Chapter 5

Deformation
5.1

A beam is loaded by a concentrated bending moment M at the free end. The size of the
moment equals the maximum moment, or Pl. Find the vertical and angular deformations
along the beam by using the equation of the elastic line, Eq. (5.3).

Notes: This problem requires integration of Equation (5.3) twice, and then application of
boundary conditions for a cantilever.
Solution:
Equation (5.3) gives
2y
M
Pl
2 = EI = EI
x
Integrating twice,

Pl
y
= x + C1
EI
x
Pl 2
y=
x + C1 x + C2
2EI
Referring to the sketch above, the boundary conditions are dy/dx=0 at x=0 and y=0 at x=0. The
first boundary condition gives C1=0. The second gives C2=0. Therefore, the angular deflection
and the vertical deflection along the beam are given by (see Equation (5.6)):
Pl
Pl 2
y
= =
x; y =
x
dx
EI
2EI
The maximum vertical deflection occurs at x=l and is
Pl 3
ymax =
2EI

5.2

A simply supported beam of length l carries a force P. Find the ratio between the bending
stresses in the beam when P is concentrated in the middle of the beam and evenly
distributed along it. Use the moment-curvature relation given in Equation (5.3). Also,
calculate the ratio of deformations at the middle of the beam.

Notes: To determine the maximum stresses, the largest moment must be determined. The shear
and moment diagrams are found as in Chapter 2. Integration of Equation (5.3) then gives the
answer.
Solution:
The sketch and shear and moment diagrams for the two cases are shown below. In both cases, the
maximum stress and deflection are at the center.

Page 5-1

I.
Point Load Case
For the point load case, moment equation up to x=l/2 is M(x)=-Px/2. The maximum moment, at
x=l/2, is Mmax=-Pl/4. Therefore, from Equation (5.3), and integrating twice,
M
Px
dy Px2
Px 3
d2y
=

=
;
=
+
C
;
y
=
+ C1x + C2
1
EI 2EI dx 4EI
12EI
dx 2
The boundary conditions are that y=0 at x=0 and dy/dx=0 at x=l/2. The first boundary condition
gives C2=0. The second gives:
Pl2
Pl 2
dy Px2
=
+ C1; 0=
+ C1; C1 =
16EI
16EI
dx 4EI
Therefore, the deflection is
Px 3
Pl2
Px x2 l 2

y=

x=

12EI 16EI
4EI 3
4
The maximum deflection occurs at x=l/2 and is:
Pl l 2 l 2
Pl3
=
ymax =
8EI 12 4
48EI
II.
Distributed load
For this case, the moment distribution is

P x2
M =
x
2 l

The maximum moment, evaluated at x=l/2, is Mmax=-Pl/8. From Equation (5.3), and integrating
twice, gives
d2y
M
P
x 2 dy
P x2 x3
P x3 x 4

+ C3 x + C4
=

=
x

;
=

+
C
;
y
=

3
EI 2EI
l dx 2EI 2
3l
2 EI 6 12l
dx 2
The first boundary condition is that at x=0, y=0. Therefore, C4=0. The second boundary condition
is that dy/dx=0 at x=l/2, so that
dy
P x2 x3
P l2 l3
Pl2

+ C3; C3 =
=
+ C3; 0 =
dx 2 EI 2
3l
2EI 8 24l
24EI
Therefore the deflection, and the maximum value evaluated at x=l/2 are:
P x 3 x4
P 3 x4 l2x
Pl2
5Pl 3

x
; ymax = yx =l /2 =
y=

x
=

2
2EI 6 12l 24EI
12EI
2l
384EI

Page 5-2

III.
Comparison
The ratio of the maximum stresses, from Equation (4.48) gives:
M concc
I Mconc Pl / 4
conc
=
=
=
=2
M
c

dist
Mdist
Pl / 8
dist I

The ratio of maximum deflections is:

Pl 3

yconc
384
48EI
=
=
= 1.6
5Pl3 240
ydist
384EI

5.3

A simply supported beam with length l is centrally loaded with a force P. How large a
moment needs to be applied at the ends of the beam
a) To maintain the slope angle of zero at the supports?
b) To maintain the midpoint of the beam without deflection when the load is applied?
Use the equation of the elastic line, Eq. (5.3).

Notes: The problem which must be solved is that of a simply supported beam with both a
concentrated load at the center and a moment applied at both ends. Once the elastic equation of
the beam is determined, the problem can be solved.
Solution:
The beam and moment diagrams are obtained as in Chapter 2. The moment distribution is given
by
M=M0-Px/2
Therefore, from Equation (5.3) and integrating twice,
M( x)
Px M0 dy Px2 M 0x
Px3 M0 x2
d2y
2 = EI = 2EI EI ; dx = 4EI EI + C1; y = 12EI 2EI + C1x + C2
dx
The boundary conditions are y=0 at x=0 and dy/dx=0 at x=l/2. The first boundary condition gives
C2=0. The second gives:
Pl 2 M 0l
1 M0l Pl 2

0=

+ C1; C1 =

16EI 2EI
EI 2
16
Therefore, the angular deflection and the vertical deflection are given by:
l

dy Px2 M 0x
1 x 2 l 2
1 M 0l Pl 2

+ M0 x
=

dx 4EI
EI
EI 2
16 EI 4 16
2

Px 3 M 0x 2
1 M0l Pl 2
x x 2 l 2
l x

x =

P
+ M0
2 2
12EI
2EI
EI 2
16
EI 12 16
To maintain a slope of zero at the supports, set dy/dx=0, x=0, and solve for M0 to give:
dy
l
Pl
1 l 2
=0=
P + M0 ; M0 =

dx
2
8
EI 16
To have a deflection of zero at the midpoint, set y=0 at x=l/2 and solve for M0:
y=

Page 5-3

y= 0 =

5.4

l
2EI

2
2
2

P l l + M 0 l l ; M 0 = 8Pl = Pl
2 4
6
48 16
48l

Find the relationship between P and w0 so that the slope of the deflected beam is zero at
the supports for the loading conditions shown in sketch a. Assume that E and A are
constant.

Notes: This solution uses singularity functions, although it could be solved through the other
methods in Chapter 2.
Solution:
The reactions are shown on the beam above in red. Due to symmetry, the reaction forces are
equal and are:
P w l
R= + 0
4
2
Using singularity functions, the load function is given by:
l 1
l 1
0 2w0
1 2w0
1
q (x ) = w 0 x +
x
x
+R x
P xl
l
l
2
2
3l 1 2w0
3l 1 2w0

x
+
x 2l 1 + w 0 x 2l 0
2
2
l
l
Therefore, From Equation (2.4),
+R x

V( x ) = w0 x +
1

+R x

w0
l 2
l 0
2 w
0
+ R x
P x l
x 0 x
l
l
2
2

3l 0 w 0
3l 2 w0

x
+
x 2l 2 + w 0 x 2l 1
2
2
l
l

And from Equation (2.5),

w
l 3
l 1
2 w
3 w
1
M ( x) = 0 x + 0 x 0 x
+ R x
P x l
2
3l
3l
2
2
+R x

3l 1 w0
w
3l 3 w0

+
x
x 2l 3 + 0 x 2l 2
3l
3l
2
2
2

From Equation (5.3),

EI

d2y
= M ( x)
dx2

Continuing the integration,

dy
w
l 4 R
l 2 P
3 w
4 w
2
EI
= 0 x + 0 x 0 x
+
x

x l
dx
6
12l
12l
2
2
2
2
+

R
3l 2 w0
3l 4 w0
w
x

x
+
x 2l 4 + 0 x 2l 3 + C1
2
2
12l
2
12l
6

Page 5-4

w
l 5 R
l 3 P
4 w
5 w
3
EIy = 0 x + 0 x 0 x
+
x

xl
24
2
2
60l
60l
6
6
R
3l 3 w 0
3l 5 w0
w

+
x
x
x 2l 5 + 0 x 2l 4 + C1 x + C2
60l
60l
2
2
6
24
The boundary conditions are that y=0 at x=l/2 and y=0 at 3l/2. The first boundary condition gives:
4
5
w0 l
l
w0 l
+ C1 + C2
EIy = +

60l 2
2
24 2
The second boundary condition gives
4
5
3
w 3l
w
l
w 3l
5 R 3 Pl
EIy = 0 + 0 0 (l ) + (l ) + C1 + C2
60l 2
60l
2
6
6 2
24 2
Solving for C1 and C2 gives:
55
Pl 2
C1 =
w0l3
960
16
4
51w0l
Pl 3
C2 =
+
1920
32
If the slope is zero at x=l/2,
3
4
3
4
w l
w l
w l
55
dy
w l
Pl 2
EI
= 0 = 0 + 0 + C1 = 0 + 0 +
w 0l3
12l 2
6 2
12l 2
960
dx
6 2
16
Or, simplifying the equation,
20w 0 l3 Pl 2
2w 0 l
0=

; P=
480
16
3
+

5.5

Given a simply supported beam with two concentrated forces acting on it as shown in
sketch h, determine the expression for the elastic deformation of the beam for any x by
using singularity functions. Assume that E and I are constant. Also, determine the
location of maximum deflection and derive an expression for it.

Notes: This problem uses an approach similar to Problem 5.4.

Solution:
From symmetry, the reactions are equal and are equal to R1=R2=P. Therefore, the load function
in terms of singularity functions is:
q (x ) = P x

P x a

From Equation (2.4),

P xl +a

V( x ) = P x

+ P xl

x a

=P x

x l+a

And from Equation (2.5),

Page 5-5

x a

+ x l

xl+ a

+ xl

M ( x) = P x x a x l + a + x l
1

From Equation (5.3),

d2y
1
1
1
1
2 = M ( x) = P x x a x l + a + x l
dx
Therefore, integrating twice,
dy P
2
2
2
2
EI
=
x x a x l+ a + x l + C1
dx 2
P
3
3
3
3
EIy =
x x a x l+ a + x l + C1x + C2
6
The boundary conditions are y=0 at x=0 and y=0 at x=l. The first boundary condition gives C2=0.
The second gives:
P 3
P ( l a)a
3
EIy = 0 =
l (l a) a3 + C1l; C1 =
2
6
Therefore, the deflection is
P
P (l a )a
3
3
3
3
EIy =
x x a x l+ a + x l
x
6
2
The maximum value is at x=l/2, and is:
3
3 P (l a) al P l 3 l
3 3al( l a )
P l l

EIymax = a
= a

6 2 2
4
6 2 2
2

EI

5.6

For the loading condition described in sketch c, obtain the internal shear force V(x) and
the internal moment M(x) by using singularity functions. Draw V(x), M(x), (x) and y(x)
as a function of x. Assume that w0=9kN/m and l=3m.

Notes: The statics of this problem are a little more difficult than for Problem 5.4 and 5.5, but the
method of solution is similar. The reaction forces are shown in red in the sketch above.
Solution:
Summing moments about the left support,
w l l 1 w l 4l
7w l 7(9kN / m) (3m)
= 3.5kN
M = 0 = 30 6 + 2 30 9 R2 l; R2 = 540 =
54
Taking vertical force equilibrium,
w l w l
w l
( 9kN / m)( 3m )
3.5kN = 10kN
F = 0 = R1 + R2 30 60 ; R1 = 20 R2 =
2
Therefore, the load distribution can be written in terms of singularity functions as:

Page 5-6

l 1 3w 0
2l 1
3w
q (x ) = R1 x 1 w0 x 0 + 0 x

x
+ R2 x l 1
3
l
3
l
1
1

2l
l
3w0
x
+ R x l 1
= R1 x 1 w0 x 0 +
x
3 2
3
l
From Equation (2.4),
2
2

2l
l
0
1 3w0
0
x
+ R2 x l
V( x ) = R1 x w 0 x +
x
3
2l
3
And from Equation (2.5),
3
3

l
2l
1 w
2 3w 0
1
M ( x) = R1 x 0 x +
x
x
+ R2 x l
2
6l
3
3
The shear and moment diagrams are sketched below:

From Equation (5.3),

3
3

2l
d2y
l
1 w0
2 3w 0
1

+ R2 x l
=
M
(
x
)
=
R
x
x
x

1
2
6l
3
3
dx2
Therefore, integrating twice,
4
4

2l R2
dy R1
l
2 w
3 3w
2
x
+
EI
=
x 0 x + 0 x
x l + C1
6
24l
3 2
dx
2
3
5
5

R
l
2l R2
3 w
4 3w0
3
EIy = 1 x 0 x +
x
x
+
x l + C1 x + C2
24
120l
6
3
3 6
Substituting for w0, R1, R2 and l,
5
5
10kN 3 9kN / m 4 27kN / m
l
2l 3.5kN
3
EIy =
x
x +
x
x
+
x l + C1 x + C2
6
24
360m
3
3
6
The boundary conditions are y=0 at x=0 and y=0 at x=l. The first boundary condition gives C2=0.
The second gives:
10kN
9kN / m
27kN/ m
EIy = 0 =
(3m )3
(3m )4 +
(2m )5 (1m )5 + C1 (3m);C1 = 5.65kNm2
6
24
360m
Therefore, the angular deflection and vertical deflection relationships are:
4
4

2l R2
dy
R
l
2 w
3 3w0
2
x
+
EI
= EI = 1 x 0 x +
x
x l 5.65kNm 2
3 2
dx
2
6
24l
3
5
5
10kN 3 9kN / m 4 27kN / m
l
2l 3.5kN
3
EIy =
x
x +
x
x
+
x l 5.65kNm 2 x
24
360m
6
3
3
6
These are sketched below.

EI

Page 5-7

5.7

A simply supported bar is shown in sketch d with w0=4kN/m and l=12m.

a) Draw the free body diagram of the bar.
b) Use singularity functions to determine shear force, bending moment, slope and
deflection.
Provide both tabular results and a diagram of the shear force, the bending moment, the
slope and the deflection.

Notes: This problem is very similar to Problem 5.6. The reaction forces are shown in red in the
sketch above.
Solution:
Summing moments about the left support,
w l l w l 7l
1
5
7
M = 0 = 40 3 + 80 12 R2 l; R2 = w0l 12 + 96 = ( 4kN / m )(12m ) 32 = 7.5kN
Taking vertical force equilibrium,
w l w l
3w l
3( 4kN / m )(12m )
7.5kN = 10.5kN
F = 0 = 40 80 + R1 + R2 ; R1 = 80 R2 =
8
Therefore, the load distribution can be written in terms of singularity functions as (note the
direction of positive y):
w
w
l
q (x ) = R1 x 1 + 0 x 1 0 x
(l / 2)
( l / 2)
2
= R1 x

2w0
l

From Equation (2.4),

V( x ) = R1 x

w0
l
x
( l / 4)
2

w0
3l
x
( l / 4)
4

1
1

x 1 x l 2 x l + 2 x 3l

2
2
4

R2 x l 1

R2 x l 1

2
2
2
l
3l
w 2
l
0
2 x
+2 x
R2 x l
+ 0 x x
2
4
l
2

And from Equation (2.5),

l
w 0 3
l
2 x
x x
2
3l
2
The shear and moment diagrams are sketched below:
M ( x) = R1 x +
1

From Equation (5.3),

Page 5-8

+2 x

3l
4

R2 x l 1

3
3
3

d2y
l
l
3l
1 w0 3
1
=
M
(
x
)
=
R
x
+
x

2
x

+
2
x

R2 x l
1
2
2
4
3l
2
dx
Therefore, integrating twice,
4
4
4

l
dy
R
l
3l R2
2 w
4
2
EI
= 1 x + 0 x x
2 x
+2 x

x l + C1
dx
2
12l
2
2
4 2
5
5
5

l
3l R2
R
l
3 w
5
3
2 x
+2 x

EIy = 1 x + 0 x x
x l + C1 x + C2
2
4 6
6
60l
2
Substituting for w0, R1, R2 and l,
5
5
5

l
10.5kN
l
3l 7.5kN
3 4kN / m 5
3

EIy =
x +
x x
x l + C1x + C2
2 x
+2 x
6
60(12m)
2
6
2
4
The boundary conditions are y=0 at x=0 and y=0 at x=l. The first boundary condition gives C2=0.
The second gives:

EI

EIy = 0 =

12m 5
12m 5
12m 5
4kN / m
10.5kN
2
+ 2
+ C1l; C1 =147.4kNm2
(12m )3 +
(12m) 5
2
2
4
60 (12m )
6

Therefore, the angular deflection and vertical deflection relationships are:

4
4

l
3l
dy
l
2 1kN / m 4
2 x
+2 x
= 5.25kN x +
x x
2
4
dx
48m
2
5
5

l
l
3l
3 1kN / m 5
EIy = 1.75kN x +
x x
2 x
+2 x
1 5( 1 2m)
2
2
4

EI

3.75kN x l 2 +147.4kNm2

5
1.25kN x l 3 +147.4kNm 2

These are sketched below.

5.8

The simply supported beam in Problem 5.5 is altered so that instead of a concentrated
force P, a concentrated moment M is applied at the same location. The moments are
positive and act parallel with each other. Determine the deformation of the beam for any
position x along it by using singularity functions. Assume that E and I are constant. Also,
determine the location of the maximum deflection.

Notes: Finding the deformation equation uses the same approach as in Problems 5.4 through 5.7.
This problem illustrates that determination of the maximum deflection using singularity functions
is fairly difficult, unless it is numerically determined.
Solution:
Summing moments about the left support,
R2 =

2M0
l

R1 = R2 =

2M 0
l

M = 0 = M 0 + M0 R2 l;
Taking vertical force equilibrium,

F = 0 = R1 + R2;

Page 5-9

Therefore, the load distribution can be written in terms of singularity functions as (note the
direction of positive y):
1

+ M0 x a
+ M0 x l + a
q (x ) = R1 x
Note that the terms at x=l have been ignored because they dont affect the problem. From
Equation (2.4),
V( x ) = R1 x
And from Equation (2.5),

+ M0 x a

+ M0 x l + a

M ( x) = R1 x + M0 x a + M0 x l + a
1

1
0

From Equation (5.3),

d2y
1
0
0
= M ( x) = R1 x + M0 x a + M0 x l + a
dx2
Therefore, integrating twice,
dy R1
2
1
1
EI
=
x + M0 x a + M 0 x l + a + C1
dx
2
R
3 M
2 M
2
EIy = 1 x + 0 x a + 0 x l + a + C1 x + C2
6
2
2
The boundary conditions are that y=0 at x=0 and y=0 at x=l. The first boundary condition gives
C2=0. The second gives:

2 M0 3 M0
a2 l
M
EIy = 0 =
l +
( l a )2 + 0 a2 + C1l; C1 = M0 a
6l
2
2
l 6

Therefore, substituting for C1 and R1, the deformation of the beam is given by

2M
M
M
a2 l
EIy = 0 x 3 + 0 x a 2 + 0 x l + a 2 + M0 a
x
6l
2
2
l
6

EI

x3
x a 2
xl+ a 2
a 2 l
= M0
+
+
+ a
x
3l
2
2
l
6

and dy/dx is

x 2

dy
a2 l
1
1
= M0
+ x a + x l + a + a

dx
l
6

The maximum deflection occurs at dy/dx=0, but two intervals have to be examined. The first is
for x<a, so that the maximum deflection occurs at:
x2
a 2 l
l2
0 =
+ a
; x = la a2
l
l 6
6
However, if a<x<l-a, setting dy/dx=0 yields:
x2

dy
a2 l
l2
EI
= 0 = M 0
+ x a + a
; x 2 xl + a2 + = 0
dx
l
l
6
6

Using the quadratic formula and simplifying,

l
1 2a 2
x = 1

2
3 l

The location of maximum deflection is one of these values. One can substitute into the deflection
equation to see which is larger, but if a>l/4, the maximum deflection occurs at x<a, and it is
located at x>a for a<l/4,
EI

Page 5-10

5.9

The simply supported beam in Problem 5.8 has moments applied in opposite directions so
that the moment at x=a is M0 and at x=l-a is -M0. Find the elastic deformation of the beam
by using singularity functions. Also, determine the location and size of the maximum
deflection.

Notes: This is a much simpler problem than 5.8, although the approach is the same.
Solution:
Taking moment equilibrium about the left support,
M=0=M0-M0-R2l; R2=0
Taking force equilibrium,
F=0=R1+R2; R1=0
Therefore, the load intensity function is given by:
q (x ) = M0 x a

M0 x l + a

From Equation (2.4),

V( x ) = M 0 x a
And from Equation (2.5),

= M0 x a

x l + a

M ( x) = M0 x a x l+ a
0

xl+ a

From Equation (5.3),

EI

d2y
0
0
2 = M ( x ) = M0 x a x l+ a
dx

Therefore, integrating twice,

dy
1
1
= M0 x a x l+ a + C1
dx
M
2
2
EIy = 0 x a x l+ a + C1x + C2
2
The boundary conditions are y=0 at x=0 and y=0 at x=l. The first yields C2=0, the second yields
M
M (2a l)
2
0 = 0 (l a ) a2 + C1l; C1 = 0
2
2
Therefore, the deflection is
M
2
2
EIy = 0 x a x l+ a + (2a l )x
2
The first derivative of this expression is:

dy
1
1 (2a l )
EI
= M0 x a x l + a +

dx

2
Setting this equal to zero yields, for x<a:
2a l
l
= 0; a =
2
2
Therefore, the deflection is a maximum only if the moments are both applied at the same location,
at the center of the beam. Otherwise, for a<x<l-a,

dy
l
l
1 (2a l )
EI
= 0 = M 0 ( x a ) +
; x a + a = 0; x =
dx

2
2
2
Therefore, the maximum deflection occurs at mid-span.
EI

Page 5-11

5.10

Given the loading condition shown in sketch e, find the deflection at the center and ends
2
of the beam. Assume that EI=750kNm .

Notes: The statics are simplified by the symmetry of the problem. The approach is the same as in
Problems 5.4-5.9.
Solution:
The reactions have been added to the sketch in red. Due to the symmetry of the problem, R1=R2.
From vertical force equilibrium,
2R1-10kN-3kN=0; R1=R2=6.5kN
Therefore, the load distribution function is:

q (x ) = 5kN x

] + 6.5kN [ x 2m 1 + x 5m 1 ] 1kN/ m[ x 2m 0

x 5m

Note that the term associated with the point load at x=7m has been ignored since it does not affect
the problem. From Equation (2.4),

[ 0 ] + 6.5kN [ x 2m 0 +

V( x ) = 5kN x

x 5m

From Equation (2.5),

[ 1 ] + 6.5kN [ x 2m 1 +

M ( x) = 5kN x

x 5m

] 1kN / m[ x 2m 1

x 5m

] 1kN2/ m [ x 2m 2 x 5m 2 ]

Therefore, from Equation (5.3),

d2y
1kN/ m
1
1
1
2
2
EI 2 = M ( x) = 5kN x + 6.5kN x 2m + x 5m
x 2m x 5m
2
dx
Integrating twice,
dy
5kN
6.5kN
1kN / m
2
2
2
3
3
EI
=
x +
x 2m + x 5m
x 2m x 5m + C1
dx
2
2
6
5kN
6.5kN
1kN/ m
3
3
3
4
4
EIy =
x +
x 2m + x 5m
x 2m x 5m + C1x + C2
6
6
24
The boundary conditions are dy/dx=0 at x=3.5m (from symmetry) and y=0 at x=2m. The first
boundary condition gives:
dy
5kN
6.5kN
1kN/ m
EI
= 0=
( 3.5m )2 +
(1.5m )2
(1.5m )3 + C1; C1 = 23.875kNm2
dx
2
2
6
The second boundary condition gives:
5kN
EIy =
(2m )3 + 23.875kNm2 (2m ) + C2; C2 = 41.08kNm3
6
The deflection at the ends of the beam can be obtained by evaluating y at x=0. All of the terms
except C2 vanish, so that
C
41.08kNm3
EIy = C2 ; y = 2 =
= 0.0548m
EI
750kNm2
At midspan, that is, at x=3.5m, the deflection is:
5kN
6.5kN
1kN / m
EIy =
(3.5m )3 +
(1.5m )3
(1.5m )4 + C1 (3.5m ) + C2 = 0.0136m
6
6
24

[ ]

[ ]
[
[ ]
[
[

] (

Page 5-12

5.11

Given the loading condition shown in sketch f obtain an expression for the deflection at
any location on the beam. Assume that EI is a constant.

Notes: This is a statically indeterminate problem. The reactions are not known until a deflection
equation is obtained and statics is applied. The problem can be solved by using singularity
functions, and using the reactions as unknowns until the deflection equation is obtained.
Solution:
The reactions have been drawn on the sketch in red. Note that there are three forces and one
moment, so the problem is statically indeterminate. From statics, we obtain two equations, one for
force equilibrium, the other for moment equilibrium about point 1:
F = 0 = 2w0 a + R1 + R2 + k
10
13
M = 0 = M1 w 0a 2 + 2R2 a + 4ka 3 w0a 2; M1 = 2R2a 4ka + 3 w0a 2
where is the deflection at the right side of the beam, or =y(x=4a). The load intensity function
can be written as:
2
1
1
1 w0
1
q (x ) = M1 x
+ R1 x
w0 a x a
+ R2 x 2a

x 2a
2a
Note that the terms which become active at x=4a have been ignored since they do not affect the
problem. Using Equation (2.4),
1
0
0
0 w
2
V( x ) = M1 x
+ R1 x w0 a x a + R2 x 2a 0 x 2a
4a
From Equation (2.5),
w
0
1
1
1
3
M ( x) = M1 x + R1 x w0 a x a + R2 x 2a 0 x 2a
12a
Therefore, from Equation (5.3),
d2y
w
0
1
1
1
3
EI 2 = M ( x) = M1 x + R1 x w0 a x a + R2 x 2a 0 x 2a
12a
dx
Integrating twice,
dy
w
1 R
2 w a
2 R
2
4
EI
= M1 x + 1 x 0 x a + 2 x 2a 0 x 2a + C1
dx
2
2
2
48a
M
w
2 R
3 w a
3 R
3
5
EIy = 1 x + 1 x 0 x a + 2 x 2a 0 x 2a + C1 x + C2
2
6
6
6
240a
We have three boundary conditions: 1) y=0 at x=0. 2) dy/dx=0 at x=0 3) y=0 at x=2a. The first
boundary condition yields C2=0. The second yields C1=0. The third yields
M
2 R
3 w a
EIy = 0 = 1 ( 2a ) + 1 ( 2a ) 0 a3
6
6
2
This equation, along with the two equations from statics, allow solution for R1, R2 and M1 in terms
of w0, a and :
5
3
R1 = w0a + k
16
2
5
37
R2 = k + w 0a
2
16

Page 5-13

M1 =

7
w0a 2 + ka
24

is determined by evaluating y at x=4a:

M
w
2 R
3 w a
3 R
3
5
EIy = EI = 1 ( 4a) + 1 ( 4a) 0 (3a ) + 2 ( 2a) 0 ( 2a )
2
6
6
6
240a
This yields
2.55w0 a 4
=
14 3
ka EI
3

5.12

Given the loading condition and spring shown in sketch g determine the stiffness of the
spring so that the bending moment at point B is zero. Assume that EI is constant.

Notes: The reactions are determined through symmetry. The force needed to obtain a zero
moment can be obtained through statics, but to obtain the required stiffness of the spring, one
must calculate the deflection at mid-span. The approach is similar to previous problems, and uses
the method of singularity functions.
Solution:
From symmetry, the reactions are equal and are given by:
1
R1 = R2 = P k B
2
Therefore, the load distribution function is given by:
1
1
1
1
1
q (x ) = R1 x
P x l + kB x 2l
P x 3l
+ R2 x 4l
From Equation (2.4),
V( x ) = R1 x
From Equation (2.5),

P xl

+ k B x 2l

P x 3l

+ R2 x 4l

M ( x) = R1 x P x l + k B x 2l P x 3l + R2 x 4l
If M(x=2l)=0, then:
P
1
P
M ( x = 2l ) = R1 (2l ) Pl = 0; R1 = = P k B; k =
2
2
B
The moment expression becomes
P 1
P
M ( x) =
x P x l 1 + P x 2l 1 P x 3l 1 +
x 4l 1
2
2
1
1

= P x 1 x l 1 + x 2l 1 x 3l 1 + x 4l 1
2

2
To obtain the stiffness, we need to determine B. Therefore, from Equation (5.3),
1 1
d2y
1
1
1 1
1
EI 2 = M ( x) = P x x l + x 2l x 3l + x 4l

2
2
dx
Integrating twice,
1

Page 5-14

dy P 1
2
2
2
2 1
2
= x x l + x 2l x 3l + x 4l + C1

dx 2 2
2
P1
3
3
3
3 1
3
EIy = x x l + x 2l x 3l + x 4l + C1 x + C2

2
6 2
The boundary conditions are that y=0 at x=0 and y=0 at x=4l. The first boundary condition gives
C2=0. The second boundary condition gives:

P 1
Pl 2
3
3
3
0 = ( 4l ) (3l) + (2l) l 3 + C1 (4l ); C1 =

6 2
2
Therefore, the deflection is:

P 1
3
3
3
3 1
3
EIy = x x l + x 2l x 3l + x 4l 3l 2x

2
6 2
At x=2l, the deflection is

Pl3
P 1
3
EIy = EI B = ( 2l ) l 3 6l3 ; B =

2EI
6 2
This deflection is downward, but the direction has no meaning for the spring; the stiffness is then
given by:
P
2EI
k=
= 3
Pl 3
l
2EI

EI

5.13

When there is no load acting on the cantilevered beam shown in sketch h, the spring has
zero deflection. When there is a spring and a force of 20kN is applied at point C, a
deflection of 50mm occurs at the spring. When there is a spring, if a 50kN load is applied
at the location shown in sketch h, what will be the deflection of the bar? Assume that the
stiffness of the spring is 450kN/m.

Notes: The first load case allows calculation of EI through a similar approach as Problems 5.4
through 5.12. Once EI is known, the deflection of the bar as a function of position can be
determined similarly.
Solution:
Consider the first case, where a 20kN load is applied at the end and the beam deflection at the
spring is 0.050m. If the stiffness of the spring is 450kN/m, then the force applied at the spring is
(450kN/m)(0.050m)=22.5kN. Therefore, the load applied to the beam is as follows:
From vertical force equilibrium,
F=0=R1+22.5kN-20kN; R1=-2.5kN
From Moment Equilibrium,
M=0=-M1+(22.5kN)(2m)-(20kN)(4m); M1=-35kNm
Therefore, the load intensity function is given by:
1
2
1
1
35kNm x
+ 22.5kN x 2m 20kN x 4m
q (x ) = 2.5kN x

Page 5-15

From Equation (2.4)

0
1
0
0
V( x ) = 2.5kN x 35kNm x
+ 22.5kN x 2m 20kN x 4m
From Equation (2.5)
M ( x) = 2.5kN x 35kNm x + 22.5kN x 2m 20kN x 4m
Therefore, applying Equation (5.3),
d2y
1
0
1
1
EI 2 = M ( x) = 2.5kN x 35kNm x + 22.5kN x 2m 20kN x 4m
dx
Integrating twice,
dy
2
1
2
2
EI
= 1.25kN x 35kNm x +11.25kN x 2m 10kN x 4m + C1
dx
3
2
3
3
EIy = 0.4167kN x 17.5kNm x +3.75kN x 2m 3.333kN x 4m + C1x + C2
The boundary conditions are that y=0 at x=0 and dy/dx=0 at x=0. The first boundary condition
gives C2=0. The second gives C1=0. Therefore the deflection is
1

EIy = 0.4167kN x 17.5kNm x +3.75kN x 2m 3.333kN x 4m

It is known that at x=2m, y=-0.05m. Therefore, EI can be determined as:

EI( 0.05m ) = 0.4167kN ( 2m) 17.5kNm( 2m ) = 73.3333kNm 3; EI = 1467kNm 2

For the second part of the problem, the forces acting on the beam are as follows:
3

From Equilibrium,

F=0=R1+kB-50kN; R1=50kN-kB

M=0=-M1-kB(2m)+50kN(3m); M1=150kNm-kB(2m)
Therefore, the load intensity function is
1

M1 x
+ kB x 2m
50kN x 3m
q (x ) = R1 x
From Equation (2.4)
0
1
0
0
V( x ) = R1 x M1 x
+ k B x 2m 50kN x 3m
From Equation (2.5)
1
0
1
1
M ( x) = R1 x M1 x + k B x 2m 50kN x 3m
Therefore, applying Equation (5.3),
d2y
1
0
1
1
EI 2 = M ( x) = R1 x M1 x + k B x 2m 50kN x 3m
dx
Integrating twice,
dy R1
2
1 k
2
2
EI
=
x M1 x + B x 2m 25kN x 3m + C1
2
dx
2
R
3 M
2 k
3
3
EIy = 1 x 1 x + B x 2m 8.333kN x 3m + C1 x + C2
6
2
6
The boundary conditions are that y=0 at x=0 and dy/dx=0 at x=0. The first boundary condition
gives C2=0. The second gives C1=0. Therefore the deflection is
R
3 M
2 k
3
3
EIy = 1 x 1 x + B x 2m 8.333kN x 3m
2
6
6
At x=2m, the deflection is y=B and is given by (after substituting for EI, R1 and M1):
R
M
3
2 50kN (450kN / m) B
1467kNm 2 B = 1 (2m ) 1 (2m ) =
8m 3 2m2 (150kNm 2k Bm )
6
2
6
Solving for B yields B=-0.08749m. Therefore, M1=71.28kNm, and R1=10.63kN. Substituting in
the deflection equation, y is given by:
1
3
2
3
3
y=
2 1.77kN x 35.63kNm x + 6.565kN x 2m 8.333kN x 3m
1467kNm

( ) ( )

Page 5-16

5.14

Determine the deflection at point A and the maximum moment for the loading shown in
sketch i. Consider only the bending effect and assume that EI is constant.

Notes: The structure is two half rings hinged together; the shading can cause some students to
mistake it as a disk. This problem is solved by calculating the strain energy due to bending from
Equation (5.19), then applying Castiglianos Theorem (Equation (5.30)).
Solution:
Due to symmetry, only one-half of the ring is considered. Consider the free body diagram of the
arbitrary section shown to the right above. From horizontal force equilibrium,
F=0=R-P/2; R=P/2
From moment equilibrium about point O,
P
P
M = 0 = M + 2 ( rsin ); M = 2 (r sin )
The maximum moment occurs for sin=1, which occurs at =/2. The maximum moment is
M=Pr/2. From Equation (5.19), the strain energy due to bending is:
/2
/2 2 3
2
P2r 3
/ 2M
P r sin2
P2 r3 s i n 2
=
U = 2 0
rd = 2
d =

16EI
2EI
8EI
4EI 2
4 0
0
Applying Castiglianos Theorem in the form of Equation (5.30),
U P2 r3 Pr 3

=
H =
=
P P 16EI 8EI

5.15

Determine the maximum deflection of the beam shown in sketch j.

Notes: The approach is very similar to the approach in Problems 5.5 through 5.14.
Solution:
The reactions have been added to the sketch in red. From vertical force equilibrium,
F=0=R1-w0l; R1=w0l
From moment equilibrium,
M=0=M1-w0l2/2; M1=w0l2/2
Therefore the load intensity function is:

Page 5-17

q (x ) = M1 x 2 + R1 x 1 w0 x 0 + w 0 x l 0
=

w0 l 2
x 2 + w0 l x 1 w0 x 0 + w0 x l 0
2

From Equation (2.4)

V( x ) =

w0l 2
1
0
1
1
x
+ w0 l x w0 x + w0 x l
2

From Equation (2.5)

w l2 0
1 w
2 w
2
M ( x) = 0
x + w0 l x 0 x + 0 x l
2
2
2
Therefore, applying Equation (5.3),
EI

d2y
w0 l 2 0
1 w
2 w
2
=
M
(
x
)
=
x + w 0l x 0 x + 0 x l
2
2
2
dx2

Integrating twice,
dy w 0l 2
1 w l
2 w
3 w
3
=
x + 0 x 0 x + 0 x l + C1
dx
2
2
6
6
w0l 2
2 w0 l
3 w0
4 w0
4
EIy =
x +
x
x +
x l + C1 x + C2
4
6
24
24
The boundary conditions are that y=0 at x=0 and dy/dx=0 at x=0. The first boundary condition
gives C2=0. The second gives C1=0. Therefore the deflection is
EI

w l2
2 w l
3 w
4 w
4
EIy = 0 x + 0 x 0 x + 0 x l
4
6
24
24
The maximum deflection occurs at x=l+a, and is:
w l2
w l
w
w
EIymax = 0 ( l + a )2 + 0 ( l + a )3 0 ( l + a )4 + 0 ( a )4
4
6
24
24
ymax =

5.16

w0l 2 2
9l + 20al +12a 2
24EI

Determine the deflection at any point in the beam shown in sketch k. Use singularity
functions.

Notes: The approach is very similar to the approach in Problems 5.5 through 5.15. Note that this
problem is statically determinate.
Solution:
Summing moments about point B,

M = 0 = k Al

Pl
P
; k A =
3
3

From vertical force equilibrium,

F = 0 = k A P + RB ;

R B = P k A = P

Therefore, the load intensity function is:

Page 5-18

P 2P
=
3
3

P
2l
1
x
P x
3
3
From Equation (2.4)
q (x ) =

V( x ) =

2P
2l
1 P 1
1
xl
=
x
3 x
+2 x l
3
3
3

2l
P 0
x 3 x
3
3

0
+2 xl

P 1
2l
x 3 x
3
3

1
+2 x l

From Equation (2.5)

M ( x) =
Therefore, applying Equation (5.3),
EI

d2y
P 1
2l
1
=
M
(
x
)
=
x
+
2
x

3
x

3
dx2

Integrating twice,

dy P 2
2l
2
=
x 3 x
+ 2 x l + C1
dx 6
3

P
2l
3
3
EIy = x 3 x
+ 2 x l + C1 x + C2
18
3

The boundary conditions are that y=-A at x=0 and y=0 at x=l. The first boundary condition gives
P
C2
= A =
EI
3k
The second boundary condition gives
P3
PEI 4Pl 2
l 3
PEI
l 3 + C1l
0=
; C1 =

18
3kl
81
3
3k
Therefore, the deflection is:
PEI 4Pl 2
P 3
2l 3
PEI
3
x
EIy = x 3 x

+ 2 x l +

3kl
18
3
81
3k

EI

5.17

Determine the deformation of a cantilevered beam with loading shown in sketch l as a

function of x. Also determine the maximum bending stress in the beam and the maximum
4
deflection. Assume E=207GPa, I=250cm , P=1000N, w0=3000N/m, a=0.5m, b=0.15m,
c=0.45m. The distance from the neutral axis to the outermost fiber of the beam is 0.040m.

Notes: The method of superposition can be used for this problem, since the problem can be
broken down into two cases which appear in Table 5.1 on page 193. The maximum deflection
occurs at the free end of the cantilever, and the maximum moment occurs at the wall.
Solution:
The loading can be broken down into the first two cases in Table 5.1 are used, so the deflection of
the beam is the sum of the individual deflections, or:

Page 5-19

P
w (b + c )x 3 (b + c )x2
b + c 1
3
x (a + b) x 3 + 3x2 (a + b) + 0

xa
a+

6EI
EI
2 24
6
2

substituting for the variables,

y( x ) =

)[ x 0.65m 3 x 3 + 3x2 (0.65m) ]

1

+(5.797m3) ( 0.1m) x 3 (0.24m 2 )x 2

x 0.5m 4

24
(

y( x ) = 3.221 10 4 m2

The maximum deflection occurs at x=(a+b+c)=1.1m. Therefore,

)[

ymax = 3.221 104 m 2 ( 0.45m )3 (1.1m )3 + 3(1 . 1m)2 (0.65m)

1
3
2
4
+ 5.797m3 ( 0.1m)(1.1m) 0.24m 2 (1.1m ) ( 0.6m )

24

= 1.304 103 m = 1.304mm

The maximum bending moment occurs at the wall, and from statics

b + c
Mmax = P (a + b ) + (b + c )w 0 a +

0.15m + 0.45m
= (1000N )(0.5m + 0.15m ) + (0.15m + 0.45m)(3000N / m) 0.5m +

= 2090Nm
Therefore, from Equation (4.48),
Mc (2090Nm )(0.040m)
=
=
= 33.44MPa
I
250cm4

5.18

Given the loading in sketch m let a=0.6m, b=0.7m, M=6500Nm and w0=20,000N/m. The
beam has a square cross section with sides of 75mm, and the beam material has a
modulus of elasticity of 207GPa. Determine the beam deformation by using the method
of superposition. Also, calculate the maximum bending stress and the maximum beam
deformation.

Notes: This problem is similar to Problem 5.17. The method of superposition can be used for this
problem, since the problem can be broken down into two cases which appear in Table 5.1 on page
193. The maximum deflection occurs at the free end of the cantilever, but the maximum moment
location is unknown; it is obtained by taking the derivative of the moment equation.
Solution:
-6 4
Note that the moment of inertia for this cross section is 2.637x10 m . The problem can be broken
into two parts, characterized by the last two cases in Table 5.1 on page 193. Fortunately, the same
terminology is used for distances, so the expression for deflection can be written directly from the
principle of superposition:

Page 5-20

y=
=

w0 bx 3 bx 2
b 1

xa
a+

EI 6
2 24
2

Mx 2
2 EI

6500Nm
(20kN / m)
4
(0.1167m)x 3 0.3325m2 x 2
x 0.6m +
x2
6 4
6 4
24

2
207GPa
207GPa
2.637
10
m
2.637

10
m
(
)
(
)

= 0.004275m

) x (0.00623m ) x (0.001527m ) x 0.6m

1

The location of the maximum value is determined by setting the derivative equal to zero and
solving for x. We do this over two intervals because of the presence of a singularity function at
x=0.6m. Therefore, for x<0.6m,
dy
= 3 0.004275m 2 x 2 2 0.00623m1 x = 0
dx
This requires that x=0 or x=0.972m. At x=0, y=0 because it is a fixed support. x=0.972m is
outside the range considered for the form of dy/dx. Therefore, there is no local minimum over this
range, and the deflection at the edge of the interval is y=0. Over the range 0.6m<x<1.3m,
dy
3
= 3 0.004275m 2 x 2 2 0.00623m1 x 4 0.001527m 3 ( x 0.6m) = 0
dx
This has roots of x=0 and x=1.002m. x=0 lies outside the bounds for which the equation for dy/dx
is valid. The deflection for x=1.002m is y=-0.001994m. At the end of the beam, y=-0.001503m.
Therefore, the maximum deflection is y=-0.001994m=-1.994mm.
The maximum moment location is unknown. From Equation (5.3),
d 2y
M = ( EI ) 2
dx
Therefore, Mmax will occur where the third derivative of y with respect to x equals zero. The first,
second and third derivatives of y(x) are:
dy
3
= 0.01283m2 x 2 0.01246m 1 x 0.006108m 3 x 0.6m
dx
d2y
2
= 0.02566m 2 x 0.01246m 1 0.018324m 3 x 0.6m
dx 2
d3y
2
0.03665m 3 x 0.6m
3 = 0.02566m
dx
Setting the last equation equal to zero yields x=1.3m. The moment is then a maximum either at
x=1.3 or at x=0, the other end of the beam. At x=1.3m, M=6500Nm. At x=0, M=6800Nm.
Therefore, Mmax=6800Nm. The maximum bending stress is, from Equation (4.48),
0.075m
(6800Nm )

Mc
2
=
=
= 96.71MPa
I
2.637 10 6 m4

5.19

(
) (

) (
) (

)
)

) (

The cantilevered beam shown in sketch n has both a concentrated force and a moment
acting on it. Let a=1m, b=0.7m, P=8700N, and M=4000Nm. The beam cross section is
rectangular with a height of 80mm and a width of 35mm. Also, E=207GPa. Calculate the
beam deflection by using the method of superposition. Find how large M has to be to give
zero deflection at x=a.

Page 5-21

Notes: The problem is broken into two parts, one where only a load is applied at x=a, and one
with a moment applied at the end of the beam. The deflection for the beam is then the sum of the
deflections from the two cases by the principle of superposition. Table 5.1 is used to obtain the
deflections for the two cases.
Solution:
The moment of inertia for the beam cross section is:
bh 3 ( 0.035m )( 0.080m )3
I=
=
= 1.493 10 6 m 4
12
12
Referring to Table 5.1 on page 193, the problem can be separated into a point load case at x=a
(the first row in Table 5.1) and a moment applied at the free end (row 3 in Table 5.1). Therefore,
from the method of superposition and recognizing the moment is opposite that shown in Table
5.1, the deflection is:
P
Mx 2
y=
x a 3 x 3 + 3x 2a +
2EI
6 EI
4000Nm
(8700N )
3
=
x 1m x 3 + 3x2 (1m) +
x2
6 4
2 (207GPa) 1.493 10 6 m4
6( 207GPa) 1.493 10 m

]
]

)[
(
= 0.00469m2 [ x 1m 3 x 3 + (3m)x 2 ] + (0.00647m 2 )x 2

Note that if M is unknown, the deflection at x=a is given by:

P
Ma2 Ma 2 2a 3P
2
2
y (x = a ) =
a3 + 3a 3 +
;
=
; M = Pa = (8700N ) (1m) = 5800Nm
6EI
2EI
2EI
6EI
3
3

5.20

A simply supported beam has loads as shown in sketch o. Calculate the beam
deformation by using the method of superposition. Also, calculate the maximum bending
stress and the maximum beam deformation and their locations. Assume that E=207GPa
and that the beam has a rectangular cross section with a height of 30mm and a width of
100mm. Also, P=1200N, w0=10,000N/m, a=0.2m, b=0.1m, c=0.4m, and d=0.2m.

Notes: This problem can be broken into the two cases given in Table 5.1(b). The approach is the
same as in Problem 5.19, but the relations for the deflection are slightly more complicated.
Solution:
The moment of inertia for the beam is
bh 3 ( 0.100m )( 0.030m )3
I=
=
= 2.25 107 m 4
12
12
2
So that EI=46.57kNm . Note that this problem can be broken into the case of a point load and a
distributed load, and the two cases combined through the method of superposition. The two cases
are given in Table 5.1 (b) on page 193. Note that the variable labels in this problem statement do
not correlate exactly with the nomenclature in Table 5.1(b), so care must be taken to use the
proper expression. The deflection is:

Page 5-22

P
6EI

y=
+

b + c + d
a 3x

x 3 x a 3 + 3a2 x 2alx

l
l

c
c
l
w0c
x a b 4 x a b c 4 + x c 3 + 6cd 2 + 4c2 d + 4d 3 4l 2 d +
4 d + x 3

2
2
c
24lEI

Substituting the given values,

y=
+

0.7
(0.2m )3 x

x 3 x 0.2m 3 + 3( 0.2m )2 x 2( 0.2m )( 0.9m )x

0.9m
6 46.57kNm 2 0.9

(1200N )

] [

(10kN / m)( 0.4m )

3 0.9
4
4
x 0.3m x 0.7m + x 0.976m 3
4 (0.4m) x

0.4
24( 0.9m) 46.57kNm 2

= 0.00970m 2 x 3 0.004294m 2 x 0.2m 3 0.004949x 0.008946m3 x 0.3m 4 x 0.7m 4

To find the position of maximum deflection, set dy/dx=0 and solve for x:
dy
2
2
3
3
= 0.0291m 2 x 0.01288m2 x 0.2m 0.004949 0.03578m 3 x 0.3m x 0.7m
dx
For 0<x<0.2, this becomes
dy
2
= 0 = 0.0291m 2 ( x) 0.004949; x = 0.41m
dx
This is outside the interval considered, so there is no local minimum or maximum over 0<x<0.2.
Over 0.2<x<0.3,
dy
2
= 0 = 0.0291m 2 x 2 0.01288m 2 ( x 0.2 m) 0.004949; x = 0.4429m
dx
Again, there is no local minimum or maximum in the interval 0.2<x<0.3. For 0.3<x<0.7, dy/dx
becomes:
dy
2
3
= 0.0291m 2x 2 0.01288m2 ( x 0.2m ) 0.004949 0.03578m3 ( x 0.3m )
dx
This is solved as x=0.449m. Evaluating the deflection equation at x=0.449m,
ymax = 0.00970m2 (0.449m)3 0.004294m2 (0.249m)3

0.004949 (0.449 m) 0.008946m 3 ( 0.149m) 4 = 0.001415m = 1.415mm

The bending moment can be found by applying Equation (5.3), so that
M d2 y
2
2

= 2 = 0.0582m2 x 0.02576m 2 x 0.2m 0.10734m3 x 0.3m x 0.7m

EI dx
The maximum value is found by taking a derivative with respect to x, setting equal to zero, and
solving for x:
d M
0
0
1
1
= 0.0582m2 x 0.02576m2 x 0.2m 0.21468m3 x 0.3m x 0.7m
dx EI
or x=0.451m. The maximum moment is then:
M
max = 0.0582m 2 (0.451m) 0.02576m2 ( 0.251m ) 0.10734m 3 ( 0.151m )2
EI

) (

)(

Mmax = EI 0.01733m1 = 46.57kNm2 0.01733m 1 = 807Nm

The maximum bending stress is, therefore,
Mc ( 807Nm )( 0.015m)
=
=
= 53.8MPa
I
2.25 107 m 4

Page 5-23

5.21

The beam shown in sketch p is fixed at both ends and center loaded with a force of
2300N. The beam is 3.2m long and has a square tubular cross section with an outside
width of 130mm and a wall thickness of 10mm. The tube material is AISI 1080 highcarbon steel. Calculate the deformation at any point along the beam by using the method
of superposition.

Notes: Symmetry should be used to transform the problem to a 1.6m long cantilever where the
slope is zero at the end of the cantilever. Then two cases can be taken from Table 5.1.
Solution:
The moment of inertia for the tube is:
1 4
1
I=
bo bi4 =
(0.13m )4 (0.11m)4 = 1.16 10 5 m 4
12
12
Applying symmetry, the beam can be taken as follows:

Note that one-half the load has been applied to the left half of the beam, and an unknown internal
moment exists at the mid-point of the beam, which becomes the end of the cantilever. Applying
Table 5.1,
l 3
3x 2l M2 x 2
( P/ 2)

y=
x
x3 +
2EI
6 EI
2
2
Note that M2 cannot be determined from statics. However, the end slope of the cantilever must be
zero to preserve symmetry. The slope of the cantilever is obtained by taking dy/dx:
M x
dy
l 2
( P )
=
3 x
3x2 + 3xl 2

EI
dx
12EI
2
Since dy/dx=0 at x=l/2, we can solve for M2 as:
Pl
( P) l 2 l M2 l
0=
3 + 3 l
; M2 =
12EI 2
2 2EI
8
Therefore, substituting into the expression for y over 0<x<l/2:
Px 2 l 4x
( P/ 2) 3 3x 2 l Plx 2
y=
x +
+
=
1

2 16EI
16EI
3l
6 EI

5.22

Bar A shown in sketch 1 is a 13-mm diameter aluminum bar; bar B is an 8 mm diameter

steel bar. The lower member is of uniform cross section and is assumed to be rigid. Find
the distance x if the lower member is to remain horizontal. Assume that the modulus of
elasticity for steel is three times that for aluminum.

Page 5-24

Notes: The problem is statically indeterminate. There are three unknowns, namely the force in
members A and B and the distance x. The three equations which will be used to solve the problem
are force equilibrium, moment equilibrium and a deflection requirement - that for the beam to
remain horizontal, the deflection has to be the same at A and B.
Solution:
The reactions have been sketched in red. Note that the cross sectional area of bar A is

2
AA = d 2 = ( 0.013m ) = 1.327 104 m 2
4
4
-5 2
Similarly, the cross sectional area of bar B is 5.0265x10 m . Moment equilibrium about point A
yields
( 0.3m)W
M A = 0 = ( 0.3m) W PB x; x = P
B
Vertical force equilibrium yields:
F = 0 = PA +PB W; PA = W PB
From Equation (4.26), the deflections at A and B are, respectively:
P l
P l
A = A ; B = B
AA EA
ABE B
For the bar to remain horizontal, A=B. Also, it is given that EB=3EA, and substituting for the
areas gives:
PAl
P l
PAl
PB l
A = B;
= B ;
=
4
2
AAE A AB E B
1.327 10 m EA
5.0265105 m 2 (3EA )

Solving for PA gives PA=0.8802PB. Substituting into the force equilibrium equation gives
W
PA = 0.8802PB = W PB ; PB =
1.8802
Substituting into the moment equilibrium equation gives
(0.3m)W
( 0.3m )W
x=
=
= 0.564m
PB
( W /1.8802 )

5.23

An aluminum rod 3/4 in in diameter and 48 in long and a nickel steel rod 1/2 in in
diameter and 32 in long are spaced 60 in apart and fastened to a horizontal beam that
carries a 2000 lbf load, as shown in sketch r. The beam is to remain horizontal after load
is applied. Assume that the beam is weightless and absolutely rigid. Find the location x of
the load and determine the stresses in each rod.

Page 5-25

Notes: The approach is the same as Problem 5.22. The problem is statically indeterminate. There
are three unknowns, namely the force in members A and B and the location of the applied force
W. The three equations which will be used to solve the problem are force equilibrium, moment
equilibrium and a deflection requirement - that for the beam to remain horizontal, the deflection
has to be the same at A and B.
Solution:
From the inside front cover, the stiffness of aluminum is EA=10Mpsi, and the stiffness of steel is
30Mpsi. The reactions have been sketched in red. Note that the cross sectional area of bar A is

2
AA = d 2 = ( 0.75in) = 0.4418in 2
4
4
2
Similarly, the cross sectional area of bar B is 0.1963in . Moment equilibrium about point A yields
( 60in) P
M A = 0 = x( 2000lb ) PB ( 60in); x = 2000lbB
Vertical force equilibrium yields:
F = 0 = PA +PB 2000lb; PA = 2000lb PB
From Equation (4.26), the deflections at A and B are, respectively:
P L
P L
A = A A ; B = B B
AA EA
AB EB
For the bar to remain horizontal, A=B. Also, substituting for the lengths, areas, and elastic
moduli:
PAL A
P L
PA (48in )
PB (32in)
A = B;
= B B;
=
2
AAE A AB EB
0.4418in (10Mpsi)
0.1963in2 ( 30Mpsi )

Solving for PA gives PA=0.500PB. Substituting into the force equilibrium equation gives
2000lb
PA = 2000lb PB = 0.500PB ; PB =
= 1333lb
1.500
Therefore, PA=0.516PB=680lb. Substituting into the moment equilibrium equation gives
(60in )(1333lb)
x=
= 40.0in
2000lb
The stresses are obtained from Equation (4.22):
P
667lb
A = A =
=1510 psi
AA 0.4418in2
P
1333lb
B = B =
= 6741psi
AB 0.1963in 2

Page 5-26

5.24

Find the force on each of the vertical bars shown in sketch s. The weight is assumed to be
rigid and horizontal, implying that the three vertical bars are connected at the weight in a
straight line. Also, assume that the support at the top of the bars is rigid. The bar
materials and its circular cross-sectional area are given in the sketch.

Notes: This is a statically indeterminate problem. Fortunately, symmetry greatly simplifies the
statics. Just as in Problems 5.22 and 5.23, an equation based on deformations is used to obtain a
solution.
Solution:
From the inside front cover, Es=30Mpsi and Eb=16Mpsi. The internal forces in the bars are shown
in the sketch in red. Note that symmetry has been applied, so that the steel bars bear the same
load. Vertical force equilibrium on the weight gives:
F=0=2Ps+Pb-5000lb; 2Ps+Pb=5000lb
From Equation (4.26), the deflections are:
PL
PL
s = s ; b = b
AsE s
AbEb
Because of symmetry, the deflection of the steel and bronze must be equal. Also, substituting for
the lengths, areas, and elastic moduli:
Ps L
P L
Ps (36in)
Pb (36in )
s = b;
= b ;
=
; Ps = 1.25Pb
2
As Es AbE b
0.2in ( 30Mpsi )
0.3in 2 (16Mpsi)

Substituting into the force equilibrium equation:

2 (1.25Pb ) + Pb = 5000lb; Pb =1430lb
Therefore, Ps=1.25Pb=1785lb.

5.25

Two solid spheres, one made of aluminum alloy 2014 and the other made of AISI 1040
medium-carbon steel, are lowered to the bottom of the sea at a depth of 8000 m. Both
spheres have a diameter of 0.3m. Calculate the elastic energy stored in the two spheres
3
when they are at the bottom of the sea if the density of water is 1000 kg/m and the
2
acceleration of gravity is 9.807m/s . Also calculate how large the steel sphere has to be to
have the same elastic energy as the 0.3m aluminum sphere.

Notes: The hydrostatic stress state which is applied is 1=2=3=-p. Equation (5.29) allows
calculation of the strain energy.
Solution:
The volume of the spheres is:

Page 5-27

4 3 4
3
r = (0.13m) = 0.0141m3
3
3
From the inside front cover, Eal=72GPa, al=0.33, Es=207GPa, s=0.3. Note that a pressure gives a
hydrostatic stress state of 1=2=3=-p, where p is the pressure. p is calculated as
V=

)(

p = gh = 1000kg / m3 9.807m / s 2 (8000m ) = 78.44MPa

From Equation (5.29), the strain energy is:

U=
2 + 22 + 32 ( 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1) dv
v 2E 1

( ) ( )

3Vp2
3p 2 3p 2 v dv =
(1 2 )
=
2E

E
2E
Substituting the elastic constants for aluminum,

3 0 . 0 1 4m1 3 (78.44 MPa )

3Vp2
Ual =
(1 2 ) =
(1 2(0.33) ) = 616.4Nm
2(72GPa )
2E
and for the steel,
3 0.0141m3 (78.44MPa )
3Vp2
Us =
(1 2 ) =
(1 2 (0.3 )) = 252.2Nm
2 (207GPa )
2E
For the steel sphere to have the same energy as the aluminum sphere, that is, 616.4Nm, the
volume would have to be:
3Vp2
2U E
2(616.4 Nm)( 207GPa)
Us =
(1 2 ); V = 2 s
=
= 0.0346m2
2E
3p (1 2 ) 3( 78.44MPa )2 (1 2 ( 0.3) )
3

since V=4r /3, the radius would have to be 0.202m, so the diameter would need to be 0.404m.

5.26

Use Castiglianos approach instead of singularity functions to solve Problem 5.5. Assume
that transverse shear is negligible.

Notes: To find the deflection at a location where no load is applied, apply a fictitious load Q at
that point. From statics, determine the moment in each section, then energy is obtained from
Equation (5.19). Equation (5.30) is then used to obtain the deflection.
Solution:
The reactions are shown in red, and a fictitious load Q is applied at the center of the beam where
the deflection is desired. From symmetry the reaction forces are equal. Therefore, from vertical
force equilibrium,
Q
F = 0 = 2R 2 P Q; R1 = R2 = 2 + P
Taking sections in the beam, and applying moment equilibrium, the bending moment in the beam
is found at the various sections:

Q
M AB = P + x

Q
Qx
MBC = P + x P ( x a) =
+ Pa

2
2

l x
Q
l
MCD = P + x P( x a) Q x = Q + Pa

2
2
2 2

Page 5-28

 l x

Qx
Ql Q
+ Pa +
+ + P (x l + a ) = Q + P( l x )
2 2

2 2
2
Note also from these expressions that
MAB x
=
Q
2
MBC x
=
2
Q
MCD l x
=
2 2
Q
MDE l x
=
2 2
Q
From Equation (5.19), the strain energy is:
2
2
2
2
aM
l /2 M BC
la M
l M
U = 0 AB dx + a
dx + l / 2 CD dx + l a DE dx
2EI
2EI
2EI
2EI
The deflection at C in the direction of Q is given by Equation (5.30) as:
MCD
U
aM
l /2 M BC MBC
la M
l M
MAB
MDE
=
= 0 AB
dx + a
dx + l / 2 CD
dx + l a DE
dx
Q
EI Q
EI
Q
EI
Q
EI Q
Substituting for the moments and their derivatives,
l x
Q x2
x
x
a
l /2 Qx
la l
EI = P +
dx +
+ Pa dx +
Q + Pa dx

0
a 2
l/ 2 2 2
2
2 2
2 2
MDE =

l l
Q
l a 2

l x
x
+ P( l x ) dx

2 2
2

Setting Q=0 yields

l x
l x
l a
l
a
x2
l /2
x
EI = 0( P ) dx + a ( Pa) dx + l / 2 (Pa ) dx + l a ( P( l x )) dx
2 2
2 2
2
2
This is evaluated as

al l
1
a 3l2
P a3 a l 2
3
= + a2 + a
2la + a2 + ( l l + a)
4 4
EI 6 4 4
22
6

which can be reduced to

aP 3l2 4a2
=
24EI

5.27

Using Castiglianos theorem, find the maximum deflection of the two-dimensional

cantilevered bar shown in sketch t. Neglect transverse shear.

Notes: The strain energy for bending is calculated with Equation (5.19). Since M=Px, then
Castiglianos theorem (Equation (5.30)) is used to obtain the deflection at the end of the bar,
which is fortunately the location and in the direction of force application.

Page 5-29

Solution:
From statics, the moment in the bar is M=Px. From Equation (5.19),
2
2 2
l M
l P x
U = 0
dx = 0
dx
2EI
2EI
From Equation (5.30),
2
2
U l P2 x 2
l 2Px
l Px
y=
=
dx
=
dx
=
dx

0 2EI
0 EI
P P 0 2 EI
The integral has to be broken into two parts because of the change in cross section, so that:
l /2
l
2
2
P 1 3
l /2 Px
l Px
P 1 3
3Pl3
+
y = 0
dx + l / 2
dx =
x
x
=
2EI 3 l / 2 16EI
EI
2EI
EI 3 0

5.28

The right-angle-cantilevered bracket shown in sketch u is loaded with force P in the zdirection. Derive an expression for the deflection of the free end in the z-direction by
using Castiglianos theorem. Neglect transverse shear effects.

Notes: The total strain energy is calculated from Equations (5.19) and (5.23). Equation (5.30) is
then used to obtain the desired deflection equation.
Solution:
There are three sources of strain energy: bar ab is in bending, and bar bc is in bending and
torsion. For bar ab, the moment is Py, so equation (5.19) gives the strain energy as:
h
2
2 2
hM
hP y
P2 1 3
P2 h3
U1 = 0
dy = 0
dy =
y =
2EI
2 EI
2EI 3 0
6EI
For bar bc, the moment is M=Px (note the convenient definition of the coordinate system).
Therefore, Equation (5.19) gives:
l
2
2 2
l M
l P x
P2 1 3
P2 l3
U2 = 0
dx = 0
dx =
x =
2EI
2EI
2EI 3 0 6EI
There is a constant torque of T=Ph on bar bc, so that Equation (5.23) gives:
2
2 2
l T
l P h
P2 h2
P2 h2 l
U3 = 0
dx = 0
dx =
( x ) l0 =
2GJ
2GJ
2GJ
2GJ
The total energy is then:
P2 h3 P2 l3 P2 h2 l
Utot = U1 + U2 +U3 =
+
+
6EI
6EI
2GJ
From Castiglianos theorem (Equation (5.30)),
U P2 h3 P2 l 3 P 2 h2 l Ph3 Pl 3 Ph2l
P 3 3 Ph 2l

=
=
=
+
+
+
+
=
h +l +
P P 6EI
6EI
2GJ 3EI 3EI
GJ
3EI
GJ

Page 5-30

5.29

A triangular cantilevered plate is shown in sketch v. Use Castiglianos theorem to derive

an expression for the deflection at the free end, assuming that transverse shear is
neglected.

Notes: This problem is similar to Problems 5.26 through 5.28, except that the moment of inertia
of the cross section is a function of x. Once an expression is obtained for the moment of inertia,
Equation (5.19) gives the strain energy and application of Equation (5.30) (Castiglianos
Theorem) gives the deflection equation.
Solution:
The width of the plate varies as a linear function of x. At x=0, w=0. At x=l, w=b. Therefore, the
width as a function of x is w=bx/l. The moment of inertia as a function of x is then:
wh 3 1 bx 3 bh 3 x
I=
= h =
12 12 l
12l
The moment as a function of x is M=Px. Therefore, Equation (5.19) gives:
l
2
2
2
l M
l ( Px)
l 6P lx
6P 2l 1 2
3P 2l 3
U = 0
dx = 0
dx
=
dx
=

=
0 Ebh3
bh 3 x
2EI
Ebh3 2 0 Ebh 3

2E
12l
Applying Equation (5.30),
U 3P 2l 3 6 Pl3

=
=
=
P P Ebh3 Ebh 3

5.30

A right angle-cantilevered bracket with

concentrated load and torsional loading at the free
end is shown in sketch w. Using Castiglianos
theorem, find the deflection at the free end in the zdirection. Neglect transverse shear effects.
Notes: This problem is similar to Problem 5.28, but
the loading is slightly more complicated. The total
strain energy is calculated from Equations (5.19)
and (5.23). Equation (5.30) is then used to obtain
the desired deflection equation.

Page 5-31

Solution:
From statics, the loading in the vertical section is a torque of Tv=T and a bending moment Mv=Py.
For the horizontal section, the torque is Th=Pb, and the moment is Mh=Px+T. Using equations
(5.19) and (5.23), the total strain energy is:
2
2
2
2
bM
b T
a Mh
a T
U = v dy + v dy +
dx + h dx
0 2EI
0 2GJ
0 2EI
0 2GJ
b ( Py)

2
2
T2
a ( Px + T )
a (Pb )
dy + 0
dx + 0
dx
2EI
2GJ
2EI
2GJ
Applying Equation (5.30) (Castiglianos theorem),
2
2
2
2

U b ( Py )
b T
a ( Px + T )
a (Pb )

z =
=
dy
+
dy
+
dx
+
dx

0 2GJ
0
0 2GJ

P P 0 2EI
2EI

= 0

2
b 2Py
0 2EI

dy

dy + 0

a 2( Px + T )x
+ 0
2 EI

5.31

Pb 3 1
+
3EI EI

dx

2
a 2Pb
+ 0
2GJ

a
b
P 1 3
1 Px3 Tx 2
Pb2

+
dx =
y +
+
( x ) a0
EI 3 0 EI 3
2
GJ
0

Pa 3 Ta2 Pb2 a P b 3 + a3 Ta2 Pb2a

+
+
3 + 2 + 2GJ =
2EI
GJ
3EI

A cantilevered I-beam has a concentrated load applied to the free end as shown in sketch
x. What upward force at point S is needed to reduce the deflection at S to zero? use
Castiglianos theorem. Transverse shear can be neglected.

Notes: The bending moment must be determined through statics over the two intervals. The total
strain energy is then obtained through Equation (5.19) and Equation (5.30) is then used to obtain
the desired deflection equation.
Solution:
Taking a section at x<200mm, the moment in this section is M=Px. For 200mm<x<500mm, the
method of sections gives M=Px-Sy(x-0.2m). Therefore, the strain energy is given be Equation
(5.19) as:
U=

2
l M
0 2EI dx

0.2m
0

P Sy
P 2 1 3 0.2 m
+
=
x
2EI 3 0
2EI

P Sy
P 2( 0.2m )3
+
=
6EI

2
0.2m ( Px )
dx
0
2EI

(Px )2
2EI

0.5m
dx +
0.2m

0.5m
+
0.2m

(Px Sy (x 0.2m) )2 dx
2EI

(( P Sy )x + Sy (0.2m ))
2EI

dx

1 3 0.5m P Sy Sy ( 0.2m ) 1 2 0.5m S y ( 0.2m)

+
+
x
x
3 0.2 m
2 0.2m
EI
2EI

( x) 0.5m
0.2 m

)2 [( 0.5m )3 (0.2m)3 ] + ( P Sy )S y ( 0.2m )[( 0.5m )2 (0.2m)2 ] + ( Sy (0.2m) )2 ( 0.3m)

6EI

2EI

Page 5-32

2EI

Applying Equation (5.30), and recognizing the desired deflection is at location S,

)[

] (

] (

2
3
3
P S y S y ( 0.2m ) ( 0.5m )2 (0.2m)2
Sy (0.2 m) ( 0.3m )
U
P2 ( 0.2m) 3 P S y ( 0.5m ) (0.2m)
=
=
+
+
+

6EI
2 EI
2EI
Sy Sy
6 EI

)[

2 P Sy ( 0.5m )3 ( 0.2m) 3
6EI

] + ( P 2Sy )(0.2m )[(0.5m )2 (0.2m)2 ] + Sy (0.2m)2 (0.3m )

2EI

Setting =0, and substituting P=5kN,

= 0=

5.32

EI

(5kN S y )(0.117m 3 ) + ( 5kN 2Sy )(0.042m3 ) + Sy 0.012m3 ;

3EI

2 EI

EI

S y = 10kN

Using Castiglianos theorem calculate the horizontal and vertical deflections at point A
shown in sketch y. Assume that E and A are constant.

Notes: This problem is similar to the previous problems, but transverse shear is not negligible.
Therefore, the energy is calculated by combining axial, bending and transverse shear strain
energies. The equations are taken from Table 5.2 on page 200. Castiglianos theorem (Equation
(5.30)) is used to obtain the deflection.
Solution:
The reactions have been drawn on the sketch in red. From statics, Rx=-Pcos=Px, Ry=Psin=Py,
and M0=-Prcos-Prsin=-r(Px+Py). If a section is taken at any angle , the shear and normal
forces can be determined as:
Fx=0=Rx+Vcos-Fsin
Fy=0=Ry-Vsin-Fcos
These equations are solved as
F=Rycos+Rxsin=Pycos-Pxsin
V=Rysin-Rxcos=Pysin+Pxcos
From Equation (2.5),

M = Vds = Vrd = R y sin Rx cos rd = r Ry cos Rx sin + C

The boundary condition is that M=M0 at =0, so that

M0 = r Ry c o s 0 Rx s i n 0 + C; C = M0 + rRy
Therefore, the moment is
M = r R y cos R x sin + M0 + rRy = M0 + r (1 cos ) Ry Rx sin
Referring to Table 5.2 on page 200, the total strain energy is:
2
2
2
2
/ 2 M rd
/2 F rd
/2 3V rd
/ 2 M
F2
3V 2
U = 0
+ 0
+ 0
+
+
= 0
rd
2EI
2EA
5GA
2EI 2EA 5GA
Therefore, the horizontal deflection is obtained by applying Equation (5.30):

Page 5-33

x =

U
/
=
Px Px 0

F2
3V 2
M2
/

rd =
+
+

0
2EI 2EA 5GA

[(

2 M

6V V
M F F
EI P + EA P + 5GA P rd

x
x
x

)]

r3
r
0.5Py +0.356Px +
E 12Py +18.85Px G 10Py 15.71Px
20AGE
EI
The vertical deflection is similarly calculated from Equation (5.30):

/ 2 M M
U
/ 2 M 2
F2
3V 2
F F
6V V

rd
=
y =
=
+
+
+
+
0 EI P EA P 5GA P rd
Py Py 0 2EI 2EA 5GA
y
y
y

[(

) (

) (

r3
r
Py + 2Px +
E 18.85Py +12Px + G 15.71Py 10Px
20AGE
4EI

5.33

)]

Calculate the deflection at the point of load application and in the load
direction for a load applied as shown in sketch z. Assume that E and I are
constant.

Notes: This problem is similar to Problem 5.32, in that the strain energy is fairly
complicated. Table 5.2 on page 200 gives the equations needed to calculate the
strain energy, and Castiglicanos theorem (Equation (5.30)) gives the deflection.

Solution:
From statics, the horizontal portion has a bending moment Mh=Px and a transverse shear Vh=P.
the vertical portion has a bending moment Mv=Pl/4 and an axial force Pv=P. Therefore, using the
proper equations in Table 5.2 on page 200, the strain energy is:
U=

2
l / 4 Mh

2EI

dx +
=

l /4
0

2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
3Vh2
l P
l Mv
l /4 P x
l /4 3P
l P
l P l
dx + v dx +
dx =
dx +
dx +
dx +
dx
0
0
0
0
0
0
5GA
2EA
2 EI
2EI
5GA
2EA
8EI

P2 l
P2 1 3 l /4 3P 2
P2
P2 l2
13P2 l3 3P 2l
( x) l0/4 +
( x) l0 +
( x )l0 =
+
+
+
x
2EI 3 0
2EA
8EI
384EI 20GA 2EA
5GA

Therefore, from Equation (5.30),

U 13P2 l 3 3P 2l
P2 l 13Pl3
3Pl
Pl

=
=
=
+
+
+
+

P P 384EI 20GA 2EA 192EI 10GA EA

5.34

Using Castiglianos theorem, determine the horizontal and vertical deflections at point A
of sketch aa. Assume that E and I are constant.

Page 5-34

Notes: The sketch shows two links, not one structure. Once the loading on each link is determined
from statics, it can be shown that the problem reduces to that of Problem (5.32). This solution
uses the results from Problem (5.32) to obtain a solution.
Solution:
The reactions have been drawn on the sketch in red. Note that the force P acting at A has its line
of action through the left support. Therefore, taking moment equilibrium about point 1:
M=0
From vertical force equilibrium,
Fy=0=R1y-Pcos45; R1y=Pcos45
From horizontal force equilibrium,
Fx=0=R1x-Psin45; R1x=Psin45
The right link has no load; obviously, there is no strain energy in the right link. Therefore, one
only needs to consider the left link. Note that this then reduces to Problem 5.32, where =-45,
M0=0, and P=-P. Therefore, the deflections are, using the results from Equation (5.32),
r3
r
x =
0.5Py +0.356Px +
E 12Py +18.85Px G 10Py 15.71Px
20AGE
EI
The vertical deflection is similarly calculated from Equation (5.30):
r3
r
y =
Py + 2Px +
E 18.85Py +12Px + G 15.71Py 10Px
4EI
20AGE

5.35

[(

[(

)]

) (

) (

)]

For the structure shown in sketch bb, find the force in each member and determine the
deflection at point A. Assume that E and A are the same in each member.

Notes: The forces in each member are obtained from statics, but in order to obtain the vertical
deflection at point A, include a load Q in the analysis as shown. The force in each member will be
obtained by substituting Q=0, but this allows application of Castiglianos theorem to obtain the
vertical as well as horizontal deflection at A. Each member contains only an axial load, so
Equation (5.18) gives the strain energy.
Solution:
I.
Geometry Relations
The reactions have been added to the sketch in red. Note also the nomenclature for angles and
lengths which have been added to the sketch. From geometry, note that +2=/2. This can be
rewritten as
+=/2-, or cos(+)=cos(/2-)=sin
Also,
cos=cos(/2-2)=sin(2)=2sincos

Page 5-35

and from the law of sines,

a
b
=
;b = 2acos

sin sin

2

II.
Determination of Reactions
The reactions are determined from statics. From moment equilibrium at point C,
M = 0 = 2Ba cos + ( P + Q)acos Pbcos = 0

P
P Q
cot
2
2 2
From horizontal force equilibrium, Cx=-P. From vertical force equilibrium,
P
P Q
P
P Q
Fy = 0 = Cy B P Q; C y = B + P +Q = cot 2 2 + P+ Q = 2 cot + 2 + 2
2
III. Determination of Member Tensions
Taking a section at joint B gives the following free body diagram:
From horizontal force equilibrium,
Fx = 0 = FAB cos( + ) FDB cos ;
= B(2a sin2 ) + (P +Q )a sin2 P 2a cos2 = 0; B =

cos
2 s i n cos
FAB = FDB
= FDB
= 2FDB cos
cos( + )
sin
From vertical force equilibrium,
Fy = 0 = B FDB sin + FAB sin( + )
= B FDB sin + 2 FDB cos sin( + )
These yield
P
P
Q
FDB = H cot V
2
2
2
FAB=cos[(PHcot-PV)-Q]
Taking a section at Joint D gives:
From horizontal force equilibrium,
Fx=0=FCD-FDB; FCD=FDB
From vertical force equilibrium,
Fy=0=FCDsin+FDBsin-P-FAD
These yield
P
P
Q
FCD = FDB = H cot V
2
2
2
FAD = 2 FDB sin PV = cos2[ PH cot PV Q ] PV
Taking a section at Joint A gives:
From horizontal force equilibrium,
FACsin+FABsin-PH=0
Therefore,
P
FAC = H cos [ PH cot PV Q]
sin
The force in each member is obtained by substituting Q=0.
IV.

Determination of Deflections

Page 5-36

The total strain energy is obtained by taking the sum of the individual energies. Since each
member experiences only an axial load, Equation (5.17) is applied to each member. The total
strain energy is
2
2
2
2
2
bF
bF
aF
aF
aF
U = 0 AB dx + 0 AC dx + 0 AD dx + 0 BD dx + 0 CD dx
2AE
2AE
2AE
2 AE
2AE
Applying Equation (5.30), the horizontal deflection is:
F
F
U
F
F
F
bF
bF
aF
aF
aF
x =
= 0 AB AB dx + 0 AC AC dx + 0 AD AD dx + 0 BD BD dx + 0 CD CD dx
AE P
P
AE P
AE P
AE P
AE P
Substituting the following:
FAB
= cos cot
PH
FAC
1
1
cos2 1 cos 2
=
cos cot =

=
= sin
sin
sin
sin
sin
PH
FAD
= cos2 cot
PH
FBD cot
=
PH
2
FCD cot
=
2
PH
x is then given by
1

U
P
x =
=
cos ( cot 1)
( b )cos ( cot 1) cos cot + (b sin )
sin

PH EA
cot 1 cot
+ac o s 2 cot (c o s 2 (cot 1) 1) + 2a

2 2
or, simplifying,

[(

P
b (cot 1) cos 2 cot +1 ( cot 1) cos sin
EA

cot
+a (cot 1) cos 2 2 cot cos2 cot + ( cot 1)

2
The vertical deflection at point A is:
F
F
b F F
bF
aF
aF
aF
F
F
U
y =
= 0 AB AB dx + 0 AC AC dx + 0 AD AD dx + 0 BD BD dx + 0 CD CD dx
Q
AE Q
AE Q
AE Q
AE Q
AE Q
Substituting:
FAB
= 1
PV
FAC
= cos
PV
FAD
= cos2
PV
FBD
1
=
PV
2
1
FCD
=
PV
2
x =

Page 5-37

gives an expression for y as:

U
bP
y =
=
cos (cot 1) cos
cos ( cot 1)( 1) +
sin

PV
AE
cot 1 1 cot 1 1
aP
( cos2 {cot 1} 1) (1 c o s 2 ) +
+

2
2
AE
2 2
Simplifying,
U
bP 1

y =
=
+ cot ( sin cos ) (1 cos )

PV AE sin

aP 1

(1 cot ) + cos2{2 + c o s 2 + cot2 (1 cos2 )}

AE 2

Page 5-38