teller Machines

Cellular telephone and telephone switches

Computer network equipment

Computer printers

Disk drives

Engine controllers and antilock break controllers for automobiles

Home automation products

Handheld calculators

Household appliances

Medical equipment

Measurement equipment

Multifunction wrist watches

Multifunction printers

Mobile phones with additional capabilities

Programmable Logic Controllers

2.3 ADVANTAGES

One of the advantages of an embedded system is to decrease power

consumption and space.

All embedded systems that are based on microcontroller have low power
consumption in addition to some form of I\O,COM port and ROM all on a
single chip.

2.4 DISADVANTAGES

Higher Hardware/Software development overhead

Design, Compilers, Debuggers may result in delayed time to market

2.5 APPLICATIONS

Military and aerospace software applications

Communication applications

Electronics applications and consumer devices

Industrial automation and process control software

3. MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER

3.1 OVERVIEW
Microprocessors and microcontrollers are used in embedded system products. An
embedded product uses a microprocessor (or microcontroller) to do one task and one task
only.
Microprocessor as the term come to be known is a general purpose digital
computer central processing unit. Although popularly known as a "computer on chip", the
microprocessor is in no sense a complete digital computer.
Microprocessor CPU contains Arithmetic Logical Unit, a program counter, a stack
pointer, some working registers, a clock timing circuits and interrupt circuit.
To make complete microcomputer memory must add, usually Read Only
Memory, Random Access Memory, memory decoders and an Input/Output devices. In
addition special purpose devices such as interrupts, counters may be added to relieve the
CPU from time consuming counting or timing chores.
The hardware design of microprocessor CPU is arranged so that a small or very
large system can be configured around the CPU as the application demands. The internal
CPU architecture as well as the resultant machine level code that operates that
architecture is comprehensive but as flexible as possible.
The prime use of microprocessor is to read data perform extensive calculations on
that data and store those calculations in mass storage devices or display the results for
user use. The program is used by microprocessor are stored in the mass storage devices
and loaded into RAM as the user directs.

A microcontrollers is a computer on a single chip .Micro suggest that the device is

small and controller tells that the device is used to control objects, process or events
Microcontroller is a highly integrated chip that contains all the devices
comprising a computer. Typically this includes a CPU, RAM, Input/ Output ports, timers,
interrupts. So microcontroller is also called as "true computer on a chip". Unlike a
general purpose computer which also includes all of these devices. A microcontroller is
designed for a very specific task to control a particular system.
A microcontroller is a general purpose device but one that is meant to read data,
performs limited calculations on that data and control its environment based on those
calculations.
The prime use of microcontroller is to control the operation of machine using a
fixed program that is stored in ROM that does not change over the life time of the system.

3.2 ADVANTAGES
The advantages of microcontroller over microprocessor are

cost is less

speed is more

power consumption is less

compact device

external components are minimum

3.3 MICROPROCESSOR VERSUS MICROCONTROLLER

The contrast between microprocessor and microcontroller is best exemplified by
the fact that:

Most microprocessor have operational codes for moving data from

external memory to CPU, microcontroller may have one or two.

Microprocessor may have one or two types of bit handling instructions

microcontroller will have many.

Microprocessor concerned with rapid movement of code and data from

external address to the chip, microcontroller is concerned with rapid data

movement of bits with in chip.

Microcontroller can function as a computer with out addition of external

devices, but microprocessor must have many additions to operate an

computer.

3.4 A BRIEF HISTORY OF 8051

In 1981, Intel Corporation introduced an 8 bit microcontroller called 8051. This
microcontroller had 128 bytes of RAM, 4K bytes of chip ROM, two timers, one serial
port, and four ports all on a single chip. At the time it was also referred as A SYSTEM
ON A CHIP
The 8051 is an 8-bit processor meaning that the CPU can work only on 8 bits data
at a time. Data larger than 8 bits has to be broken into 8 bits pies es to be processed by the
CPU. The 8051 has a total of four I\O ports each 8 bit wide.

10

There are many versions of 8051 with different speeds and amount of on-chip
ROM and they are all compatible with the original 8051. This means that if you write a
program for one it will run on any of them.
The 8051 is an original member of the 8051 family. There are two other members
in the 8051 family of microcontrollers. They are 8052 and 8031. All the three
microcontrollers will have the same internal architecture, but they differ in the following
aspects.

8031 has 128 bytes of RAM, two timers and 6 interrupts.

8051 has 4K ROM, 128 bytes of RAM, two timers and 6 interrupts.

8052 has 8K ROM, 128 bytes of RAM, three timers and 8 interrupts.
Of the three microcontrollers, 8051 is the most preferable. Microcontroller

supports both serial and parallel communication.

In the concerned project 8052 microcontroller is used. Here microcontroller used
is AT89C52, which is manufactured by ATMEL laboratories.

11

4. 8952 MICROCONTROLLER
4.1 DESCRIPTION OF 8952 MICROCONTROLLER
The AT89C52 provides the following standard features: 8Kbytes of Flash, 256
bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt
architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition,
the AT89C52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and
supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU
while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue
functioning. The Power down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator,
disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.
By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel
AT89C52 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost
effective solution to many embedded control applications.

4.2 FEATURES OF MICROCONTROLLER (8952)

Compatible with MCS-51 Products

8 Kbytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory

Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles

Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz

Three-Level Program Memory Lock

256 x 8-Bit Internal RAM

32 Programmable I/O Lines

12

Three 16-Bit Timer/Counters

Eight vector two level Interrupt Sources

Programmable Serial Channel

Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes

In addition, the AT89C52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero

frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes.

The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port
and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power down Mode saves the RAM
contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next
hardware reset.

13

4.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MICROCONTROLLER

FIGURE 3:BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 8052

14

4.4 PIN CONFIGURATIONS

FIGURE 4:PIN DIAGRAM OF 8952

Pin Description

VCC
Pin 40 provides Supply voltage to the chip. The voltage source is +5v

GND.
Pin 20 is the grounded

Port 0

15

Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port from pin 32 to 39. As an output
port each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can
be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed
low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this
mode P0 has internal pull-ups.
Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the
code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program
verification.

Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups from pin 1 to 8. The

Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins
they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1
pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal
pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and
program verification.

Port 2
Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups from pin 21 to 28.

The Port 2 output buffers can sink / source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2
pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,
Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the
internal pull-ups.
Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program
memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX

16

@ DPTR). In this application it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During
accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits
the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order
address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.

Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups from pin 10 to 17.

The Port 3 output buffers can sink / source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to
Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As
inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL)
because of the pull-ups.
Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as
listed below:

TABLE 1: SPECIAL FEATURES OF 89C52

Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and
programming verification.

17

RST
Pin 9 is the Reset input. It is active high. Upon applying a high pulse to this pin,

the microcontroller will reset and terminate all activities. A high on this pin for two
machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.

ALE/PROG
Address Latch is an output pin and is active high. Address Latch Enable output

pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory.
This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In
normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and
may be used for external timing or clocking purposes.
Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data
Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location
8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction.
Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if
the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

PSEN
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the

AT89C52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice
each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to
external data memory.

EA/VPP

18

External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the

device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to
FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on
reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also
receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for
parts that require 12-volt VPP.

XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating

circuit.

XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

4.5 OSCILLATOR CHARACTERISTICS

XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting
amplifier which can be configured for use as an on chip oscillator, as shown in Figure .
Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an
external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as
shown in Figure.

19

FIGURE 5:CRYSTAL CONNECTIONS

FIGURE 6:EXTERNAL CLOCK DRIVE CONFIGURATION

There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the
input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by two flip-flop, but minimum
and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.

20

4.6 TIMERS
o Timer 0 and 1
Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89C52 operate the same way as Timer 0 and Timer
1 in the AT89C51.
o Timer 2
Timer 2 is a 16-bit Timer/Counter that can operate as either a timer or an event
counter. The type of operation is selected by bit C/T2 in the SFR T2CON. Timer 2 has
three operating modes: capture, auto-reload (up or down counting), and baud rate
generator. The modes are selected by bits in T2CON, as shown in Table . Timer 2 consists
of two 8-bit registers, TH2 and TL2. In the Timer function, the TL2 register is
incremented every machine cycle. Since a machine cycle consists of 12 oscillator periods,
the count rate is 1/12 of the oscillator frequency.

TABLE 2: TIMER 2 OPERATING MODES

In the Counter function, the register is incremented in response to a 1-to-0

transition at its corresponding external input pin, T2. In this function, the external input is
sampled during S5P2 of every machine cycle. When the samples show a high in one
cycle and a low in the next cycle, the count is incremented. The new count value appears

21

in the register during S3P1 of the cycle following the one in which the transition was
detected. Since two machine cycles (24 oscillator periods) are required to recognize a 1to-0 transition, the maximum count rate is 1/24 of the oscillator frequency. To ensure that
a given level is sampled at least once before it changes, the level should be held for at
least one full machine cycle.
There are no restrictions on the duty cycle of external input signal, but it should
for at least one full machine to ensure that a given level is sampled at least once before it
changes

4.7 INTERRUPTS
The AT89C52 has a total of six interrupt vectors: two external interrupts (INT0
and INT1), three timer interrupts (Timers 0, 1, and 2), and the serial port interrupt. These
interrupts are all shown in Figure .

FIGURE 7:INTERRUPTS SOURCE

22

Each of these interrupt sources can be individually enabled or disabled by setting

or clearing a bit in Special Function Register IE. IE also contains a global disable bit, EA,
which disables all interrupts at once.
Note that Table shows that bit position IE.6 is unimplemented. In the AT89C51,
bit position IE.5 is also unimplemented. User software should not write 1s to these bit
positions, since they may be used in future AT89 products.

TABLE 3: INTERRUPTS ENABLE REGISTER

Timer 2 interrupt is generated by the logical OR of bits TF2 and EXF2 in register
T2CON. Neither of these flags is cleared by hardware when the service routine is

23

vectored to. Infact the service routine may have to determine whether it was TF2 or
EXF2 that generated the interrupt, and that bit will have to be clear in software.
The Timer 0 and Timer 1 flags, TF0 and TF1, are set at S5P2 of the cycle in
which the timers overflow. The values are then polled by the circuitry in the next cycle.
However, the Timer 2 flag, TF2, is set at S2P2 and is polled in the same cycle in which
the timer overflows.

Idle Mode :
In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on-chip peripherals remain
active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the
special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be
terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. It should be noted that when
idle is terminated by a hardware reset, the device normally resumes program execution,
from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes
control.
On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the
port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin
when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle
should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.

Power down Mode:

In the power down mode the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes
power down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function
Registers retain their values until the power down mode is terminated. The only exit from
power down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-

24

chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal
operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and
stabilize.

TABLE 4: STATUS OF EXTERNAL PINS DURING IDLE AND POWER DOWN MODE

Programming Interface:
Every code byte in the Flash array can be written and the entire array can be
erased by using the appropriate combination of control signals. The write operation cycle
is self-timed and once initiated, will automatically time itself to completion.

TABLE 5: FLASH PROGRAMMING MODES

25

5. POWER SUPPLY
There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high voltage
AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronics circuits and other
devices. A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which
performs a particular function.
For example a 5V regulated supply can be shown as below

FIGURE 8:BLOCK DIAGRAM OF REGULATED POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Similarly, 12v regulated supply can also be produced by suitable selection of the
individual elements. Each of the blocks is described in detail below and the power
supplies made from these blocks are described below with a circuit diagram and a graph
of their output:
5.1 TRANSFORMER
A transformer steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC. Here we are
using a center-tap transformer whose output will be sinusoidal with 36volts peak to peak
value.

26

FIGURE 9: OUTPUT WAVEFORM OF TRANSFORMER

The low voltage AC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and special AC motors. It
is not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a rectifier and a smoothing
capacitor. The transformer output is given to the rectifier circuit.

5.2 RECTIFIER
A rectifier converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying. There are several
types of rectifiers; here we use a bridge rectifier.
The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage
using both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the
figure. The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is
applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected
between the other two ends of the bridge.
For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas
diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with
the load resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL.
For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct
whereas, D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series
with the load resistance RL and hence the current flows through R L in the same direction
as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into unidirectional.

27

FIGURE 10:BRIDGE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT

FIGURE 11:THE OUTPUT WAVEFORM OF THE RECTIFIER

The varying DC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and standard motors. It is not
suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a smoothing capacitor.
5.3 SMOOTHENING
The smoothing block smoothes the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple.
The ripple voltage is defined as the deviation of the load voltage from its DC value.
Smoothing is also named as filtering.
Filtering is frequently effected by shunting the load with a capacitor. The action
of this system depends on the fact that the capacitor stores energy during the conduction
period and delivers this energy to the loads during the no conducting period. In this way,
the time during which the current passes through the load is prolongated, and the ripple is
considerably decreased. The action of the capacitor is shown with the help of waveform.

28

FIGURE 12:CAPACITOR AND ITS OUTPUT WAVEFORM

FIGURE 13: THE WAVEFORM OF THE RECTIFIED OUTPUT AFTER SMOOTHENING

5.4 REGULATOR
Regulator eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage. Voltage
regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output
voltages. Negative voltage regulators are also available
Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads (input, output and high impedance).
They include a hole for attaching a heat sink if necessary. Zener diode is an example of
fixed

regulator which is shown

here.

29

FIGURE 14:REGULATOR

FIGURE 15:Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator:

30

6.RTC 12887

6.11 FEATURES OF DS12887A

Drop-in replacement for IBM AT computer

clock/calendar

Pin compatible with the MC146818B and DS1287A

Totally nonvolatile with over 10 years ofoperation in the absence of power Selfcontained subsystem includes lithium,quartz, and support circuitry

Counts seconds, minutes, hours, days, day of the week, date, month, and year
with leapyear compensation valid up to 2100

Binary or BCD representation of time,calendar, and alarm

12- or 24-hour clock with AM and PM in 12-hour mode

Daylight Savings Time option

Selectable between Motorola and Intel bus timing

Multiplex bus for pin efficiency

Interfaced with software as 128 RAM locations 15 bytes of clock and control
registers 113 bytes of general purpose RAM

Programmable square-wave output signal

Bus-compatible interrupt signals (IRQ)

31

Three interrupts are separately software maskable and testable Time-of-day alarm
once/second to once/day Periodic rates from 122_s to 500ms

End-of-clock update cycle

6.2 PIN ASSIGNMENT

FIGURE 16:PIN DIAGRAM OF RTC

PIN DESCRIPTION
AD0AD7 - Multiplexed Address/Data Bus
NC

- No Connect

MOT

- Bus Type Selection

CS

- RTC Chip Select Input

32

AS

- Address Strobe

R/W

- Read/Write Input

DS

- Data Strobe

RESET

- Reset Input

IRQ

- Interrupt Request Output

SQW

- Square-Wave Output

VCC

- +5V Main Supply

RCLR

- RAM Clear

GND

- Ground

DESCRIPTION :
The DS12C887A real-time clock plus RAM is designed to be a direct upgrade
replacement for the DS12887A in existing IBM-compatible personal computers to add
hardware year-2000 compliance. A century byte was added to memory location 50, 32h,
as called out by the PC AT specification. The DS12C887A is identical in form, fit, and
function to the DS1287A, and provides additional 64 bytes of general-purpose RAM.
Access to this additional RAM space is determined by the logic level presented on AD6
during the address portion of an access cycle. The RCLR pin is used to clear (set to logic
1) all 113 bytes of general purpose RAM but does not affect the RAM associated with the
real time clock. In order
to clear the RAM, RCLR must be forced to an input logic 0 (-0.3V to +0.8V) during
battery-backup mode when VCC is not applied. The RCLR function is designed to be
used via human interface (shorting to ground manually or by switch) and not to be driven
with external buffers. For a complete description of operating conditions, electrical
characteristics, bus timing and pin descriptions other than RCLR , see the DS12C887
data sheet.

33

7.LCD
7.1 OVERVIEW
The alphanumeric 16character X 2line LCD requires 8data lines and also 3
control signals and they are interfaced to 3664.By using 2 ports, port 0&3 data pins are
connected to LCD as data bus. Port0 can be basically used as I/O port i.e. it can be
programmed as an input or as an output port.
That means if it is programmed as output port, suppose if it is required to read data
from LCD immediately it is not possible. Before reading the data it is required to make
the port as an input port. Data reading from LCD gives an erroneous reading & should
not be implemented. Because of this port5 is made as input / output port depending on the
situation. The control signals are connected to port 3 pins. They are EN bar & RS bar,
RW bar. At different instance such as data write / command write / data read etc. Various
signals are to be provided as indicated by the by the LCD manufacturers.
To interface the LCD, to the Micro controller it require an 8 bit and also three control
signals differentiate the data from the control words send to the LCD. The Micro
controller has to send the necessary control words followed by the data to be displayed.
Depending on the operation to be performed the control words are selected and
passes to the LCD. The data to be displayed on the LCD is to be sent in the ASCII
format. Thus all the character to be displayed are converted into ASCII form and then
sent to the LCD along with different control words. The control word differentiated the
various operations and are executed. It is also possible to read the LCD data if required.

34

The control signals to the LCD are also provided by the Micro controller. This is
also done through pins 3.5,3.6&3.7.Through program necessary control signals are
passed to the LCD by using the bits of the port. The remaining can be used for some other
purpose if there is a need. The software controls the necessary ports and performs the task
it is designed for. The soft ware and associated hardware perform the LCD interface.

LCD DISPLAY
Gnd

vcc preset rs

rw en

d0

d1

d2

d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 vcc gnd

FIGURE 17:LCD PIN DIAGRAM

A liquid crystal is a material (normally organic for LCDs) that will flow like a
liquid but whose molecular structure has some properties normally associated with solids.
The Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is a low power device. The power requirement is
typically in the order of microwatts for the LCD. However, an LCD requires an external
or internal light source. It is limited to a temperature range of about 0C to 60C and
lifetime is an area of concern, because LCDs can chemically degrade.
There are major types of LCDs which are :
1) Dynamic-scattering LCD s
2) Field-effect LCD s
Field-effect LCD s are normally used in such applications where source of energy is a
prime factor (e.g., watches, portable instrumentation etc.).They absorb considerably less

35

power than the light-scattering type. However, the cost for field-effect units is typically
higher, and their height is limited to 2 inches. On the other hand, light-scattering units are
available up to 8 inches in height. Field-effect LCD is used in the project for displaying
the appropriate information. The turn-on and turn-off time is an important consideration
in all displays. The response time of LCD s is in the range of 100 to 300ms.The lifetime
of LCD s is steadily increasing beyond 10,000+hours limit. Since the colour generated by
LCD units is dependent on the source of illumination, there is a wide range of colour
choice.
LCD
To send any of the commands from given table to the lcd, make pin RS =0.For
data, make RS=1.then send a high to low pulse to the E pin to enable the internal latch of
the LCD As shown in figure for LCD connections.

FIGURE 18:8 BIT LCD INTERFACE

36

Pin
Symbol Level I/O
number

Function

Vss

- Power supply (GND)

Vcc

- Power supply (+5V)

Vee

- Contrast adjust

RS

0/1

0 = Instruction input
1 = Data input

R/W

0/1

0 = Write to LCD module

1 = Read from LCD module

1, 1->0

DB0

0/1

I/O Data bus line 0 (LSB)

DB1

0/1

I/O Data bus line 1

DB2

0/1

I/O Data bus line 2

10

DB3

0/1

I/O Data bus line 3

11

DB4

0/1

I/O Data bus line 4

12

DB5

0/1

I/O Data bus line 5

13

DB6

0/1

I/O Data bus line 6

14

DB7

0/1

I/O Data bus line 7 (MSB)

I Enable signal

TABLE 6 : PIN ASSIGNMENT

37

Pin
Symbol Level I/O
number

Function

DB7

0/1

I/O Data bus line 7 (MSB)

DB6

0/1

I/O Data bus line 6

DB5

0/1

I/O Data bus line 5

DB4

0/1

I/O Data bus line 4

DB3

0/1

I/O Data bus line 3

DB2

0/1

I/O Data bus line 2

DB1

0/1

I/O Data bus line 1

DB0

0/1

I/O Data bus line 0 (LSB)

E1

1, 1->0

10

R/W

0/1

0 = Write to LCD module

1 = Read from LCD module

11

RS

0/1

0 = Instruction input
1 = Data input

12

Vee

- Contrast adjust

13

Vss

- Power supply (GND)

14

Vcc

- Power supply (+5V)

15

E2

1, 1->0

16

n.c.

I Enable signal row 0 & 1 (1stcontroller)

I Enable signal row 2 & 3 (2ndcontroller)

TABLE 7 : PIN ASSIGNMENT

Instruction set
0 = Cursor blink off

1 = Cursor blink on

S/C 0 = Move cursor

1 = Shift display

R/L 0 = Shift left

1 = Shift right

DL 0 = 4-bit interface

1 = 8-bit interface

N 0 = 1/8 or 1/11 Duty (1 line)

1 = 1/16 Duty (2 lines)

F 0 = 5x7 dots

1 = 5x10 dots

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BF 0 = Can accept instruction

1 = Internal operation in progress

TABLE 8: INSTRUCTION SET

8. KEIL COMPILER
8.1 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

1.

Click on the Keil uVision Icon on Desktop

2.

The following fig will appear

FIGURE 19:START PAGE

3.

Click on the Project menu from the title bar

4.

Then Click on New Project

39

FIGURE 20:CREATING NEW PROJECT

5.

Save the Project by typing suitable project name with no extension in u r own
folder sited in either C:\ or D:\

FIGURE 21:SELECTING TEMP FILE

40

6.

Then Click on Save button above.

7.

Select the component for u r project. i.e. Atmel

8.

Click on the + Symbol beside of Atmel

FIGURE 22:SELECTING ATMEL SERIES

9.

Select AT89C51 as shown below

FIGURE 23: SELECTING THE MICROCONTROLLER

10.

Then Click on OK

11.

The Following fig will appear

41

FIGURE 24:USING STARTUP CODE TO PROJECT

12.

Then Click either YES or NOmostly NO

13.

Now your project is ready to USE

14.

Now double click on the Target1, you would get another option Source group
1 as shown in next page.

FIGURE 25:SOURCE CODE CREATION

15.

Click on the file option from menu bar and select new

42

FIGURE 26:OPEN A NEW FILE

16.

The next screen will be as shown in next page, and just maximize it by double
clicking on its blue boarder.

FIGURE 27:NEW PAGE HAS BEEN CREATED

17.

Now start writing program in either in C or ASM

18.

For a program written in Assembly, then save it with extension . asm and
for C based program save it with extension .C

43

FIGURE 28:ASM FILE IS CREATED

19.

Now right click on Source group 1 and click on Add files to Group Source

FIGURE 29:ADD THE FILE TO SOURCE GROUP

20.

Now you will get another window, on which by default C files will appear.

44

FIGURE 30:SELECT C SOURCE FILE(.C)

21.

Now select as per your file extension given while saving the file

22.

Click only one time on option ADD

23.

Now Press function key F7 to compile. Any error will appear if so happen.

FIGURE 31:BUILD OPERATION IS DONE

45

24.

If the file contains no error, then press Control+F5 simultaneously.

25.

The new window is as follows

FIGURE 32:RUNNING OF THE FILE

26.

Then Click OK

27.

Now Click on the Peripherals from menu bar, and check your required port as
shown in fig below

FIGURE 33:PORT SELECTION

28.

Drag the port a side and click in the program file.

46

FIGURE 34:OUTPUT IS DISPLAYED IN PORTS

29.

Now keep Pressing function key F11 slowly and observe.

30.

You are running your program successfully

47

8.2 PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include<reg51.h>
#include <absacc.h>
#define COL P3
#define ROW P1
sbit rs=P1^5;
sbit rw=P1^6;
sbit en=P1^7;
#define ldata P2
void lcdinit();
void rtcinit();
void lcddata(unsigned char);
void lcdcmd(unsigned char);
void lcddelay(int);
void lcdoption();
void lcdhr();
void lcdmin();
void lcdmonth();
void lcdday();
char KEYPD();
void bcdconv(unsigned char);
unsigned char keypad[4][4]={'0', '1', '2', '3',4', '5', '6', '7', '8',
'9', 'A', 'B','C', 'D', 'E', 'F'};
void rtcinit(void)
{
lcddelay(250);
XBYTE[10]=0x20;
XBYTE[11]=0x83;
XBYTE[0]=0x30; //sec
XBYTE[2]=0x30; //min
XBYTE[4]=0x13; //hour
XBYTE[7]=0x27;
XBYTE[8]=0x02;
XBYTE[9]=0x08;
XBYTE[11]=0x03;
}

48

void bcdconv(unsigned char mybyte)

{
unsigned char x,y;
x=mybyte & 0x0F;
x=x|0x30;
y=mybyte&0xF0;
y=y>>4;
y=y|0x30;
lcddata(y);
lcddata(x);
}
void lcddelay(int k)
{
int i,j;
for (i=0; i<=k;i++)
for (j=0; j<=1275;j++);
}
void lcdcmd(unsigned char value)
{
ldata=value;
rs=0;
rw=0;
en=1;
lcdelay(1);
en=0;
return;
}
void lcddata(unsigned char value)
{
ldata=value;
rs=1;
rw=0;
en=1;
lcddelay(1);
en=0;
return;
}

49

void lcdinit()
{
lcdcmd(0x38);
lcdcmd(0x0E);
lcdcmd(0x01);
lcdcmd(0x06);
lcdcmd(0x80);
}
void lcdoption()
{
lcddata('1');
lcddata(':');
lcddata('2');
lcddata(':');
lcddata('3');
lcddata(' ');
lcddata(':');
}
void lcdhr()
{
lcddata('E');
lcddata('N');
lcddata('T');
lcddata(' ');
lcddata(H);
lcddata('R');
lcddata(':');
}
void lcdmin()
{
lcddata(' ');
lcddata('E');
lcddata('N');
lcddata('T');
lcddata(' ');
lcddata('M');
lcddata('I');
lcddata('N');
lcddata(':');
}

50

void lcdmonth()
{
lcddata('E');
lcddata('N');
lcddata('T');
lcddata(' ');
lcddata('m');
lcddata('o');
lcddata('n');
lcddata(':');
}
void lcdday()
{
lcddata('E');
lcddata('N');
lcddata('T');
lcddata(' ');
lcddata('d');
lcddata('a');
lcddata('y');
lcddata(':');
}
char KEYPD()
{
char colloc, rowloc;
COL=0xFF;
while(1)
{
do
{
ROW=0x00;
colloc=COL;
colloc&=0x0F;
}
while(colloc!=0x0F);
do
{
do
{
lcddelay(1);
colloc=COL;

51

colloc &= 0x0F;

}
while(colloc==0x0F);
lcddelay(1);
colloc=COL;
colloc&=0x0F;
}
while(colloc==0x0F);
while(1)
{
ROW=0xFE;
colloc=COL;
colloc&=0x0F;
if (colloc != 0x0F)
{
rowloc=0;
break;
}
ROW=0xFD;
colloc=COL;
colloc&=0x0F;
if (colloc != 0x0F)
{
rowloc=1;
break;
}
ROW=0xFB;
colloc=COL;
colloc&=0x0F;
if (colloc != 0x0F)
{
rowloc=2;
break;
}
ROW=0xF7;
colloc=COL;
colloc&=0x0F;
if (colloc != 0x0F)
{
rowloc=3;
break;
}

52

}
if (colloc== 0x0E)
return(keypad[rowloc][0]);
else if(colloc==0x0D)
return(keypad [rowloc][1]);
else if(colloc==0x0B)
return(keypad [rowloc][2]);
else
return(keypad [rowloc][3]);
}
}

void userintface(void) interrupt 0

{
char ch, ch_hr[2], ch_min[2], HOUR, MINUTE,MONTH,DAY;
IE=0x80;
lcdcmd(0x01);
lcdoption();
ch=KEYPD();
lcddata(ch);
lcddelay(200);
if(ch== '1')
{
lcdcmd(0x01);
lcdhr();
lcddelay(25);
ch_hr[1]=KEYPD();
lcdcmd(0x01);
lcdcmd(0x80);
lcddata(ch_hr[1]);
ch_hr[0]=KEYPD();
lcddata(ch_hr[0]);
lcddelay(15);
lcdcmd(0x01);
lcdcmd(0x80);
lcdmin();
lcddelay(25);

53

lcdcmd(0x01);
lcdcmd(0x80);
ch_min[1]=KEYPD();
lcddata(ch_min[1]);
ch_min[0]=KEYPD();
lcddata(ch_min[0]);
lcddelay(15);
HOUR= ch_hr[0] & 0x0F;
ch_hr[1]=ch_hr[1] & 0x0F;
ch_hr[1]= ch_hr[1]<<4;
HOUR=HOUR | ch_hr[1];
MINUTE= ch_min[0] & 0x0F;
ch_min[1]=ch_min[1] & 0x0F;
ch_min[1]=ch_min[1]<<4;
MINUTE=MINUTE | ch_min[1];
}
if(ch==2)
{
lcdcmd(0x01);
lcdmonth();
lcddelay(25);
ch_hr[1]=KEYPD();
lcdcmd(0x01);
lcdcmd(0x80);
lcddata(ch_hr[1]);
ch_hr[0]=KEYPD();
lcddata(ch_hr[0]);
lcddelay(15);
lcdcmd(0x01);
lcdcmd(0x80);
lcdday();
lcddelay(25);

54

lcdcmd(0x01);
lcdcmd(0x80);
ch_min[1]=KEYPD();
lcddata(ch_min[1]);
ch_min[0]=KEYPD();
lcddata(ch_min[0]);
lcddelay(15);
MONTH= ch_hr[0] & 0x0F;
ch_hr[1]=ch_hr[1] & 0x0F;
ch_hr[1]= ch_hr[1]<<4;
MONTH=MONTH | ch_hr[1];
DAY= ch_min[0] & 0x0F;
ch_min[1]=ch_min[1] & 0x0F;
ch_min[1]=ch_min[1]<<4;
DAY=DAY | ch_min[1];

}
switch(ch)
{
case '1': XBYTE[4]=HOUR; //min
XBYTE[2]=MINUTE;
case '2':XBYTE [8]=MONTH;
XBYTE[7]=DAY;
}
}

main()
{
unsigned char HR, MIN, SEC,day,month,year;
IE=0x81;
lcdinit();
rtcinit();

55

while(1)
{
HR=XBYTE[4];
bcdconv(HR);
lcddata(':');
MIN=XBYTE[2];
bcdconv(MIN);
lcddata(':');
SEC=XBYTE[0];
bcdconv(SEC);
lcdcmd(0xc2);
day=XBYTE[7];
bcdconv(day);
lcddata('/');
month=XBYTE[8];
bcdconv(month);
lcddata('/');
year=XBYTE[9];
bcdconv(year);
lcddelay(45);

lcdcmd(0x01);
lcdcmd(0x82);
IE=0x81;
}

56

9.CONCLUSION
Embedded systems are emerging as a technology with high potential. In the past decades
micro processor based embedded system ruled the market. The last decade witnessed the
revolution of Microcontroller based embedded systems. This project basically deals with
how many number of persons are in the room very accurately with the help of
Microcontroller. With regards to the requirements gathered the manual work and the
complexity in counting can be achieved with the help of electronic devices.

57

10. REFERENCES
[1] Muhammad Ali Mazidi -The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems 2nd
edition, PEARSON EDUCATION, 2008
[2] Daniel W Lewis Fundamentals Of Embedded Software
[3] www.howsstuffworks.com
[4] www.alldatasheets.com
[5] www.electronicsforu.com
[6] www.knowledgebase.com
[7] www.8051 projectsinfo.com
[8] Datasheets of Microcontroller AT89C52
[9] Datasheets of 555 timer

58