TP ON BU CHNH VIN THNG VIT NAM

IT

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

PT

BI GING

C S K THUT THNG TIN QUANG

Nhm bin son:

TS. Nguyn c Nhn

ThS. Trn Thy Bnh
ThS. Ng Thu Trang
ThS. L Thanh Thy

H NI 12-2013

LI M U
T khi ra i cho n nay thng tin quang tr thnh h thng truyn dn
trng yu trn mng li vin thng. Trc y, nhc n h thng truyn dn quang
th chng ta thng ngh ngay n cc h thng truyn dn vi tc rt cao, dung
lng ln ng vai tr nh cc mng ng trc ca vin thng. Nhng gi y,
thng tin quang cn c pht trin nhanh chng c cp mng truy nhp. C th
thy rng p ng nhu cu truyn ti do s bng n thng tin, h thng vin thng
cn phi pht trin c v qui m v cu trc mng.

IT

Mng truyn dn da trn h thng truyn thng si quang l xng sng ca

mng vin thng. Do vy xy dng c cc h thng thng tin quang chng ta cn
tm hiu y v n. Nhm cung cp cho sinh vin nhng kin thc v cc phn t
c bn cu thnh h thng thng tin si quang, cc tham s v nguyn l vn hnh h
thng, nhm tc gi chng ti vit cun bi ging K thut thng tin si quang
nh l mt knh ti liu tham kho b ch cho mn hc. Ti liu gm 5 chng vi
cc ni dung c bn nh sau:

Chng 1: Chng ti trnh by tng quan v k thut thng tin si quang, lch
s pht trin, s khi h thng thng tin si quang v mt s khi nim c
bn lin quan n k thut thng tin quang

PT

Chng 2: Gii thiu v cu trc ca cc loi si quang, qu trnh lan truyn

nh sng trong si quang theo quan im quang hnh v sng in t. Cc c
tnh truyn dn c bn ca si quang cng c trnh by. Ngoi ra, chng ti
gii thiu v cu trc c bn cp si quang v mt s vn khi kt ni cp.

Chng 3: B pht quang l mt phn t quan trng trong h thng thng tin
si quang. Trong chng ny, chng ti gii thiu cu trc v cc c tnh
quan trng ca cc ngun pht quang bn dn c s dng ch yu trong h
thng thng tin si quang l LED v laser. Cc vn c bn trong thit k b
pht quang iu bin cng s dng LED v laser cng c trnh by.

Chng 4: Cu trc b thu tn hiu quang v cc phn t chuyn i quang in quan trng l PIN v APD c trnh by c th. Cc vn c bn v
nhiu v thit k b thu quang cng c phn tch v nh gi.

Chng 5: Gii thiu v cc vn c bn trong thit k h thng thng tin

quang bao gm h thng thng tin quang s v h thng thng tin quang tng
t. Ngoi cc vn khi thit k h thng n knh, mt s khi nim v
nguyn l ca h thng a knh cng c gii thiu.

ii

PT

IT

Chng ti hy vng rng cun bi ging s l ti liu tham kho hu ch cho

sinh vin chuyn ngnh vin thng v nhng ngi quan tm. Vi mt khi lng ln
kin thc nhng nhm tc gi cng c gng cht lc gii thiu ti bn c trong
mt s lng trang sch nht nh gip bn c nm bt nhng vn c bn nht
ca k thut thng tin si quang. Chng ti rt mong nhn c kin ng gp ca
cc qu thy c, cc bn sinh vin v nhng ngi quan tm hon thin hn cun
ti liu ny.

iii

MC LC

PT

IT

DANH SCH THUT NG VIT TT

Chng 1 Tng quan h thng thng tin quang
1.1 Lch s pht trin thng tin quang
1.2 Mt s khi nim c bn trong thng tin quang
1.2.1 Bng tn ph quang
1.2.2 Ghp knh
1.2.3 n v cng sut
1.3 M hnh tng qut h thng thng tin quang
1.3.1 S khi tng qut h thng thng tin quang
1.3.2 Cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng thng tin quang si
1.3.3 c im h thng thng tin si quang
1.4 Cc tiu chuncho h thng thng tin quang
Chng 2 Si quang
2.1 Cu to v phn loi si quang
2.1.1 Cu to si quang
2.1.2 Phn loi si quang
2.2 Truyn sng nh sng trong si quang
2.2.1 M t theo quang hnh hc
2.2.2 L thuyt truyn sng
2.3 Suy hao trong si quang
2.3.1 H s suy hao si quang
2.3.2 Nguyn nhn gy suy hao
2.4 Tn sc trong si quang
2.4.1 Khi nim v phn loi tn sc
2.4.2 Tn sc mode
2.4.3 Tn sc vn tc nhm
2.4.4 Tn sc bc cao
2.4.5 Tn sc mode phn cc
2.5 Cc gii hn truyn dn gy ra bi tn sc
2.5.1 Phng trnh truyn dn c bn
2.5.2 Truyn xung Gauss c chirp
2.5.3 Gii hn v tc bit
2.5.4 rng bng tn si quang
2.6 Cc hiu ng quang phi tuyn
2.6.1 Ngun gc hiu ng quang phi tuyn
2.6.2 Hiu ng tn x kch thch
2.6.3 Hiu ng iu ch pha phi tuyn
2.6.4 Trn bn sng
2.7 Cp si quang

vii
1
1
6
6
9
10
11
11
12
14
15
17
17
17
17
20
20
23
36
36
37
44
44
45
47
54
54
57
57
58
62
65
67
67
68
72
74
75
iv

PT

IT

2.7.1 Ch to si quang
2.7.2 Cp si quang
2.7.3 Hn v kt ni si quang
Chng 3 B pht quang
3.1 Mt s vn c bn trong vt l quang bn dn
3.1.1 Qu trnh pht x v hp th
3.1.2 Cc vt liu bn dn
3.1.3 Tip gip p-n
3.1.4 Ti hp khng bc x
3.2 Ngun LED
3.2.1 Cu to v phn loi ngun LED
3.2.2 c tnh ca LED
3.3 Laser laser bn dn (LD)
3.3.1 Cu to c bn ca ngun laser bn dn
3.3.2 c tnh ca LD
3.3.3 Cc ngun LD n mode
3.4 iu bin ngun quang
3.5 Mt s vn trong thit k b pht quang
3.5.1 Ghp ni ngun - si quang
3.5.2 Mch kch thch ngun quang
3.5.3 n nh ngun quang
Chng 4 B thu quang
4.1 MT S KHI NIM C BN
4.1.1 p ng ca b thu
4.1.2 Hiu sut lng t
4.1.3 rng bng tn ngun thu
4.1.3.a Thi gian p ng
4.2 CC LOI DIODE THU QUANG
4.2.1 Diode thu quang p-i-n
4.2.2 Diode thu quang thc APD
4.2.2.1 Cu to, nguyn l hot ng
4.3 MT S VN TRONG THIT K B THU
4.3.1 Phn trc (Front end) ca b thu quang
4.3.2 Knh tuyn tnh
4.3.3 Mch quyt nh
4.3.4 Mt s kiu mch tin khuch i ca b thu quang
4.3.4.a Cc mch tin khuch i FET tr khng cao
4.3.4.b Cc b khuch i tranzisto lng cc tr khng cao
4.3.4.c B khuch i h dn ngc
4.3.4.d B thu quang c mch tch hp
4.4 NHIU TRONG B THU QUANG

75
77
80
85
85
85
89
95
97
99
100
104
110
110
116
119
123
124
124
125
129
130
130
130
131
132
132
135
135
137
137
144
144
146
146
147
148
150
152
154
156
v

PT

IT

4.4.1 Cc c ch nhiu
4.4.1.a Nhiu n
4.4.1.b Nhiu nhit
4.4.2 B thu p-i-n
4.4.3 B thu s dng APD
4.5 Hiu nng b thu quang
4.5.1 Xc sut li
4.5.2 nhy thu
4.5.3 Gii hn lng t ca b thu quang
4.6 K thut thu coherent
4.6.1 Khi nim c bn
4.6.2 K thut thu homodyne
4.6.3 K thut thu heterodyne
4.6.4 T s tn hiu trn nhiu
Chng 5 H thng thng tin quang si
5.1 Cu trc h thng thng tin quang
5.1.1 Tuyn im im
5.1.2 H thng thng tin quang s
5.1.3 H thng thng tin quang tng t
5.2 C s thit k h thng
5.2.1 H thng b gii hn bi suy hao
5.2.2 H thng b gii hn bi tn sc
5.2.3 Qu cng sut quang
5.2.4 Qu thi gian ln
5.3 B cng sut
5.3.1 B cng sut do nhiu mode
5.3.2 B cng sut do nhiu phn mode
5.3.3 B cng sut do tn sc
5.3.4 B cng sut do chirping
5.3.5 B cng sut do nhiu phn x
5.4 H thng a knh
5.4.1 H thng thng tin quang WDM
5.4.2 H thng thng tin quang OTDM
5.4.3 H thng thng tin quang SCM
5.4.4 H thng ghp knh theo m (CDM)

156
156
157
158
159
161
161
165
168
169
170
171
172
172
174
174
174
175
179
183
185
185
187
188
190
190
192
194
195
198
201
201
203
204
205

vi

DANH SCH THUT NG VIT TT

Thut ng ting Anh

Thut ng ting Vit

A
APD

Avalanche Photodiode

AR
ASE

Antireflection Coating
Amplified Spontanous Emission

Diode tch sng quang

thc
V chng phn x
Bc x t pht c
khuch i
B khuch i cng sut
T s li bit
Cu trc d th chon

IT

Booster Amplifier
Bit Error Rate
Burried Heterostructure
Continous Wave

Sng lin tc

Distributed Bragg Reflector

Dispersion Compensation Fiber
Distributed Feedback
Dynamic Range
Distributed Reflector
Dense WDM

Phn x phn b Bragg

Si b tn sc
Phn hi phn b
Di ng
B phn x phn b
WDM mt cao

Edge emitting LED

LED pht x cnh

Field Effect Transistor

Fabry Perot Amplifier

PT

B
BA
BER
BH
C
CW
D
DBR
DCF
DFB
DR
DR
DWDM
E
ELED
F
FET
FPA
FPLD

Fabry Perot Laser Diode

FWHM

Full Width at Half Maximum

FWM
G
GI
GVD
I

Four Wave Mixing

Transistor hiu ng trng

B khuch i Fabry
Perot
Laser diode c khoang
cng hng Fabry Perot
rng ton phn ti na
ln nht
Trn bn sng

Graded Index
Group Velocity Dispersion

Ch sGradien
Tn sc vn tc nhm

vii

IM
IM DD
ISI
L
LA
LD
LED
M
MCVD
MESFET

Intensity Modulation
Intensity Modulation Direct
Detection
Intersymbol Interference

iu ch cng
iu ch cng - Tch
sng trc tip
Nhiu gia cc k t

Line Amplifier
Laser diode
Light Emitting Diode

Khuch i ng truyn
Diode laser
Diode pht quang

Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition Ngng ng hi ha cht

bin i
Metal Semiconductor Field Effect
Transistor trng bn dn
Transistor
kim loi
Mode Field Diameter
Metal Oxide Silicon Field Effect
Transistor

ng knh trng mode

Transistor trng oxit Silic
kim loi

MQW
MZ

Multiple Quantum Well

Mach Zehnder

Ging lng t
B iu ch Mach
Zehnder

RZ
S
SBS

PT

N
NA
NF
NLS
O
OA
P
PA
PMD
PIN
R
RIN
RMS

IT

MFD
MOSFET

Numerical Aperture
Noise Figure
Nonlinear Schroedinger

Khu s
Hnh nh nhiu
Schroedinger phi tuyn

Optical Amplifier

B khuch i quang

Pre-Amplifier
Polarization Mode Dispersion
Positive Intrinsic Negative

B tin khuch i
Tn sc mode phn cc
Cu trc PIN

Relative Intensity Noise

Root Mean Square
Return Zero

Nhiu cng tng i

Cn trung bnh bnh
phng
Tr v 0

Stimulated Brillouin Scattering

Tn x Brillouin kch thch

viii

Pht x t pht
LED pht x cnh
Ch s chit sut phn bc
Si quang n mode
T s tn hiu trn nhiu
T iu ch pha

Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Ghp knh theo bc sng

IT

Spontaneous Emission
Surface emitting LED
Step Index
Single Mode Fiber
Signal to Noise Ratio
Self Phase Modulation

PT

SE
SLED
SI
SMF
SNR
SPM
W
WDM

ix

Chng 1 Tng quan h thng thng tin

quang

PT

IT

1.1Lch s pht trin thng tin quang

Hnh 1-1 S tng trng v tch tc -khong cch BL trong khong thi gian 1850 n
2000. Mi du trn en nh du s xut hin ca mt cng ngh mi.

Thng tin quang l k thut truyn thng tin bng nh sng v t xa xa con
ngi s dng phng thc ny bo tin cho nhau khong cch xa. Tuy
nhin s pht trin cc h thng thng tin lin lc trc 1980 u da trn c ch
truyn dn in v tri qua qu trnh pht trin t in bo, in thoi cho n cp
ng, viba s. Theo thi gian nhng thay i v mt k thut cng ngh to ra s
tng trng nhanh v nng lc truyn dn thng tin. Nng lc ca mt h thng
thng tin c nh gi qua tch tc bit v khong cch (B.L), trong B l tc
bit v L l khong cch truyn dn gia thit b lp. Vic ra i cc h thng
truyn dn quang s tng mnh v nng lc truyn dn m ra thi k mi cho h
thng mng vin thng. Nhng pht trinca thng tin quang c c bt ngun t
nhng n lc nghin cu tin phong v ngun quang laser bn dn t trc nm
1

1960 v ch to si quang thy tinh c suy hao nh nhng nm 1960-70. Trong

ni bt phi k n nhng nghin cu t ph ca GS. Charles K. Kao, ngi
ot gii Nobel vt l nm 2009 cho cng trnh ch to si quang dng cho thng
tin quang.
Giai on nghin cu cc h thng thng tin si quang bt u khong
nm 1975. Hnh 1-2 cho thy s tng dung lng h thng thng tin quang c
thc hin t sau 1980 qua mt s giai on pht trin. Cc sn phm h thng
thng mi thng i sau giai on nghin cu v pht trin mt khong vi nm.
Qu trnh pht trin mnh m ca h thng c thc hin trn 25 nm t 1975 n
nm 2000 c th c phn thnh mt s th h r rt. Hnh 1-3 cho thy s tng v
tch BL theo thi gian c xc nh qua cc th nghim c tin hnh khc nhau.
ng thng tng ng vi s tng gp i v tch BL mi nm. Mi th h, BL

PT

IT

tng mnh thi k u sau bt u bo ha khi cng ngh t c chn ca

n. Mi th h mi em li s thay i c bn gip ci thin tt hn hiu nng ca
h thng.

Hnh 1-2 S tng trng v dung lng ca cc h thng thng tin quang c thc hin
sau nm 1980. Cc ng chm ch ra s tng trng theo dng gn hm m v tc bit
c hai h thng nghin cu v h thng thng mi.

Th h u tin ca cc h thng si quang hot ng gn 0,8 m v s dng

cc ngun laser bn dn GaAs. Cc h thng ny c thng mi ha nm 1980
hot ng ti tc 45 Mb/s v cho php khong cch lp ch khong 10 km. Tuy
l th h thng tin quang u tin nhng hiu nng ca h thng cao hn nhiu
so vi cc h thng truyn dn cp ng truyn thng thi .

Hnh 1-3 S tng v tch BL trong giai on 1975 n 2000 qua mt s th h h thng
thng tin quang. Cc k hiu khc nhau m t cho cc th h k tip nhau.

IT

Khong cch lp c th c tng ln ng k khi h thng si quang hot

ng ti vng bc sng gn 1,3 m m suy hao ca si nh hn 1 dB/km.
Thm na cc si quang lc c c tnh tn sc nh nht trong vng bc sng

PT

ny. Do c nhiu n lc trong vic pht trin cc laser v cc linh kin thu
bn dn InGaAsP hot ng gn 1,3 m. Th h cc h thng thng tin si quang
th hai tr nn sn sang vo u thp k 1980, nhng tc bt ca cc h thng
ban u b gii hn di 100 Mb/s v tn sc trong cc si a mode. Gii hn ny
c khc phc bng cch s dng si n mode v si ny sm a vo s dng
trong cc h thng thng mi ha giai on . Vo nm 1987, cc h thng thng
tin si quang th hai hot ng ti tc ln ti 1,7 Gb/s vi khong cch lp
khong 50 km sn c cung cp cho thng mi.
Khong cch lp ca cc h thng si quang th h th hai b gii hn bi
suy hao si quang ti bc sng hot ng 1,3 m (in hnh 0,5 dB/km). Cc suy
hao ca cc si quang nh nht gn 1,55 m. Mt mc suy hao c 0,2 dB/km
thc hin c trong vng ph ny. Tuy nhin vic a vo cc h thng si quang
th h th ba hot ng ti 1,55 m b chm li ng k bi tn sc ln ca si
quang gn 1,55 m. Cc laser bn dn InGaAsP thng thng khng th s dng
c v s tri rng xung quang xy ra nh l kt qu ca s dao ng ng thi
ca mt vi mode pht x dc t laser. Vn tn sc c th c khc phc hoc
bng cc si dch tn sc c thit k c tn sc nh nht ti vng 1,55 m hoc
bng gii hn ph laser ch c mt mode dc pht x n. C hai tip cn ny
c thc hin trong sut thp k 1980. Vo nm 1985, cc thc nghim ti phng
3

th nghim cho thy kh nng truyn dn thng tin ti tc ln ti 4 Gb/s trn

khong cch ln hn 100 km. Cc h thng thng tin si quang th h th ba hot
ng ti 2,5 Gb/s sn c cho vic thng mi ha vo nm 1990. Cc h thn
nh vy cng c th hot ng tc ln ti 10 Gb/s. Hiu nng tt nht ca h
thng c thc hin bng vic s dng cc si dch tn sc kt hp vi cc ngun
laser n mode.
Nhc im ca h thng 1,55 m th h th ba l tn hiu phi c ti
sinh tun hon nh s dng cc b lp in khong cch in hnh c 60 70 km.
Khong cch b lp c th c tng thm nh s dng ch thu kt hp
homodyne hoc heterodyne v ci thin c nhy b thu. Cc h thng nh vy
c gi l cc h thng thng tin quang kt hp (coherent). Cc h thng coherent
cng c pht trin trong nhng nm 1980 v nhng li ch tim tng ca

IT

chng c chng minh trong nhiu th nghim. Tuy nhin vic thng mi ha
cc h thng ny b tr hon do s ra i ca cc b khuych i quang si vo
nm 1989.
Th h th t ca cc h thng si quang s dng khuych i quang tng

PT

khong cch gia cc b lp v ghp knh theo bc sng (WDM) tng dung
lng truyn dn. Nh thy r trong hnh 1-3 trc v sau 1992, s ra i k thut
WDM to ra mt cuc cch mng v dung lng truyn dn v cho php cc h
thng si quang hot ng ti tc 10 Tb/s vo nm 2001.Trong hu ht cc h
thng WDM, cc tn hao ca si quang c b tun hon nh s dng cc b
khuych i quang si pha tp erbium (EDFA) cch nhau c 60 80 km. Cc b
khuych i quang nh vy c pht trin sau nm 1985 v c cung cp
thng mi nm 1990. Nh vic s dng cc b khuych i quang si m cc h
thng truyn dn cp bin ton quang gia cc lc a tr nn kh thi. T sau nm
1996 nhiu h thng truyn dn quang bin khong cch hn chc ngn km ti tc
Gb/s c trin khai rng ri trn ton th gii.

IT

Hnh 1-4 S h thng mng cp quang bin ti khu vc chu

H thng thng tin si quang th h th nm c quan tm bi s m rng

PT

di bc sng m mt h thng WDM c th hot ng ng thi. Ca s bc

sng quen thuc c gi l bng tn C bao trm di bc sng 1,53 1,57 m. N
s c m rng c hai pha bc sng ngn v bc sng di hnh thnh cc
bng tn S v L tng ng. K thut khuych i Raman c th khuych i tn
hiu c 3 bng tn bc sng m cc b khuyeechs i EDFA khng thc hin
c. Thm na, mt loi si quang mi c gi l si kh c pht trin
suy hao ca si l nh trn ton b vng bc sng tri rng t 1,3 n 1,65 m.
Vic s dng cc si quang nh vy v cc ch khuyeechs i mi c th cho
php cc h thng si quang hot ng vi hng ngn knh WDM. Tiu im ca
h thng th h th nm hin ti l tng hiu sut ph ca cc h thng WDM.
tng l s dng cc nh dng iu ch tin tin trong thng tin c m ha
s dng c bin v pha ca sng mang quang. Mc d cc nh dng nh vy
c pht trin v s dng thng dng trong cc h thng v tuyn, nhng vic s
dng trong cc h thng si quang ch c ch n nhiu sau nm 2001. Nh s
dng cc nh dng iu ch tin tin cho php h thng tng hiu sut ph b
gii hn di 0,8 b/s/Hz trong h thng th h th t tng ln > 8 b/s/Hz. Trong mt
th nghim nm 2010, mt k lc mi c thit lp truyn dn 64 Tb/s trn
khong cch 320 km bng vic s dng 640 knh WDM trn c hai bng tn C v L
5

vi khong cch knh 12,5 GHz. Mi knh cha 2 tn hiu 107 Gb/s c ghp
phn cc vi dng iu ch s dng l iu ch bin cu phng (QAM).
H thng thng tin quang si tri qua hn 30 nm pht trin vi nhiu k
thut cng ngh t n chin mui. Thng tin quang si hin nay tr thnh
cng ngh xy dng c s h tng truyn ti cho hu ht cc cp mng thng tin
t mng ng trc quc t cho n cc mng truy nhp.

1.2Mt s khi nim c bn trong thng tin quang

1.2.1Bng tn ph quang
Tt c cc h thng vin thng u s dng cc dng nng lng in t

IT

pht tn hiu. Ph bc x in t (EM) c cho thy trong hnh 1-4. Nng lng
in t l s t hp ca in trng v t trng, v bao gm in nng, cc sng
v tuyn, vi ba, nh sng hng ngoi, nhn thy, t ngoi, tia X v tia gamma. Mi
loi s chim mt phn ph sng in t. Bn cht c bn ca tt c cc bc x

PT

trong ph sng in t l cc sng in t lan truyn ti tc nh sng c = 3x108

m/s trong chn khng. Tc ca sng lan truyn trong mt vt liu l nh hn tc
c trong chn khng bi mt h s chit sut n:
=

(1.1)

Hnh 1-5 Ph bc x sng in t

Cc tnh cht vt l ca cc sng in t c th c xc nh qua mt s cc

i lng nh di mt chu k ca sng, nng lng cha trong sng hoc tn s
6

dao ng ca sng. Khc vi truyn dn tn hiu in thng s dng tn s ch

cc bng tn hot ng ca tn hiu, th thng tin quang li thng s dng bc
sng ch cc vng ph hot ng. Cc i lng ny lin h vi nhau qua mt s
phng trnh n gin. Trc ht, tc nh sng trong chn khng c bng bc
sng l nhn vi tn s n:
= ln

(1.2)

trong tn s n c o theo Hz. Tip theo, quan h gia nng lng ca mt

photon (ht nh sng) v tn s (hoc bc sng) ca n c xc nh qua nh
lut Planck:
= n

(1.3)

trong tham s h = 6,63x10-34 J-s = 4,14 eV-s l hng s Planck. Theo bc sng
(c o theo m), nng lng theo n v electron volt c xc nh:
)=

l(

(1.4)

IT

Cc h thng thng tin c th c phn bit qua cc vng ph sng in t

s dng. Hnh 1-5 cho thy cc vng ph c th cho cc h thng thng tin v tuyn
v quang si. i vi cc h thng thng tin v tuyn cc bng tn s dng tri

PT

rng t bng tn cao HF ti VHF v ti UHF vi cc tn s sng mang c bc 107,

108 v 109 Hz tng ng. V mt l thuyt, vic tn s sng mang hot ng ti
vng tn s cao cho php tng bng tn truyn dn kh dng v kt qu cho php
tng dung lng truyn dn thng tin. i vi thng tin quang, cc vng bng tn
quang c tn s ln hn nhiu bc so vi tn s v tuyn, do vy cc h thng si
quang cho thy kh nng truyn dn mt dung lng thng tin v cng ln qua h
thng.
Vng ph quang tri di t khong 5 nm trong vng cc tm n 1 mm trong
vng hng ngoi xa. gia cc vng gii hn ny l vng ph nhn thy t 400 n
700 nm. Thng tin quang si s dng bng tn ph hng ngoi gn t 770 n 1675
nm. Cc h thng thng tin quang hin ny hu ht s dng vng bc sng di
v t chc lin minh vin thng quc t ITU ch nh su bng tn ph s dng
cho thng tin si quang trong phm vi 1260 n 1675 nm. Cc ch nh bng tn
bc sng di ny xut pht t c tnh suy hao ca si quang v c tnh ca b
khuych i EDFA. Vng bng tn 770 n 910 nm c s dng cho cc h thng
si quang a mode bc sng ngn. Mi vng ph u i hi cc thnh phn linh

PT

IT

kin ph hp hot ng v cc c tnh khc nhau ca cc thnh phn ny s dn

n hiu nng cng nh ng dng ca cc h thng tng ng l khc nhau.

Hnh 1-6 Cc vng ph sng in t s dng cho thng tin quang si v thng tin v
tuyn.

Hnh 1-7 K hiu cc bng tn ph bc sng di do ITU-T quy nh

1.2.2Ghp knh
Ghp knh l k thut kt hp nhiu knh tn hiu khc nhau truyn ng
thi qua h thng truyn dn nhm s dng hiu qu dung lng truyn dn ca h
thng. i vi h thng thng tin si quang c dung lng truyn dn ln th chc
nng ghp knh lun i km vi h thng ny. Cc k thut ghp knh thng c
s dng bao gm ghp knh theo thi gian (TDM) v ghp knh theo tn s (FDM).
Trong trng hp TDM cc bit d liu ca cc knh khc nhau c ghp
xen trong min thi gian to thnh lung bit tng, hay ni cch khc mi knh s
c gn vo nhng khe thi gian xc nh truyn ng thi qua h thng cng
vi cc knh khc. K thut TDM c s dng cho cc tn hiu s trong cc mng
vin thng v hnh thnh cc phn cp s khc nhau trong qu trnh pht trin.
Trong thi gian u pht trin cc h thng truyn dn s, phn cp s cn ng b
(PDH) c hnh thnh xc nh cc mc v s lng knh thoi c ghp. Phn

IT

cp PDH nh cho thy trong hnh 1-6 c s khc bit gia cc khu vc v c s
dng cho c h thng thng tin quang si v v tuyn. S thiu mt tiu chun
thng nht v phn cp s trong cng nghip vin thng i hi s ra i mt

PT

tiu chun phn cp s mi gi l mng quang ng b (SONET) v sau gi l

phn cp s ng b SDH. Bng cho

Hnh 1-8 Phn cp s cn ng b PDH

Bng 1-1 Bng tc truyn dn theo phn cp s ng b SONET/SDH

Trong trng hp FDM, cc knh c ghp trong min tn s trong mi

knh c mang bi mt sng mang ring bit. Cc tn s sng mang cch nhau
mt khong tn ln hn rng bng tn ca knh trnh s chng ph. FDM c
th c s dng cho c tn hiu tng t v tn hiu s v thng hay c s
dng trong cc h thng qung b. Trong cc h thng vin thng, chc nng ghp
knh thng c thc hin trong min in trc khi chuyn i thnh tn hiu
quang. Trng hp FDM thc hin hon ton trong min quang c xem l ghp

1.2.3n v cng sut

IT

knh phn chia theo bc sng WDM.

Cng sut l mt i lng quan trng trong h thng si quang c trng

PT

cho cng ca tn hiu quang trn h thng. i lng cng sut c th c o

trn hai kiu thang o:
-

Thang o tuyn tnh vi n v W hoc mW

Thang o logarithm vi n v dBm

Trong k thut h thng thang o logarithm thng hay c s dng v n

em li mt s u im bao gm cho php biu din di rng gi tr mc cng sut
hay ni cch khc d dng biu din cc mc tn hiu khc bit nhau nhiu bc
ln. Thm na vic tnh ton cc i lng theo thang o logarithm cng c n
gin ha bng cc php tnh cng hoc tr thay cho cc php tnh nhn chia t l
trong thang o tuyn tnh.
Quan h gia mc cng sut theo thang logarithm v mc cng sut theo
thang tuyn tnh c xc nh qua biu thc sau:
(

) = 10

(1.5)

n v dBm biu th mc cng sut P nh l mt t l logarithm ca P so vi 1 mW.

Mc tham chiu 1 mW c chn n gin v cc gi tr in hnh mc cng sut
pht nm trong di ny (ch m trong dBm bao hm mc tham chiu l 1 mW). Nh
vy dBm c coi l thang o decibel cho mc gi tr cng sut tuyt i v mt
10

quy tc quan trng l 0 dBm = 1 mW. Do , cc gi tr cng sut dng theo dBm
l ln hn 1 mW v cc gi tr m theo dBm l nh hn 1 mW. Bng cho mt s v
d mc cng sut quang theo hai n v o tng ng.

IT

Bng 1-2 Bng v d chuyn i mc cng sut gia n v tuyn tnh v dBm

1.3M hnh tng qut h thng thng tin quang

PT

1.3.1S khi tng qut h thng thng tin quang

Hnh 1-9 cho thy s khi tng qut ca mt h thng thng tin quang.
H thng tng qut bao gm mt b pht, mt knh thng tin v mt b thu, y
c xem l ba phn t c bn v chung nht cho tt c cc h thng thng tin. Cc
h thng thng tin quang c th c phn thnh hai loi: c mi trng dn
(guided) v khng dn (unguided). Trong trng hp h thng quang c mi trng
dn, chm quang t b pht b giam hm v khng gian khi lan truyn v c thc
hin qua vic s dng si quang trong thc t.

Hnh 1-9 S khi tng qut h thng thng tin quang

Trong trng hp cc h thng thng tin quang khng mi trng dn, chm
quang t b pht tri rng trong khng gian tng t h thng v tuyn. Tuy nhin,
cc h thng ny t ph hp cho cc ng dng qung b nh h thng v tuyn v
cc chm quang ch yu tp trung theo mt hng c chiu pha trc (kt qu
11

ca bc sng ngn ca chm quang). Vic s dng cc h thng ny i hi vic

cn chnh chnh xc gia b pht v b thu. Trong trng hp truyn dn khong
cch ln, tn hiu trong h thng khng dn c th b suy gim ng k bi tn x
trong kh quyn. Tuy nhin vn ny bin mt trong thng tin khng gian t do
trn bu kh quyn tri t (v d thng tin lin lc gia cc v tinh). Mc d h
thng thng tin quang khng gian t do c s dng trong mt s ng dng v
c nghin cu mnh m, nhng hu ht cc ng dng trn mng vin thng hin
nay u s dng h thng thng tin quang si. Do vy m ni dung bi ging ny s
ch tp trung vo h thng quang si.

1.3.2Cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng thng tin quang si

IT

Hnh 1-9 cho thy ba thnh phn c bn trong h thng thng tin quang
si bao gm: cp si quang vai tr nh knh thng tin, b pht quang v b thu
quang.
a. Si quang nh mt knh thng tin

PT

Vai tr ca mt knh thng tin l truyn ti tn hiu quang t b pht ti

b thu m trnh lm mo dng tn hiu. Hu ht cc h thng thng tin quang s
dng si quang nh l knh thng tin v cc si quang thy tinh c th truyn dn
nh sng vi suy hao nh ch c 0,2 dB/km. Thm ch khi cng sut quang gim ch
cn 1% sau 100 km. Do vy suy hao si quang c ngha quan trng trong vic
thit k h thng v xc nh khong cch b lp hoc b khuyeesch i ca mt h
thng thng tin quang khong cch ln. Mt vn thit k quan trng khc l tn
sc si quang gy ra s tri rng cc xung quang khi truyn dn. Nu cc xung
quang tri rng nhiu ra ngoi khe thi gian c cp pht cho chng, th tn hiu b
suy gim nghim trng v kh c th khi phc c tn hiu ban u vi chnh
xc cao. Vn ny l nghim trng nht trong trng hp cc si a mode do mc
dn xung c ~ 10 ns/km. Do vy hu ht cc h thng thng tin quang ngy nay
s dng si n mode c mc dn xung nh hn nhiu (< 0,1 ns/km). Cc vn
v si quang s c trnh by c th trong chng 2.
b. B pht quang
B pht quang c vai tr chuyn i tn hiu in thnh dng tn hiu quang
v a tn hiu quang vo si truyn dn. Hnh 1-10 cho thy s khi tng
qut ca mt b pht quang, trong bao gm mt ngun quang, mt b iu ch,
v mt b ghp ni vi si quang. Cc ngun laser bn dn (LD) hoc diode pht
12

quang (LED) c dng nh nhng ngun quang v kh nng tng thch ca

chng vi knh si quang. Tn hiu quang c to ra bng vic iu bin sng
mang quang. C hai phng thc iu bin: iu bin trc tip v iu bin ngoi.
phng thc iu bin trc tip tn hiu in c a vo bin i dng bm
trc tip ngun quang thng qua mch kch thch m khng cn s dng b iu
bin ngoi. Phng thc iu bin trc tip mc d hiu qu v chi ph nhng b
gii hn v tnh nng khi iu bin d liu tc cao.

IT

Hnh 1-10 S khi b pht quang

PT

Phng thc iu ch ngoi thng hay s dng cho h thng tc cao.

y ngun quang thng s dng l laser diode pht ra nh sng lin tc, cn tn
hiu in iu bin sng mang quang thng qua b iu bin ngoi. Nh s dng b
iu bin ngoi, ngoi nh dng iu bin cng (IM) th cc nh dng iu
bin tin tin khc nh PSK, FSK hay QAM cng c th c thc hin d dng
nh trong cc h thng thng tin quang th h nm.
Trong b pht quang b ghp ni thng l mt vi thu knh hi t tn
hiu quang u ra vo trong si quang vi hiu sut ghp cao nht. Cc vn v
b pht quang s cp chi tit trong chng 3.
c. B thu quang

B thu quang thc hin chc nng chuyn i tn hiu quang thu c ti
u ra tuyn si quang thnh tn hiu in. Hnh 1-11 cho thy s khi mt b
thu quang trong bao gm mt b ghp ni, mt b tch sng quang v mt b
gii iu ch. B ghp ni tp trung tn hiu quang thu c vo b tch sng
quang. Cc diode thu quang bn dn c s dng nh l cc b tch sng quang
chuyn i tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in. B gii iu ch ph thuc vo
cc nh dng iu bin c s dng m c cu trc mt cch c th. Cc h thng
thng tin quang si hin ti hu ht s dng phng thc iu bin cng thu
trc tip (IM/DD) th qu trnh gii iu ch c thc hin bi mch quyt nh

13

xc n cc bit thng tin thu c l 1 hoc 0 ph thuc vo bin tn hiu in

thu c.

Hnh 1-11 S khi b thu quang

Hiu nng ca mt h thng thng tin quang s c xc nh qua t s li

bit (BER) nh l xc sut trung bnh thu sai bit. Hu ht cc h thng thng tin
quang si xc nh BER c 10-9 nh l yu cu ti thiu khi hot ng, mt s h

IT

thng thm ch cn yu cu BER rt nh ch c 10-14. Cc vn c bn ca b thu

quang s c trnh by trong chng 4.

1.3.3c im h thng thng tin si quang

u im:

Suy hao thp: Cc si quang c suy hao thp hn so vi cp ng do vy

cho php truyn d liu khong cch xa hn. iu ny gip gim s
lng cc b lp cn thit s dng trong cc h thng khong cch ln.
S gim v thit b v cc thnh phn s gim phc tp v gi thnh

PT

ca h thng.

Bng tn truyn dn rng: Cc si quang c rng bng tn truyn dn

rng nn mt dung lng ln thng tin c th c truyn qua h thng
gip lm gim s ng truyn vt l cn thit.

Kch thc nh v trng lng nh: Trng lng nh v kch thc nh

ca si quang cho php d dng trin khai lp t trn cc h thng cp
khc nhau. c im ny cng cho thy h thng quang si cng trin
khai d dng trong cc h thng qun s, hng khng, v tinh v tu
thuyn.

Khng b can nhiu in t: Do si quang c lm t vt liu in mi

khng dn in, nn si quang khng b nh hng bi cc hiu ng giao
thoa in t cng nh khng b nh hng bi nhiu in c th ghp cp
vi ng truyn.
14

an ton c tng cng: Cc si quang cho mc an ton cao khi

vn hnh v chng khng c cc vn v u t, nh tia la in v
in th cao nh trong h thng cp ng.

Bo mt thng tin cao: Si quang cho php mt mc bo mt thng

tin cao v tn hiu quang b giam hm tt bn trong si quang khi truyn
m khng bc x ra ngoi gy r r thng tin.

Nhc im:
-

Cc h thng thng tin quang si c chi ph lp t ban u ln do vy

m chng thng trin khai trn cc mng khong cch ln v dung
lng cao m bo hiu qu v chi ph u t.

Do si quang c kch thc nh v lm t vt liu in mi trong sut

nh thy tinh nn vic hn ni tr nn kh khn hn v i hi phi c

IT

k nng m bo cht lng mi hn.

Si quang d b tc ng bi ng sut cng, un cong nn i hi cn
phi ch cn thn trong khi trin khai s dng.

Tuy c mt s nhc im nhng nhng li ch rt ln m h thng thng

PT

tin quang si em li to c s cho vic trin khai ng dng rng ri trong nhiu
lnh vc khc nhau. i vi lnh vc vin thng, h thng thng tin quang si tr
thnh nn tng c bn ca cu trc h tng mng truyn ti mi cp t mng quc
t lin lc a, mng quc gia cho n mng truy nhp. Nhng thnh tu t c
v s pht trin nhanh chng ca mng Internet ngy nay c c cng nh vo s
thnh cng c c ca cng ngh thng tin quang si.

1.4 Cc tiu chuncho h thng thng tin quang

cho php cc thnh phn v thit b t cc nh cung cp khc nhau c th
giao tip vi nhau, rt nhiu cc tiu chun quc t v vin thng ni chung v
thng tin quang ni ring c pht trin. C ba loi c bn cho h thng quang
si bao gm cc tiu chun s cp, cc tiu chun kim nh cc thnh phn thit b
v cc tiu chun h thng.
Cc tiu chun s cp lin quan n vic o v m t cc tham s vt l c
bn nh suy hao, rng bng tn v cc c tnh hot ng ca si quang, cc
mc cng sut quang v rng ph. M t chc chnh lin quan n cc tiu
chun s cp l Vin tiu chun v cng ngh quc gia (NIST). T chc ny thc
15

hin cc cng vic tiu chun ha laser v si quang, v n cng ti tr hi tho

hng nm v o kim quang si. Mt s t chc quc gia khc nh Phng th
nghim vt l quc gia (NPL) Anh v PTB (Physikalisch-Technische
Bundesanstalt) c cng c chc nng tng t.
Cc tiu chun kim nh thnh phn nh ngha cc php o th hiu nng
thnh phn quang si v chng thit lp cc th tc hiu chnh thit b. Mt s cc
t chc khc nhau lin quan n vic hnh thnh cc tiu chun kim nh ny nh
Hip hi cng nghip vin thng (TIA) kt hp vi Lin minh cc nh cng nghip
in t (EIA), Ban vin thng ca ITU (ITU-T) v y ban k thut in quc t
(IEC). TIA c mt danh sch trn 120 tiu chun v tham s k thut o kim
quang si c k hiu TIA/EIA-455-XX-YY, trong XX lin quan n mt k
thut o c th v YY lin quan n nm pht hnh. Cc tiu chun ny cng c

IT

gi l Cc th tc o kim nh quang si (FOTP), do TIA/EIA-455-XX tr

thnh FOTP-XX. Cc tiu chun ny bao gm mt lot cc phng php c
khuyn ngh cho vic o kim nh phn ng ca si quang, cp, linh kin th ng
v cc thnh phn quang in i vi cc yu t mi trng v cc iu kin hot

PT

ng. V d, TIA/EIA-455-60-1997 hoc FOTP-60 l mt phng php c ban

hnh nm 1997 v o di ca cp si quang.
Cc tiu chun h thng lin quan n cc phng php o kim tuyn v
mng truyn dn. Cc t chc chnh l Vin tiu chun quc gia M (ANSI), T
chc cho cc k s in v in t (IEEE), ITU-T v Telcordia Technologies. C
th cho h thng quang si l cc tiu chun o kim v cc khuyn ngh t ITU-T.
Trong lot khuyn ngh G (trong di s G.650 v cao hn) lin quan n cp si
quang, b khuyeechs i quang, ghp knh bc sng, mng truyn ti quang
(OTN), tnh kh dng v tin cy h thng, qun l v iu khin cc mng quang
th ng (PON). Lot khuyn ngh L ca ITU-T gii quyt vic xy dng, lp t,
h tr bo dng, gim st v o kim cp v cc phn t khc trong h thng si
quang c trin khai ngoi thc a.

16

Chng 2 Si quang

2.1Cu to v phn loi

lo si quang
2.1.1Cu to sii quang
Si quang l mt ng
ng dn
d sng in mi hot ng ti tn s quang. Cu
C to

IT

c bn ca mt sii quang c dng

d
hnh tr trn bao gm hai lpp chnh l llp li si
c chit sut n1 v lp v si bao bc quanh li c chit sutt n2 nh m tt trong
hnh 2-1. Do nh sng truyn trong si quang da trn nguyn l phnn xx ton phn
nn chit sut lp v phii nh
nh hn chit sut lp li (n2 < n1). Mc d v mt

PT

nguyn l, mt lp v l khng cn
c thit cho vic truynn nh sng trong si nhng
n c s dng cho mt s
mc ch nh gim suy hao tn x cng
ng nh
nh c hp th
ti b mt li, ci thin cc tnh ddn sng ca si quang.

Hnh 2-1
2 Cu trc c bn ca si quang

Bn cnh hai lp
p c bn
b li v v si, si quang s dng
ng trong th
thc t cn
c bc thm mt hocc mt
m vi lp bc m bng vt liu
u polyme c tnh n hhi
cao. Vic bc thm lp bcc m

ny cng nhm mc ch gia cng

ng thm cho ssi
quang v gim cc khuyt tt trn b mt si quang, m bo kh nng ss dng
trong mi trng thc t.

2.1.2Phn loi sii quang

C nhiu kiu sii quang khc nhau v cng
c
c nhiuu cch phn lo
loi si
quang. Nhn chung cc sii quang c th
th c phn loi daa trn cc yu
y t c bn
sau:
-

Da vo vt liu
u ch
ch to
17

Da vo s lng mode truyn dn

Da vo mt ct chit sut

Da vo vt liu ch to,cc loi si quang thng c ch to t hai loi

vt liu trong sut l thy tinh v nha. Cc si quang s dng trong vin thng u
c ch to t thy tinh cho c phn li v v. Cc si quang nha thng c kch

PT

IT

thc ln v suy hao cao hn nhiu so vi si thy tinh, nhng c bn c hc tt

hn. Mt s loi si cng c th c ch to c li lm bng thy tinh, cn lp v
lm bng nha. Do da trn hai loi vt liu khc nhau nn ca s truyn dn c
suy hao thp ca mi loi khng ging nhau.

Hnh 2-2 Mt ct ngang v mt ct chit sut ca si chit sut bc v si chit sut bin
i

Da vo s bin i chit sut trong li hay dng mt ct chit sut, si

quang c th c phn thnh hai loi chnh: si chit sut bc (SI step index) v
si chit sut bin i (GI graded index) nh m t trong hnh 2-2. Trong si chit
sut bc, chit sut trong li si l mt hng s hay khng thay i trn ton b mt
ct li si. Nh vy chit sut ch thay i ti tip gip gia li v v to ra s thay
i dng bc. Cn i vi si chit sut bin i, chit sut trong li bin i theo
khong cch t tm si ra ngoi bin tip gip vi xu hng chit sut ti tm li l
ln nht v gim dn v pha bin gia li v v.

18

Da theo s lng
ng mode truy
truyn, cc si quang c hai loii c bbn l: si
a mode h tr nhiu
u mode truyn
truy trong si v si n mode ch h tr duy nht
mt mode truyn c bn. Khi nim
ni
mode truyn s c cp nn trong ph
phn
sau.
Do si quang s dng
ng trong vin
vi thng u l cc si thy
y tinh nn dda trn
hai yu t mt ct chit sut v s lng mode, cc si quang cc phn thnh ba
loi si chnh: sii a mode chit
chi sut bc, si a mode chit sut bin i v si

PT

IT

n mode. Hnh 2-3 cho thy c im cu trc ca ba loi sii quang ny. Cc c

tnh truyn dn ca ba loii ssi s c cp chi tit trong nhng phn

n sau.

Hnh 2-3So snh cu

u trc cc loi
lo si quang c bn s dng trong vinn thng

Ngoi cc cch phn lo

loi c bn si quang trn, sii quang cng
c
c th
c phn loi theo nhiu
u cch khc ty theo mc ch s dng
ng hay tnh nng ca
c
si. Nu da vo c tnh truy
truyn dn cc si quang c th c thm cc lo
loi si dch
tn sc (DSF) c cc tnh tn sc
s thay i so vi si chun, sii b tn ssc (DCF) s
dng b nh hng caa tn sc,
s si duy tr phn ccc cho php duy tr trng
tr
thi
phn cc ca tn hiu
u khi lan truyn,
truy
si phi tuyn (HNLF) c h s phi tuy
tuyn cao
dng trong cc ng dng
ng x
x l tn hiu quang. Da vo cu trc cc bi
bit hin nay
c cc loi si tinh th photonic (PCF) hay cn gi
g l si vi cuu trc c llp v v c
vng li trong vi trng h
p cha cc l khng kh chy dc theo si.
i. S
S sp xp
cu trc trong mt PCF s xc nh

c tnh dn nh sng ca si.

19

2.2Truyn sng nh sng trong si quang

2.2.1M t theo quang hnh hc
Qu trnh dn nh sng trong si quang c th c hiu mt cch n gin
qua l thuyt quang hnh. Mc d l thuyt ny ch l mt s m t gn ng cho
qu trnh dn sng nh sng nhng c th s dng i vi si c bn knh li a ln
hn nhiu so vi bc sng nh sng l. Do vy l thuyt ny thng ch ng i
vi si quang a mode.
a. Si chit sut bc (SI)
Trong si chit sut bc, c ch truyn dn nh sng c th c m t c
bn bi bi l thuyt tia nh trong hnh 2-4. Tia sng i vo trong li si t mi
trng ngoi c chit sut n0 ti mt gc qi so vi trc si. Do chit sut mi

IT

trng ngoi thng nh hn chit sut li si nn tia sng b khc x v pha trc
si vi gc khc x qr c xc nh qua nh lut Snell:

(2.1)

Tia sng sau ti b mt tip gip gia li v v vi mt gc ti f. Nu gc ti

PT

nh hn mt gc ti hn fc th tia sng s b khc x ra ngoi v, cn nu ln hn

gc ti hn th tia sng s phn x ton phn trong li si v lan truyn trong si
quang. Gc ti hn cng c xc nh qua nh lut Snell:
(2.2)

Nh vy ch c nhng tia sng i vo si c gc f>fc mi b giam hm trong si

thng qua phn x ton phn. T hai phng trnh (2.1) v (2.2), gc ln nht ca
tia sng i vo v b giam hm trong si c xc nh bi:
(2.3)
y q = 2 f c s dng. Phng trnh (2.3) cng nh ngha khu s
(Numerical apature - NA) ca si chit sut bc:
(2.4)
y D l lch chit sut tng i gia li v v. V khu s lin quan n
gc vo si quang ln nht ca tia sng nn n c trng cho kh nng tip nhn
nh sng ca si quang v nh hng n hiu sut ghp cp cng sut quang ca
si.
20

Hnh 2-4M t quang hnh c

c ch lan truyn nh sng trong sii SI

ng trn quan im
m l thuyt
thuy tia, mode si quang c th xem nh l mt
m
loi tia sng lan truyn
n trong si
s ti mt gc xc nh. Nh vy nh sng i vo ssi
a mode chit sut bc s lan truy
truyn trn nhiuu mode hay ni cch khc n ss lan

IT

truyn trn nhiu

u tia sng v
vi cc gc lan truyn khc nhau. Do chitt sut
su li trong
si chit sut bcc l khng thay i
nn cc tia sng i thng trong li
i v ch
ch phn
x ton phn ti b mt giaa li v v
v to ra qu o caa cc tia sng c ddng ng
zig-zac. Cc tia lan truyn
n ti
t cc gc khc nhau s c qung ng
ng i khc nhau
gy ra tn sc mode lm mo dng
d
xung quang khi lan truyn.
C 2 loii tia sng lan truyn
truy trong si quang: tia kinh tuynn (tia thng)
th
v tia
xin. Cc tia kinh tuyn
n l cc tia b giam hm trong mt phng
ng i qua tr
trc tm si.

PT

Mt tia kinh tuyn xc nh

nh ch
ch phn x ton phn dc theo sii quang trong mt
m
mt phng n.
Cc tia xin khng b
b giam hm trong mt mt phng
ng n i qua tm m c
ng i dng xoy c dcc theo ssi quang nh m t trong hnh 2-5.. M
Mc d si h
tr c tia xin, nhng cc tia ny th
thng d b tn x khi si nhng
ng ch
ch b un
cong hay khuyt ttt v chng cng
c
tri qua s suy hao ln hn so vii cc tia kinh
tuyn.

Hnh 2-5 M t hnh hc

h s lan truyn ca tia xintrong sii quang

b. Si chit sutt bi
bin i
21

Si chit sut bin i c chit sut li gim dn theo khong cch t tm

si. Mt cch tng qut, mt ct chit sut ca si c m t bi:

n 1 D ( r / a ) a ;
n(r ) 1
n1 (1 D ) n2

ra
ra

(2.5)

trong a l h s mt ct chit sut xc nh dng bin i ca mt ct chit sut

trong li si, a l bn knh li si, r l khong cch xuyn tm. Hu ht cc si chit
sut bin i c dng mt ct parabol hay a = 2.
Do chit sut bin i bn trong li nn khu s ca si chit sut bin
i cng l mt hm ca v tr trn mt ct li si. Khu s ti v tr r xc nh
bi:

IT

(2.6)
trong NA(0) l khu s ti tm si

(2.7)

PT

Nh vy khu s ca si GI gim dn t NA(0) xung n 0 khi r dch t trc

si ti bin gia li v v.
S bin i chit sut ca li cng lm cho tia sng trong li si khng
truyn thng m b un cong i. Qu o ca tia c th c m t gn ng bi
phng trnh:
d 2 r 1 dn

dz 2 n dr

(2.8)

trong r l khong cch ca tia so vi trc. i vi trng hp a = 2, nghim ca

phng trnh (2.8) c dng:
=

cos(

) + ( )sin(

(2.9)

trong p = (2D/a2)1/2 v r0 v r0 l v tr v hng ca tia i vo si tng ng.

Nh vy trong si GI qu o cc tia sng c dng ng cong hnh sin nh m t
hnh 2-6. Phng trnh (2.9) cng cho thy cc tia s phc hi v tr v hng ban
u ca chng ti khong cch z = 2m/p, trong m la mt s nguyn. Do vy v
mt nguyn tc, si mt ct parabol s khng biu th tn sc mode. Trong thc t,
si chit sut bin i vn c tn sc mode nhng nh hn nhiu so vi si chit
sut bc.
22

Cng nh si SI, c hai loi tia gm tia kinh tuyn v tia xon c h tr
lan truyn trong si.Cc tia xon s khng i qua trc si v cng b un cong khi
lan truyn to thnh cc vng xon chiu trn mt ct li si.

Hnh 2-6Qu o ca tia sng trong si GI

2.2.2L thuyt truyn sng

IT

hiu c bn cht mode truyn nh sng v cc c tnh truyn dn

khctrong si quang, c bit trong si n mode, l thuyt truyn sng s dng h
phng trnh Maxwell cn c s dng.
a. H phng trnh Maxwell

PT

Cng nh tt c cc hin tng sng in t, qu trnh lan truyn ca trng

quang trong si c m t bi h phng trnh Maxwell. Trong mt mi trng
in mi khng c in tch t do, h phng trnh ny c dng:
(2.10)
(2.11)
(2.12)
(2.13)
trong E v H l cc vec t cng in trng v t trng tng ng, D v B
l cc vec t cm ng in v t tng ng. Cc vec t cm ng lin h vi cc vec
t cng trng qua cc h thc sau:
(2.14)
(2.15)
y e0 l hng s in mi chn khng, 0 l hng s t mi hay t thm chn
khng, P v M l cc vec t phn cc in v t tng ng. i vi si quang M =
0 cn vec t phn cc in P trong iu kin tuyn tnh lin h vi E qua:
23

(2.16)
H s cm ng in c nhn chung l mt tensor hng hai, nhng trong mi trng
ng hng nh thy tinh ch to si n rt gn thnh i lng v hng.
Cc phng trnh (2.1)-(2.7) cung cp mt h thc tng qut cho vic nghin
cu qu trnh truyn sng trong si quang. thun tin cc bin i ch s dng
i lng in trng E v i lng H cng c cc bin i tng t. Bng vic
ly curl ptr. (2.10) v s dng cc ptr. (2.11), (2.14) v (2.15), phng trnh sng
tiu chun thu c:

(2.17)
trong tc nh sng trong chn khng c nh ngha bi c = (0e0)-1/2. Ly

IT

khai trin Fourier E(r,t) qua h thc:

(2.18)

cng nh tng t i vi P(r,t) v s dng ptr. (2.16), ptr. (2.17) c th c vit

PT

trong min tn s nh sau:

(2.19)

trong hng s in mi ph thuc tn s c nh ngha nh sau:

(2.20)

c( , ) l khai trin Fourier ca c(r,t). Mt cch tng qut, e(r,) l phc. Cc

thnh phn thc v o ca n lin h vi chit sut n v h s hp th a qua biu
thc:

(2.21)
S dng cc ptr. (2.20) v (2.21), n v a lin h vi c nh sau:
(2.22)
(2.23)
trong Re v Im k hiu cho phn thc v o tng ng. C hai i lng n v a
u ph thuc tn s. S ph thuc tn s ca n lin quan n hiu ng tn sc vt
liu trong si quang.
24

Trc khi gii phng trnh (2.19), mt s gn ng c thc hin n

gin ha phng trnh. Trc ht, e c th c ly phn thc v thay th bng n2
v suy hao nh trong si quang thy tinh. Th hai, v n(r,) c lp vi ta
khng gian r c li v v trong si SI, ta c th s dng ng thc:
(2.24)
y ptr. (2.12) v h thc = e c s dng t . = 0. Ptr. (2.24) c th
vn ng cho cc si GI khi s bin i chit sut xy ra c di di hn bc
sng. Bng cch s dng (2.24) vo (2.19), ta thu c:
(2.25)
trong h s sng khng gian t do k0 c nh ngha nh sau:
(2.26)

IT

v l l bc sng ca trng quang trong chn khng dao ng ti tn s . Mt

phng trnh sng cho i lng vec t cng t trng H cng thu c theo
cch tng t.Cc phng trnh sng ny cn c gii thu c cc mode trong
si quang.

PT

b. Cc mode si quang

Mt mode quang c xem l mt nghim ca phng trnh sng tha mn

cc iu kin bin ph hp v c thuc tnh dng phn b nng lng trong khng
gian khng thay i khi lan truyn. Cc mode si quang c th c phn loi thnh
cc mode dn, cc mode d v cc mode bc x. Cc mode d ch b giam hm mt
phn trong li v d b suy hao do bc x cng sut khi li khi lan truyn, cn cc
mode bc x khng b giam hm trong li m b bc x ra ngoi v. Do vy cc
mode dn l cc mode c mong i truyn dn nh sng trong si quang.
xc nh cc mode trong si quang, xt trng hp si SI trong h ta
tr nh cho trong hnh 2-7. Vec t cng in trng v t trng trong h ta
tr l:

(2.27)

25

Hnh 2-7H ta tr trong phn tch l thuyt truyn sng trong si SI

Phng trnh sng (2.25) trong h ta tr tr thnh:

(2.28)

IT

trong ton t Laplace c dng:

(2.29)

PT

Phng trnh tng t cng thu c i vi H. V ch c hai thnh Ez v Hz l c

lp, cc thnh phn khc Er, Ef, Hr v Hf c th thu c t cc thnh phn ny. Do
vy, phng trnh sng cho thnh phn z thu c t (2.28):
(2.30)

vi chit sut c dng:

n ;
n(r ) 1
n2 ;

ra
ra

(2.31)

Phng trnh (2.30) d dng gii c bng cch s dng phng php tch bin v
vit Ez thnh:
(2.32)
Thay (2.32) vo (2.30) ta s thu c ba phng trnh vi phn thng:
(2.33)
(2.34)

26

(2.35)
Phng trnh (2.33) c nghim

( ), trong gi l hng s lan

truyn. Tng t, ptr. (2.34) c nghim F =

f) vi m l cc s nguyn v

trng bin i tun hon theo f vi chu k 2.

Phng trnh (2.35) l phng trnh vi phn tha mn bi cc hm Bessel.
Nghim tng qut trong cc vng li v v si c th c vit thnh:

(2.36)
trong A, A, C v C l cc hng s v Jm, Ym, Km v Im l cc loi hm Bessel
khc nhau. Cc tham s p v q c nh ngha nh sau:

IT

(2.37)
(2.38)

p dng iu kin bin i vi trng quang ca mt mode dn trong trng s

hu hn ti r = 0 v suy gim v khng ti r = . V Ym(pr) c im k d ti r = 0,

PT

nn F(0) c th duy tr hu hn ch nu A = 0. Tng t, F(r) trit tiu ti v cng

ch nu C = 0. Do vy, nghim tng qut ca ptr. (2.30) c dng:
AJ m (pr)exp(im f )exp(i z)
Ez
CK m (qr)exp(im f )exp(i z)

ra
ra

(2.39)

Tng t, thnh phn Hz c th thu c vi cc hng s B v D c dng:

BJ (pr)exp(im f )exp(i z)
Hz m
DK m (qr)exp(im f )exp(i z)

ra
ra

(2.40)

Bn thnh phn khc Er, Ef, Hr v Hf c th thu c t Ez v Hz bng cch s

dng cc phng trnh Maxwell. i vi vng li si ta c:

(2.41)

(2.42)

27

(2.43)

(2.44)
Cc phng trnh ny c th c s dng trong lp v si sau khi thay p2 bng
q2 .
Cc phng trnh (2.39)-(2.44) biu th trng in t trong vng li v v
si quang theo bn hng s A, B, C v D. Cc hng s ny c xc nh bng cch
p dng iu kin bin m cc thnh phn trng phi lin tc qua tip gip gia li
v v. T iu kin lin tc ca Ez, Hz, Ef v Hf ti r = a ta thu c bn phng

IT

trnh ng nht tha mn bi A, B, C,v D. Mt nghim ca cc phng trnh ny

ch tn ti ch khi nh thc ca ma trn h s bng 0. Sau mt s bc bin i i
s ta thu c phng trnh tr ring:

(2.45)

PT

i vi mt tp tham s k0, a, n1 v n2 xc nh, ptr. (2.45) c th c gii xc

nh hng s lan truyn . Do c tnh bin i tun hon ca hm Bessel loi J nn
n c th c n nghim i vi mi gi tr m. Cc nghim ny c k hiu mn cho
mt gi tr m xc nh (n = 1, 2, ). Mi gi tr mn tng ng vi mt mode lan
truyn c th ca trng quang m dng phn b khng gian thu c t cc ptr.
(2.39)-(2.44). V phn b trng khng thay i khi lan truyn ngoi tr mt h s
pha v tha mn tt c cc iu kin bin nn chnh l mt mode ca si quang.
Nhn chung c hai Ez v Hz u khc khng (ngoi tr m = 0), khc vi cc ng dn
sng phng. Do cc mode si quang thng l cc mode lai ghp v k hiu
HEmn hoc EHmn ph thuc vo Hz hay Ez chim u th. Trong trng hp c bit
m = 0, cc mode thng c k hiu TE0n v TM0n v tng ng vi cc mode
truyn in ngang (Ez = 0) v t ngang (Hz = 0) tng ng. Khi m 0 phng trnh
(2.45) cn s dng phng php s hoc gn ng dn sng yu (n1 n2<< 1)
tm nghim.
Mt mode c xc nh bi mt hng s lan truyn duy nht ca n, do vy
s tin dng khi a ra mt i lng = gi l ch s mode hoc chit sut
hiu dng c trng cho s lan truyn ca mi mode v c gi tr trong di 1 >
28

>

2. Mt mode dng c dn hay khng cn lin kt vi li si khi

2.iu ny d hiu khi lu trng quang ca cc mode dn suy gim hm m

trong lp v v:
(2.46)
Khi

0 v suy gim hm m khng xy ra. Mode t n

t (2.38) ta c

trng thi ct khi q 0 hoc khi

. Mt tham s quan trng lin quan n

iu kin ct l tn s chun ha hay cng gi l tham s V:

2

2a 2
2a
2
2
V ( p q )a
(n1 n2 )
NA
l
l
2

(2.47)

y l mt s c trng cho si quang, khng n v v xc nh s lng mode m

IT

mt si c th h tr. S lng mode c th tn ti trong si quang nh l mt hm

ca V c th c biu din thun tin theo hng s lan truyn chun ha b nh sau:

(2.48)

Hnh 2-8 cho thy th ca b nh mt hm ca V i vi mt s mode bc thp.

Mi mode dn ch c th tn ti khi V ln hn mt gi tr xc nh c gi l V

PT

ct (Vc) ca mode. V gi tr V l hm ca bc sng l nn tng ng vi Vc s c

bc sng ct (lc) tng ng trong mt si quang xc nh.

Hnh 2-8 th hng s lan truyn chun ha b ph thuc vo tham s V ca mt s mode

si quang bc thp.

Mt si c gi tr V ln s h tr nhiu mode nh trong si a mode. i vi

si MM-SI, s lng mode truyn c xc nh:
29

(2.49)
Cn i vi si MM-GI vi h s mt ct chit sut a, s lng mode truyn c
tnh gn ng:
(2.50)
Si MM-GI thng s dng mt ct chit sut parabol (a = 2), trong trng hp
ny s lng mode M = V2/4 hay bng mt na so vi si MM-SI c cng V.
c. Mode phn cc tuyn tnh
Trong trng hp gn ng si quang dn sng yu tc l khi lch chit
sut gia li v v l rt nh (D<< 1), cc mu phn b trng v hng s lan truyn
ca cc cp mode HEm+1n v EHm-1n l tng t nhau. c im ny cng ng cho
vit li thnh
pJ j 1 ( pa )
J j ( pa )

qK j 1 ( qa )
K j ( qa )

PT

trong

IT

ba loi mode TE0n, TM0n v HE2n. Khi D<< 1 ta c k12 k222 v ptr. (2.45) c

j m 1
m 1

cho cc mode TE v TM
cho cc mode EH
cho cc mode HE

(2.51)

(2.52)

Cc ptr. (2.51) v (2.52) cho thy rng trong gn ng dn sng yu tt c cc mode

c c trng bi mt tp j v n chung, tha mn cng phng trnh c trng.
iu ny mun ni rng cc mode b suy bin. Nh vy mt mode HEm+1n suy bin
vi mt mode EHm-1n v bt k t hp no gia mode HEm+1n vi mode EHm-1n s
to thnh mt mode dn trong si quang.
Cc mode suy bin nh vy c gi l cc mode phn cc tuyn tnh (LP)
v k hiu l LPjn. Hng s lan truyn chun ha b l hm ca V i vi mt s
mode LPjn cho trong hnh 2-9 v c dng nh sau:
-

Mi mode LP0n thu c t mt mode HE1n

Mi mode LP1n thu c t cc mode TE0n, TM0n v HE2n

Mi mode LPmn (m 2) thu c t mt mode HEm+1n v mt mode

EHm-1n
30

Bng 2-1cho thy mi mode LP bc thp nht v cc mode suy bin tng ng.

Hnh 2-9 th b l hm ca tham s V ca mt s mode phn cc tuyn tnh LP bc thp

PT

IT

Bng 2-1 Bng thnh phn ca cc mode phn cc tuyn tnh bc thp nht

Mt im ni bt ca k hiu mode LP l kh nng hin th mode d dng.

Vec t cng in trng E c th c chn nm dc theo mt trc bt k, vi
vec t t trng H vung gc vi n. T mt k hiu mode LPjn th bn mu phn
b mode ri rc c th thu c. Hnh 2-10cho thy mt v d v bn chiu in v
t trng c th v phn b cng trng tng ng i vi mode LP11. Mt s
dng mt ct phn b cng ca mt s mode LP bc thp c cho trong hnh
2-11 v hnh 2-12 cho thy dng phn b cng trng 3D ca hai mode LP bc
thp nht.

31

Hnh 2-10 Bn kh nng nh hng in trng v t trng ngang v cc phn b cng

trng tng ng i vi mode LP11.

IT

i vi mt mode xc nh, trng in t khng suy gim v khng ti tip

gip li v v si m thay i t dng dao ng trong li si sang dng suy gim
hm m trong v si. Nh vy, nng lng in t ca mt mode dn c mang
mt phn trong li v mt phn ngoi v si. Mt mode cng cch xa khi trng
thi ct ca n th nng lng ca mode cng tp trung nhiu trong li. Khi tin
n gn trng thi ct, nng lng trng mode cng i nhiu sang lp v. Da vo

PT

gn ng mode dn sng yu, t l tng i cng sut li v cng sut v si i

vi mt mode j c th c xc nh bi:

J 2j ( pa )
Pcore
p2
1
1

P
V 2 J j 1 ( pa ) J j 1 ( pa )

Pclad
P
1 core
P
P

(2.53)

(2.54)

y P l cng sut tng ca mode j. Quan h gia t phn cng sut Pcore/P v
Pclad/P i vi cc mode LPjn khc nhau c cho trong hnh 2-13. Nu gi s mi
mode c kch thch mt lng cng sut nh nhau, th tng cng sut lp v
trung bnh gn ng bi:
4 1/ 2
Pclad

M
P total 3

(2.55)

trong M l tng s mode vo trong si. T hnh 2-13 v ptr. (2.55) c th thy
rng, v M t l vi V2 nn t phn cng sut trong v gim dn khi V tng.

32

PT

IT

Hnh 2-11 Dng mt ct phn b cng trng ca mt s mode LPlm trong si quang
SI

Hnh 2-12 Hnh nh 3 chiu phn b cng trng ca 2 mode bc thp nht LP01 v
LP11

Hnh 2-13 T phn cng sut trong lp v ca si quang SI nh l mt hm ca V.

33

d. Si n mode
Cc si n mode ch h tr mode HE11 hay cn gi l mode c bn ca si
quang. Si quang n mode c thit k tt c cc mode bc cao hn khc u
b ct ti bc sng hot ng. Tham s V xc nh s lng mode c h tr
trong mt si quang. Mode c bn khng b ct v lun c h tr bi si quang.
iu kin n mode c xc nh bi gi tr V ti cc mode TE01 v TM01 t
n trng thi ct (xem hnh 2-8). iu kin ct ca hai mode ny c xc nh
n gin bi J0(V) = 0. Gi tr nh nht ca Vc J0(Vc) = 0 l 2,405. Do vy iu
kin n mode ca si quang s l:
(2.56)
Ch s mode

ti bc sng hot ng c th thu c t ptr. (2.48) theo

IT

ta c:
(2.57)

v bng s dng hnh 2-8 xc nh b nh l hm ca V i vi mode HE11. Mt

PT

biu thc gii tch gn ng ca b cho mode c bn c c:

(2.58)

c chnh xc trong khong 0,2% i vi V trong di 1,5 2,5.

Phn b trng ca mode c bn thu c bng vic s dng cc ptr. (2.39)(2.44). Cc thnh phn trc Ez v Hz l rt nh khi D<<1, do vy mode HE11 gn
ng b phn cc tuyn tnh i vi cc si quang dn yu v k hiu l LP01. i
vi mt mode phn cc tuyn tnh, mt trong cc thnh phn ngang c th ly bng
khng. Nu ta t Ey = 0, th thnh phn in trng Ex i vi mode HE11 c xc
nh bi:
(2.59)
trong E0 l mt hng s lin h vi cng sut c mang bi mode. Thnh phn
tri hn ca t trng tng ng c xc nh bi
. Mode ny
b phn cc tuyn tnh dc theo trc x. Si cng h tr mt mode khc phn cc
tuyn tnh dc theo trc y. Nh vy mt si n mode thc s h tr hai mode phn
cc trc giao nhau, chng b suy bin v c cng ch s mode.

34

Hnh 2-14 Phn b trng quang ca mode c bn trong si n mode

Phn b trng trong (2.59) thng c tnh gn ng theo phn b Gauss:

(2.60)
trong w l bn knh trng mode c xc nh bng cch fit phn b chnh xc

IT

theo hm Gauss. Hnh 2-14m t s phn b trng v khi nim ng knh

trng mode (2w). S ph thuc w/a vo tham s V c cho thy trong hnh 2-15.
Bn knh trng mode cng c th c xc nh t gn ng gii tch c chnh
xc khong 1% i vi 1,2 < V < 2,4 nh sau:

(2.61)

PT

Din tch hiu dng c nh ngha nh

l mt tham s quan trng ca
si quang v n xc nh nh sng b giam hm trong li cht mc no v lin
quan n hiu ng phi tuyn trong si.

Hnh 2-15Bn knh trng mode chun ha w/a nh l mt hm ca tham s V thu c

bng fit mode c bn vi hm phn b Gauss.

T phn cng sut cha trong li si c th c xc nh bi h s giam

hm:

35

(2.62)
Cc phng trnh (2.61) v (2.62) c th xc nh t phn cng sut ca mode bn
trong li cho mt gi tr V xc nh. Mc d gn 75% cng sut bn trong li i
vi V = 2, n s gim ch cn 20% i vi V = 1. Do vy cc si quang n mode
trong vin thng thng c thit k hot ng trong phm vi 2 < V < 2,4.

2.3Suy hao trong si quang

Suy hao l mt trong nhng c tnh quan trng ca si quang nh hng
n thit k h thng thng tin quang v n xc nh khong cch truyn dn ti a
gia b pht quang v b thu quang hoc b khuyeechs i quang trn ng

IT

truyn.

2.3.1H s suy hao si quang

Khi nh sng lan truyn trong si quang, cng sut s gim dn dng hm
m theo khong cch. Nu P(0) l cng sut quang i vo trong si (ti z = 0) th

PT

cng sut P(z) ti khong cch z s gim xung bi:

(2.63)

trong :

(2.64)

l h s suy hao ca si quang c n v l m-1 hoc km-1. (Ch n v cho 2zap

cng c th c gi l neper).
n gin trong tnh ton suy hao tn hiu trong si quang, h s suy hao
thng s dng n v dB/km v c xc nh bi:

(2.65)
Tham s ny c xem nh l tham s c trng cho suy hao si quang v ph
thuc vo bc sng. Khi cng sut quang s dng n v dBm th h s suy hao c
th c xc nh bi:

36

(2.66)

2.3.2Nguyn nhn gy suy hao

C nhiu nguyn nhn gy suy hao tn hiu trong si quang, trong bao
gm cc nguyn nhn chnh nh suy hao do hp th, suy hao do tn x v suy hao
do un cong.
a. Qu trnh hp th

PT

IT

Qu trnh hp th trong si quang c phn thnh hai loi chnh. Suy hao
do hp th thun tng ng vi s hp th ca thy tinh tinh khit (vt liu ch to
si), cn suy hao do hp th ngoi gy ra do cc tp cht bn trong thy tinh.

Hnh 2-16 Ph suy hao ca si quang v s ph thuc bc sng ca mt s c ch suy

hao c bn.

Bt k vt liu no u hp th ti cc bc sng xc nh tng ng vi cc

tn s cng hng in t v dao ng lin quan n cc phn t xc nh. i vi
cc phn t thy tinh SiO2, cc tn s cng hng in t xy ra vng cc tm
(l< 0,4 m), trong khi cc tn s cng hng dao ng xy ra vng hng ngoi
(l> 7 m). V bn cht v nh hnh ca thy tinh, cc tn s cng hng ny
37

dng cc di hp th c cc ui m rng vo c vng nhn thy. Hnh 2-16 cho

thy hp th vt liu thun i vi thy tinh trong phm vi bc sng 0,8 1,6 m
l nh hn 0,1 dB/km. Thc t n nh hn 0,03 dB/km trong ca s 1,3 1,6 m
m hay s dng trong cc h thng thng tin quang si.
Hp th ngoi sinh ra do s c mt cc tp cht trong nn thy tinh. Cc tp
kim loi chuyn tip nh Fe, Cu, Co, Ni, Mn v Cr hp th mnh trong di bc
sng 0,6 1,6 m. Lng tp cht cn c gim ti mc nh hn 1 phn t (ppb)
c c mc suy hao nh hn 1 dB/km. Thy tinh c tinh khit cao nh vy
c th thc hin c bi cc k thut ch to hin i. Ngun hp th ngoi chnh
trong cc si thy tinh hin nay l s c mt ca hi nc. Mt tn s cng hng
ca ion OH xy ra gn 2,73 m, nhng cc tn s hi v cc t hp ca n vi thy
tinh to ra s hp th ti cc bc sng 1,39-, 1,24- v 0,95-m. Ba nh ph c

IT

thy trong hnh 2-16 xy ra gn cc bc sng ny v l v s c mt ca hi

nc d trong thy tinh. Thm ch mt nng c 1 phn triu (ppm) c th gy ra
mt suy hao khong 50 dB/km ti 1,39 m. Cc si quang hin i u gim nng
OH d xung di 1 ppb h thp nh 1,39 m xung di 1 dB. Trong mt

PT

loi si quang mi c gi l si kh, nng OH c gim xung ti mc rt

thp n mc nh 1,39 m gn nh trit tiu nh cho thy trong hnh 2-17.

Hnh 2-17 Ph suy hao v c tnh tn sc ca si kh.

b. Qu trnh tn x
Tn x Rayleigh l mt c ch suy hao c bn sinh ra t s thng ging v
mt mc vi m. Do thy tinh ch to si dng v nh hnh nn cc phn t
SiO2 kt ni vi nhau theo dng ngu nhin, kt qu dn n c s thng ging v
38

mt . Thm na cn c s thng ging v thnh phn trong thy tinh do c s pha

tp thay i chit sut thy tinh. Nhng thng ging ny u dn n s bin i
ngu nhin v chit sut c nh hn bc sng. Cc bin i chit sut ny gy ra
tn x nh sng gi l tn x Rayleigh. Nh m t trong hnh 2-18 khi b tn x mt
phn nng lng nh sng b thay i hng lan truyn thm ch l ngc vi
hng truyn ban u nn gy suy hao. Mc suy hao do tn x Rayleigh ca cc si
thy tinh ph thuc vo bc sng c th m t nh sau
(2.67)
trong hng s C nm trong di 0,7 0,9 (dB/km)-m4 ph thuc vo thnh phn
ca li si. Cc gi tr C ny tng ng vi a = 0,12 0,16 dB/km ti l = 1,55

PT

IT

m ch ra rng suy hao si quang trong hnh 2-16 chim ch yu bi tn x

Rayleigh gn bc sng ny.

Hnh 2-18M t qu trnh tn x Rayleigh trong si quang

Do ph thuc vo l

nn ng gp tn x Rayleigh c th gim xung thp

hn 0,01 dB/km cho cc bc sng di hn 3 m. Tuy nhin cc si thy tinh

khng th s dng trong vng bc sng ny v hp th hng ngoi bt u chim
u th trong suy hao si sau 1,6 m. C nhng n lc ng k trong vic tm kim
cc vt liu ph hp khc c mc hp th nh sau 2 m. Cc si fluorozirconate
(ZrF4) c hp th vt liu thun c khong 0,01 dB/km gn 2,55 m nhng vn c
mc suy hao thc t khong 1 dB/km do hp th ngoi.
Ngoi tn x Rayleigh, trong si quang cn c th c tn x Mie do nhng
khuyt tt v cu trc dn n s khng ng u v chit sut c di hn bc
sng. Tuy nhin mc ng gp do tn x Mie nh khng ng k khi qu trnh ch
to si c gim st v iu khin cht ch. Cc bin i c th gi mc nh
hn 1% v suy hao do tn x ch mc nh hn 0,03 dB/km.
39

c. Do un cong
Suy hao bc x xy ra khi si quang b un cong. C hai kiu suy hao do un

IT

cong trong si quang: (a) Do un cong v m hay un cong ln c bn knh un

cong ln so vi ng knh si, v (b) do cc un cong vi m hay vi un cong
thng lin quan n qu trnh ch to cp.

Hnh 2-19 M t suy hao un cong theo l thuyt tia. Ti ch un cong cc tia thay i gc
lan truyn ln hn gc ti hn s khc x ra ngoi v.

PT

Suy hao do un cong ln xy ra trong qu trnh s dng cp si quang. Theo

quan im l thuyt tia, suy hao un cong c th d hiu khi cc tia sng thay i
gc lan truyn ti v tr un cong nh m t trong hnh 2-19. Mt s tia c gc thay
i ln hn gc ti hn cho phn x ton phn s b khc x ra ngoi v. Theo quan
im trng mode, suy hao un cong c th c gii thch nh m t trong hnh 220. Mi mode dn trong si u c ui trng quang gim dn theo hm m trong
lp v chuyn ng cng vi trng quang trong li. Khi si b un cong, ui
trng pha xa tm bn knh cong s phi dch chuyn nhanh hn theo kp
trng quang trong li si. Ti mt khong cch ti hn xc nh xc t tm si, ui
trng s phi dch chuyn nhanh hn tc nh sng theo kp phn trong li
si. Do iu ny l khng th nn phn nng lng quang trong ui trng ln
hn xc s bc x ra ngoi si.

40

Hnh 2-20 M t trng

tr
mode c bn ti ch si quang b unn cong.

PT

IT

Lng cng sut bcc xx khi si b un cong ph thuc vo cng

ng trng
ti xc v vo bn knh un
n cong R. V cc mode bc
b cao lin kt vii li km hhn so
vi cc mode bc thp nn cc mode bc
b cao s bc x khi si un
n cong tr
trc.
Nh vy tng s mode c th
th c h tr bi si un cong s nh hn trong ssi
thng v c xc nh
nh qua s
s lng mode hiu dng Neff sau
N eff

a 2 2a 3 2 / 3


N 1
2aD R 2n2 kR

(2.68)

= 2l v N l t
ng s mode ca si thng c xc nh b
i ptr. (2.50).

Mc suy hao un cong s t l theo hm m exp(-R/Rc), trong Rc gi l bn knh

cong ti hn. i vi sii a mode, bn knh cong ti
t hn c xc nh:
nh:
Rc

3n2 l
3
4 NA

(2.69)

i vi si n mode,, bn knh cong tti hn ph thuc mnh

nh vo b
bc sng v
c xc nh
20l
Rc
NA3

l
2,748 0,996
lc

(2.70)

y lc l bc sng ctt ca
c si n mode.i vi cc sii n mode, gi tr
tr in
hnh Rc = 0,2 0,4 m v suy hao un
u cong c th b qua (< 0,01 dB/km) khi bn
knh cong R> 5 mm.
41

Mt ngun
n suy hao khc sinh ra t
t s ghp cp mode gy ra b
i cc vi un
cong ngu nhin trong sii quang. Cc vi un
u cong l nhng bin i c
nh v bn
knh cong ca trc si nh m t
t trong hnh 2-21. Nhng vi un
n cong ny sinh ra do
s khng ng u
u trong qu trnh sn
s xut si hoc do lc tc ng
ng khng u
trong qu trnh bn cp sii quang. S
S tng mnh h s suy hao sii quang t
t vi un
cong vi ch un
n cong gy ra ss ghp cp nng lng giaa cc mode dn
d v cc
mode d hay khng dn
n trong ssi. Do vy gim thiuu suy hao do vi uun cong cc

PT

IT

si quang c bc m cn thn mt lpp polymer bn ngoi. Thm nna qu trnh

sn xut si v bn cp cng
ng c

gim st cht ch gim suy hao ny. i

vi
si n mode suy hao vi u
n cong cng c gim thiu bng cch ch
n tham s V
st vi gi tr ct 2,405 nng lng mode b giam hm ch yuu trong li ssi.
Trong thc t sii quang n mode c
thit k c V trong di 2,0 2,4 ti bc
sng hot ng.

Hnh 2-21 M t suy hao do vi un

u cong. Cc vi un cong c th lm bc x cc mode bc
b
cao v gy ra cc mode bc
b thp ghp cp vi mode bcc cao hn.

d. Ph suy hao sii quang

Ph suy hao sii quang cho bit
bi s ph thuc h s suy hao s
i quang vo
bc sng v l s t hp
p ca
c cc yu t suy hao do hp th v suy hao do tn x
x
nh cho thy trong hnh 2--16. Hnh 2-22 cho thy ph suy hao inn hnh ca
c si
quang thy tinh v cc caa s
s truyn dn trong thng tin si quang. C
a s u tin
vng 850 nm c s dng
ng cho cc si
s a mode c mcc suy hao trung bnh khong
kho
2 3 dB/km. Ca s th hai nm
n vng 1300 nm s dng cho cc sii n mode c
mcc suy hao trung bnh khong
kho
0,5 dB/km. Ca s th 3 vng 1550 nm ccng
42

c s dng cho si n
n mode l vng c mc
m suy hao thp nhtt ch
ch khong 0,2
dB/km. i vi cc sii quang mi
m gi l si kh c s trit tiu nh
nh hp
h th OH
khong 1400 nm th ca s
truyn dn s c m rng t ca s th hai sang ca

IT

s th 3 v cc phn chia thnh cc b

bng tn nh cho trong hnh 1-6.

PT

Hnh 2-22Ph suy hao in

n hnh v cc cca s truyn dn ca mt sii quang th
thy tinh.
ng t nt l ph
suy hao ca si kh c tn thng mii l AllWave.

Hnh 2-23 S nh
nh hng
h
ca dn rng xung quang do tn scc gy ra.

43

2.4Tn sc trong si quang

2.4.1Khi nim v phn loi tn sc
Tn sc l hin tng mo dng tn hiu quang khi lan truyn trong si
quang. Khi mt xung quang lan truyn trong si, xung quang s b dn rng trong
qu trnh lan truyn. S m rngxung gy ra bi tn sc do s khc nhau v vn tc
lan truyn ca cc thnh phn trong xung quang. S khc bit v vn tc lan truyn
lm cho cc thnh phn trong xung quang c tr khc nhau ti u cui si
quang nn xung quang u ra t hp t cc thnh phn ny s b dn rng ra.
Trong h thng truyn dn tn hiu tng t, tn sc lm cho tn hiu quang

PT

tn sc cng nghim trng.

IT

ti u thu b mo dng so vi tn hiu ban u. Cn i vi truyn dn s, tn hiu

quang c iu bin di dng xung quang th s dn rng xung do tn sc gy ra
s giao thoa gia cc k hiu (ISI) nh m t trong hnh 2-23, iu ny c th dn
n li ti b thu. Ti h thng hot ng tc cng cao th s nh hng ca

Hnh 2-24 Cc loi tn sc c bn xy ra trong si quang.

Ty thuc vo loi thnh phn ca xung quang m c th phn thnh cc loi

tn sc khc nhau xy ra trong si quang nh cho trong hnh 2-24. Nu thnh phn
l mode truyn dn ta c tn sc mode, cn khi thnh phn ca xung l cc thnh
phn tn s hay bc sng quang trong ph xung quang ta c tn sc sc th hay tn
sc mu. i vi loi tn sc ny c hai thnh phn ng gp l tn sc vt liu v

44

tn sc ng dn sng. Cn nu thnh phn l cc thnh phn mode phn cc th ta

c tn sc mode phn cc.
i vi si a mode c th c y tt c cc loi tn sc c bn cp
trn. Mt tn hiu quang iu bin s kch thch tt c cc mode truyn dn ti u
vo si quang. Mi mode s mang mt phn nng lng ca tn hiu truyn qua si.
Thm na, mi mode cha tt c cc thnh phn ph trong bng tn pht x ca
ngun quang.

2.4.2Tn sc mode
Trong si a mode, tn hiu quang lan truyn trong si di cc mode khc
nhau. Theo quan im ca l thuyt quang hnh, qung ng i ca cc mode hay
cc tia sng l khc nhau nn cc mode ti u cui si quang ti cc thi im

PT

IT

khc nhau gy ra tn sc mode.

Hnh 2-25 M t tn sc mode trong si MM-SI v MM-GI.

i vi si MM-SI, tn sc mode c th c m t nh trong hnh Do

cc tia c qung ng i khc nhau nhng lan truyn cng tc v chit sut li
trong si SI khng i nn cc tia b phn tn v thi gian ti u ra si quang gy
ra dn xung. Mc dn xung c th c c tnh qua tr thi gian gia tia i
nhanh nht v tia i chm nht tng ng vi tia c qung ng i ngn nht
(mode bc thp nht) v tia c qung ng i di nht (mode bc cao nht). Tia
ngn nht l tia i vo si ti qi = 0 v c qung ng i bng vi chiu di si L,
cn tia di nht l tia i vo si ti gc tip nhn cc i qmax v c qung ng

45

L/sinfc. S dng vn tc lan truyn ca cc tia v = c/n1, tr thi gian c xc

nh:

(2.71)
H s tn sc mode ca si c th c xc nh bi tr thi gian hay mc
dn xung trn mt n v chiu di si c n v l ns/km hoc ps/km:
=

(2.72)

Tham s ny s nh hng n dung lng truyn dn ca si th hin qua tc

truyn dn. V mt nguyn tc n gin, dn xung DT do tn sc mode gy ra
nn nh hn khe thi gian ca mt bit hay k hiu hay BDT<1. Bng vic s dng

IT

(2.71) ta c:

(2.73)

iu kin ny cho thy mt c tnh n gin v mt gii hn c bn ca si MMSI.

PT

i vi si MM-GI, cc tia lan truyn vi qung ng i khc nhau nhng

tc khc nhau do chit sut trong li bin i. Nhng tia c qung ng i
ngn thng st vi trc si ni c chit sut cao nn tc lan truyn chm hn,v
ngc li cc tia c qung ng i di hn thng i st v pha bin gia li v
v ni c chit sut nh hn nn c tc lan truyn nhanh hn. Nh vy trong si
MM-GI, c s b tr gia qung ng v tc lan truyn gia cc mode dn nn
tr thi gian gia cc mode nh hn nhiu so vi si MM-SI.Tuy nhin mc
dn xung hay tn sc mode ca si MM-GI trong thc t s ph thuc vo dng mt
ct chit sut v bin i ng k theo a. Da vophng phpgn ng quang
hnh, tr tn sc mode c th c c tnh nh sau:

a a opt L

n1 D
a 2c
DT
2
n
D
L
1
8c

khi a a opt

(2.74)
khi a a opt

y aopt = 2(1 - D) l h s mt ct ti u ti tn sc l nh nht, v D nh nn

aopt 2 hay si c mt ct chit sut dng parabol c la chn ti u tn sc

mode trong si GI. Hnh 2-26 cho thy s ph thuc h s tn sc mode vo h s
46

mt ct a trong trng hp n1 = 1,5 v D = 0,01. Trong trng hp mt ct ti u,

mt gii hn n gin v tch tc - khong cch c th thu c:

IT

(2.75)

Hnh 2-26 S thay i h s tn sc mode theo tham s mt ct chit sut a ca si chit

sut bin i.

PT

2.4.3Tn sc vn tc nhm
a. Tn sc GVD

Trong si quang n mode khng c tn sc mode nhng s dn xung vn

xy ra do vn tc nhm ca mode c bn ph thuc vo tn s hay bc sng. Ni
cch khc cc thnh phn ph khc nhau ca xung quang lan truyn vn tc nhm
khc nhau gy ra tn sc vn tc nhm (GVD) hay cn gi l tn sc sc th (tn sc
mu).
Vn tc nhm l vn tc ti nng lng trong mt xung quang lan truyn
dc si. Khi nim vn tc nhm s khc vi vn tc pha l vn tc ti pha ca
sng quang lan truyn qua mi trng si quang v c xc nh bi:
vp

dz

dt k0

(2.76)

y dz, dt l s thay i v khong cch v thi gian lan truyn tng ng, l
tn s gc ca sng quang vi h s sng k0 = /c = 2/l. Do xung quang gm

47

nhiu thnh phn ph nn mt thnh phn ph xc nh ti tn s s lan truyn ti

vn tc nhm vg nh sau:
vg

d
d

(2.77)

trong l hng s lan truyn dc trc si. Nh vy thnh phn ph ti u

cui si quang sau mt thi gian tr tnh trn mt n v chiu di l:

1 d

v g d

Bng vic s dng =

= /

trong

(2.78)
= / vo ptr. (2.77), ta c th chng minh rng

gi l chit sut nhm c xc nh bi:

(2.79)

IT

S ph thuc ca vn tc nhm vo tn s s dn n s dn xung trong qu

trnh lan truyn. Nu D l rng ph ca xung quang th dn xung trn mt
n v chiu di c xc nh:

(2.80)

PT

DT d
d 1
d 2

D
D
D 2 D
L
d
d v g
d 2

Tham s =

/ c gi l h s tn sc vn tc nhm GVD xc nh mc

dn xung khi lan truyn trong si.

Trong h thng thng tin quang, rng ph tn thng c xc nh bi

di bc sng Dl pht x t ngun quang c iu bin. Bng cch s dng

= 2 /l v D = 2 /l Dl, thay D bng Dl trong (2.80) ta c c:

DT
d 1

L
dl v g

Dl DDl

(2.81)

trong

(2.82)
D c gi l h s tn sc v c n v l ps/(nm.km), n cho bit mc dn
xung nh sng khi lan truyn tnh trn mt n v rng ph v trn mt n v
chiu di si. Mt cch tng t, gii hn n gin v bng tn hay tc truyn
dn c th xc nh:
48

(2.83)
Tn sc GVD trong si quang c hai thnh phn ng gp l tn sc vt liu v tn
sc ng dn sng.
b. Tn sc vt liu
Nguyn nhn gy ra tn sc vt liu l do chit sut ca thy tinh, vt liu s
dng ch to si quang, thay i theo tn s quang . V c bn, ngun gc tn
sc vt liu lin quan n cc tn s cng hng c trng m ti vt liu hp thu
bc x in t. Xa cc tn s cng hng ca mi trng, chit sut n() c xc
nh gn ng bi phng trnh Sellmeier:

(2.84)

IT

trong j l tn s cng hng v Bj l cng dao ng. Ptr. (2.84) c th biu

din theo bc sng nu s dng quan hl = 2 / . i vi si thy tinh tinh
khit M = 3 vi cc h s B1 = 0,6961663, B2 = 0,4079426, B3 = 0,8974794 v l1 =
0,0684043 m, l2 = 0,1162414 m,l3 = 9,896161 m. Hnh 2-27 cho thy s ph

PT

thuc ca n v ng vo bc sng ca si thy tinh tinh khit.

tnh tn sc vt liu, ta s dng ptr. (2.78) tnh tr nhm ph thuc vo

bc sng

d d dl

d dl d

(2.85)

S dng quan h l = l ta c:

d l
l d
l2 d

dl
dl
2c dl

(2.86)

tr ca mi thnh phn bc sng trong tn sc vt liu lin quan n chit sut

vt liu ph thuc vo bc sng c th thy c khi s dng = 2 (l)/l vo
ptr. (2.86):

l2 d
l2 2n 2n'
1
1
dn(l ) n g

2
n ln' n(l ) l

2c dl
2c l
l
c
c
dl c

(2.87)

T ptr. (2.87), mc dn xung do tn sc vt liu gy ra hay h s tn sc vt liu

c th c xc nh:

49

DM

d 1 dn
d 2 n dn
l d 2n
l 2
dl c dl
dl dl
c dl2

(2.88)

Hnh 2-27 cng cho thy ng cong h s tn sc vt liu DM theo bc sng. Mt

biu thc thc nghim xc nh gn ng h s tn sc vt liu trong di bc sng
1,25-1,66 m c th s dng:
(2.89)
trong lZD l bc sng ti DM = 0 v ph thuc vo loi vt liu c th, c th

PT

IT

bin i trong di 1,27-1,29 m. i vi si thy tinh tinh khit lZD = 1,276 m.

Hnh 2-27 th chit sut, chit sut nhm v tn sc vt liu ca mt si thy tinh

c. Tn sc ng dn sng
Tn sc ng dn sng sinh ra do s ph thuc ca hng s lan truyn vo cu
trc si quang c c trng qua tham s V. S dn rng xung sinh ra do tn sc
ng dn sng c th c hiu do mi mode lan truyn trong si c mt phn cng
sut trong li chit sut cao hn v mt phn ngoi v chit sut thp hn, m t
phn cng sut gia li v v cng ph thuc vo bc sng. Do vy mi thnh
phn bc sng cng s lan truyn ti vn tc nhm khc nhau gy ra tn sc ng
dn sng. i vi si n mode,t phn cng sut gia li v v c th hin qua
ng knh trng mode. Ti cc thnh phn bc sng di hn phn cng sut
50

ngoi v nhiu hn hay c ng knh trng mode ln hn nn lan truyn ti vn

tc nhm nhanh hn so vi cc thnh phn bc sng ngn hn nh m t trong
hnh 2-28.

Hnh 2-28 M t s ph thuc vn tc nhm vo bc sng trong tn sc ng dn sng.

xc nh tn sc ng dn sng ta biu th tr nhm theo hng s lan

truyn chun ha b bng vic s dng
1
c

d kb

dk

(2.90)

IT

n 2 n2 D

v ptr. (2.57). T (2.78) ta c:

y gi s khng xt tn sc vt liu hay n2 khng ph thuc vo bc sng. Do

tn sc ng dn sng ph thuc vo cu trc si quang nn mt cch thun tin ta
biu din tr theo tham s V thay cho k bng s dng gn ng

PT

c c

1
c

n 2 n2 D

d Vb

dV

2D

(2.91)

Trong (2.91) ch c s hng th hai l ph thuc vo tham s V, nh vy tr ph

thuc vo bc sng qua tham s V gn ng l:

(l )

n2 D d (Vb)
c dV

(2.92)

T (2.92) h s tn sc ng dn sng c xc nh:

Dw

n D d 2 (Vb )
d
V d

2 V
dl
l dV
cl
dV 2

(2.93)

Tn sc ng dn sng ph thuc vo tham s

( )
. Hnh 2-29 cho thy s
ph thuc b, cc tham s o hm ( )
v
( )
vo tham s V ca
mode c bn. Hm gn ng ca b ph thuc vo V c th s dng ptr. (2.58) cho
mode c bn trong si n mode. T hnh 2-29 ta c th thy cc o hm u
dng trong di bc sng t 0 1,6 m, nn h s Dw c gi tr m.
51

IT
)

vo tham s V.

PT

Hnh 2-29 S bin i ca b v cc o hm (

Hnh 2-30 ng cong tn sc vt liu v cc ng cong tn sc ng dn sng ca mt s

si quang: si n mode chun, si dch tn sc v si tn sc phng.

d. Tn sc tng trong si n mode

52

Trong sii n mode khng c tn sc

s mode nn tn sc nh
nh h
hng chnh l
tn sc GVD bao gm
m 2 thnh phn
ph tn sc vt liu v tn sc ng dnn sng. Do vvy
tn sc tng ca sii n mode c
xc nh:
(2.94)

PT

IT

Hnh 2-30 cho thy cc

ng c tnh tn sc vt liu v tn sc ng
ng ddn sng ca
mt s loi si quang.

Hnh 2-31 ng cong tn sc

s tng D = DM + DW ca mt s sii quang.

Do tn sc ng dn
n sng ph
ph thuc vo cu trc si quang nn bng
b
cch
bin i cu trc sii nh kch thc
th li hay mt ct chit sut (nhiu lpp li c chi
chit
sut khc nhau) tn sc ng
ng dn
d sng s bin i rt ln, kt qu l
ng cong c
tnh tn sc tng s dch
ch chuy
chuyn theo mong mun. y cng l nguyn ttc c bn
c s dng thit k cc si
s quang n mode c c tnh tn scc mong mu
mun
nh si dch tn scc (DSF), si
s dch tn sc khc khng (NZ-DSF)
DSF) hay si
s tn sc
phng. ng cc tnh tn sc
s tng ca mt s si quang cc cho trong hnh 2-31.
i vi si n mode chun, h s tn sc tng bng khng gnn 1,31 m, cn ti
vng 1,55 m
m ni c suy hao th
thp nht th h s tn scc trong kho
khong 15 18
ps/(nm.km). i vii cc ssi DSF, si c thit k dch bcc sng tn sc
s
khng v ln cn 1,55 m.
m. Cn si
s NZ-DSF, gi tr D thng nh trong di
d rng
bc sng t 1,3 1,6 m.. Bng 2-2 lit k c tnh tn sc ca mtt ss si quang
thng mi.
53

Bng 2-2 c tnh tn sc ca mt s si quang thng mi.

2.4.4Tn sc bc cao
Trong thc t khi s dng si n mode ti bc sng lZD c D = 0, xung

IT

quang vn tri qua s dn xung khi lan truyn do tn sc bc cao. c im ny c

th c hiu khi ch rng D khng th bng khng tt c cc thnh phn bc
sng nm trong ph xung quang c trung tm ti lZD. Nh vy s ph thuc ca D
vo bc sng ng vai tr quan trng trong s dn xung trong trng hp ny. Cc
l c
hiu ng tn sc bc cao c c trng qua tham s dc tn sc =

PT

n v ps/(nm2.km). S dng ptr. (2.82) ta thu c:

trong =

(2.95)

l tham s tn sc bc ba.

Khi h thng thng tin quang si hot ng ti l = lZD, tc truyn dn

xung s b gii hn bi tham s S hoc 3. iu kin gii hn tc cng c th
c c tnh n gin bi
(2.96)
Thm na, tham s S cng nh hng n thit k cc h thng ghp knh theo
bc sng khi tnh ton b tn sc ng thi cho cc knh m mi knh tri qua
lng tn sc GVD khc nhau.

2.4.5Tn sc mode phn cc

Tn sc mode phn cc c ngun gc sinh ra t tnh lng chit ca si
quang. Nh cp trong phn 2.2.2 bn cht suy bin ca cc mode phn cc
54

trc giao ch duy tr c trong mt si quang n mode l tng c li tr trn u

hon ho. Cc si quang thc t c s bin i v dng li dc theo chiu di si v
cng c th tri qua nhng ng sut khng u lm cho tnh i xng tr ca si b
ph v. Do vy s suy bin gia cc mode phn cc trc giao b mt i v si
quang biu th tnh lng chit. Mc lng chit mode c xc nh bi:
(2.97)
trong

l cc ch s mode cho cc mode phn cc trc giao.Tnh lng

chit dn ti mt s trao i cng sut tun hon gia hai thnh phn phn cc. Chu
k hay cn gi l di nhp c xc nh bi:

PT

IT

(2.98)

Hnh 2-32 Trng thi phn cc trong mt si lng chit trn mt di phch. Chm
quang u vo c phn cc tuyn tnh 45o so vi cc trc nhanh v chm.

T quan im vt l, nh sng phn cc tuyn tnh ch duy tr phn cc tuyn

tnh khi n b phn cc dc theo mt trc c bn. Ni cch khc, trng thi phn
cc s thay i dc theo chiu di si quang t tuyn tnh sang lip, v sau li
chuyn i tr li tuyn tnh theo mt kiu tun hon trn di LB. Hnh 2-32m
t mt s thay i tun hon v trng thi phn cc i vi mt si quang c
lng chit B khng i. Trong hnh trc nhanh tng ng vi trc c ch s mode
nh hn, cn trc khc gi l trc chm.
Nh vy trong cc si quang thc t, nng lng tn hiu ti mt bc sng
xc nh c th c mang trn hai mode phn cc trc giao lan truyn ti vn tc

55

khc nhau do khc nhau v ch s mode truyn gy ra s dn xung gi l tn sc

mode phn cc (PMD).
Trong cc si c lng chit khng i (v d: cc si duy tr phn cc),
dn xung c th c c tnh t tr thi gian DT gia hai thnh phn phn
cc trong qu trnh lan truyn. i vi si c di L, DT c xc nh bi:

(2.99)
trong x v y l cc ch s ca hai mode phn cc trc giao v D1 l lch vn
tc nhm dc theo hai trng thi phn cc c bn. Tng t trng hp tn sc
mode, i lng DT/L l php o ca PMD. i vi cc si duy tr phn cc, DT/L

PT

IT

l rt ln (~ 1 ns/km) khi hai thnh phn c kch hot nh nhau ti u vo si

quang, nhng c th gim xung khng khi nh sng ch c pht dc theo mt
trong cc trc c bn.

Hnh 2-33 M t tn sc mode phn cc PMD.

Cc si quang thng thng trong thc t hon ton khc khi m tnh lng
chit bin i dc theo si theo dng ngu nhin. Do vy m PMD ca si cng s
bin i theo kiu ngu nhin t s bin i ngu nhin ca trng thi phn cc dc
theo si khi lan truyn. V bn cht thng k ca PMD m vic phn tch n s phc
tp. Mt m hnh n gin phn chia si thnh mt s cc on si m mi on c
lng chit v nh hng ca cc trc c bn l khng i nhng thay i t
on ny sang on khc mt cch ngu nhin. Nh vy tr DT bin i ngu
nhin dc theo chiu di si v dn xung do PMD c c trng bi gi tr DT
56

hiu dng (rms) =

(D ) . Khi chiu di si quang > 1 km, dn xung c

th tnh gn ng:
(2.100)
trong lc l di tng quan c nh ngha nh l di m hai thnh phn
phn cc duy tr tnh tng quan vi nhau, gi tr lc c th bin i t 1 m n 1 km
ty loi si, in hnh thng ~ 10 m; Dp gi l h s PMD v c gi tr trong
khong 0,01 10
0,1

/
< 0,1

. i vi cc si quang c c PMD ln

>

, cn cc si quang mi hin nay c thit k c PMD nh

/

. V ph thuc vo , dn xung do PMD tng i nh so

vi nh hng ca GVD, nn PMD ch c quan tm trong cc h thng quang si

khong cch ln tc cao.

IT

2.5Cc gii hn truyn dn gy ra bi tn sc

Cc h thng thng tin quang si hin nay hu ht s dng si n mode, do

PT

vy tn sc GVD l yu t nh hng chnh gy mo dng tn hiu v gii hn hot

ng ca h thng. Trong phn ny nh hng ca tn sc GVD n gii hn truyn
dn s c xem xt v phn tch.

2.5.1Phng trnh truyn dn c bn

S dn xung sinh ra do s ph thuc ca vo tn s hay cc thnh phn
ph ca tn hiu quang b iu bin pha do hng s lan truyn qua h thc n
gin sau:

(2.101)

Bin tn hiu Btrong min thi gian thu c bng cch ly khai trin Fourier
ngc:
(2.102)
y (0, ) ch l khai trin Fourier ca bin tn hiu u vo (0, ).
i vi xung tn hiu c rng ph D , ta khai trin () thnh
chui Taylor quanh tn s sng mang 0 v xt cc s hng ln ti bc ba

57

(2.103)
trong = v = (

, = 1 . H s GVD 2 lin

h vi h s tn sc D qua ptr. (2.82), cn 3 lin h vi dc tn sc S qua ptr.

(2.95). n gin ta ch xem xt thnh phn bin bin i chm A(z,t) ca lp
v xung
(2.104)
v s dng (2.101) v (2.103) vo (2.102) ta thu c

(2.105)

Bng vic tnh

IT

trong (0, ) (0, ) l khai trin Fourier ca (0, ).

v ch D thay th bng (

) trong min thi

PT

gian, ptr. (2.105) c th vit thnh

(2.106)

y chnh l phng trnh truyn dn c bn xc nh s tin trin ca xung quang

lan truyn trong si n mode. Khai trin thnh mt khung thi gian tham chiu
dch chuyn theo xung v a vo cc ta mi
v z = z

(2.107)

s hng 1 c loi tr khi (2.106) thu c

(2.108)
Phng trnh (2.108) c s dng m t qu trnh truyn xung quang v du

v tc th b i cho n gin.

2.5.2Truyn xung Gauss c chirp

thy nh hng ca tn sc ta xt qu trnh lan truyn ca xung Gauss c
chirp (bin tn) trong si quang bng vic s dng trng xung ban u nh sau:

58

(2.109)
trong A0 l bin nh ca xung. Tham s T0 c trng cho na rng ti
im cng 1/e v lin h vi rng xung ti im na cc i (FWHM) qua
h thc:
(2.110)
Tham s C xc nh chirp gy ra cho xung. Mt xung c gi l b chirp khi tn
s sng mang ca n bin i theo thi gian. S thay i tn s lin h vi o hm
pha v c xc nh:

(2.111)

IT

y f l pha ca A(0,t). dch tn ph thuc thi gian d c gi l chirp.

PT

Ph ca xung b chirp rng hn so vi xung khng chirp v c th c thy bng

vic ly khai trin Fourier (2.109). Do vy ta c:

(2.112)

Na rng ph (ti im cng 1/e) c xc nh bi

(2.113)

Trong trng hp khng c chirp tn (C = 0), rng ph tha mn h thc

= 1. Mt xung nh vy c rng ph nh nht v c gi l b gii hn

khai trin. rng ph s c tng cng bi mt h s (1 +

khi c mt

chirp tuyn tnh nh c thy trong ptr. (2.113)

Phng trnh truyn xung (2.108) c th c gii d dng trong min
Fourier v nghim ca n l:
(2.114)
trong

(0, ) c xc nh bi (2.112) i vi xung u vo dng Gauss.

Trc ht xt trng hp bc sng quang cch xa bc sng tn sc khng, do

s ng gp ca s hng 3 c th b qua. Ly tch phn (2.114) ta c kt qu

59

(2.115)
trong

( ) = 1 + ( )

. Phng trnh ny cho thy rng mt xung

Gauss duy tr dng Gauss trong sut qu trnh lan truyn nhng rng xung, mc

PT

IT

chirp v bin thay i nh c ch ra bi h s ( ). Mc chirp tn ti

khong cch z thay i t gi tr C ban u ti ( ) = + (1 + ) .

Hnh 2-34 S bin i h s dn rng xung theo khong cch lan truyn i vi mt xung
Gauss c chirp u vo.

S thay i rng xung theo z c nh lng qua h s m rng xc nh

bi

(2.116)
trong

l na rng c nh ngha tng t . Hnh 2-34 cho thy h s

m rng xung nh mt hm khong cch lan truyn , trong
=

c gi l khong cch tn sc. Mt xung khng chirp ( = 0 ) dn rng

theo [1 + (

) ]

v rng tng thm mt lng c 2 ti

. Ni cch

khc xung b chirp c th m rng hoc b nn li ph thuc vo liu v C c

cng hay ngc du nhau. Nu

> 0 th xung Gauss b chirp dn rng mt cch

60

n iu tc nhanh hn so vi xung khng chirp. Nu

< 0 th rng

xung ban u gim dn v nh nht khong cch

(2.117)
Gi tr rng xung nh nht ph thuc vo tham s chirp theo
(2.118)
V mt vt l khi

< 0, chirp tn gy ra bi GVD ngc vi chirp ban u v

chirp tn hiu dng gim dn cho n khi trit tiu

Phng trnh (2.116) c th c tng qut ha xt c tn sc bc cao c

trng bi trong (2.114). Tuy nhin xung quang khng duy tr dng Gauss khi lan

IT

truyn na m c dng bt i xng vi mt ui dao ng. Cc xung nh vy

khng th c trng thch hp bi FWHM ca chng. Mt php o ph hp rng
xung l rng hiu dng (rms) nh ngha nh sau
(2.119)

PT

trong l ly trung bnh theo mt ct cng , hay

(2.120)

H s dn rng xung c nh ngha nh , trong l rng rms ca

xung Gauss u vo ( =

2), c th c tnh v xc nh bi

(2.121)

y L l di si quang.
Nhng phn tch trc u gi s ngun quang s dng to ra xung quang
u vo l gn n sc hay rng ph ca n tha mn (di iu
kin hot ng sng lin tc - CW), trong c xc nh bi (2.113). iu
kin ny khng phi lc no cng tha mn trong thc t. xem xt rng ph
ngun, ta phi xt trng quang nh mt qu trnh ngu nhin v xt cc tnh cht
kt hp ca ngun thng qua hm kt hp tng h. Khi ph ngun l dng Gauss
c rng ph rms , h s dn rng thu c:

61

(2.122)
trong

c nh ngha l

= 2 . Ptr. (2.122) cung cp biu thc v mc

dn xung gy ra do tn sc ca cc xung Gauss u vo trong iu kin tng

qut.

2.5.3Gii hn v tc bit
Gii hn v tc bt gy ra bi tn sc si quang c th khc nhau ph
thuc vo rng ph ngun.
a. Cc ngun quang c rng ph ln
Trng hp ny tng ng vi 1 trong (2.122). Xt trng hp u
tin h thng quang si hot ng cch xa bc sng tn sc khng do s hng

IT

c th c b qua. Cc nh hng ca chirp tn c th b qua i vi ngun c

rng ph ln. t C = 0 trong (2.122) ta thu c

(2.123)

PT

trong l l rng ph rms theo n v bc sng. rng xung u ra c

xc nh
(2.124)

vi | | l l php o dn xung gy ra do tn sc.

Ta c th lin h vi tc bit bng vic s dng iu kin xung dn rng
cn c gi trong khe thi gian bit c cp pht
bit. Mt iu kin thng c s dng l

= 1 , trong B l tc
4; i vi cc xung Gauss t

nht 95% nng lng xung duy tr trong khe bit. Tc gii hn c xc nh bi
4 1. Trong gii hn , = | | l v iu kin tr thnh
(2.125)
i vi h thng quang si hot ng ti bc sng tn sc khng, = 0
trong (2.122). t C = 0 v gi s

1, ptr. (2.122) c th gn ng bi
(2.126)

62

trong (2.95) c s dng lin h vi dc tn sc S. rng xung u

ra c xc nh bi ptr. (2.124) nhng vi | | l 2. Khi , gii
hn v tc bt s xc nh bi
(2.127)
V d: xt trng hp ca mt diode pht quang c l 15 nm, s dng D = 17

PT

IT

ps/(km-nm) ti 1,55 m t (2.125) ta thu c

< 1 (Gb/s)-km. Tuy nhin nu h
thng c thit k hot ng ti bc sng tn sc khng, BL c th tng ti 20
(Gb/s)-km i vi mt gi tr S = 0,08 ps/(km-nm2).

Hnh 2-35 Gii hn tc ca si n mode nh l hm ca chiu di si cho l = 0, 1 v

5 nm. Trng hp l = 0 tng ng vi trng hp ngun quang c rng ph nh hn
nhiu tc bit.

b. Cc ngun quang c rng ph nh

Trng hp ny tng ng vi

1 trong (2.122). Tng t nh nhng

phn tch trc, nu = 0 v C = 0, ptr. (2.122) c th gn ng bng

(2.128)
So snh vi (2.124) s cho thy s khc bit chnh gia hai trng hp. Trong
trng hp ph ngun hp, dn xung gy ra do tn sc ph thuc vo rng
ban u , tri li n s c lp vi khi rng ph ca ngun chim u th.
63

Thc t c th nh nht bng vic chn gi tr ti u. Gi tr nh nht ca

xy ra khi = = (

2)

v xc nh bi = (

. Nh vy iu

kin gii hn thu c

(2.129)
S khc bit chnh so vi (2.125) l B t l vi

thay cho

. Hnh 2. so

snh s gim v tc bit theo s tng l = 0, 1 v 5 nm khi s dng D = 16

ps/(km-nm).
i vi h thng hot ng st bc sng tn sc khng, 0, s dng

1 v C = 0, rng xung sau c xc nh bi

(2.130)

Tng t vi trng hp ca ptr. (2.128), c th nh nht bng ti u . Gi tr

PT

iu kin gii hn tc s l

4)

v xc nh bi

IT

nh nht ca c c khi = (

(2.131)

(2.132)

Trong trng hp ny cc nh hng tn sc rt nh. Khi = 0,1 ps3/km, tc

bt c th ln c 150 Gb/s cho L = 100 km. N ch gim xung khong 70 Gb/s

thm ch khi L tng ln bi mt h s 10 v s ph thuc

ca tc bit. R
rng hiu nng h thng thng tin quang c th c ci thin ng k bng vic
hot ng gn bc sng tn sc khng v s dng ngun quang c ph hp.

c. nh hng ca chirp tn
Trong tt c cc trng hp phn tch trn u gi s xung u vo dng
Gauss khng chirp. Trong thc t cc xung quang c th khng phi dng Gauss v
b chirp. Mt m hnh gn ng dng xung thc t c th c s dng l m hnh
siu Gauss c dng

(2.133)
trong h s m xc nh dng xung. Dng xung u ra trong trng hp ny thu
c bng vic gii ptr. (2.108) bng phng php s xc nh gii hn. Hnh 264

36 cho thy tch BL nh l hm ca h s chirp C i vi xung u vo dng Gauss

(m = 1) v siu Gauss (m = 3). Trong c hai trng hp di si quang L ti
xung dn rng 20% thu c cho T0 = 125 ps v = 20 ps2/km. Do cc xung

PT

IT

siu Gauss b dn rng nhanh hn cc xung Gauss nn c tch BL nh hn.

Hnh 2-36 Tch BL gii hn bi tn sc nh l hm ca h s chirp i vi cc xung u

vo dng Gauss (ng lin) v siu Gauss (nt t).

2.5.4 rng bng tn si quang

Khi nim rng bng tn xut pht t l thuyt v h thng tuyn tnh bt
bin theo thi gian (LTI). Nu si quang c th c xem nh mt h thng tuyn
tnh, cc cng sut u vo v u ra si quang lin h qua h thc
(2.134)
i vi mt xung kim
( ) = d( ), trong d( ) l hm delta v
( ) = ( ).
Do vy h(t) c gi l p ng xung ca h thng tuyn tnh. Khai trin Fourier
ca h

(2.135)

65

cho bit p ng tn v c gi l hm truyn t. Nhn chung | ( )| gim theo

s tng f ch ra rng cc thnh phn tn s cao ca tn hiu u vo b suy hao bi
si quang. Hay si quang hot ng nh mt b lc bng thng. rng bng tn
si quang f3dB tng ng vi tn s f = f3dB ti | ( )| b gim mt na hoc 3 dB
(2.136)
Lu rng f3dB l rng bng tn quang ca si khi cng sut quang gim 3 dB ti
tn s ny so vi p ng tn s khng. Trong lnh vc thng tin in, rng bng
tn ca mt h thng tuyn tnh c nh ngha nh tn s ti cng sut in
gim 3 dB.
Phng trnh (2.134) ch ng khi cc si quang c xem l tuyn tnh theo

IT

cng sut. Khi rng ph ngun ln hn nhiu rng ph tn hiu ( 1) ta c

th xt qu trnh lan truyn cc thnh phn ph khc nhau mt cch c lp v cng
tuyn tnh cng sut c mang bi chng. i vi ph dng Gauss, hm truyn
H(f) c xc nh:

(2.137)

PT

vi cc tham s f1 v f2 xc nh bi

(2.138)
(2.139)

Khi h thng hot ng cch xa bc sng tn sc khng (

), hm

truyn gn ng dng Gauss v rng bng tn c xc nh

(2.140)
Nu s dng = | | l ta thu c h thc

0,188 gia rng bng

tn v dn xung do tn sc. Ta cng c th c c h thc gia rng bng

tn v tc bit B bng vic s dng cc ptr. (2.125) v (2.140) hay

1,33

v cho thy rng bng tn si quang l mt php o gn ng v tc bt ln

nht c th ca h thng thng tin quang si b gii hn bi tn sc.
i vi h thng hot ng ti bc sng tn sc khng, hm truyn thu
c t ptr. (2.137) bng cch t D = 0. S dng (2.136) s cho biu thc sau v
rng bng tn si quang

66

(2.141)
Tc gii hn c th
c lin h vi f3dB bng vic s dng (2.127)) v xc nh
bi

0,574

2.6Cc hiu ng
ng quang phi tuyn
tuy
2.6.1Ngun gc hiu ng
quang phi tuyn
p ng ca bt k mi trng in mi nh si quang tr nn phi tuy
tuyn
trong iu kin cng trng
tr
in t mnh. Khi vect phn ccc in
i ca vt
liu khng cn quan h tuyn tnh nh ptr. (2.16) m c khai trinn nh sau
(2.142)
trong c(

l cm ng
ng in
i bc n ti tn s quang. Trong cc sii th
thy tinh,

IT

cm ng bc hai bng
ng 0 v tnh ng hng quang. Do cm
m ng bc ba

c( ) chu trch nhim

m cho cc hiu
hi ng phi tuyn xy ra trong sii quang.
C hai loi hiu ng
ng phi tuyn chnh c th xy ra trong sii quang:
-

Tn x kch thch bao gm

g
tn x Brillouin kch thch v tn xx Raman

PT

kch thch lin quan n

phn o ca cm bc ba c( ).

Cc hiu ng
ng phi tuy
tuyn lin quan n chit sut phi tuynn bao ggm hiu
ng t iu ch pha, i
iu ch pha cho v trn bnn sng. Chit
Chi sut phi
tuyn c th cc bi
biu th theo phn thc ca cm bcc ba c( ) .

Hnh 2-37 M t khi nim

m din
di tch hiu dng. (a) Dng phn b cng tn hiu in
hnh trong sii quang. (b) Dng
D
phn b cng gi nh.

Trong cc iu kin
n hot
ho ng thng thng cc hiu ng
ng phi tuy
tuyn l rt
nh c th b qua. Tuy nhin cc tham s
s si quang quan trng c th tng cng
67

cc hiu ng phi tuyn

n l din
di tch li hiu dng Aeff v chiu di hi
hiu dng Leff.
Din tch hiu dng cc nh

ngha nh l din tch ca li nu c

ng quang
c phn b u
u trn v bng
b
khng ngoi din tch nh m t trong hnh 2237. Din tch Aeff quan h v
i cng trng tn hiu quang nh sau:

(2.143)
Nu trng quang c dng
ng phn b
b Gauss th din tch hiu dng cc xc nh bi
cng thc

, trong w l bn knh trng mode. di hi

hiu dng Leff

c nh ngha l di m tn hiu
hi lan truyn vi bin khng i
v bng
khng sau nh m t trong
ong hnh 22-38. di Leff c xc nh bi

Leff e al dl
0

1 e
a
aL

(2.144)

IT

PT

Do h s suy hao ca sii quang nh

nh nn trong cc h thng
ng thng tin quang ssi thc
t
1a.

Hnh 2-38 M t khi nim

m chiu
chi di hiu dng. (a) Dng phn b cng sutt i
in hnh dc
theo chiu di tuyn quang s
i. (b) Dng phn b cng sut gi nh dc tuyn trn chiu
di hiu dng Leff. di Leff c chn din tch di ng
ng cong trong (a) bbng vi
din
di tch hnh ch nht trong (b).

2.6.2Hiu ng tn x kch thch

Tn x Rayleigh cp trong phn 2.3.2 l tn x n hii khi tn
t s quang
khng thay i sau tn x.. Trong khi cc
c hiu ng tn x kch thch trong ssi quang
l cc hiu ng tn x khng n hi
h gm c hai loi chnh: tn x Raman kch
thch (SRS) v tn x Brilloiun kch thch (SBS). C hai loi tn x u tn x mt
68

photon thnh mt photon nng lng thp hn (bc sng di hn) m lch nng
lng ca qu trnh xut hin di dng mt phonon (phonon c xem l mt gi
ht c trng cho mt trng thi lng t ha cc mode dao ng ca mi trng).
S khc bit chnh gia hai loi l cc phonon quang tham gia tn x Raman,
cn cc phonon m tham gia tn x Brillouin. C hai qu trnh tn x gy ra tn hao
cng sut ti tn s ti. Tuy nhin do mt ct tn x nh ti mc cng sut thp nn
mc tn hao c th b qua.
mc cng sut cao c hai SBS v SRS tr nn quan trng. Cng nh
sng tn x c hai trng hp u tng theo hm m khi cng sut ti ln hn mt
gi tr ngng. C hai u ging nhau v ngun gc nhng c cc h thc tn sc
khc nhau cho cc phonon m v phonon quang dn n s khc bit hai qu trnh
trong si quang: (i) SBS ch xy ra theo chiu ngc, cn SRS c th xy ra c

IT

hai chiu; (ii) nh sng tn x b dch tn khong 10 GHz SBS nhng ti 13 THz
SRS; v (iii) Ph khuyeechs i Brillouin rt hp (bng tn < 100 MHz) so vi
ph khuych i Raman c th m rng trn 20 30 THz.
a. Tn x Brillouin kch thch

PT

Qu trnh vt l ca tn x Brillouin l xu hng ca vt liu tr nn b nn

khi c mt ca in trng, mt hin tng gi l in gio. i vi mt in
trng dao ng ti tn s bm Wp, qu trnh ny sinh ra mt sng m ti tn s W.
Tn x Brillouin t pht c th c xem nh l s tn x ca sng bm t sng m
ny to ra mt sng mi ti tn s Ws. Qu trnh tn x phi bo ton c v nng
lng v xung lng. S bo ton nng lng i hi s dch Stokes W bng

. S bo ton xung lng i hi rng cc vect sng tha mn

. S dng h thc tn sc |
xc nh tn s m nh sau

| = W

trong vA l vn tc m, iu kin ny

(2.144)
trong

= | | c s dng v q c trng cho gc gia sng bm v

sng tn x. Lu rng W trit tiu theo chiu thun (q = 0) v ln nht chiu

ngc (q = ). Trong cc si n mode, nh sng c th ch truyn theo chiu thun
v chiu ngc. Do vy SBS ch yu xy ra theo chiu ngc vi s dch tn

W =2

. S dng

= 2 l

vi lp l bc sng bm, dch tn

Brillouin c xc nh bi

69

(2.145)
y

l chit sut mode. S dng

= 5,96 km/s v

= 1,45 cho si thy tinh,

n = 11,1 GHz ti l = 1,55m.

IT

Hnh 2-39 Ph khuych i Brillouin c o khi s dng ngun bm 1,525-m cho ba

loi si quang khc nhau: (a) si li thy tinh, (b) si v b p, (c) si dch tn sc.

Khi sng tn x c sinh ra t pht, n s c th tng cng bin sng

PT

m v ln lt n sng tn x theo dng vng lp hi tip dng khi cng sut

quang bm ln hn mt ngng xc nh. SBS c ngun gc t qu trnh hi tip
dng ny v c th truyn tt c cng sut t ngun bm cho sng tn x. H s
khuych i SBS gB ph thuc vo tn s v thi gian tt dn hu hn ca sng m
TB (thi gian sng ca cc phonon m). Nu cc sng m suy gim theo
( ), h s khuych i Brillouin c mt ct ph dng Lorentz xc nh bi

(2.147)

Hnh 2-39 cho thy ph khuych i Brillouin ti l = 1,525m cho ba loi si

quang thy tinh n mode khc nhau. C hai s dch tn Brillouin n v rng
bng tn khuych i n c th bin i t si ny sang si khc v bn cht dn
sng ca nh sng v s c mt ca cc cht pha tp trong li si. Gi tr h s
khuych i Brillouin nh trong (2.147) xy ra khi W = WB v ph thuc vo cc
tham s vt liu khc nh mt ht v h s quang n hi. Mc ngng cng
sut ca SBS c xc nh tha mn iu kin
(2.148)
i vi si quang thy tinh

5x10

m/W, th mc cng sut ngng c th

c vi mW.
70

b. Tn x Raman kch thch

Tn x Raman t pht xy ra trong si quang khi sng bm b tn x bi cc
phn t SiO2. N d dng c hiu qua gin mc nng lng cho trong hnh 240. Mt s cc photon bm gii phng nng lng to ra cc photon khc c
nng lng nh hn ti tn s thp hn, phn nng lng cn li b hp th bi cc
phn t thy tinh to ra trng thi dao ng kch thch. S khc bit quan trng vi
tn x Brillouin l cc mc nng lng dao ng ca thy tinh ch ra gi tr dch tn
Raman W = . V khng lin quan n sng m nn tn x Raman t pht

PT

IT

l mt qu trnh ng hng hay xy ra mi hng.

Hnh 2-40 (a) Ph khuch i Raman ca thy tinh nng chy ti l = 1m v (b) Gin
mc nng lng trong qu trnh SRS.

Tng t vi SBS, qu trnh tn x Raman b kch thch khi cng sut bm

vt qu mt gi tr ngng. SRS c th xy ra c chiu thun v chiu ngc
trong si quang. V mt vt l, s phch gia ngun bm v nh sng tn x theo
c hai chiu to ra mt thnh phn tn s ti tn s phch , ci hot ng
nh mt ngun kch thch cc dao ng phn t sinh ra s hi tip dng. Ph
khuyeechs i Raman ph thuc vo thi gian tt dn cng vi trng thi dao ng
kch thch. i vi si quang thy tinh, rng bng tn khuych i c th ln
hn 10 THz nh cho thy trong hnh 2-40. Bn cht bng rng v nhiu nh ca
ph l do bn cht v nh hnh ca thy tinh. C th hn, cc mc nng lng dao
ng ca cc phn t thy tinh gp li vi nhau hnh thnh mt di bng. Kt qu l
tn s Stokes s c th khc vi tn s bm p trn mt di rng. H s khuych
i ln nht xy ra khi s dch Raman W = khong 13 THz. Gi tr nh
gR l khong 1x10-13 m/W ti bc sng 1 m. Gi tr ny nh c tuyn tnh theo
71

p sinh ra

6 10

m/W ti 1,55 m. Mc ngng cng sut Pth c xc

nh nh l cng sut ti ti mt na cng sut bm c truyn cho trng

Stokes ti u ra si quang c di L nh sau
(2.149)
Nu Aeff = 50 m2 v a = 0,2 dB/km, Pth s khong 570 mW gn 1,55 m.
C hai hiu ng SBS v SRS u c th nh hng n h thng thng tin
quang, c bit trong h thng a knh gy ra xuyn nhiu, nhng cng c th c
s dng thit k cc b khuych i quang si trong h thng.

2.6.3Hiu ng iu ch pha phi tuyn

IT

Cc hiu ng iu ch pha phi tuyn sinh ra do s ph thuc ca chit sut

vo cng tn hiu quang. Ngun gc vt l ca hiu ng ny nm p ng phi
iu ha ca cc in t i vi trng quang sinh ra cm ng in phi tuyn. Chit
xut ca si thy tinh bao gm c thnh phn phi tuyn c xc nh nh sau

trong

(2.150)

l h s chit sut phi tuyn, P l cng sut quang v Aeff l din tch
khong 2,6x10-20 m2/W i vi si thy tinh v c th bin

PT

hiu dng. Gi tr ca

i theo cc tp cht c s dng trong li si. V gi tr kh nh ca

nn phn

-12

chit sut phi tuyn rt b (< 10 mc cng sut 1 mW). Tuy vy n vn tc

ng ln h thng thng tin quang si cc tuyn khong cch ln. C th n dn
ti cc hiu ng t iu ch pha v iu ch pha cho.
a. Qu trnh t iu ch pha

nh hng ca chit sut phi tuyn c th c xem xt qua s ph thuc

ca hng s lan truyn vo cng sut c th c vit nh sau:
(2.151)
trong = 2

l) l h s phi tuyn c gi tr thng trong di t 1 n 5

-1

W /km ph thuc vo gi tr Aeff v bc sng. Pha ca tn hiu quang tng tuyn

tnh theo z, nhng s hng s to ra s dch pha phi tuyn xc nh bi
(2.152)

72

 y ( ) =

exp(a ) gii thch cho suy hao si quang. Trong h thng thc

t, Pin thay i theo thi gian lm cho fNL cng bin i theo thi gian theo cng
dng tn hiu quang. V iu ch pha phi tuyn ny do chnh bn thn tn hiu gy ra
nn c gi l t iu ch pha (SPM). R rng rng SPM gy ra s chirp tn t l
v ph thuc vo dng xung. Hnh 2-41 cho thy s bin i
vi o hm
s dch pha phi tuyn v chirp tn ca xung khi

= 1 trong cc trng hp

xung Gauss (m = 1) v xung siu Gauss (m = 3). Chirp tn gy ra bi SPM s m

rng ph v tc ng n dng xung thng qua GVD. SPM khng nh hng
n h thng thng tin quang, cn thit gi f

1 (mc cho php ln nht c th

PT

IT

bng 0,1).

Hnh 2-41 S bin i theo thi gian gy ra bi SPM: (a) dch pha fNL v (b) chirp
tn cho cc xung Gauss (ng t nt) v siu Gauss (ng lin).

b. Qu trnh iu ch pha cho

S ph thuc chit sut vo cng cng c th dn ti mt hin tng phi

tuyn khc gi l iu ch pha cho (XPM). Qu trnh xy ra khi hai hoc nhiu hn
mt knh bc sng c pht ng thi trong si quang. Trong cc h thng nh
vy, s dch pha phi tuyn ca mt knh xc nh khng ch ph thuc vo cng
sut ca knh m cn vo cng sut ca cc knh khc. dch pha ca knh
th j s l

(2.153)
H s 2 trong (2.153) c ngun gc theo dng cm ng in phi tuyn v ch ra
rng XPM hiu sut gp hai ln SPM cng mc cng sut. S dch pha tng cng
73

ph thuc vo cng sut tt c cc knh v bin i t bit ny sang bit khc ph

thuc vo mu bt ca cc knh ln cn. Nu gi s cc knh c cng sut bng
nhau th dch pha trong trng hp t nht m tt c cc knh mang bit 1
ng thi v tt c cc xung xp chng ln nhau s c xc nh bi
(2.154)
N rt kh c tnh tc ng ca XPM ln h thng thng tin quang si v s c
mt ca GVD. Thc t cc xung cc knh bc sng khc nhau lan truyn tc
khc nhau do tn sc. S dch pha do XPM ch xy ra khi hai xung xp chng
nhau v mt thi gian. Nu cc knh cch xa nhau th chng xp chng trong thi
gian rt ngn nn XPM c th b qua. Cn nu khng cc xung cc knh ln cn
s c th xp chng nhau di hiu ng XPM tch ly nh hng n h thng.

IT

2.6.4Trn bn sng
Hin tng phi tuyn gi l trn bn sng (FWM) cng c ngun gc t c(3).
Nu ba trng quang c cc tn s sng mang 1, 2 v 3 kt hp ng thi trong
si quang, c(3) s sinh ra trng th t c tn s 4 lin h vi cc tn s khc qua
h thc = . Trong thc t cc t hp ny cn i hi s phi hp

PT

pha. Thng t hp = + c quan tm v nh hng n h thng

a knh v d phi hp pha khi cc knh hot ng st bc sng tn sc khng.
Khi = ta c qu trnh FWM suy bin nh m t trong hnh 2-.

Hnh 2-42 Qu trnh trn bn sng (a) trng hp suy bin v (b) trng hp khng suy
bin

iu kin phi hp pha bt ngun t yu cu bo ton xung lng ca qu

trnh. V tt c bn sng lan truyn cng chiu nn sai lch pha c th c vit
thnh
(2.155)
74

trong () l cc hng s lan truyn ca trng quang ti tn s . Trong trng

hp suy bin = , = + W v = W , trong W l khong cch
knh. S dng khai trin Taylor trong (2.), lch pha c th xc nh n ginl
= W . Qu trnh FWM c phi hp pha hon ton khi = 0. Khi 2 nh
qu trnh vn c th xy ra v truyn cng sut t knh ny sang cc knh ln cn
gn nht. Qu trnh truyn cng sut nh vy khng ch gy ra suy hao cng sut
ca knh m cn gy xuyn m lm suy gim nghim trng hiu nng h thng.
Tuy nhin FWM cng c s dng trong cc ng dng x l tn hiu quang nh
tch knh quang, chuyn i bc sng hay lm b lin hp pha quang.

2.7Cp si quang
2.7.1Ch to si quang

IT

Nh cp trong phn 2.1.2 hu ht cc si quang s dng trong vin

thng l si thy tinh. Loi thy tinh trong sut s dng ch yu trong ch to si

PT

quang l thy tinh xit silic (SiO2) c chit sut 1,458 ti 850 nm. to ra hai loi
vt liu khc nhau mt cht v chit sut cho phn li v v si quang th mt s
tp cht nh B2O3, GeO2 hay P2O5 c thm vo nn thy tinh SiO2. Ph thuc
vo cc loi tp cht c thm vo m chit sut ca thy tinh c th tng thm
hay gim i so vi vt liu tinh khit ban u nh thy hnh 2-43. Mt s v d v
cc thnh phn si quang nh:
-

Li GeO2-SiO2; v SiO2

Li P2O5-SiO2; v SiO2

L SiO2; V B2O3-SiO2

Li GeO2-B2O3-SiO2; v B2O3-SiO2

Hnh 2-43 S bin i chit sut theo nng pha tp trong thy tinh SiO2.
75

C hai kiu k thut c bn ch to si quang: K thut ch to bng nng

chy trc tip (1 giai on) v k thut ch to si t phi (2 giai on). K thut
ch to nng chy trc tip l k thut truyn thng ban u c s dng sn
xut si quang bng cch lm nng chy cc thnh phn thy tinh c tinh ch
ko trc tip thnh si quang. Mc d k thut ny cho php ko si lin tc
bng vic np cc nguyn liu thnh phn u vo ni nung chy, nhng n thng
ch s dng cho thy tinh c im nng chy thp v kh iu khin m bo si
quang c ko ra ng u gy nh hng n tnh nng s dng ca si. Do vy
hin nay phng php hai giai on c s dng bao gm giai on u ch to ra
phi si v giai on hai thc hin ko si quang t phi c sn xut.
Qu trnh ch to phi si quang c thc hin qua qu trnh xy ha pha
hi hay phng php lng ng pha hi ha cht. Trong qu trnh ny, cc ha cht

IT

clorua kim loi (VD: SiCl4 v GeCl4) c tinh khit cao s phn ng ha hc vi
xy hnh thnh cc ht mui SiO2. Cc ht mui ny s tp hp bm trn b mt
ca mt thy tinh dng khi bng mt trong 4 k thut thng thng c s dng
khc nhau v sau c thiu kt (chuyn thnh dng nn thy tinh ng nht

PT

bng nhit nung) hnh thnh mt thanh hoc ng thy tinh. Thanh hoc ng thy
tinh ny c gi l phi c kch thc in hnh khong 10 25 mm ng knh
v di khong 60-120 cm. Cu trc ca phi cng tng t nh cu trc ca si
quang c ko ra sau ny nhng khc nhau v kch thc. Bn k thut thng
thng c s dng ch to phi l:
-

Phng php lng ng pha hi bn ngoi (OVD)

Phng php lng ng pha hi theo trc (AVD)

Phng php lng ng pha hi bn trong (MCVD)

Phng php lng ng pha hi hot tnh bng plasma (PCVD)

Giai on tip theo, si quang c ko t phi bng vic s dng h thng

thit b ko si nh trong hnh 2-44.Phi s c np chnh xc vo l nung gi l
l ko. Ti y u phi s mm ra ti im c th c ko thnh si mng tc
si quang. Tc quay ca trng si ti y ca thp l ko s xc nh tc ko
si. V vy n s quyt nh dy hay kch thc ca si quang, do tc
quay chnh xc cn phi c m bo. Mt b gim st kch thc si quang c
s dng trong mt mch vng hi tip iu chnh tc ny. bo v si
quang thy tinh khi s nhim bn nh hi nc v bi th mt lp bc n hi t

76

PT

IT

vt liu polymer c thc hin cho si ngay khi n c ko ra. dy ca lp

bc bo v ny thng khong 250 m.

Hnh 2-44 H thng ko si quang t phi.

2.7.2 Cp si quang
s dng c trong thc t, si quang trn sau khi c sn xut s c
tip tc bn thnh cp si quang m bo bn c hc khi s dng.Mt c
tnh c hc quan trng ca cp si quang l ti trc cho php ln nht ln cp v yu
t ny xc nh di cp c th c lp t mt cch m bo. Trong cc cp
ng bn than dy dn ng ni chung l cc thnh phn mang ti chnh ca cp v
dn di c th ln hn 20% m khng b gy. Ni cch khc, cc si quang khe
nht cng c th b gy mc ko dn 4%, cn cc si quang in hnh c ko
dn gy si ch khong 0,5 1%. V mi tnh xy ra rt nhanh mc ng sut
77

trn 40% dn cho php v rt chm mc di 20%, nn dn ca si trong

qu trnh sn xut v lp t cp cn c gii hn mc 0,1 0,2%.

Hnh 2-45 Mt v d mt cu trc cp si quang in hnh.

Cu trc cp ph thuc vo loi ng dng m cp c s dng, nhng vn

IT

c cc nguyn tc c bn chung cho thit k cp si quang. Mt cu trc cp si

quang c bn bao gm cc thnh phn chnh sau: li cp, thnh phn gia cng,
cht n v v cp.

PT

Thnh phn gia cng gip bo v si quang khi cc tc ng c hc v gi

n nh cho cp khi lp t v s dng. C hai loi thnh phn gia cng ty thuc
vo v tr ca chng trong cp l thnh phn gia cng trung tm v thnh phn
gia cng bao xung quang. Thng cc dy thp c s dng lm thnh phn gia
cng chnh cho cp. Nhng trong mt s ng dng i hi mt cu trc khng kim
loi hoc trnh cc hiu ng cm ng in t hoc gim trng lng ca cp,
cc thnh phn gia cng phi kim loi v cc si tng hp c bn ko cng cao
s c s dng. Mt loi si quen thuc l Kevlar, mt vt liu nylon tng hp
mu vng mm nhng dai thuc v mt h si chung gi l aramit. Qu trnh ch
to cp tt s cch ly cc si quang khi cc thnh cp khc nh thnh phn gia
cng, gi cho chng st vi trc trung tm ca cp v cho php cc si dch
chuyn t do khi cp b gp hoc ko cng.
Phn li cp bao gm cc si quang c bc m c bn xon quanh
thnh phn gia cng trung tm hoc c t vo mt li c rnh xon sn c
c lm t vt liu nha.C mt s kiu xon si quang trong li cp nh: kiu S
(xon thun), kiu Z (xon nghch) v kiu hn hp SZ. Vic xon si cng gip
m bo v lm cho chiu di thc t ca si quang di hn so vi chiu di cp.
Ty thuc vo s lng si m phn li c th c sp xp theo dng lp hay theo
dng n v nh cho thy trong hnh Cc di bng nha hoc giy c s dng

78

 qun bao bc phn li gi n nh cu trc li v gn kt cc nhm si quang

vi nhau.

Hnh 2-46 Cc kiu bc m si quang (a) Bc m cht, (b) bc m lng, (c) bc m

dng bng dt.

Trc khi c bn xon, cc si quang cn c bc m thm cho si

IT

quang trn. C hai kiu bc m si quang: bc m cht v bc m lng. Cc cp

vi cc si c bc m cht thng c s dng trong nh, trong khi ccsi
c bc m lng c s dng trong cu trc cp ngoi tri. Mt kiu cu trc
bc m na l dng bng dt, mt dng m rng ca bc m cht. Trong cu trc

PT

m cht nh v d trong hnh 2-46(a), si quang trn c lp bc m 250 m s

c tip tc bc thm lp m nha m st si vi dy c 900 m. Trong cu
trc m lng, cc si quang trn c bc trong mt ng nha do c ng knh
trong ln hn nhiu ng knh si trn nh v d trong hnh 2-46(b). Trong cu
trc ny, si quang dch chuyn c t do trong ng m bo v si khi s ko
cng cu trc cp gy ra bi mt s yu t nh thay i nhit , lc ti tc ng.
Trong trng hp cp nhiu si, n gin vic hn ni cp, cc nh thit k hay
la chn cu trc di bng dt. Trong kiu cu trc ny, nhiu si quang c ng
chnh chnh xc vi nhau v c bc bi mt lp m nha hnh thnh mt di
bng di lin tc. S lng si trong mi di bng thng trong di t 4 n 12 si.
Cc di bng ny c th c sp xp chng ln nhau hnh thnh cc khi hay b
si vi s lng ln (VD: 144 si). Cc lp bc m hoc ng m si quang
thng c nh cc mu khc nhau trong cu trc cp nhiu si gip d dng
nhn bit chnh xc si quang trong qu trnh lp t v hn ni.
Cht n l dng cht gel hay m c s dng in y trong cc ng
m lng hay cc khong trng trong cp c kh nng chng m, chng thm nc
v khng phn ng ha hc vi cc thnh phn khc v kh chy.

79

V cp bao bcc ton b

b cu trc cp cn c c tnh c l ha hhc tt m
bo bn p v cc ng
ng sut
su ko cng tc ng ln cp cc sii bn trong li
khng b hng. Lp v cng
ng bo
b v cp khi s c st mi mn, m, cc dung
mi ha cht, du
u v cc cht
ch nhim bn khc. Tuy thuc vo loi cp
ng dng m
c cc kiu v cp khc nhau trong cu
c trc. Vt liu s dng lm v cp thng
s dng cc loi nhaa polymer nh PVC (Polyvinylclorua), PU (Polyurethan) hay
PE (Polyethylene). Vt liu
u PE thng
th
hay s dng cho v cp ngoi tr
i.

PT

IT

Ph thuc vo cc ng
ng dng
d
c th ca cp quang m cuu trc cp c cc c

im ring. Cc cp sii quang c th

th c phn loi theo nhiuu cch khc nhau
theo mc ch s dng hocc theo iu
i kin lp t.

Hnh 2-47 V d v cu
u trc cp si
s quang (a) Cp ngoi tri,
i, (b) Cp quang bi
bin.

2.7.3 Hn v kt nii si
s quang

a. Cc yu t nh
nh hng
h
n suy hao mi ni si quang
C mt s yu t nh
nh hng
h
n suy hao mi ni hai u sii quang bao ggm
cht lng mt ct u si,
i, v
v tr tng i gia hai u si v lch
ch cc tham ss
ca hai si quang.

Hnh 2-48
48 V d
d v u si quang c ct khng m bo.

Cc u sii quang trc

tr khi kt ni c chun b m bo
o ch
cht lng tt
nht gim thiu
u suy hao khi kt
k ni. Mt u si quang tt cn m
m bo
b sch vi
b mt phng nhn
n v vung gc vi trc si. Cht lng u sii ny c
xc nh

80

ch yu qua bc ct u
u si,
s vic ct u si khng tt s lm cho u
si b st
m hoc gh gh nh v d trong hnh 2-48 gy ra suy hao ln khi ktt nni.

IT

Hnh 2-49 Cc li ng chnh

nh c bn
b c th xy ra khi kt ni. (a) Lch
ch tm, (b) Khe hh,
(c) Lch trc.

Hnh 2-50 S
lch tm v khe h gia hai u si quang.

Trong qu trnh ktt ni

n hai u si quang, v tr tng i giaa hai u si

PT

lin quan n qu trnh ng

ng ch
chnh nh hng c ngha n cht lng
ng hn nni. C
ba kiu li ng chnh c bn
b gia hai u si nh cho thy
y trong hnh 2-49 bao
gm lch tm, khe h v lch trc. S lch tm xy ra khi cc trc ca hai si b
lch nhau mt khong
ng d v l yu
y t thng gp trong thc t. S lch
ch tm
t
s lm
gim din tch xp chng c
a hai b mt u si nh cho thy trong
ong hnh 2-50(a) v
dn ti s gim lng
ng cng sut
su quang c ghp cp t sii ny sang si
s kia. Khe
h xy ra khi cc si cc ng

chnh thng hng v trcc nhng c mt

m khe h s
gia hai u si lm cho phn
ph cng sut quang ca mt s mode bcc cao ss b chn
bi sii thu gy ra suy hao nh cho thy
th trong hnh 2-50(b). Khi cc trc
tr hai si b
lch nhau mt gc ti mii ni
n th phn cng sut quang i ra khi sii u s nm
ngoi gc tip nhn ca sii thu s
s b mt mt. Mc tn hao cc so snh qua th
thc
nghim gy ra bi cc lii ng

chnh c th hin qua hnh 2-51 i vi si a

mode GI ti hai ng
ng knh li 50 v 55 m. y lch
ch tm v khong
kho
khe h
c chun
n ha theo bn knh ca
c si a, cn lch trc c chunn ha theo kh
khu
s cc i ca si.
i. Hnh 2-51 cho thy rng trong ba li ng chnh
nh th suy hao
chim nhiu nhtt gy ra do s
s lch tm. Trong thc t lch trcc chu
chun ha trong
o
hn ni c th t c nh
hn 1% (tng ng 1 ) v mcc suy hao cca tt c cc
li nn nh hn 0,5 dB. Trong
Tron trng hp hn nng chy,
y, suy hao do khe hh c th
b qua, nhng i vii connector hai
u si s cch nhau mt khe h nh trnh
81

IT

s c st vo nhau gy hng
ng trong khi kt
k ni. Khong cch khe h th
thng trong
phm vi t 0,025 n
n 0,1 mm.

Hnh 2-51 So snh thc

th nghim suy hao (theo dB) do cc li ng
ng ch
chnh.

PT

Mt yu t na nh
nh hng
h
n suy hao hn ni l s khc bi
bit v cc
thng s hai si kt nii nh khc nhau v
v ng knh li, khc v
ng knh v,
khc v khu s hay c mo khc nhau nh m t trong hnh 2-52
52. y c th
c coi l yu t khch quan do chnh si
s quang gy ra. S khc bitt vv cc tham
s ny l khng trnh khii khi kkt ni si quang t cc nh sn xutt khc nhau.

Hnh 2-52 M t s khc bit

bi cc thng s si quang nh hng nn suy hao hn nni.

b. Hn nng chy
K thutt hn nng ch
chy c s dng ni vnh vin hai s
i quang vi
nhau dc trn tuyn truyn
n dn.
d
Hai u si quang sau khi cc lm sch
s
v ct
m bo yu cu s cc t
vo b gi si rnh ch V trong my
y hn nng ch
chy
82

nh hnh 2-53. Cc u sii s

s c a vo gn nhau v c ng
ng chnh
ch
bng th
cng hoc t ng. Hin
n nay hu
h ht cc my hn nng chy uu c kh
kh nng t
ng ng chnh u sii nh
nh h thng camera gim st v o kim t
ng trong
my hn.

Hnh 2-53
2
K thut hn nng chy si quang

IT

Sau khi ng chnh

nh tt,
t hai u si c t nng bng tia h
quang in
hoc bng xung laser n
n mc
m cc u si b nng chy tc th v gnn kkt vi nhau.
Qu trnh t nng c th thc hin qua hai giai on: giai on u
u cc u si
c t nng mcc cng su
sut thp lm sch cc u si trcc khi
c t

PT

nng giai on sau vi m

c cng sut ln hn lm nng chy uu ssi. K thut
ny c th to ra mii hn c suy hao thp
th (c gi tr trung bnh inn hnh nh
nh hn
0,06 dB).
c. Connector quang

S dng
ng connector quang
kt ni mc d c suy hao ln
n hn so vvi mi
hn nng chy nhng lii cho php kh nng tho lp mtt cch linh ho
hot trn h
thng. C nhiu loii connector quang khc nhau c s dng
ng trong cc ng dng
khc nhau v cng tin trin theo s pht trin ca h thng. Mtt loi
lo connector
quang tt s c suy hao ghp n
ni thp, n nh khi s dng, tin cy cao v d
dng tho lp. Hnh 2-54 cho thy
th mt s loi connector quang inn hnh s
s dng
trong h thng
ng thng tin quang. Cc u connector quang c kt nii vvi nhau qua
adapter quang tng ng
ng nh trong hnh
h
2-55. Hinn nay suy hao trung bnh ca
c mt
kt ni connector quang c
0,3 dB. Thng thng kt nii connector quang c

thc hin qua tip xc vtt l (PC), do v

vy c th c mt phn nh nh sng bb phn
x ti u si kt ni gy nh hng n h thng. Trong mt s h thng
th
yu cu
phn nh sng phn x tii im
i kt ni phi rt nh,, cc connector quang c u
vt
nghing (APC) s c s dng.
d

83

PT

IT

Hnh 2-54 Mt s loi connector quang in hnh

Hnh 2-55 Mt s loi adapter tng ng kt ni cc connector quang

84

Chng 3 B pht quang

B pht quang l mt trong cc thnh phn quan trng nht ca h thng

thng tin si quang. B pht tn hiu quang c chc nng chuyn i tn hiu thng
tin u vo l tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang tng ng v ghp vo trong si
truyn dn tn hiu. Thnh phn ch yu nht ca b pht tn hiu quang chnh l

IT

cc ngun quang, thng c ch to t vt liu bn dn. Hai loi ngun quang

bn dn c s dng ch yu trong cc h thng thng tin si quang l diode pht
quang LED v laser bn dn LD nh nhng u im v kch thc nh gn, hiu
sut pht x cao, tin cy m bo, di bc sng ph hp, vng pht x hp
tng xng vi kch thc li si v kh nng iu ch trc tip ti cc tn s tng
i cao. im khc bit ln nht gia LED v LD l nh sng pht ra ti LED l
nh sng khng kt hp trong khi vi LD th l nh sng kt hp. V mt cu

PT

to, cu trc LED khng tn ti hp cng hng.

3.1 Mt s vn c bn trong vt l quang bn dn

3.1.1 Qu trnh pht x v hp th
Trong iu kin bnh thng, cc vt liu bn dn hp th nh sng nhiu
hn l pht x. Hnh 3.1 di y s gii thch hin tng hp th nh sng c th
hn, E1 v E2 tng ng vi mc nng lng nn v mc nng lng kch thch ca
nguyn t trong mi trng hp th. Nu mt photon c nng lng h vi l tn
s ca nh sng n ng bng vi nng lng di cm Eg = E2 E1 th nng lng
ca photon s b hp th bi nguyn t, kt qu l nguyn t ang mc nng
lng nn s c chuyn ln mc nng lng kch thch. Nng lng nh sng b
hp th nn nh sng b mt i. y chnh l hin tng hp th nh sng. Thng
thng, cc nguyn t tn ti bn vng hn mc nng lng nn, khi tn ti cc
mc nng lng cao hn s c xu hng chuyn v mc nng lng thp hn sau
mt khong thi gian nht nh. V th, khi nguyn t mc nng lng kch thch
chuyn v mc nng lng nn s pht x nh sng. Qu trnh pht x ny phn lm
85

hai loi l qu trnh pht x t pht v pht x kch thch. Trong trng hp pht x
t pht, photon pht x c hng v pha l ngu nhin. Trong trng hp pht x
kch thch, ti thi im nguyn t ang mc nng lng kch thch c mt
photon khc i n lm tc nhn kch thch nguyn t ny, do nguyn t khi
chuyn t trng thi kch v trng thi nn s pht x photon nh sng cng pha
cng tn s vi nh sng kch thch. Tt c cc laser, bao gm c cc laser bn dn
pht x da trn qu trnh pht x kch thch, v nh sng pht x ca laser c gi
l nh sng kt hp. Ngc li, LED pht x nh sng khng kt hp do pht x da
trn qu trnh pht x t pht.

E2

E2

E2

E1

E1

IT

E1

Hnh 3.1 Cc qu trnh quang c bn cu vt cht: a) Qu trnh hp th;

PT

b) Qu trnh pht x t pht; c) Qu trnh pht x kch thch

tho lun v tc pht x v hp th trong vt liu bn dn, khng mt

tnh tng qut, gi thit rng cc vt liu bn dn u l h thng nguyn t gm hai
mc nng lng tng tc trong trng in t nh m t trong hnh 3.1. Nu N1
v N2 ln lt l mt ht mc nng lng nn v mc nng lng kch thch
v ph() l mt ph ca nng lng in t, th biu thc tng ng ca tc
pht x t pht, tc pht x kch thch v tc hp th l
=

(3.1)

Vi A, B v B l cc hng s. Trong iu kin cn bng nhit, mt cc

ht ti c phn b theo qu trnh Boltzmann,
= exp (

) exp ( /

(3.2)

Vi kB l hng s Bolztmann v T l nhit tuyt i. Bi v N1 v N2

khng i theo thi gian trong iu kin cn bng nhit nn tc chuyn mc l
bng nhau
+

(3.3)
86

Thay (3.2) vo (3.3), hm mt ph

=

tr thnh

(3.4)

Trong iu kin cn bng nhit,

blackbody a ra bi cng thc Plank

l ng nht vi mt ph ca pht x

(3.5)

So snh hai biu thc (3.4) v (3.5) rt ra c mi quan h sau

= (8

/ ) ;

(3.6)

Biu thc trn c Einstein cng b ln u tin, v th A v B c gi

l h s Einstein.
Hai kt lun quan trng c rt ra qua cc biu thc (3.1) n (3.6), l:

ngoi ( ~1

IT

Th nht, Rspon c th vt qu c Rstim v Rabs nu

> , tc l trong iu
kin nhit cao. Th hai, i vi pht x trong vng nhn thy hoc vng hng
), pht x t pht thng chim u th hn pht x kch thch trong

iu kin cn bng nhit nhit phng (

( /

) 1]

PT

= [

25

) bi v
(3.7)

V vy, tt c laser phi hot ng iu kin cch xa cn bng nhit bng

cch s dng ngun laser bm nh l mt ngun nng lng bn ngoi tng cng.
Thm ch i vi nguyn t c thm nng lng bm bn ngoi, pht x
kch thch cng c th khng phi l qu trnh chim u th v cn cn bngqu
trnh hp th ca nguyn t. Rstim ch vt qu Rabs ch khi no N2 > N1. iu
kin ny c gi l iu kin o ln mt , v n khng bao gi xy ra trong
iu kin cn bng nhit.
iu kin o ln mt l tin quyt i vi hot ng ca laser. Trong cc
nguyn t, iu ny t c bng cch s dng c ch bm 3 hay 4 mc sao cho
ngun nng lng bn ngoi lm chuyn mt ht mc nn ln cc mc cao
hn.
Khi xem xt v tc hp th v pht x trong vt liu bn dn th cn tnh
n cc di nng lng. Pht x t pht ch xy ra khi ti mc nng lng E2 c
lp y bi cc ht in t trong khi mc nng lng E1 lp y bi cc l trng.

87

Xc sut tn ti in t ti lp dn v lp ha tr c cho bi phn b Fermi

Dirac
(

)= 1+

[(

)/

(3.8)

)= 1+

[(

)/

(3.9)

vi

l cc mc Fermi. Tc pht x t pht tng cng ti tn s

gc bng tng ca tt c cc dch chuyn c th gia hai mc nng lng sao cho
E1 E2 = Eem = h/2 vi = 2 v Eem l nng lng ca photon pht x. Kt
qu l
( )=

) (

)[1

( )]

(3.10)

Vi
l mt kt hp ca cc trng thi, c nh ngha bng s lng
trng thi trn mt n v ln trn mt n v nng lng v c cho bng
(

IT

(3.11)

Trong phng trnh ny, Eg l nng lng di cm v mr l khi lng suy

( +
) vi
gim, c tnh bng
=
v
l khi lng hiu

phn.

PT

dng cc in t v l trng tng ng trong di dn v di ha tr. Do

l c
lp vi E2 trong phng trnh (3.10) nn hon ton c th a ra ngoi du tch
Vi cch tnh ton tng t, tc pht x kch thch v tc hp th s
thu c nh sau
( )=

( )=

vi

( ,

) (

)[1

) ( )[1 (

)]
)]

(3.12)
(3.13)

( ) l mt ph ca photon c tnh theo cng thc (3.1). So snh hai

phng trnh (3.12) v (3.13) rt ra iu kin o ln mt

>
l
( ) > ( ). Nu p dng hai phng trnh (3.8) v (3.9) s thy iu kin o
ln mt xy ra khi

>

>

Do gi tr nh nht ca

(3.14)

bng

nn o ln mt xy ra th

khong phn tch gia cc mc Fermi phi vt qu nng lng di cm. Trong
iu kin cn bng nhit, hai mc Fermi coi nh trng nhau (

). Hai mc
88

ny c th c tch bit nh s dng ngun nng lng bm t bn ngoi a vo

vt liu bn dn. Cch thc thun tin nht bm vo vt liu bn dn l s dng
tip gip p n phn cc thun.
Vt liu bn dn cho php xy ra cc hin tng quang in bn trong n
c gi l vt liu bn dn quang. Trong phm vi ca ti liu ny, chng ta ch
cp n cc vt liu bn dn quang.

3.1.2 Cc vt liu bn dn
Trong nghin cu v cc phn t ca h thng thng tin quang, vic tm hiu
v vt liu bn dn quang cng nh cc hin tng quang in xy ra l cc nhn t

IT

c bn. Vt liu bn dn c kh nng dn in nm gia kim loi v vt liu cch

in. tm hiu c th hn, ta xem xt mt vt liu c th l nguyn t Silic lp
4 ca bn tun hon ha hc. Nguyn t Si gm bn in t lp ngoi, thc hin
lin kt cng ha tr vi nguyn t ln cn trong mng tinh th. Trong iu kin

PT

nhit thp v tinh th trong sut, di dn ca vt liu hon ton khng c in t

trong khi di ha tr li c lp y cc ht dn. Hai di nng lng ny c phn
cch bi mt khong nng lng c gi l nng lng di cm. Trong khong
nng lng ny, khng tn ti mt mc nng lng no khc c. Gi thit iu kin
nhit tng ln n mt mc no , mt s in t chuyn ng nhit vt qua
c nng lng di cm lm cho s in t t do tp trung ti di dn tng ln,
ng thi li mt s lng tng t l trng trong di ha tr. Cc in t v l
trng ny u chuyn ng t do trong vt liu nn to thnh cc ht dn trong vt
liu, lc ny vt liu li c tnh dn in. Tc l, cc in t trong di ha tr c
dch chuyn lp y cc l trng, v th to ra dng dch chuyn l trng ngc
hng vi dng dch chuyn ca in t.

Nng cc in t v l trng c gi l nng ht mang bn trong hay

cn gi l nng ht mang thun ni v bng
=
vi

= 2(2

nhit tuyt i,

/ )

(3.15)
/

l hng s c trng cho vt liu, T l

l hng s Boltzman, h l hng s Plank v

l khi

lng hiu dng ca in t v l trng. Khi lng

,
nh hn nhiu (c 10
ln hoc hn) khi lng in t l trng t do cn li l 9,11x10-31 kg.
V d 3-1:
89

Vt liu GaAs nhit 300K c cc tham s sau:

Khi lng in t cn li:

m = 9,11x10-31 kg

Khi lng in t hiu dng:

= 0,068m = 6,19x10-32 kg

Khi lng l trng hiu dng:

= 0,056m = 5,10x10-32 kg

Nng lng di cm:

Eg = 1,42 eV

p dng phng trnh (3.15) s thu c nng ht mng bn trong l

ni =2,62x1012 m-3 = 2,62x106 cm-3
lm tng tnh dn in ca vt liu bn dn c th pha tp thm cc
nguyn t nhm V hoc nhm III ca bn tun hon ha hc. Cc nguyn t

IT

nhm V (nh l P, As, Pb) c nm in t lp ngoi v th khi kt hp vi nguyn

t Si nhm IV s tha ra mt in t c lin kt lng lo sn sng cho dn in.
Nh vy, cc vt liu bn dn loi ny s c nng in t t do trong di dn
tng ln, ht mang ch yu ca vt liu ny s l in t v c gi l vt liu bn
dn loi n. Tng t nh vy, pha tp thm cc nguyn t nhm III ch c ba in
t lp ngoi vi nguyn t Si s tha ra mt l trng lin kt lng lo sn sng cho
dn in. Nng l trng t do trong di ha tr s tng ln v tr thnh ht mang

PT

ch yu. V th vt liu bn dn loi ny c gi l vt liu bn dn loi p. s cho

cc vt liu bn dn loi p c nng l trng nhiu hn nng in t. Ni cch
khc, c th nh ngha rng
Vt liu bn dn loi n c nng in t ln hn nng l trng, v th
ht mang ch yu l in t.
Vt liu bn dn loi p c nng l trng ln hn nng in t, v th
ht mang ch yu l l trng.
Vt liu bn dn thun l vt liu khng pha tp thm bt k nguyn t no
trong thnh phn ca n. Do chuyn ng nhit ca nguyn t trong tinh th, mt
vi in t trong di ha tr c tng cng nng lng, n khi ln n s
chuyn mc ln di dn v sinh ra cp in t - l trng t do. Ngc li, qu trnh
ti hp xy ra khi in t t do pht x ra mt nng lng nht nh v chuyn v v
tr l trng trong di ha tr. Tc pht x v ti hp ny l bng nhau trong iu
kin cn bng nhit. Nu n l nng in t v p l nng l trng th i vi
mt vt liu bn dn thun, ta c
Pn = p0n0 =

(3.16)

90

vi p0 v n0 nng l trng v in t iu kin cn bng nhit v ni l nng

ht ca vt liu bn dn thun.
Bng vic thm vo mt lng nh cc nguyn t khc vo tinh th vt liu
bn dn thun ta c vt liu bn dn ngoi lai (extrinsic). Vt liu bn dn loi n v
loi p l cc vt liu bn dn ngoi lai. Hot ng ca cc thit b bn dn ch yu
da trn vt liu bn dn ngoi li v v th chng thng c gi tt l vt liu
bn dn.
V d 3-2:
Vt liu bn dn loi n c pha tp thm mt lng in t c nng l
ND v t nN v pN l nng in t v nng l trng ca vt liu bn dn loi
n. Trong trng hp ny l trng c to ra hon ton do s ion ha do nhit ca
nguyn t thun. Qu trnh ny to ra nng l trng v nng in t cn bng

IT

nhau v bng
pN = pi = ni

Trong khi in t vi vai tr ht mang c to ra bi c cc nguyn t

thun v cc nguyn t ngoi lai, v th nng in t dn in tng cng nN s

PT

bng

nN = ND + ni = ND + pN

T biu thc (3.16) rt ra pN v thay vo biu thc trn s c

=

1+

+1

Trong hu ht cc trng hp, do

nN = ND v pN =

nn ta c xp x sau

/ND

91

IT
PT

Hnh 3.2

a) Ti hp in t v pht x photon trong vt liu bn dn c di cm trc tip

b) Ti hp in t trong vt liu bn dn c di cm gin tip cn c thm nng lng
phonon Eph v m men kph

Vic in t hp th hay pht x nng lng thc hin chuyn mc nng

lng bn trong cu hnh nguyn t ph thuc rt nhiu vo nng lng di cm v
m men ca vt liu bn dn. Vt liu bn dn c chia lm hai loi da vo c
im ca di cm nh l mt hm ca m men k, l vt liu bn dn c di cm
trc tip v di cm gin tip. Khi in t v l trng ti hp s km theo qu trnh
pht x photon. Qu trnh ti hp xy ra d dng v chc chn nht khi m in t
v l trng c cng gi tr m men (hnh 3.2a), v khi vt liu bn dn c di
cm trc tip. Trong trng hp mc nng lng nh nht ca di dn v mc nng
lng ln nht ca di ha tr khng c cng m men th vt liu c di cm gin
tip. V th trong qu trnh ti hp chc chn s xut hin thm mt thnh phn th
ba khc, l phonon, bo ton m men do m men photon rt nh. Khi nim
phonon (chnh l s dao ng ca li tinh th) c a ra gii thch hin
tng ny.
92

IT

Hnh 3.3 Hng s li v nng lng di cm ca hp cht ba v bn thnh

phn c ch to t chn nhm vt liu bn dn III-V. Din tch mu xm biu
din cu trc InGaAsP v AlGaAs c th c tng ng. Cc ng thng nm

PT

ngang i qua InP v GaAs ch ra cc hp cht c th to ra c cng hng s li

Cu trc tinh th ng vai tr quan trng quyt nh n nng lng di cm

ca vt liu. Trong bt k mt cu trc tinh th no, cc nguyn t n (Si hoc Ge)
hay cc nhm nguyn t (NaCl hoc GaAs) u c sp xp c trt t v mt
khng gian. S sp xp c tnh chu k nh vy c gi l li, v khong cch
gia cc nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t c gi l khong cch li hoc hng
s li. Khong cch li thng thng vo khong vi angstrom.
gim khim khuyt ca li tinh th khi cho hai tinh th bn dn c di
cm khc nhau tip xc th hng s li ca chng phi khp nhau, khng lch qu
0,1%. Trong t nhin, khng tn ti cc vt liu bn dn khc nhau m c hng s
li hon ton khp nhau. Tuy nhin, cng ngh vt liu cho php to ra cc hp
cht ba hoc bn thnh phn bng cch thay th mt phn nh mt nguyn t trong
vt liu bn dn hai thnh phn trong t nhin bng cc nguyn t khc. V d nh,
t vt liu bn dn GaAs ban u c th to ra hp cht ba thnh phn AlxGa1-xAs
bng cch thay x nguyn t Ga bng x nguyn t Al. Vt liu bn dn mi to ra
ny c cng hng s li vi vt liu bn dn GaAs nhng nng lng di cm tng

93

ln. Di cm ph thuc vo gi tr x v tnh xp x nh phng tnh tuyn tnh n

gin sau:
Eg(x) = 1,424 + 1,247x

(0<x<0,45)

(3.17)

vi Eg c tnh theo n v electron-volt (eV).

Hnh 3.3 ch ra mi quan h gia nng lng di cm Eg v hng s li a
ca mt s hp cht ba v bn thnh phn. Cc im chm en i din cho vt liu
bn dn hai thnh phn, cc ng ni cc im chm en gii hn vt liu bn dn
ba thnh phn. Trong on ng nt t tng ng vi bn dn ba thnh phn
c di cm gin tip. Phn din tch a gic ng tng ng vi vt liu bn thnh
phn. Vi loi vt liu ny, di cm khng nht thit phi l trc tip. Phn din tch
mu xm ch th cc vt liu bn dn ba hoc bn thnh phn c di cm trc tip
c ch to t cc nguyn t Indium In, Gallium Ga, Arsenic As v Phosphorus P.

IT

ng nm ngang ni GaAs v AlAs ch ra gii hn ca cc vt liu ba

thnh phn AlxGa1-xAs c di cm trc tip vi x trong khong (0 0,45) nh m
t trong biu thc (3.17). Cc lp tch cc v lp v ca ngun quang c th cng
ch to da vo vt liu ny bng cch t gi tr x trong lp v ln hn trong lp

PT

tch cc. Bc sng ca nh sng pht x c xc nh da vo nng lng di

cm do nng lng photon xp x nng lng di cm. Vt liu GaAs c Eg=1,424
eV nn bc sng ca ngun quang ch to t GaAs vo khong 0,87m. Bc
sng ca ngun c th gim xung cn 0,81m nu chn gi tr x=0,1. Ngun
quang ch to t vt liu GaAs thng hot ng ca s bc sng 0,81 0,87
m v thng c dng trong h thng thng tin si quang th h u tin.
Hin nay, ca s bc sng c s dng ch yu trong cc h thng thng
tin quang l 1,3 1,6 m do ca s ny suy hao v tn sc trn si quang thp hn
nhiu so vi di 0,85 m. InP l vt liu c s ngun quang pht x ca s
bc sng di ny. Xt ng nm ngang i qua im InP nh m t trong hnh 3.2,
di cm ca InP c th gim i ng k bng cch to ra bt liu bn thnh phn
In1-xGaxAsyP1-y trong khi hng s li vn ging nh ca InP. Gi tr x v y
khng th chn bt k m phi tha mn iu kin x/y = 0,45 m bo hng s
li khng i. Nng lng di cm ca vt liu ny c th tnh ch ph thuc vo y
v xp x bng
Eg(y) = 1,35 0,72y + 0,12y2

(3.18)

94

Vi 0 y 1. Nng lng di cm nh nht khi y =1. Hp cht ba thnh

phn In0,55Ga0,45As pht x nh sng gn 1,65 m (Eg =0,75 eV). Bng vic la
chn t l trn x v y, ngun quang ch to t In1-xGaxAsyP1-y c th pht x
trong mt di bc sng rng 1,0 1,65 m s bao gm ton b ca s bc sng
1,3 1,6 m rt quan trng trong h thng thng tin quang.

3.1.3 Tip gip p-n

c tnh ca tip gip p-n, tip gip gia hai lp bn dn p v n, s c trng
cho cc c tnh v in ca cu kin bn dn. Khi mt tip gip p-n c to ra,
cc ht ti a s s khuch tn qua n, tc l cc in t trong lp bn dn n c

IT

khuch tn qua tip gip v lp y cc l trng trong lp bn dn p v do vy s

li l trng trong lp bn dn n ca tip gip. Kt qu l mt in trng tip xc
hay mt in th tip xc s xut hin ti vng tip gip. in trng ny s ngn
cn vic chuyn ng t do ca cc ht ti cho n khi cn bng c thit lp. Ti

PT

vng tip gip lc ny s khng cn ht mang in t do do cc in t v l trng

b gi li trong cc lin kt ng ha tr. Khi , vng tip gip c gi l vng
ngho hoc vng in tch khng gian.

Hnh 3.4 Hin tng khuch tn to ra in trng tip gip ti vng ngho

95

IT

Hnh 3-5 Tip gip p-n khi phn cc ngc

PT

Hnh 3-5 Tip gip p-n khi phn cc thun

Khi mt in th ngoi c a vo tip gip p-n, nu cc dng ca

ngun ni vi bn dn n v cc m ni vi bn dn p th tip gip khi c phn
cc ngc. Di tc dng ca in p phn cc ngc, rng lp ngho s m
rng ra c hai pha lp p v lp n hay in trng lp tip gip c tng cng.
in trng tip gip tip tc ngn cn chuyn ng ca cc ht ti a s nhng li
tr thnh in trng thun vi cc ht ti thiu s khi i qua lp tip gip. Dng
ca cc ht ti thiu s to ra c gi l dng d.
Trong trng hp cc dng ca ngun ni vi bn dn p v cc m ni vi
bn dn n th tip gip khi phn cc thun. Lc ny, in trng tip gip v
in trng ngoi s ngc chiu nhau, nu in trng ngoi ln, s ph v lin
kt cng ha tr ti lp tip gip v cc ht mang in a s s c khuch tn t
qua lp tip gip. Cc ht mang in dch chuyn c hng nh vy to thnh dng
in. Dng in I ny s tng theo hm m vi in p phn cc V t vo v c
dng
=

[exp(

) 1]

(3.19)

96

vi Is l dng bo ha v ph thuc vo h s khuch tn ca in t v l

trng. Nh trong hnh 3.5 m t, khi tip gip p-n c phn cc thun, in t v
l trng xut hin cng bc trong vng ngho. Cc in t v l trng ny ti hp
thng qua pht x t pht hoc cng bc v pht x ra nh sng trong ngun quang
bn dn.
Tip gip p n c gi l tip gip n nu nh vt liu bn dn p v n
cng da trn mt vt liu c bn. Nhc im ca tip gip n l hin tng
ti hp in t v l trng xy ra trong vng ngho kh rng (~ 1 10 m) do ph
thuc vo chiu di khuch tn ca in t v l trng. Do vy, cc ht mang khng
tp trung ht vo quanh lp tip gip nn khng to ra c nng ht mang cao
dn n gim kh nng pht x. Gii quyt vn ny bng cch a vo gia hai
lp p v lp n mt lp bn dn c nng lng gii cm nh hn nng lng gii

IT

cm ca lp p v lp n hai bn. Lp bn dn gia c th l bn dn khng pha tp

hoc c pha tp t ty theo thit k, v n ng vai tr giam gi cc ht mang trong
trng hp phn cc thun. S tp trung ht mang xy ra do s khng lin tc v
nng lng di cm ti tip gip gia hai vt liu bn dn c cng cu trc tinh th.

PT

Tip gip nh vy gi l tip gip d th v cu trc ba lp nh vy c gi l cu

trc d th kp. Do rng lp bn dn gia c th c thit k kh hp, vo
khong 0,1m, nn s thu c mt ht mang s kh cao ti mt gi tr dng
phn cc cho trc.

Vic s dng cu trc d th kp trong ch to ngun quang c hai u im

chnh. Th nht, s khc nhau v nng lng di cm gia hai vt liu bn dn gip
giam gi hu ht in t v l trng ti lp gia, cn c gi l lp tch cc, v
xy ra qu trnh ti hp ti y. Th hai, do lp tch cc c nng lng di cm nh
hn nn ch s chit sut ca n s cao hn hai lp bn ngoi n v p i cht. Kt
qu l lp tch cc ng vai tr nh ng dn sng in mi v quyt nh s lng
mode quang pht x ra bng cch thay i dy ca n, tng t nh ng knh
si quang quyt nh s lng mode truyn trong si. Vi nhng u im ny,
ngun quang laser c cu trc d th kp c trin khai trn rt nhiu ng dng
khc nhau.

3.1.4 Ti hp khng bc x
Khi tip gip p n c phn cc thun, in t v l trng c khuch tn
sang vng tch cc, ti y chng ti hp v pht x ra nh sng. Tuy nhin, trong
bt c vt liu bn dn no cng xy ra trng hp in t v l trng ti hp m
97

khng pht x nh sng. Cc c ch ti hp khng pht x ny gm ti hp ti

nhng im khim khuyt ca vt liu, ti hp b mt v ti hp Auger. Trong
c ch ti hp Auger c bit quan trng trong cc laser bn dn pht x trong di
bc sng 1,3 1,6m do nng lng di cm tng i nh ca lp tch cc.
Trong qu trnh ti hp Auger ny, nng lng sinh ra do l trng v in t ti hp
c chuyn thnh ng nng cho mt in t hoc l trng khc ch khng phi l
to ra mt nng lng photon mi.
ng t quan im hot ng ca thit b, qu trnh khng pht x l khng
c li, lm gim s lng cp in t - l trng c th pht x nh sng. nh hng
ny c nh lng thng qua h s lng t ni, c nh ngha nh sau
=

(3.20)

IT

vi
l tc ti hp c pht x v
l tc ti hp khng pht x.
Do nng ht mang gim theo hm m theo thi gian, thi gian ti hp c pht x
v thi gian ti hp khng pht x ph thuc vo nng ht mang n theo biu thc
= / . Nh vy, h s lng t ni c th vit li thnh
=

l thi gian ti hp c pht x,

PT

vi

(3.21)

l thi gian ti hp khng pht x

ca cc ht mang. Thi gian ca hai loi ti hp ny thay i theo vt liu bn dn.

Nhn chung,

l ngang nhau i vi vt liu c di cm trc tip, trong khi

vi vt liu c di cm gin tip th

nh hn
khong 10-5 ln. V th xc
sut xy ra ti hp c pht x tng i ln trong vt liu c di cm trc tip do
bo ton nng lng v ng lng trong d dng t c khi ti hp in t, l
trng. Ngc li, vi vt liu c di cm gin tip cn c thm phonon t c
s bo ton ng lng trong qu trnh ti hp. Tnh cht ny lm gim xc sut
ca ti hp c pht x v lm tng thi gian

ng k so vi

. R rng l theo

cng thc (3.20) 1 trong iu kin ny. Thng thng, vi hai hoi bn dn Si v
Ge thng c s dng ph bin trong cc linh kin in t th

~10 . C hai

vt liu ny u khng ph hp lm ngun quang do l chng c di cm gin

tip. Cc vt liu di cm trc tip nh l GaAs v InP c

0,5 v t n 1

nu pht x kch thch chim u th.

Vic nh ngha i lng thi gian sng ca ht mang
c ngha quan
trng trong tnh ton. i lng ny c trng cho thi gian ti hp tng ca cc
in t trong trng hp khng c ti hp cng bc v c nh ngha nh sau
98

= 1

Nhn chung,

+ 1

(3.22)

ph thuc vo mt ht ti N nu nh c th b qua ti

hp Auger. N thng c biu din di dng

vi

PT

IT

l h s khng pht x, B l h s ti hp pht x t pht, v C l h s Auger.

Hnh 3.6 S giam hm ht mang v trng quang trong vng tch cc

ca cu trc d th kp

3.2 Ngun LED

i vi cc h thng thng tin si quang yu cu tc bit trong khong 100
n 200 Mb/s s dng si a mode, ngun quang LED thng l s la chn ti u
hn nh cng sut pht ln, mch in iu khin khng qu phc tp do khng cn
mch n nh nhit, v gi thnh r hn. Mt c trng c bn ca LED l hin
tng pht x kch thch khng xy ra trong vng tch cc do hin tng o mt
khng xut hin. Trong khi , pht x nh sng do ti hp cc cp in t v l
trng trong vng tch cc l thng qua hin tng pht x t pht, mt phn nh
sng pht x ny c thot ra khi thit b v ghp vo si quang truyn dn. nh
99

sng pht x t LED l nh sng khng kt hp c rng ph tng i ln (30

60 nm) v gc pht x tri kh rng.

3.2.1 Cu to v phn loi ngun LED

s dng tt trong cc h thng thng tin quang th LED phi c cng sut
pht x ln, thi gian p ng nhanh v hiu sut lng t cao. Cng sut pht x,
c o bng n v watt, c tnh bng cng sut quang pht ra trong mt n v
gc c trn mt n v din tch b mt pht x. Cng sut pht x ln cho php
ghp mc cng sut quang ln vo si truyn dn. Thi gian p ng chnh l
khong thi gian tr gia thi im xung tn hiu in iu khin c p vo cho

IT

n thi im bt u pht x nh sng. Thi gian tr ny l nhn t nh hng n

rng bng thng iu bin trc tip ca ngun LED. Hiu sut lng t t l vi
s lng cp in t - l trng c bm vo vng tch cc v thc hin ti hp c
pht x.

PT

t c cng sut pht x v hiu sut lng t cao, cu trc ca LED

phi c lp giam hm cc ht mang ti xy ra s ti hp v pht x nh sng.
Vic giam hm ht mang trong vng tch cc s em li cng sut pht x cng nh
hiu sut lng t cao. ng thi, giam hm nh sng cng rt quan trng trong
vic ngn chn s hp th cc photon mi to ra ti cc lp vt liu quanh tip gip
pn.
Lm th no giam hm c ht mang v nh sng trong vng tch cc,
nhiu kiu cu trc LED c nghin cu. Cc cu trc tip gip n, tip gip d
th v tip gip d th kp u c th c ng dng ch to LED. Tuy nhin,
cu trc d th kp hoc cu trc d th c kh nng giam hm ht mang v nh sng
cao hn hn. c im ca cu trc d th kp gm ba lp c ch to t cc cht
bn dn c thnh phn khc nhau nn c ht mang v nh sng u c gii hn
ti lp tch cc. Do s khc nhau v nng lng di cm ca cc lp lin k m cc
ht mang c giam hm, trong khi do s khc nhau v ch s chit sut gia cc
lp vt liu v nh sng c tp trung li. Nh kh nng giam hm ng thi ny
m hiu sut lng t v cng sut pht x ca LED s cao hn nhiu. Ngoi ra,
cn c cc tham s khc c nh hng ti c tnh ca ngun l s hp th nh
sng trong vng tch cc hay cn gi l s t hp th (s hp th ny cng nh s
cng tt) v s ti hp ca cc ht mang ti cc b mt d th, nng pha tp ca
lp tch cc, mt ht mang c phun vo v dy lp tch cc. Hnh 3.7 m t
cu trc ca mt LED d th kp in hnh.
100

~1m
Bn dn n

Tch cc

Bn dn p

~0,2m

Vng ha tr

in t c
phun vo

Nng lng
di cm

Ti hp in
t v l trng

Vng dn
L trng c
phun vo

IT

Lp tch cc

PT

Vng dn sng

Hnh 3.7 Cu trc LED d th kp in hnh

Hnh 3.8 m t nguyn l hot ng ca LED d th kp gm ba lp bn dn,

hai lp bn dn p v n c cng nng lng di cm trong khi lp bn dn kp gia
(c th l bn dn loi p hoc n) c nng lng di cm thp hn. Khi phn cc
thun cho LED s c dng bm qua LED lm cho cc in t ang tp trung vng
ha tr nhy ln vng dn. Khi iu kin bnh thng, nng in t vng ha
tr s rt ln so vi nng in t vng dn nhng khi c nng lng kch thch,
cc in t nhy mc nng lng lm cho lc ny nng in t vng dn tng
ln v nng in t ti vng ha tr gim i. ng thi, di tc dng ca in
trng phn cc thun, cc in t t lp n c khuch tn sang lp tch cc v
cc l trng lp p c khuch tn sang lp tch cc. Ti y, cc cp in t v
l trng ti hp vi nhau v pht x nh sng. Hin tng pht x xy ra y ch
yu l pht x t pht v th cc photon pht ra c hng ngu nhin v khng c

101

IT

quan h v pha gia chng, v nh sng pht x t LED c gi l nh sng khng

kt hp.

Hnh 3.8 Nguyn l hot ng ca LED

PT

Hai cu trc c bn ca LED d th kp c s dng ph bin trong h

thng thng tin si quang l LED pht x mt SLED (cn c gi l ngun quang
Burrus) v LED pht x cnh ELED. LED pht x mt SLED (Surface LED) c mt
phng vng pht x nh sng vung gc vi trc ca si nh m t trong hnh 3.9.
SLED cn c gi l LED Burrus do cu trc ca LED c ch to u tin bi
Burrus v Dawson. Trong cu trc ny, vng pht x nh sng hay cn gi l vng
pht quang ca LED c gii hn trong mt vng hp bng cch s dng mt lp
cch in hn ch vng dn in ca tip xc p. Do , ti vng tch cc ca
LED c mt dng in cao dn n hiu sut pht quang ln. Mt ging trn
c khot trn b mt tip xc n v lp nn n ca thit b v ti , si quang s
c gn vo ghp nh sng t vng tch cc vo si. Din tch vng ging trn
trn b mt LED c ng knh khong 50 m v dy ln ti 2,5 m. Mu pht
x c tnh ng hng vi rng chm tia ti na cng sut l 120o. Phng php
ny s hn ch c s hp th photon trong lp n v tng hiu sut ghp nh sng
vo trong si quang. Tuy nhin, vn c mt phn ln nng lng nh sng c
pht ra ngoi vng t si quang. Do , hiu sut ghp nh sng vo si quang ca
SLED khng cao, thng thp hn so vi ELED.

102

nh sng pht x ng hng t SLED cn c gi l ngun lambertian.

Ngun lambertian c cng sng u nhau khi quan st t mi hng do cng
sut gim theo h s cos. Gc c xc nh gia hng quan st v trc ca b
mt LED, l do din tch quan st gim theo cos. V th, cng sut s gim ti
50% gi tr cng sut nh khi = 60o v rng chm sng tng na cng sut
nh l 120o.

Si quang

Ging khc

Vt liu bao ph

hnh trn

in cc
Cc lp

Cht nn

tip gip
SiO2

SiO2

Lp cu

Phin chu nhit

IT

trc d
Hnh 3.9 Cu trc LED pht x mt

th kp

Di tip xc

Lp dn

PT

nh sng

Vng hot tnh

SiO2

Cht

Kim

Ta nhit

nh sng pht ra

Hnh 3.10 LED pht x cnh

LED pht x cnh ELED (Edge LED) l loi LED c nh sng pha cnh
ca LED nh m t trong hnh 3.10. Trong cu trc ny, cc in cc tip xc bng
kim loi ph kn mt trn v y ca LED. nh sng pht ra trong lp tch cc rt
mng. Lp tch cc ny c lm bng cht bn dn c chit sut ln c kp
gia bi hai lp bn dn p v n c chit sut nh hn nhng vn ln hn chit sut
ca cc lp bn ngoi. Cu trc ny hnh thnh mt ng dn sng gip nh hng
chm sng pht x v pha li si. ph hp vi ng knh li si quang thng
thng c kch thc c 50 100 m, cc di in cc ca LED pht x cnh c
rng khong 50 70 m. Chiu di ca vng tch cc thng nm trong khong
103

100 n 150 m. Mu pht x ca ELED c tnh nh hng cao hn so vi SLED.

Trong mt phng song song vi tip gip, theo phng ny khng tn ti hiu ng
dn sng, chm sng pht x l lambertian vi rng chm ti na cng sut cc
i l

= 120 . Trong mt phng vung gc vi tip gip, rng chm tia na

cng sut cc i nh hn n 25 30o nu la chn gi tr dy ng dn sng

ph hp. Vi c im cu trc nh vy, ELED c vng pht sng hp v gc pht
quang nh. Do , hiu sut ghp nh sng vo si quang ln hn so vi SLED.
Mt im quan trng cn ch l khi in t v l trng ti hp trong lp
tch cc th nng lng ca photon pht x phi ng bng chnh lch nng lng
gia vng ha tr v vng dn hay ng bng nng lng di cm ca lp tip gip.
Mi quan h gia nng lng di cm E v bc sng pht x nh sau:
= =

(3.23)

IT

vi l tn s ca sng pht x, l bc sng pht x. Nh vy, bc sng nh

sng pht x tnh bng m c th c din gii nh mt hm s ca nng lng
di cm lp tch cc tnh bng n v eV nh sau.
=

(3.24)

PT

Nh vy, r rng l mt ngun LED s c bc sng hot ng xc

nh. Khi h thng thng tin si quang hot ng di bc sng khc nhau cn s
dng cc ngun LED khc nhau vi vt liu lm di cm ph hp. Mc d, hin nay
trong thc t ngun quang iu hng bc sng c nghin cu v ng dng,
tuy nhin phm vi iu hng bc sng l kh nh.

3.2.2 c tnh ca LED

a) Hiu sut lng t v cng sut ca LED
Nng in t trong bn dn p v nng l trng trong bn dn n trong
ngun quang bn dn tng ln khi t mt dng bm vo cc in cc ca thit b.
Nng in t v l trng vt qu ny l bng nhau do cc ht mang c tim
vo v ti hp theo tng cp tun theo yu cu v lc ht nhn trong tinh th. Khi
qu trnh tim ht mang kt thc, nng ht mang li tr v gi tr cn bng. Nhn
chung, nng ht mang vt qu n ny gim theo hm s m theo thi gian, mi
quan h ny c m t bi biu thc
104

(3.25)

vi n0 l nng in t vt qu c tim vo ban u v hng s thi

gian l thi gian sng ca ht mang ( c nh ngha trong 3.1.4). Thi gian
sng ny l mt trong s cc tham s quan trng nht ca thit b quang in. Gi tr
ny nm trong di c vi mili-giy cho n rt nh c phn mi ca nano-giy ph
thuc vo cu to vt liu v cu trc thit b.
Khi c dng khng i chy qua LED, iu kin cn bng c thit lp.
Tc l, nng in t n v l trng p c thm vo l bng nhau. Tc tng
m ti cc ht mang c to ra l tng ca lng ht mang c cung cp t

IT

dng bn ngoi v lng ht mang c to ra do chuyn ng nhit. Tc to ra

ht mang do dng bn ngoi c cho bi biu thc I/q vi I l cng dng in
i qua LED, q l in tch in t. Tc to ht mang do nhit c cho bi n/.
Do , phng trnh tc i vi ti hp ht mang trong LED c biu din nh
sau
=

(3.26)

iu kin cn bng xy ra khi biu thc (3.26) bng 0, tc l

PT

(3.27)

Biu thc (3.27) cho bit nng in t trng thi dng trong vng tch
cc khi c dng in khng i i qua LED.
Nh trnh by trong mc 3.1.4, khng phi tt c cc cp in t - l trng
ti hp trong vng tch cc u pht x nh sng. S c mt s lng nh cp in
t - l trng ti hp khng pht x, nguyn nhn l do s t hp th ca vng tch
cc, ti hp ti b mt d th kp hay qu trnh ti hp Auger. V th, h s lng t
ni

trong vng tch cc cho bit t s gia cc cp in t - l trng ti hp pht

x nh sng trn tng s cc cp in t - l trng ti hp trong vng tch cc.

Nu nh dng in ngoi chy qua LED l I th tng s cp in t - l trng
ti hp trong mt n v thi gian s l
+

= /

Thay biu thc (3.28) vo biu thc (3.20) ta c

(3.28)
=

/ . Ch rng

l tng s photon c to ra trong mt n v thi gian v mi photon c nng

lng h, v th cng sut quang to ra bn trong LED s l
105

(3.29)

V d 3-3:
Ngun LED c cu trc d th kp InGaAsP pht x nh sng bc sng
trung tm l 1310nm c thi gian ti hp pht x v khng pht x ln lt l 30 v
100ns. Dng nui ca LED l 40mA. T biu thc (3.22) rt ra c thi gian sng
ca ht mang l
=

= 23,1

S dng biu thc (3.21) tnh c gi tr h s lng t ni bng

=

23,1
= 0,77
30

= 0,77

IT

Thay vo phng trnh (3.29) thu c cng sut bn trong LED l

.

( ,

)( ,

( ,

= 29,2 mW

Mt im cn ch l, khng phi tt c cc photon to ra bn trong LED

u i ra khi thit b to thnh cng sut quang pht x ra ngoi m mt phn

PT

nh cc photon b hp th ngay bn trong vng tch cc hoc ng dn sng ca

LED. xc nh chnh xc cng sut nh sng do LED pht x ra ngoi, h s
lng t ngoi
c thm vo. H s ny c nh ngha da vo s hp th
bn trong ca LED v phn x ton phn ti tip gip gia lp bn dn vng tch
cc v khng kh bn ngoi mt pht quang ca LED. Nh m t trong hnh 3.11,
ch nhng nh sng pht x trong phm vi gc c, vi c = sin-1(1/n) l gc ti hn
v n l chit sut ca vt liu bn dn vng tch cc, mi c th i ra khi b mt
ca LED v pht x ra ngoi. S hp th bn trong vng tch cc c th loi b
bng cch s dng LED cu trc d th kp c cc lp v bn ngoi vng tch cc
trong sut vi bc sng pht x. Khi , h s lng t ngoi c th biu din bi
=

( )(2

(3.30)

y ta gi thit rng nh sng pht x c phn b u theo mi hng trong phm

vi gc c 4. H s truyn qua Fresnel Tf ph thuc vo gc ti . Trong trng
hp gc ti thng gc (=0), (0) = 4 /( + 1) . Nu ta thay ( ) bi (0)
vo cng thc (3.30),

xp x bng

106

(3.31)

Qua cc tnh ton trn, ta thu c cng sut quang pht x t mt mt ca

LED nh sau
=

(3.32)

Nu nh ch s chit sut thng thng ca vt liu bn dn lm ngun

quang LED n = 3,5 th

=1,4%. Cc con s ny ch ra rng ch c mt phn nh

cng sut quang bn trong tr thnh cng sut u ra c ch. V cng sut ny b
suy hao tip na khi nh sng t ngun c ghp vo si. Do bn cht khng kt
hp ca nh sng pht x, LED c coi nh mt ngun Lambertian vi phn b
gc ( ) = cos vi S0 l cng nh sng ti hng =0. Hiu sut ghp vi

IT

ca ngun quang nh m t pha trn t l vi khu s NA hay (NA)2. Do NA

ca si quang thng nm trong khong 0,1 0,3 nn ch c vi phn trm ca
cng sut pht x ra ngoi c ghp vo si (100 W hay nh hn) cho d cng
sut pht x bn trong c th ln ti hn 10mW.

PT

Mt i lng c nh ngha cho php nh lng hiu nng ca LED

l h s lng t tng tot. N c tnh bng t s gia cng sut quang pht x Pe
v cng sut in t ln LED, Pelec= V0I, vi V0 l in p phn cc ca ngun
quang. T biu thc (3.32) rt ra c
=

( /

Thng thng,

nn

(3.33)
. H s lng t tng

, cn

c gi l h s chuyn i cng sut, chnh l i lng o hiu nng tng ca

thit b.
Mt i lng khc cng thng c s dng nh gi hiu nng ca
LED l h s p ng, c nh ngha bng t s

/ . Thay vo biu

thc (3.33) ta c
=

( / )

(3.34)

So snh biu thc (3.33) v (3.34) rt ra c

=
V . Gi tr thng
thng ca RLED l 0,01W/A. H s p ng s bng hng s nu nh Pe v I duy tr
c s ph thuc tuyn tnh. Trn thc t, s ph thuc tuyn tnh ny ch tn ti
trong mt khong gi tr dng nui nht nh.

107

PT

IT

Hnh 3.11 Gc pht x nh sng ca LED pht x mt

Hnh 3.12 a) c tuyn cng sut dng in ca LED ti cc nhit khc nhau.
b) Ph pht x ca LED ti bc sng 1,3 m (ng nt m l kt qu
ca tnh ton l thuyt)

i vi ngun quang LED c th xem nh cng sut quang pht x t l

tuyn tnh vi dng in nui. c tuyn P/I cn ph thuc vo nhit . Nhit
ca LED tng th cng sut gim do chuyn ng nhit hn n ti vng tip gip
lm gim hiu sut lng t ni.
b) c tnh ph ca LED
c tnh ph th hin s phn b mt cng sut pht ca LED theo bc
sng. iu ny l do ngun quang trong thng tin quang khng pht ra bc sng
108

n sc m l mt di bc sng xc nh. rng ph ngun quang c nh

ngha l khong bc sng do ngun quang pht ra m ti cng sut ng sng
bng 0,5 ln cng sut nh (hay gim 3 dB so vi cng sut nh). Bc sng c
cng sut pht x ln nht c gi l bc sng trung tm. Bc sng ny thay i
theo nhit do phn b mt in t trong cc vng nng lng thay i theo
nhit .
Hin tng tn ti rng ph ca ngun pht quang lm tng hin tng
tn sc khi nh sng lan truyn trong si. V th, vic ch to cc ngun quang c
rng ph hp v bc sng trung tm n nh lun l yu cu bc thit ca cc
nh nghin cu ngun quang. Nh bit, in t tn ti vng nng lng khc
nhau khi dch chuyn s pht x photon nh sng c nng lng ng bng s dch
chuyn nng lng . Tuy nhin, trong cht bn dn ch to ngun quang, do c

IT

nhiu mc nng lng tn ti mt vng nng lng nn cc in t khi chuyn t

cc cc mc nng lng Ej trong vng dn xung mc nng lng Ei trong vng
ho tr s to ra photon c bc sng khc nhau. Hn na, phn b mt in t
trong vng dn v vng ho tr khng u nhau, dn n cng sut pht quang ti

PT

cc bc sng khc nhau khng ging nhau nn ng bao ph ca ngun quang c

dng nh hnh 3.14.
Cc vt liu bn dn khc nhau c nng lng di cm khc nhau v rng
vng nng lng khc nhau. rng ph v bc sng hot ng ca LED ph
thuc vo loi vt liu ch to ngun quang. nh sng c bc sng 1,3 m do
LED ch to bng bn dn InGaAsP c rng ph t 50-60nm. Trong khi, LED
c ch to bng bn dn GaAs c bc sng trung tm l=850nm pht ra nh
sng c rng ph hp hn 1,7 ln so vi LED ch to bng bn dn InGaAsP.
E
Vung dan
(Conduction band)
l1

l2

l3

l4

Vung hoa tr
(Valence band)

109

Hnh 3.13 Ngun quang bn dn pht ra nh sng trong mt khong bc sng

Cng sut
chun ha
1

0.5

Dl

lp

l(nm)

Hnh 3.14 c tnh ph ca LED

IT

3.3 Laser laser bn dn (LD)

i vi h thng thng tin si quang yu cu dung lng truyn dn ln th

PT

ngun quang LD bn dn li l s la chn ti u hn so vi LED. Laser diode LD

thng c thi gian p ng nh hn 1ns, rng ph hp v pht nh sng kt hp
nn rt ph hp khi ghp ni vo cc si quang c kch thc li nh. Tuy nhin,
cng sut pht quang ca LD li nh hn nhiu so vi cng sut pht ca LED.
Hot ng ca laser da trn ba qu trnh c bn l hp th, pht x t
pht v pht x kch thch. iu kin cn bng nhit, mt in t trng thi
kch thch l rt nh. Hu ht photon i vo h thng u b hp th, v th hu nh
khng c hin tng pht x kch thch. Pht x kch thch ch vt qu c hin
tng hp th khi m nng in t ti trng thi kch thch rt ln hn so vi
nng in t trng thi nn, y chnh l hin tng o mt tch ly. V
y khng phi l iu kin cn bng nn hin tng o mt c thc hin
nh k thut bm. Trong laser bn dn, o mt c tin hnh bng cch phun
cc in t v trong vt liu ti tip im thit b lp cc trng thi nng lng
thp hn ca vng dn.

3.3.1 Cu to c bn ca ngun laser bn dn

Cu trc c bn ca LD gm nhiu lp bn dn khng ng nht to
thnh cu trc d th kp, thng c cu to di dng khoang cng hng Fabry
110

 Perot nh trong hnh 3.15 di y. Khoang l mt hnh hp ch nht su mt c

kh nng giam hm photon v cc ht ti in. Khoang cng hng c kch thc
rt nh, di xp x t 250 n 500 m, rng t 5 n 15 m v dy t 0,1 n 0,2
m. Cc kch thc ny ln lt c gi l kch thc dc, bn v ngang ca
khoang cng hng. Hai tip gip d th kp nm pha di v pha trn lp hot
tnh v chit sut ca hai lp hn ch nh hn ln chit sut lp hot tnh to ra
kh nng giam hm photon v ht ti in theo chiu ngang. b sung kh nng
giam hm ca hai mt bn th cnh hc c ct nhm. Cn ti hai cnh theo chiu
dc ca khoang s t hai gng c mt phn x quay vo nhau vy ly khoang
cng hng. Hai gng ny c phn x rt cao, ln ti 99% lm gim rng
ph.

IT

u hc quang c mi
nhn to thnh gng
Chiu ngang
0,10,2 m

PT

Lp phn x
in mi

Cnh hc
c ct rp

3050 ()

Chiu di 250500 m

Cnh bn
515 m

Cc lp giam quang v
ht mang

510 ()

nh sng c
ghp vo si

Hnh 3.15 Cu to khoang cng hng Fabry Perot

V c bn, cu to ca hu ht cc laser diode u c cu trc d th kp

c phn cc thun. Tuy nhin, im khc trong cu to ca laser so vi LED
l tn ti khoang cng hng Fabry Perot vng hot tnh. S khc bit ny l do
nguyn l pht x ca LED ch yu da trn hin tng pht x t pht trong khi
pht x ch yu trong laser l pht x kch thch. Khi bt u c dng i qua laser,
lc ny gi tr dng bm nh nn ch yu kch thch cc in t nhy t vng ha
tr sng vng dn, bt u gy nn hin tng o mt . Ti thi im ny, laser
hot ng nh mt LED. Khi dng bm vo tip tc tng ln, nhiu ht ti c
a vo vng tch cc, cung cp cho bung cng hng mt s lng photon ln
v s photon ny b gi li trong bung cng hng, cha kp pht x ra khi laser.
111

Chng phn x qua li hai thnh ca bung cng hng (chnh l hai gng phn
x) nh hnh 3.16, va chm vi cc nguyn t bn dn lm tng mt ht ti
nhanh chng v gy nn hin tng o mt tch ly. Qu trnh pht x kch
thch xy ra v chim u th hn qu trnh pht x t pht, tn hiu quang pht x
tng mnh v c s ng nht v pha. V th, laser pht x nh sng c m nh
nhng tnh nh hng cao.
Hc cng hng lc ny hot ng nh mt b dao ng hn l mt b
khuch i do qu trnh hi tip dng xy ra khi sng nh sng phn x qua li
gia hai mt phn x t hai u hc cng hng. Khi tn hiu quang c phn
x nhiu ln, khuch i quang xy ra trong hc cng hng.

IT

Dng bm

PT

Vng tch cc

B mt phn x

R1

R2

Mi trng
khuch i

Gng phn x
z=0

z=L

Hnh 3.16 M t khoang cng hng Fabry Perot

qu trnh kch thch chim u th hn so vi qu trnh pht x t pht th

trc ht ta phi c iu kin xy ra trng thi o mt . Theo hnh 3.11 th
mt ht cng nhiu th chnh lch E cng ln. V vi mi mt gi tr mt
ph cng sut khc nhau th mt h s khuch i khc nhau.
112

g(cm-1)
+
Efc- Efv
0

E
N=1,6.1018

Eg
N=1,4.1018

N=1.1018

N=1,2.1018

Hnh 3.17 S ph thuc ca h s khuch i vo mt

E(z+2L)=E0.

R1 R2

IT

Gi phn x ca hai gng trong hp cng hng l R1 v R2. Chiu di

hp cng hng (hay lp tch cc) l L ta c bin tn hiu quang sau mt l trnh
(i v phn x v) l:
exp(g.L)exp(-intL)exp(2ikL)

(3.35)

PT

vi int l suy hao trong hp.

sau mt l trnh bin tn hiu c khuch i hn th E(z+2L)E(z),

v iu kin ngng l khi du bng xy ra.
V bin : iu kin ngng l khi E(z+2L)=E(z), phi tha mn:
Bin sau mi l trnh phi tng ln
Pha ca tn hiu sau mi l trnh l khng i.

T ta c:

R1 R2 exp[(g-int)L] 1. Du bng xy ra ta c:

1
1
ln
gth = itn + 2 L R1 R2 = int + mir = cav

(3.36)

Nh vy h s khuch i ti hn l gi tr ph thuc vo suy hao lp tch

cc, suy hao ca gng gi chung l suy hao tng ca hp cng hng.
V pha: iu kin v pha khng i nn ta c: exp(i2kL)=1 2kL= 2m .

113

M k = l

2f
m.c
= c nn ta c tn s pht x mode th m : fm = 2nL vi m

Z.
T ta c khong cch cc mode pht x l
c
f =fm+1 fm= 2nL

(3.37)

Hnh 3.12 m t khong cch gia cc mode pht x. Trong cc mode ln

hn mc suy hao th mi pht x ra ngoi.

g
Suy hao
Khuch i

IT

f()

Cc mode pht x

PT

Hnh 3.18 c tnh suy hao v khuch i ca laser

cung cp kh nng giam hm photon ca hai mt bn c th s dng mt

s cc cu trc laser khc nhau. l laser dn sng khuch i, laser dn sng
chit sut yu v laser dn sng chit sut mnh.
Laser dn sng khuch i c cu trc giam hm dng theo chiu ngang.
Laser cu trc d th kp s dng lp oxit nh hnh 3.19 a). Lp tip xc P trn
cng l li vo ca dng in. Lp oxit c tc dng hng lung vo khe hp. Hnh
3.19 b) m t laser c s dng km khuch tn vo vt liu n to ra di tip xc P
nhm hn ch s phn tn ca lun dng theo chiu ngang. Min c lung dng ln
li c chit sut thp nn kh nng giam hm photon ca hai mt bn theo chiu
ngang ca laser ny l rt yu, dn n hu ht l cc mode ngang.

114

Hnh 3.19 Cu trc c bn ca laser dn sng khuch i

Laser dn sng chit sut yu to ra kh nng giam hm photon tt hn

nh to ra s chnh lch chit sut ca hai mt bn theo chiu ngang. Cu trc ca
loi laser c ng dn sng P-InP t pha trn lp hot tnh nn gi l loi ng dn

PT

IT

sng chp. Nu ng dn sng t di gi lp hot tnh gi l laser ng dn sng

gi.

Hnh 3.20 Mt ct ngang ca laser diode dn sng chit sut yu

Thay th cu trc ng dn sng laser trong laser dn sng chit sut yu

bng cu trc vt l hai bn lp hot tnh, nhm to ra s thay i chit sut khong
0,2. Hai mt bn theo chiu ngang l hai lp tip gip d th (c tt c bn d th)
giam hm c photon v cc ht ti in. Nh kh nng giam hm tt nn dng
ngng ca loi laser ny thng nh nht.

115

Hnh 3.21 Mt ct ngang ca laser dn sng chit sut mnh

3.3.2 c tnh ca LD

IT

a) Phng trnh tc ca LD
Phng trnh tc m t mi quan h gia s cc photon v cc ht ti

PT

trong khoang cng hng. S thay i theo thi gian ca nng in t Nc v

nng photon Nph trong laser c biu din bi h cc phng trnh tc nh
sau:
dN c
N
I

c GN ph
dt
qV c
dN ph
dt

GN ph Rsp

(3.38)

N ph

ph

(3.39)

Trong , I l cng trng quang, q = 1,6.10-19 C l in tch in t, V

l th tch vng tch cc,c l thi gian sng ca ht ti, ph l thi gian sng ca
photon, Rsp=G.sp l tc pht x t pht, G l hng s biu din cho kh nng
pht x kch thch trong laser.
Phng trnh 3.38 m t tc in t c to ra v mt i trong vng tch
cc. Kh nng pht x kch thch trong laser, hay li khuch i trong laser ph
thuc vo loi bn dn, mt in t v photon trong vng tch cc. Biu biu
thc I/eV cho thy nng in t tng khi cng nhiu in t do dng in cung
cp vo c bm vng tch cc. Trong khi, biu thc Nc/c m t tc gim nng
in t do qu trnh ti hp in t v l trng xy ra do hin tng pht x t

116

pht. Biu thc G.Nph m t cho hin tng pht x kch thch vi G l tc pht
x kch thch hay chnh l h s khuch i ca khoang cng hng trong laser.
G = .vg.gm

(3.40)

vi l h s giam, vg l vn tc nhm v gm l h s khuch i ca vt

liu ti bc sng cng hng ca laser.
Phng trnh 3.39 cho thy nng photon trong vng tch cc s tng nu
qu trnh pht x kch thch v pht x t pht tng th hin qua hai biu thc G.Nph
v Rsp. Trong khi , nng photon gim do s hp th xy ra trong vng tch cc
v do nh sng pht x ra ngoi laser. Qu trnh ny biu din bi biu thc Nph/ph
vi ph l thi gian sng ca photon tc l thi gian tn ti ca photon trong vng
tch cc.

IT

Vi phng trnh tc , nhiu tnh cht v p ng ca laser theo thi gian

c th c xc nh. Bng cch thay i cc gi tr ca dNc/dt v dNph/dt trong h
phng trnh 3.38 v 3.39 ta c c tnh cht ca laser trng thi tnh (steadystate) v trng thi ng (dynamic-state) khi dng in kch thch thay i theo
thi gian.

PT

b) iu kin ngng LD

Trong qu trnh pht x kch thch, cng sut ca mt s photon khng i ra

khi c khoang cng hng m b dp tt ngay bn trong khoang do h s suy
hao ca khoang. V th m bo c photon nh sng pht ra ngoi khoang cng
hng th li khuch i phi b li c vi h s suy hao trong khoang, tc l
hin tng pht x kch thch xy ra phi ln. y chnh l iu kin ngng ca
laser. m bo c iu ny laser phi c bm ti thiu mt mc nht
nh. Gi tr dng bm cn thit t c ngng laser c gi l dng
ngng.
iu kin cn thit pht tia laser l phi t c s nghch o tch ly.
iu kin ny c th c gii thch khi xem xt mi quan h c bn gia cng
trng quang I, h s hp th v h s khuch i g trong khoang Fabry Perot.
Cng bc x ti mt nng lng photon h thay i theo qui lut hm m vi
khong cch z m n i qua dc theo khoang pht tia laser tng ng.

I z I 0 exp g h a h z

(3.41)

117

vi a h s hp th ca vt liu, l h s giam quang (phn cng sut

quang trong lp tch cc).
Do c s phn x qua li gia hai gng ca khoang cng hng, iu kin
cng hng xy ra v lm khuch i mt s mode quang, trong khi dp tt mt s
mode khc. Khi c khuch i xy ra, mt s mode quang c nng lng i vng
xung quanh khoang, tc l lan truyn qua khong cch 2L. Biu thc trng quang
ca cc mode ny nh sau:

I 2 L I 0 R1R 2exp g h a h 2 L

(3.42)

vi L l chiu di khoang cng hng, R1, R2 ln lng l h s phn x ca

hai gng trong khoang Fabry Perot.
Ti ngng pht laser, s dao ng trng thi bn vng s to ra bin v

I(2L) = I (0)
e j 2 L 1

IT

pha ca sng quay v phi bng bin v pha ca sng gc, tc l

(3.43)

(3.44)

PT

Phng trnh 3.43 cho bit iu kin tin ti h s khuch i ngng

pht laser gth l im m ti c khuch i g ln hn hoc bng tng suy hao
t trong khoang cng hng.

gth a t a

1 1
ln

2 L R1 R2

(3.45)

Dng ngng Ith thng thng c xc nh bng phng php ngoi suy
vng pht x laser theo ng cng cng sut ph thuc vo dng iu khin. Khi
dng iu khin nh hn dng ngng, ch c pht x t pht. Ti ngng pht
laser s xy ra s tng cng sut quang t ngt do pht x kch thch chim a s.
c) c tnh ca LD
Trng thi tnh ca laser c xc nh khi nng in t v nng
photon trong lp tch cc khng thay i theo thi gian dNc/dt=0 v dNph/dt=0.
Bng cch ny, ta c th xc nh c iu kin ngng (dng ngng Ith) v mi
quan h gia dng n kch thch I v cng sut pht quang ca laser khi I > Ith.
Ti trng thi ngung, ta c dNc/dt=0 v dNph/dt=0, I=Ith, nng in t t gi
tr ngng Nc=Nth, nng photon xp x 0 do ch tn ti pht x t pht rt nh
Nph0. H phng trnh tc c th c vit li nh sau:
118

Ith/(qV) = Nth/sp

(3.46)

Khi bt u c pht x laser, Nph 0, nhng Rsp0

G.Nph =Nph/p

(3.47)

Da vo cc phng trnh c, gi tr dng in ngng c th xc nh

c nh sau
I th Nth 1
1

NT

qV c c
GN p

(3.48)

Trng thi ng ca laser xy ra khi dng in kch thch thay i theo thi
gian. Hot ng ca laser khi iu ch tn hiu nh (dng in kch thch nm trong

IT

khong tuyn tnh ca c tuyn P-I ca laser) l trng hp laser hot ng trng
thi ny. Khi , nng in t v nng photon trong vng tch cc c biu
din di dng:
Nc = Nc0 + dcn(t)

(3.49)

Nph = Nph0 + dnph (t)

(3.50)

PT

vi Nc0 v Nph0 l nng in t v nng photon trng thi tnh, dnc(t)

v dnph(t) c to ra khi iu ch dng in kch thch.
Khi , phng trnh tc tr thnh phng trnh vi phn bc hai biu din
dao ng tt dn ca dnc(t) v dnph(t). Nh vy, c th thy tn ti mt khong thi
gian tr trc khi laser bt u pht x nh sng sau khi xung iu ch c thc
hin. V dao ng tt dn ny ko di n khi nng photon t trng thi n
nh.
Hin tng thi gian tr v dao ng tt dn trn l khng th trnh khi i
vi laser nhng c th c hn ch bng cch dng dng phn cc DC, Ib. Thi
gian tr td oc xc nh bng cng thc sau:
td = .ln[Ip/(Ip+Ib-Ith)]

(3.51)

Vi l thi gian sng ca in t, Ip l cng dng in iu ch.

3.3.3 Cc ngun LD n mode

a) Laser DFB
119

Cu trc ca laser DFB c biu din trn hnh 3.22. Qu trnh cng hng
v chn lc tn s xy ra trong laser DFB c thc hin nh cu trc cch t
Bragg t bn cnh, dc theo vng tch cc ca laser. Sng nh snh pht x trong
laser lan truyn dc theo vng tch cc v phn x ti mi on dc ca cch t.
iu kin s phn x v cng hng c th xy ra l bc sng nh sng phi
tha iu kin Bragg:
lB = 2..neff

(3.52)

Trong , l chu k ca cch t Bragg, neff = n.sinq vi n l chit sut ca

cch t, q l gc phn x ca nh sng.
Cc photon nh sng do hin tng pht x kch thch to ra trong vng tch
cc phn x nhiu ln ti cch t (khc vi laser Fabry Perot ch phn x ti hai

IT

mt phn x ca hc cng hng). Ti mi on dc ca cch t, mt phn nng

lng nh sng b phn x. Tng hp nng lng nh sng phn x ti mi on
cch t ny trong laser lm cho phn ln nh sng trong laser c phn x c bc
sng tha iu kin Bragg. Kt qu l, laser DFB ch pht x ra nh sng c bc
sng lB tha iu kin Bragg trong khi laser Fabry Perot c nhiu bc sng nh

PT

sng tha iu kin phn x trong khoang cng hng. V vy, DFB laser ch pht
ra mt mode sng c rng ph rt hp so vi laser Fabry Perot. Vi c im
nh vy, laser DFB v ang c s dng trong cc h thng thng tin quang c
c ly truyn dn di v tc bit truyn cao.
iu khin hc cng hng

Phn phn x Bragg

Vng hot tnh

Hnh 3.22 Cu trc ca laser DFB

b) Laser DBR
Cu to ca laser DBR cng ng dng cu trc cch t Bragg nh laser
DFB. Tuy nhin, trong laser DBR, cch t Bragg khng c t bn cnh, dc
theo lp tch cc nh laser DFB. Thay vo , cch t Bragg c t hai u
120

vng tch cc, ng vai tr nh gng phn x ca hc cng hng nh trong laser
Fabry Perot. Nh vy, trong laser DBR cng ch c mt bc sng tha iu
Bragg mi c th phn x li v cng hng trong vng tch cc thay v nhiu bc
sng nh laser Fabry Perot. Kt qu l, ph ca laser DBR ch c mt mode sng
vi rng ph hp.
iu khin hc

iu khin

cng hng

tn s

Vng hot tnh

Phn phn x

IT

Hng dc

Hnh 3-23 Cu trc ca laser DBR

c) Laser quang si

PT

Laser quang si l loi laser c cu to trc tip trn si quang, tc l

khoang cng hng ca laser chnh l si quang c pha tp thm cc nguyn t
t him nh Erbium, ytterbium, neodymium, dyspromium, praseodysium,
praseodymium v thulium. Loi laser ny tng i ging vi khuch i quang si
pha tp Erbium. Cc hiu ng phi tuyn xy ra trong si cng cung cp khuch
i cho laser.
Laser quang si hin ang c ng dng rng ri khng ch trong vin
thng m cn nhiu lnh vc khc nh x l vt liu, y hc, Laser quang si c
cng sut ln, cht lng cao v linh hot trong vic ghp vo si.

Hnh 3.24 M hnh laser quang si

d) Laser kh chnh bc sng

121

Laser kh chnh bc sng l loi laser cho php thay i bc sng u ra

di s iu khin bn ngoi. Mt vi loi cho php iu chnh lin tc mt dy
bc sng. Loi laser ny c nhiu ng dng trong quang ph, quang ha hay vin
thng.
Nh ta bit trong h thng WDM th ngun quang laser l mt trong cc
thnh phn quan trng nht v n c nhng quy nh rt nghim ngt, c bit l v
bc sng pht. Khi s dng laser kh chnh bc sng ta c th s dng mt laser
duy nht thay th cho nhiu laser v c th iu chnh thay i c bc sng
u ra.
C ba phng php to ra ngun quang iu hng cho h thng
WDM l iu hng dng in, iu hng nhit v iu hng c hc. C ba
phng php u thay i di ng dn ca hc quang v cho php tia laser
pht ra nhng bc sng ring nh mong mun.

IT

iu hng dng: Dng in nui c s dng lm ngun iu hng.

PT

Trong trng hp ny, c cu iu hng phi hp nht gia s la chn

bc sng, tng ch. Nhng iu chnh phi i hi c trnh din v
iu khin bc sng nh sng pht ra. Tuy nhin, phng php iu hng
dng in to ra mt ng cong iu hng c dng bc thang m s lm
gii hn s linh hot ca laser.

iu hng nhit: Khi ta thay i nhit ca hc cng hng ca laser s

tc ng n di hc. Mt s nh sn xut dng iu hng nhit t
c nhng ng cong iu hng lin tc v rt chnh xc. Tuy nhin, s
iu hng theo nhit lm gim thi gian sng ca mt ngun laser. Hn
na, nhng ngun laser iu hng s dng phng php ny c phm vi
iu hng gii hn. Mt vi ngun sng c iu hng nhit c th chm
phn ng nn chng khng thch hp vi nhng ng dng yu cu tc
iu hng nh hn 1ms.
iu hng c hc: Vi mt laser c iu hng theo phng php c
hc, bc sng c iu chnh nh vic di chuyn vt l mt cch t nhiu
x hay mt gng phn x. Phng php ny cn cung cp ng cong iu
hng lin tc v chnh xc. Mc d nhng ngun laser kh chnh da trn
nhng thit k v hc bn ngoi c s dng trong nhiu nm, nhng
chng c kch thc ln v gi thnh t. Nhng nghin cu quan trng mi
y theo phng php tip cn ny s dng chuyn ng da vo MEMS
122

ca mt gng hc quang c tch hp vo mt ngun laser s t tn km

v n gin hn.
Cc laser n mode DBR v DFB s dng phng php iu hng dng
thay i bc sng. Hnh 3.25 di y m t mt laser kh chnh bc sng s
dng phng php iu hng c hc.

Mng AR
LD
chnh th

tn hiu

Tng ch

chnh tinh

IT

Thu knh

Chn bc sng

PT

Hnh 3.25 Laser bn dn c iu chnh ngoi khoang cng hng

3.4 iu bin ngun quang

Vic iu bin tn hiu quang theo thng tin d liu c th c thc hin
nh iu bin trc tip v iu bin ngoi. iu bin trc tip c thc hin bng
cch iu ch thng tin d liu trc tip ln dng nui cho ngun quang nh th
ngun quang s pht x nh sng theo thng tin d liu. Trong trng hp iu bin
ngoi th ngun quang pht nh sng lin tc, thng tin c iu ch nh mt b
giao thoa k nm bn ngoi. B giao thoa k ph bin c s dng trong cc h
thng thng tin quang l giao thoa k Mach Zender. Trong b pht tn hiu
quang, ngoi ngun quang cn c cc thnh phn khc nh mch kch thch cung
cp nng lng in cho ngun quang v cc b giao thoa k, mch hi tip, mch
n nh nhit, n nh cng sut,

123

3.5 Mt s vn trong thit k b pht quang

3.5.1 Ghp ni ngun - si quang
Cng sut c ghp vo si cng ln th kh nng truyn dn cng xa. Tuy
nhin, li si rt nh nn vic ghp ni ngun v si phi c cc phng php
gip kh nng ghp ni c tt hn. trnh c hin tng phn x nh sng
ti min ghp ni gia ngun v si quang c th s dng c h s chit sut bng
chit sut ca li si. Mt cch khc, u li si quang c th c mi thnh mt
thu knh li hng cc tia sng vo li si hoc s dng mt thu knh li ring
ti im ghp ni ngun v si quang. Hnh 3.26 m t mt s cch thc ghp ni

PT

IT

ngun quang v si cho LED. i vi laser, do ngun sng hp nn c th s dng

vi thu knh ghp nh sng thay v s dng thu knh thng thng.

Hnh 3.26 Mt s cch ghp ni gia ngun v si quang cho LED

124

IT

Hnh 3.27 Ghp ni LD vo si s dng vi thu knh

3.5.2 Mch kch thch ngun quang

PT

Trong h thng thng tin si quang, b pht quang thc hin pht tn hiu
quang mang thng tin t ni pht n ni thu. iu ch tn hiu quang ti b
pht phi c mch iu bin cng . Ty vo kiu tn hiu l tng t hay tn
hiu s, mch pht iu bin cng phi c nhng c im khc nhau nht
nh.
a) Mch pht s dng LED

i vi tn hiu tng t, mch pht iu bin cng thng s dng

transistor lng cc. LED kt ni vi cc gp hoc cc pht thng qua mt in tr
hn ch dng. Tn hiu in iu bin c a vo cc gc cu transistor. Gi
thit, dng iu bin c dng:
i(t) = Ib + Im.cost

(3.53)

vi m = Im/Ib l su iu bin in
Theo s mch hnh 3.28, dng qua cc gc c dng
Ib

R1

Trong

(V1 V0 )
R1 (1 ) Re

(3.54)

Ra Rb
Ra
V1
Vdc
Ra Rb v
Ra Rb
. Khi , in p trn LED c dng:
125

Vdc ic Re vCE vd

(3.55)

V cng sut quang thu c trn LED s l

P(t) = Pb + Pm.cos t

(3.60)

vi m=Pm/Pb l su iu bin quang

IT

Hnh 3.28 Mch kch thch s dng LED cho tn hiu tng t

i vi mch kch thch s dng LED cho tn hiu s khng cn s dng cc

PT

in tr phn cc cho transistor lng cc. V tn hiu s, tc sn xung thay

i nhanh nn cn s dng thm t C tng tc iu bin.

Hnh 3.29 Mch kch thch s dng LED cho tn hiu s

b) Mch pht s dng LD

Mt mch pht quang iu bin cng c biu din trn hnh 3.29.
Mch pht quang ny l s kt hp ca mch iu khin hnh 3.30 v mch iu
ch tn hiu hnh 3.31. Hot ng ca mch pht quang iu bin cng c th
c phn tch da trn hot ng ca mch iu khin v mch iu ch tn hiu.
126

PT

IT

Hnh 3.29 Mch pht quang s dng LD in hnh

Hnh 3.30 Mch kch thch

127

Hnh 3.31. Mch iu ch tn hiu

Mch kch thch c chc nng bin i ngun in p t b bin i d liu

v dng dng in cung cp dng phn cc cho laser. Chc nng ny l cn thit v
ngun in cung cp cho laser di dng in p hn l dng in. Dng phn cc
cho laser c to ra cn phi rt n nh vi dng in ngng c th truyn tn
hiu d liu khng b li. Do vy, dng phn cc cn c iu khin bi tn hiu
hi tip t cm ng nhit.
Trong mch kch thch hnh 3.30, in p iu khin, Vbias+, l in p u
vo ca opamp. Dng in chy qua in tr R ch ph thuc vo in p u vo
m khng ph thuc vo in tr ti, trong trng hp ny l laser diode. Do ,
bng cch thay i Vbias, ngi ta c th iu khin c dng phn cc Ibias.

IT

Khi nhit thay i, vic n nh cng sut quang u ra ca laser diode

c thc hin bi tn hiu hi tip t photodiode PD. PD ny thu nh sng t laser

PT

pht ra v to ra dng quang in t l vi cng sut pht quang ca laser. V vy,

khi cng sut quang u ra thay i, do s thay i ca nhit , dng quang in
s thay i lm cho dng in phn cc Ibias cng thay i theo b li nhng thay
i trong trong cng sut quang quang ca laser.
Qu trnh iu ch tn hiu trong mch pht iu bin cng c thc
hin bng cch thay i dng in kch thch t mc phn cc n mc cao nht.
Mch iu ch tn hiu c biu din trn hnh 3.31. Trong , qu trnh iu ch
c iu khin bi dng phn cc qua laser. Chc nng chnh ca mch l cung
cp dng phn cc cc i cho laser.
Trong mch iu ch, d liu pht c a vo cc gc transistor Q1, cc
B transistor Q2 c c nh bi ngun phn cc VBB. Khi tn hiu u vo ln
hn VBB, Q1 dn, Q2 tt, dng qua LD gim lm LD ngng pht sng. Ngc li,
khi tn hiu u vo nh hn VBB, Q1 tt, Q2 dn, dng qua LD tng lm LD pht
sng.
Q3 ng vai tr cung cp ngun dng n nh cho mch vi sai Q1 v Q2. Q4
kt hp vi mch hi tip dng khuch i thut ton (Op-Amp) n nh dng qua
LD di tc ng ca nhit cng nh cung cp tn hiu cho vic gim st nhit
lm vic ca LD phc v cng vic cnh bo v bo dng cho b pht quang.

128

Trong kiu iu ch trn, tn hiu iu ch c thc hin bng cch thay

i dng in kch thch chy qua laser. Kiu iu ch ny c gi l iu ch ni
hay iu ch trc tip. u im ca kiu iu ch ny l n gin. Tuy nhin, hn
ch ca k thut iu ch ny l bng thng iu ch b gii hn bi tn s dao ng
tt dn ca laser diode v hin tng chirp xy ra i vi tn hiu quang tng
rng ph ca xung nh sng. Hin tng ny xy ra i vi laser DFB v v vy l
yu t hn ch nghim trng i vi cc h thng truyn dn quang tc cao (ch
yu s dng laser DFB lm ngun quang). Hn na, k thut iu ch ny cng
khng p dng c trong cc h thng thng tin quang i hi cng sut pht
quang ln (>30mW) nh cc mng truyn dn c ly xa hay mng truyn hnh cp v
vic ch to cc mch pht quang iu ch trc tip hot ng n nh khi iu ch
tc cao vi dng in kch thch ln (>100mA) tr nn phc tp v kh khn

IT

hn nhiu. Nhng hn ch trn c th c khc phc c khi s dng k thut

iu ch ngoi.

3.5.3 n nh ngun quang

PT

Khc vi LED, cc mch kch thch cho LD phi s dng mch vng iu
khin n nh cng sut quang do laser rt nhy vi s thay i nhit . Nhit
cng tng, th cng sut pht quang ca laser cng gim.

Hnh 3-32 M-un laser c h thng n nh nhit

129

Chng 4 B thu quang

Vai tr ca b thu quang l bin i tn hiu quang tr li thnh tn hiu in

v khi phc li dng tn hiu ban u (dng tn hiu trc khi c a vo h
thng thng tin quang). Thnh phn chnh ca b thu l diode thu quang, thnh
phn ny c nhim v bin i tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in thng qua cc hiu
ng quang in. Cc yu cu i vi diode thu quang cng tng t nh yu cu

IT

i vi ngun quang, c th: nhy cao, tc p ng nhanh, nhiu thp, gi

thnh r, tin cy cao, kch thc ph hp vi li si quang. Cc diode thu quang
c lm t vt liu bn dn hon ton c th p ng c cc yu cu ny.

4.1 MT S KHI NIM C BN

PT

Qu trnh thu quang c thc hin da trn hin tng hp th nh sng ca

vt liu ch to diode thu quang. Trong phn ny s gii thiu cc khi nim c bn
lin quan n b thu nh p ng, hiu sut lng t v bng tn ca b thu quang.

4.1.1 p ng ca b thu

Xem xt mt tm bn dn nh trn hnh 4.1. Khi chiu nh sng vo tm bn

dn ny, nu nng lng ca photon n (E=hn) ln hn nng lng vng cm ca
bn dn, photon khi b hp th s to ra mt cp in t - l trng. Di tc ng
ca in trng ngoi t vo tm bn dn, cc in t v l trng ny s dch
chuyn qua tm bn dn i ra mch ngoi v to thnh dng in, gi l dng photo
(Ip). Dng photo to ra t l thun vi cng sut quang n Pin:
=

(4.1)

R l p ng ca diode thu quang (n v l A/W)

130

Hnh 4-1 Minh ha nguyn tc thu quang

4.1.2Hiu sut lng t

Hiu sut lng t () ca b thu c nh ngha nh sau:

IT

(4.2)

T (4.1) v (4.2) ta c cng thc tnh R nh sau:

(4.3)

PT

Vi l=c/n c tnh theo n v m.

T cng thc (4.3) c th thy rng, p ng ca diode thu quang tng theo
bc sng. Tuy nhin s tng ny khng phi l khng c gii hn v khi bc sng
tng n mt mc no , nng lng ca photon s nh hn nng lng vng cm
ca cht bn dn (hn<Eg), lm cho hiu sut lng t s gim v 0.
S ph thuc ca vo l c th hin qua h s hp th a. Nu gi thit
cc mt ca tm bn dn trn hnh 4.1 c ph lp chng phn x th ta c cng
sut nh sng truyn qua tm bn dn c b dy W nh sau:
= exp (

(4.4)

Khi , cng sut b hp th bi tm bn dn s c tnh theo cng thc sau:

=

= [1 exp (

)]

(4.5)

V mi photon b hp th s to ra mt cp in t - l trng nn hiu sut lng t

s c tnh theo cng thc di y:

131

= 1 exp (

(4.6)

C th thy l=0 khi a=0. Mt khc, tin n 1 khi aW>>1.

Trn hnh 4.2 th hin s ph thuc ca h s hp th vo bc sng ca mt
s loi vt liu bn dn hay c s dng lm cc diode thu quang trong cc h
thng thng tin quang. Bc sng lc ti a bng 0 c gi l bc sng ct v
vt liu ch c th s dng ch to cc diode thu quang khi bc sng ca nh
sng n b thu l<lc. Hu ht cc vt liu bn dn u c h s hp th ln

PT

IT

(a104cm-1) v c th tin n 100% khi W10m.

Hnh 4-2 S ph thuc ca h s hp th vo bc sng

ca mt s loi vt liu bn dn

4.1.3 rng bng tn ngun thu

4.1.3.a Thi gian p ng
Bng tn ca b thu c xc nh bi tc m ti photodide p ng
vi s thay i ca cng sut quang n. Bng tn ny lin quan n thi gian p
ng ca b thu. Thi gian p ng ca b thu (bao gm photodiode cng vi mch
in u ra ca n) ph thuc ch yu vo cc yu t sau: 1- Thi gian cc ht
132

mang photo (in t v l trng)dch chuyn ra mch ngoi, cn c gi l thi

gian chuyn tip tr (bao gm thi gian dch chuyn trong vng tri v thi gian
khuch tn ca cc ht mang photo c to ra bn ngoi vng tri) , 2- Hng s
thi gian RC ca photodiode v cc mch in c lin quan trong b thuRC
Cc tham s c lin quan ca photodiode i vi cc tham s ny bao gm
h s hp th a s , rng vng tri w, cc in dung tip gip v in dung ng v
photodiode, in dung b khuch i din, in tr ti b tch sng, in tr u
vo b khuch i, in tr ni tip ca photodiode. Trong cc b tch sng thc t,
in tr ni tip thng rt nh v c th b qua khi so vi in tr ti v in tr
u vo b khuch i.
Trc ht ta hy xem xt thi gian dch chuyn ca cc ht mang photo trong
vng tri. y l thi gian cn thit cc htmang photo i ngang qua vng tri.

IT

Thi gian chuyn dch ny ph thuc vo vn tc tri ht mang v rng vng

tri. Nu chng ta gi thi gian chuyn dch l Tt, vn tc tri ht mang l Vd v
rng vng tri l w th ta c:
Tt

w
Vd

(4.7)

PT

Trong thc t, trng in trong vng tri nhn chung l ln cc ht

mang t c vn tc gii hn tn x ca chng. i vi Si, tc ln nht ca
cc in t l 8,4 x 106 cm/s khi cng trng mc 2 x 104 V/cm. Photodiode
Silic tc cao c rng vng tri in hnh l 10 m nn c gii hn thi gian
p ng vo khong 0,1 ns.

Qu trnh khuch tn l chm so vi s tri ca cc ht mang trong vng c

trng in cao. V vy, c photodiode tc cao, cc ht mang photo cn
phi c pht ra vng tri hoc gn vi vng ny gim thiu thi gian khuch
tn ca ht mang. Ta c th thy c nh hng ca thi gian khuch tn lnkhi
xem xt thi gian p ng photodiode. Thi gian p ng photodiode c m t
bng thi gian ln v xung ca tn hiu ti u ra b tch sng khi b tch sng
tip nhn mt xung tn hiu quang c dng nhy bc ti u vo. Trong hnh 4.3,
thi gian ln Tr c nh ngha l thi gian gi tr dng photo tng t 10% n
90% gi tr cui cng ca n (sn ln) khi cng sut quang n b thu tng mt
cch t ngt, thi gian xung Tf thng c xc nh l thi gian gi tr dng
photo gim t gi tr im 90% n 10% sn sau (sn xung) ca xung u ra.
Vi in p phn cc ln, thi gian ln v thi gian xung c th coi l bng
133

nhau. R rng, gi tr ca Tr s ph thuc vo thi gian cc in t v l trng dch

chuyn v hai in cc. Ngoi ra, Tr cn ph thuc vo tc ca mch in x l
dng photo.

Hnh 4.3 Thi gian ln v thi gian xung ti u ra ca photodiode khi cng sut
quang n u thu thay i t ngt

1 exp

PT

( )=

IT

Xt mt mch in tuyn tnh RC. Thi gian ln Tr ca mch RC cng c nh

ngha l thi gian m p ng ca mch tng t 10 n 90% gi tr u ra cui cng
ca n khi u vo thay i mt cch t ngt (theo hm nhy bc). Khi in p u
vo ca mch RC tng tc th t 0 ln V0, in p u ra s thay i nh sau:
(4.8)

Vi R l in tr v C l in dung ca mch RC. Nh vy, thi gian ln Tr s c

tnh theo cng thc sau:
= ( 9)

2,2

(4.1.9)

Vi RC=RC l hng s thi gian ca mch RC

p dng cng thc (4.9) cho b thu quang, ta c thi gian ln ca b thu quang s
nh sau:
= ( 9)(

(4.10)

r l thi gian chuyn tip v RC l hng s thi gian ca mch RC tng ng.
C th thy rng, thi gian ln s gim khi w gim. Tuy nhin, t phng trnh (4.6)
ta thy rng, khi aW<3, s gim mnh. V vy, cn phi cn bng gia bng tn
p ng ca b thu quang. Gi tr ca RC v r s ph thuc vo thit k ca b thu
v c th thay i trn mt phm vi tng i rng. Bng tn ca b thu quang
c nh ngha tng t bng tn ca mch RC v c tnh theo cng thc sau:
= [2 (

(4.11)
134

4.2 CC LOI DIODE THU QUANG

Trong thng tin quang, c hai loi diode thu quang ph bin c s dng,
l diode thu quang p-i-n v diode thu quang APD. Ni dung di y s i su
vo gii thiu tng loi diode thu quang ny.

4.2.1 Diode thu quang p-i-n

Diode thu quang p-i-n thng thng c cu trc gm lp bn dn p v lp
bn dn n, gia 2 lp bn dn p-n ny l mt lp i. Lp i ny thng l bn dn
thun hoc hoc bn dn c pha tp rt t v c dy hn nhiu so vi hai lp p
v n. diode thu quang hot ng c cn nh thin ngc cho n. Hnh 4.4 m

IT

t cu trc v phn b in trng trong diode p-i-n khi c in trng phn cc

ngc t vo. Do lp i c tr khng cao nnphn lnin trng s t vo lp i.
Khi mt photon c nng lng ln hn (hoc bng) nng lng vng cm ca vt
liu bn dn dng ch to photodiode i ti, photon ny s b hp th v kch

PT

thch mt in t t vng ha tr chuyn ln vng dn. Qu trnh ny s hnh thnh

cc cp in t-l trng t do. Trong photodiode p-i-n, do lp i c dy ln hn
nhiu so vi lp p v n nn cc cp in t-l trng ny ny ch yu c to ra
trong lp i. Di tc ng ca in trng ln bn trong lp i, cc in t, l trng
s nhanh chng tri ra mch ngoi v to thnh dng in. V th lp i cn c gi
l vng tri.
Trong photodiode p-i-n, rng vng ngho W m rng qua ton b lp i
nn c th thay i c thng qua vic thay i b dy lp i. Vn t ra, W
bng bao nhiu l hp l. Nh cp n trong mc 4.1, gi tr W ti u ph
thuc vo vic cn i gia tc p ng v nhy ca photodiode. nhy ca
photodiode s tng khi W tng, tuy nhin khi W tng th tc ca photodiode s
gim do cc ht mang in s cn nhiu thi gian hn dch chuyn c ra mch
ngoi. Vi cc vt liu bn dn c di cm khng trc tip nh Si v Ge, gi tr ca
W phi khong 20-50 m th mi c th t c hiu sut lng t hp l. V vy
bng tn ca cc loi photodide ny thng b hn ch do thi gian chuyn tip
tng i ln (r>200ps). Ngc li, i vi cc photodiode c ch to t cc vt
liu c di cm trc tip,v d nh InGaAs, W c th nh ti 3 5m m vn m
bo c hiu sut lng t. Th gian chuyn tip ca photodide loi ny r 10ps
v v th m rng bng tn c ci thin (Df 10GHz).

135

IT

Hnh 4.4: Cu trc diode thu quang p-i-n v phn b trng trong p-i-n khi c in
p phn cc ngc t vo
c tnh ca cc photodiode p-i-n c th c ci thin ng k bng cch s
dng loi cu trc k th kp. Tng t nh cu trc ca laser bn dn, lp i gia

PT

c kp gia cc lp cht bn dn khc nhau p v n vi di cm c chn sao

cho nh sng c hp th ch trong lp i. Cu trc photodiode kiu ny thng s
dng InGaAs lm lp gia v InP lm lp p v n bao quanh. V rng vng cm
ca InP l 1,35 eV nn InP s khng hp th nh sng c bc sng ln hn 0,92
m. Trong khi , rng vng cm ca vt liu In1-xGaxAs vi x=0,47 s l
khong 0,75eV, tng ng vi bc sng ct l 1,65 m. V vy lp InGaAs gia
s hp th mnh cc bc sng trong di t 1,3-1,6 m. Vi cu trc d th kp nh
vy, c th hon ton loi b c thnh phn khuch tn, nh m tng c tc
p ng ca photodiode.

136

Hnh 4.5 V d v cu to ca photodiode d th kp

Trn bng 4.1 di y l c tnh k thut ca mt s loi photodiode p-i-n in
hnh.

K hiu

Bc sng

p ng

n v

Si

Ge

InGaAs

0,4-1,1

0,8-1,8

1,0-1,7

A/W

0,4-0,6

0,5-0,7

0,6-0,9

PT

Tham s

IT

Bng 4.1 c tnh k thut ca mt s loi photodiode p-i-n

Hiu sut lng t

75-90

50-55

60-70

Dng ti

Id

nA

1-10

50-500

1-20

Thi gian ln

Tr

ns

0,5-1

0,1-0,5

0,02-0,5

Bng tn

Df

GHz

0,3-0,6

0,53

1-10

in p nh thin

Vb

50-100

6-10

5-6

4.2.2 Diode thu quang thc APD

4.2.2.1 Cu to, nguyn l hot ng
C th thy rng, tt c cc b thu quang lun i hi mt dng ti thiu no
c th hot ng mt cch tin cy. Do gia cng sut n photodiode v dng
photo to ra c mi quan h Pin= Ip/R nn ngi ta mong mun cc b tch sng c
p ng R ln v khi ch cn mt lng nh cng sut quang n b thu, b thu
vn c th hot ng tin cy. nhy thu ca b thu p-i-n b gii hn bi cng thc
137

4.3 v c gi tr ln nht R=q/hn khi =1. V c c ch khuch i ni nn

photodiode thc APD c gi tr R ln hn nhiu so vi photodiode p-i-n. Sau khi
hp th cc photon, hnh thnh nn cc cp in t-l trng, APD khuch i dng
photo ngay bn trong n trc khi dng ny i vo mch khuch i in v iu
ny lm tng mc tn hiu, dn ti nhy thu c tng ln ng k. Hin tng
vt l c bn ng sau c ch khuch i ni ny chnh l hin tng ion ha do va
chm. hiu r hn qu trnh ny, trong phn di y s trnh by cu to v
hot ng ca photodiode APD.
Cu trc thng dng ca mt photodiode APD c th m t nh hnh 4.6.
So vi cu trc ca p-i-n, APD c thm lp p c cu to t vt liu loi p c in
tr sut cao.Lp ny ng vai tr vng nhn v cc cp in t-l trng th cp

PT

IT

c to ra trong vng ny nh hin tng ion ha do va chm. Lp i trong APD

vn ng vai tr vng hp th tng t nh trong photodiode p-i-n

Hnh 4-6.Cu trc ca photodiode APD v s phn bin trng trong APD khi
c nh thin ngc.
Hot ng ca APD: nh sng i vo APD qua lp p+ rt mng. Hu nh
ton b hp th photon u xy ra trong min ngho (min i), min ny l bn dn
thun hoc bn dn pha tp nh. Cng nh trong diode tch quang p-i-n, in
trng trong min ngho ca APD iu khin cc l trng v in t chuyn ng
ngc hng vi nhau. Di tc ng ca in trng phn cc ngc, cc l trng
trong lp ny hng ti lp p+ , cn cc in t hng ti lp n+. Ti min nhn,
do in tr sut ca lp ny cao nn hnh thnh mt vng in trng ln ti tip
gip p-n+. i vo min ny, gp in trng ln, cc in t - l trng s c tng
tc, va p mnh vo cc nguyn t ca bn dn v to ra cc cp in t - l trng
138

th cp thng qua qu trnh ion ha do va chm. Cc ht ti in th cp qua min

in trng ln li c tng tc v chng c ng nng to ra cc cp in
t - l trng mi v.v. chnh l hiu ng thc, hay cn gi l hiu ng nhn. Qu
trnh ny lm tng dng in bn ngoi v cng chnh l tng nhy ca APD.
xy ra hin tng ion ha do va chm, in trng trong vng nhn phi gn vi
mc nh thng zener. i vi photodiode Si, ngng trng in cn thit thu
c s nhn l mc 105V/cm.
H s khuch i dng ca APD c th tnh ton c thng qua hai phng
trnh tc lin quan n dng i qua vng nhn nh sau:
=

+
=

(4.12)
+

(4.13)

IT

vi ie l dng in t, ih l dng l trng. Du tr trong phng trnh (4.2.2) l do

dng in t v dng l trng ngc chiu nhau. Dng tng:
( )+

( )

(4.14)

c gi tr khng i ti mi im trong vng nhn. Nu thay ih trong phng trnh

PT

(4.2.1) bng I-ie, ta c:

=(

) +

(4.15)

vi ae c gi l tc ion ha do in t gy ra, ah c gi l tc ion ha do

l trng gy ra. Nhn chung, ae v ah ph thuc vo x nu in trng trong vng
nhn l khng ng nht. Tuy nhin, n gin trong vic phn tch, ngi ta gi
thit in trng trong vng ny l ng nht, ae v ahl hng s, v gi thit
ae>ah. Qu trnh nhn c bt u bi in t i vo cng nhn c dy d, bt
u ti x=0. Bng cch s dng iu kin ih(d)=0 (tc l ch c in t i qua tip
gip n lp bn dn n), iu kin bin cho phng trnh (4.15) l ie(d)=I. Thc
hin tch phn phng trnh ny, h s nhn M=ie(d)/ie(0) s c tnh theo cng
thc sau:
=

[ (

(4.16)

vi kA=ah/ae (gi thit ae>ah). T (4.16), ta thy, h s khuch i M ca APD ph

thuc nhiu vo kA. Khi ah=0, tc l ch c in t tham gia vo qu trnh nhn th
M=exp(ae d), v h s nhn ca ADP tng cng vi d theo quan h hm m. Khi
ah=ae (tc l kA=1), ta c M=(1-aed)-1. Trong trng hp ny, h s nhn s tng
139

ln v cng khi aed=1. Mc d vi ae v ah xp x bng nhau, ta c th t c h

s nhn ln vi rng vng nhn tng i hp, tuy nhin thc t cho thy rng
khi ah>>aehoc khi ae>>ahtc l qu trnh nhn b chim u th bi mt loi ht
mang in no (hoc in t, hoc l trng) th cht lng ca APD s tt hn.
Do c c ch khuch i dng nn p ng ca APD tng M ln so vi p
ng ca photodiode p-i-n v c tnh theo cng thc sau:
=

/ )

(4.17)

Lu rng, qu trnh nhn trong APD l mt qu trnh c nhiu, iu ny

lm cho h s nhn dao ng xung quanh gi tr trung bnh. Gi tr M trong cng
thc (4.17) l gi tr trung bnh ca h s nhn. Cc vn lin quan n nhiu ca
APD s c xem xt trong phn 4.4.

IT

Qu trnh nhn cng nh hng n bng tn ca APD. iu ny c th nhn

thy d dng, do c qu trnh nhn m thi gian chuyn tip ca cc ht mang in
t do tr trong APD s tng ln. H s nhn cng cn ph thuc vo tn s ca nh
sng n APD. M gim khi tn s tng. iu ny th hin trong cng thc di y:
( )=

[1 + (

) ]

(4.18)

PT

trong : M0=M(0) l h s khuch i ti tn s thp. e l thi gian chuyn tip

hiu dng, ph thuc vo h s t s ion ha kA. Khi ae>ah, e=cAkAtr, vi cA l
hng s (cA1). Gi thit rng RC<<e, bng tn ca photodiode APD c tnh xp
x bng Df=(2eM0)-1. Cng thc ny cho thy rng,khi thit k APD cn c s cn
nhc gia h s khuch i ca APD (M0) v bng tn (tc l cn nhc gia nhy
v tc ) ca APD. Cng thc ny cng cho thy u im ca vic s dng cc
loi vt liu c kA<<1
H s nhn M cn l hm ca in p nh thin V vc xcnh theo biu
thc (4.19):
=

)/

(4.19)

trong Ip l dng tch quang trung bnh, RT = RS + Rth l tng in tr ni tip RS

v in tr gia tng do nhit Rth, VB l in p nh thng. Trn hnh 4.7 di
y minh ha s ph thuc ca h s nhn vo tn s (bc sng) nh sng ti v
in p nh thin ca photodiode APD lm t vt liu Si

140

Hnh 4-7: H s nhn ca APD silic vi cc bc sng khc nhauthay i theo in

p nh thin

IT

Trn bng 4.2 di y so snh c tnh ca mt s cc loi photodiode

APDph bin, bao gm cc loi APD c lm t cc vt liu Si, Ge, InGaAs
Bng 4.2 c tnh ca mt s loi photodiode APD ph bin

n v

Si

Ge

InGaAs

0,4- 1,1

0,8- 1,8

1,0- 1,7

PT

Tham s (k hiu)
Bc sng

p ng

RAPD A/W

80- 130

3- 30

5- 20

H s nhn

100- 500

50- 200

10- 40

H s k

kA

0,02- 0,05

0,7- 1,0

0,5- 0,7

Dng ti

ld

nA

0,1- 1

50- 500

1- 5

Thi gian ln

Tr

Ns

0,1- 2

0,5- 0,8

0,1- 0,5

Bng tn

Df

GHz

0,2- 1,0

0,4- 0,7

1- 3

Thin p

Vb

200- 250

20- 40

20- 30

Trong bng 4.2, v kA i vi silic l << 1, nn cc photodiode APD lm t

vt liu Silic c c tnh tt hn. Cc photodiode APD Si t c h s nhn cao
(M100) vi mc nhiu thp v bng tn tng i ln. V vy, APD loi ny rt
thng dng cho cc h thng thng tin quang bc sng 0,85m ti tc bit
100 Mbits/s. i vi cc h thng hot ng vng bc sng t 1,3 n 1,6 m,
141

phi s dng cc photodiode APD lm t vt liu Ge v InGaAs v cc vt liu ny

hp th nh sng trong vng bc sng di. Tuy nhin gim nh hng ca
nhiu, ch nn s dng cc loi APD ny vi M 10 ln.

4.2.2.2Mt s cu trc APD

a. Cu trc di rng.
Cu trc ca loi APD ny nh hnh 4.8 thuc dng n+ p--p+ rt thch hp
vi vt liu silic c k << 1. Lp l bn dn thun c t trn lp nn p+. Lp p
phi rt mng v ng nht c ch to theo phng php khuch tn hoc cy
ion. in trng cao c hnh thnh ti tip gip n+ p. APD silc c h s nhn
ln hng trm, hiu sut lng t ti bc sng 0,85 m c th vt 0,9 v dng ti
gim mc pA ti nhit trong phng.
nh sng

Vng xuyn

IT

kim loi

PT

n+

Vng thc

Lp kim loi to nhit (-

Hnh 4-8 APD c cu trc di rng

b. Cu trc vt hai mt bn
APD germani c tip gip n+ p c hnh thnh bng cch khuch tn
nguyn t cho (donor) vo lp nn. APD germani c k > 1, dng ti c tr s ln
vo khong 0,1 A, in dung khong 0,5 pF, hiu sut lng t 0,9, in p nh
thng 16V. Do vt liu lp nn khng hon ho nn thc hin oxy ha b mt l
iu kh khn.
c. Cu trc d th
142

APD d th In0,53 Ga0,53 As InP (hnh 4.9) c s dng ph bin

thay th cho APD germani ti cc bc sng 1,3 v 1,55 m. Nhng loi ny kh
oxy ha b mt v nng cao cht lng vt liu, v vy gp rt nhiu kh khn trong
vic t c rng bng tn cao v tp m thp.
Lp m p+ InP c s dng phn cch vng tch cc vi lp nn c
cht lng khng hon ho. D th N-n c hnh thnh gia lp InP v lp vt liu
nhm III InGaAs. Diode c vt hai mt bn gim in dung k sinh v khc
phc vn kh oxy ha b mt cp trn y. nh sng a vo diode qua
lp nn trong sut i vi cc bc sng ln hn 0,92 m. Hp th xy ra trong
lp vt liu nhm III v hiu ng nhn c thc hin trong lp N InP. dy v
nng pha tp ca lp N InP phi c kim sot thn trng trng ti tip
gip d th khng vt 1,5 x 107 V/m. Bi v trng cng cao s gy ra dng r qua

IT

tip gip v lm tng dng ti.

Lp kim loi (+V)

Au/Au-Sn

PT

n InGaAs
N-InP

4.3 m

2.9 m

Lpm P+ - InP

Lp nn P+ - InP

130 m

nh sng ti

Lp kim loi (-V)

Au/Au-Sn

Hnh 4.9- APD cu trc d th InGaAs trn nn InP

143

Mt vn ny sinh trong cu trc ny l cc l trng c hiu ng thc to

ra trong lp n- InGaAs b gi li ti tip gip d th, v lp N- InP c di cm rng.
iu dn ti gim hiu sut lng t do ti hp tng v cng lm gim rng
bng tn ca PD. Mun khc phc nhng tr ngi ny cn xen vo gia hai lp mt
lp rt mng loi n- InGaAs lm trn s dch chuyn ca l trng gia cc vt
liu c di cm rng v hp.

4.3MT S VN TRONG THIT K B THU

Thit k ca b thu ph thuc vo dng iu ch tn hiu c thc hin
pha pht. V phn ln cc h thng thng tin quang s dng iu ch cng nh

PT

IT

phn nn phn ny tp trung vo mt s vn thit k lin quan n b thu quang

s. Trn hnh 4.10 l s khi ca b thu. Trong s ny, b thu c chia
thnh 3 phn: phn trc ca b thu (front end), knh tuyn tnh v mch quyt
nh.

Hnh 4.10 S khi ca b thu quang

4.3.1Phn trc (Front end) ca b thu quang

Front-end ca b thu quang gm mt photodiode v b tin khuch i (preamplifier) in. Photodiode bin i lung bit nh sng thnh tn hiu in thay i
theo thi gian. B tin khuch i in c vai tr khuch i tn hiu in cho qu
trnh x l tip sau. Vic thit k front-end i hi s cn nhc gia tc bit v
nhy thu. Kh nng ca b thu quang c p ng c cho cc h thng thng tin
quang c tc bit cao v c ly xa hay khng ph thuc phn ln vo vic thit k
front-end thu. C th tng in p u vo mch tin khuch ibng cch s dng
in tr ti RL c gi tr ln, v khi c gi l front-end tr khng cao. Hn
na, khi s dng in tr ti c gi tr ln, c th gim nhiu nhit v do tng
c nhy thu. Nhc im chnh ca mch front-end tr khng cao l bng tn
144

hp (do Df=2RLCT)-1, vi gi thit l Rs<<RL v CT=Cp+CA l in dung tng ca

mch thu, Cp l in dung ca photodiode v CA l in dung ca cc transitor c
dng khuch i tn hiu). Bng tn ca b thu b gii hn bi thnh phn c
bng tn nh nht trong thit k b thu, v vy khng th s dng mch front-end
tr khng cao nu Df ca mch ny nh ng k so vi t bit. tng bng tn,
i khi ngi ta c th s dng mch cn bng (equalizer). Mch ny ng vai tr
nh mt b lc lm cc thnh phn tn s thp ca tn hiu suy hao nhiu hn
cc thnh phn tn s cao, nh m tng c bng tn ca mch front-end. Nu
nh khng qu quan tm ti nhy thu, ta c th gim RL tng bng tn h
thng, v khi ta c mch front-end tr khng thp.

PT

IT

Mach front end h dn ngc (transimpedance) l cu hnh cho php va t

c nhy thu cao, va t c bng tn ln. Di ng ca mch ny cng
c ci thin hn so vi mch front-end tr khng cao. Trn hnh 4.11 di y l
s khi ca mch front-end tr khng cao v mch front-end h dn ngc

Hnh 4.11. S tng ng ca mch front-end tr khng cao (a), mach frontend h dn ngc (b)
Trong hnh ny, in tr RL ng vai tr nh in tr hi tip. V vy, ngay
c trong trng hp gi tr ca RL ln, hi tip m cng s lm gim tr khng hiu
dng u vo i G ln, vi G l h s khuch i. Nh , bng tn s c tng ln
G ln so vi mch front-end tr khng cao. Vi cc u im nh vy, mch frontend h dn ngc thng c s dng trong cc thit k b thu.

145

4.3.2Knh tuyn tnh

Knh tuyn tnh trong b thu quang bao gm b khuych i chnh v mch
lc thng thp. B khuch i chnh thng l b khuch i c h s khuch i
ln. i khi ngi ta s dng thm mch cn bng ngay trc b khuch i m
rng bng tn ca mch front-end. H s khuch i ca b khuch i s c iu
khin mt cch t ng gii hn in p trung bnh u ra mt mc c nh bt
k cng sut quang trung bnh n b thu nh th no. B lc thng thp c s
dng iu chnh dng xung in p vi mc ch l gim nhiu. Nh s cp
trong mc 4.4, nhiu ca b thu s t l vi bng tn ca b thu. V vy, c th gim
nhiu bng cch s dung b lc thng thp c bng tn Df nh hn tc bit. V
cc thnh phn khc ca b thu c thit k c bng tn ln hn bng tn b lc,
nn bng tn ca b thu c quyt nh bi bng tn ca b lc s dng trong
knh tuyn tnh. Vi Df<B, xung in s tri rng sang khe cc thi gian ln cn. S

PT

4.3.3Mch quyt nh

IT

tri rng nh vy c th gy nn hin tng giao thoa gia cc k t (gi l ISI).

Thng thng, cc mch lc ny s c thit k sao cho va gim c c
nhiu m khng gy nn s giao thoa ISI ng k gia cc k t.

Phn khi phc tn hiu s ca b thu quang bao gm mch quyt nh v

mch khi phc xung ng h. Nhim v ca mch khi phc xung ng h l tch
thnh phn ph f=B t tn hiu thu c. Thnh phn ny cung cp thng tin v khe
thi gian ca bit (TB=1/B) cho mch quyt nh v h tr cho vic ng b ca qu
trnh quyt nh. Trong trng hp tn hiu c dng RZ, thnh phn ph f=B c
trong tn hiu thu c. V vy ch cn s dng mt b lc bng hp l c th ly
c thnh phn ny mt cch d dng. Trong trng hp tn hiu c dng NRZ,
vic khi phc xung ng h s kh hn do trong tn hiu thu c khng c thnh
phn ph f=B. K thut thng c s dng to ra thnh phn ny l thc hin
bnh phng v hiu chnh thnh phn ph ti f = B/2. Mch quyt nh so snh tn
hiu ra t knh tuyn tnh vi mc ngng ti cc thi im ly mu c xc nh
bi mch hi phc ng h, v quyt nh xem tn hiu tng ng vi bit "1" hay
bit "0". Thi im ly mu tt nht s ng vi v tr m trong s khc nhau v
mc tn hiu gia cc bit "1" v "0" l ln nht. iu ny c th xc nh t s
hnh mt c to ra bng cch xp chng cc chui xung in di 2 - 3 bit ln
nhau. Thi im ly mu tt nht tng ng vi m mt ln nht. V nhiu lun
tn ti trong cc b thu, cho nn s lun lun c mt xc sut nht nh m bit c
146

th c nhn dng mt cch khng chnh xc ti mch quyt nh. Tuy nhin, b
thu quang s thng c thit k c th t gi tr t s li bit rt nh (<10-9).
Cc vn lin quan n nhiu v li quyt nh trong b thu s c cp chi
tit trong cc mc 4.4. v 4.5.

4.3.4Mt s kiu mch tin khuch i ca b thu quang

Nh xem xt cu trc ca b thu quang trn, sau photodiode th mch
tin khuch i l quan trng nht. B tin khuch i kt hp vi photodiode s
cho ta front-end quyt nh phn ln nhy thu quang. V th trong phn ny ta i
vo phn tch cc mch tin khuch i v cng ngh tch hp n trong b thu
quang.

IT

Cc mch tin khuc i (Pre-amplifier) thng c thit k vi mc tiu

sao cho c t s tn hiu trn nhiu ln nht vi mc nhiu ni ti l nh nht.
Nhiu tin khuch i thng lin quan ti nhiu nhit.Cc c tnh chnh khi nhn
dng mt mch tin khuch i bao gm:

- Cu trc ca mch tin khuch i.

PT

- Loi thit b linh kin tch cc c s dng trong mch tin khuch i
chng hn nh cc tranzito lng cc, JFET, MOSFET v MESFET.
- Bng tn v h s khuch i.

Cc mch tin khuch i c trong cc b thu ca h thng thng tin si

quang c th c phn thnh 3 loi. l loi tr khng thp, loi tr khng cao
v h dn ngc.

Mch tin khuch i c tr khng thp l loi c cu trc t phc tp nht,

nhng khng th thit k c b tin khuch i ti u c. y front-end gm
photodiode hot ng vi mt b khuch i c tr khng thp (c th 50W).
Thin p hoc in tr ti RL (hay cn gi l Rb) c dng phi hp vi tr
khng b khuch i. Mc d cc b khuch i tr khng thp c th gip cho b
thu quang hot ng bng tn ln, nhng n khng cho ra c mt b thu quang
c nhy thu cao, bi v ch c in p tn hiu nh c th i qua c tr khng
u vo b khuch i v in tr RL. iu ny hn ch c ly truyn dn.

147

Hnh 4.12: Mch tng ng ca thit k b thu h dn ngc

Cc mch tin khuch i tr khng cao nh cp trn cho php gim
nhiu ti mc rt nh. t c iu ny, ngi ta lm gim in dung u vo

IT

thng qua vic la chn cc thnh phn thit b c in dung thp, tn s cao bng
cch la chn b tch sng vi cc dng ti nh v nh vic lm gim nhiu nhit
do cc in tr thin p gy ra. Nhiu nhit c th c gim khi s dng cc b
khuch i tr khng cao (nh tranzito lng cc hoc FET) kt hp vi in tr

PT

thin p b tch sng (in tr ti ) ln RL. V tr khng cao sinh ra hng s thi
gian RC u vo ln cho nn bng tn front-end nh hn bng tn tn hiu. Nhvy
tn hiu u vo b tch phn v cn phi thc hin cc k thut cn bng hiu chnh
b cho n.
Mch tin khuch i h dn ngc c thit k ch yu khc phc
nhng hn ch ca mch tin khuch i tr khng cao. Cu trc ca mch ny s
dng b khuch i tr khng cao, nhiu nh, c in tr hi tip m Rf vi dng
nhiu nhit tng ng if(t) mc phn dng u vo nh ch ra hnh 4.12. Mch
khuch i c u vo mc ni tip vi ngun nhiu in p ea(t), nhiu dng mc
phn dng tng ng ia(t), v tr khng u vo c cho bi t hp mc song
song Ra v Ca>

4.3.4.aCc mch tin khuch i FET tr khng cao

Trong thit k cc b thu quang, c th c cc tranzito hiu ng trng FET
(Field Efect Transistor) khc nhau. i vi h thng thng tin quang c tc
Gbit/s, cc b thu quang y thng s dng cc mch tin khuch i GaAs
MESFET. i vi cc tc thp hn v cc mch MOSFET hoc JFET silic
thng c s dng ph bin. Mch in ca b tin khuch i FET n gin

148

c ch ra nh hnh 4.13. Cc FET in hnh thng c in tr u vo Ra rt

ln, ph bin ti hn 106W.

Hnh 4.13. Mch tin khuch i tr khng cao n gin s dng FET.
Cc ngun nhiu c bn l nhiu nhit lin quan vi in dn knh FET,

4kBT
2elgate 2elgate
Ra

PT

Sl . FET

IT

nhiu nhit t ti hoc in tr hi tip v nhiu tng ln t dng r. Ngun nhiu

th t l nhiu FET 1/f. N khng c trong qu trnh phn tch trn bi v n ch
tham gia vo nhiu tng th tc bit rt thp. V in tr u vo b khuch i
l rt ln cho nn mt ph nhiu dng u vo S, c vit l:

(4.20)

y Igate l dng r cng ca FET. Trong FET, nhiu nhit ca in tr

knh dn c c trng bi h dn gm. Mt ph nhiu in p c vit nh
sau:

SE

4kBTT
gm

(4.21)

vi l h s nhiu knh FET, n l hng s bng s tnh ton cho nhiu nhit
v nhiu t cng FET cng vi s tng quan hai loi nhiu ny. c tnh nhiu
nhit W ti u ra ca b cn bng c cho nh sau:
2

1
4k T 4 k T
2 C 4k BT
W = 2 2eI gate B B 2 I 2
I 3 BL

e BL
RL
g m RL
3 gm
(4.22)
y BL l bng thng. Mt s gi tr in hnh ca cc tham s i vi GaAs
MESEFT, Si MOSFET, v Si JFET c cho bng 4.3. y Cgs v Cgd tng
ng l in dung cng ngun v cng thot. i vi FET tiu biu photodiode
loi tt, ta c th hy vng c cc gi tr C = Ca + Cd + Cgs + Cgd = 10 pF. Tn s gc
149

nhiu l/f l fc c xc nh l tn s m ti nhiu l/f lm nhiu FET tri ln ti

cc tn s thp, v c ph cng sut l/f tr thnh ngang bng vi nhiu knh tn s
cao c din t bi h s .
Bng 4.3: Cc gi tr tham s khc nhau
ca GaAs MSFET; Si MOSFET v Si JFET
Si JFET

Si MOSFET

GaAs MESFET

gm(mS)

5-10

20-40

15-50

Cgs (pF)

3-6

0,5-1,0

0,2-0,5

Cgd (pF)

0,5-1,0

0,05-0,1

0,01-0,05

0,7

1,5-3,0

1,1-1,75

Igate(nA0

0,01-0,1

1-1000

fc(Mhz)

<0,1

1-10

10-100

IT

Tham s

PT

gim c nhiu trong mch c tr khng cao, nn chn in tr thin p

c gi tr ln. Lc ny tn hiu u ra bi tch sng quang b tch phn do in tr
u vo b khuch i. Trong trng hp ny, ta c b li bng cch vi phn ti
mch cn bng. V th, gii php tip cn tch phn - vi phn c coi nh l k
thut thit k b khuch i tr khng cao. N cho ra b thu c nhiu thp nhng
cng lm cho di ng thp.

4.3.4.bCc b khuch i tranzisto lng cc tr khng cao

Mch in ca b khuch i tranizisto c emitter u t c m t nh
hnh 4.14. in tr u vo ca tranzisto lng cc c tnh bi cng thc:

Rm

kBT
eI BL

(4.23)

Vi IBL l dng thin p c bn. i vi b khuch i tranzito lng cc, in tr

u vo Ra c cho bi mt t hp mc song song cc in tr thin p R1 v R2
c chn ln hn nhiu Rin sao cho Ra Rin. iu ny ngc vi b khuch i
FET, ngi thit k s iu chnh Ra i vi b khuch i tranzito.

150

Hnh 4.14: B tin khuch i tr khng cao s dng transisto lng cc

Mt ph (tnh bng A2/Hz) ca ngun dng nhiu u vo do nhiu lng

t ca dng c bn c vit nh sau:

2kBT
Rin

IT

S I 2eI BL

(4.24)

Chiu cao ph (tnh bng V2/Hz) ca ngun in p nhiu c vit l:

2kBT
gm

PT

SE

(4.25)

y, h dn gm c lin quan ti nhiu do bn cht ca dng collector Ic bng

biu thc sau:

gm

eI c

kBT Rin

(4.26)

Trong trng hp ny, biu thc (4.23) c dng trong ng thc cui
cng din gii gm di dng khuch i dng in = Ic/IBL v in tr u vo
Rin.
Th cng thc (4.23) vo (4.25), s c c biu thc:

W=

1
Tb
2
Rin
(2 C )2 Rin
2
k
T

I3
B
2 2
2
e2
R
R

R
T

b
b

in

(4.27)

Nu in tr thin p b tch sng quang RLln hn nhiu in tr b khuch i

Ra, th ta s c R Ra Rin v c th vit c:

151

W=

2k BT
e2

Tb 1

(2 C ) 2
I

Rin I 3
2

Tb
Rm

(4.28)

Ging nh trng hp trn i vi b khuch i FET tr khng cao, ti in

khng b tch sng quang s tch phn tn hiu u ra b tch sng. b cho
trng hp ny th cng phi vi phn tn hiu b tch phn ny ti mch lc cn
bng.

4.3.4.cB khuch i h dn ngc

Cc mch khuch i tr khng cao xt trn tuy c tp m thp, nhng
li c cc hn ch l phi tin hnh cn bng hiu chnh khi ng dng bng rng,
v n cng b gii hn v di rng. Mt thit k khc l b khuch i h dn ngc
nh ch ra hnh 4.12. V c bn, y l mt b khuch i tr khng cao, c h

IT

s khuch i ln, vi mch hi tip c cp ti u vo thng qua in tr Rf.

Thit k ny thu c nhiu hp v di ng ln.
so snh gia mch c hi tip v khng hi tip, ta gi thit rng c hai
u c cng hm chuyn i Hout (f)/ Hp (f). i vi b khuch i h dn ngc,

PT

c tnh nhiu nhit WTZ ti u ra mch cn bng c c bng cch tnh nh sau.
Trc ht ta c:

RLI

RL R f

RL R f

(4.29)

l t hp mc song song RL v Rf v:

WTZ

Tb
4k BT
SE
(2 C ) 2
S

SE I3
1
2
e2
RL
( R I )2
e 2Tb

y t cng thc (4.24) s c:

1 1 1
1
1
1

R R R f Ra RL R f

(4.30)

(4.31)

Thc t in tr hi tip Rf ln hn in tr u vo b khuch i Ra rt

nhiu. Do vy, R' R v t (4.31) ta c th vit:

WTZ WHZ

Tb 4kBT
I2
e2 R f

(4.32)

152

 y, WHZ l c tnh nhiu b khuch i tr khng cao c c t biu

thc (4.22) i vi thit k c FET hoc t biu thc (4.28) i vi thit k c
tranzito lng cc. Nhiu nhit ca b khuch i h dn ngc c v nh tng
nhiu u ra ca b khuch i khng c hi tip cng vi nhiu nhit c lin quan
ti in tr hi tip. Trong thc t, vic nh gi nhiu c chiu hng phc tp bi
v Rf c nh hng ti p ng tn s ca b khuch i.
V bng tn, ta c th so snh nh sau. Ta c, hm chuyn i ca b khuch
i khng c hi tip l:

H( f )

AR
I j 2 RCf

(4.33)

Vi A l tng ch c lp tn s ca b khuch i. T y thu c bng tn

(4RC)-1. i vi b khuch i h dn ngc, hm chuyn i HTZ(f) c vit nh

IT

sau:

H TZ

A
4 RC

PT

v thu c bng tn:

1
1 j 2 RCf / A

BTZ

(4.34)

(4.35)

tc l gp A ln bng tn thit k tr khng cao. iu ny to nn vic cn bng

n gin hn b khuch i c hi tip. T qu trnh xt trn, ta c th thy
rng b khuch i h dn ngc c cc u im sau:
- C di ng ln so vi b khuch i tr khng cao.
- Khng cn hoc t phi tin hnh cn bng hiu chnh do c s kt hp
caRin v in tr hi tip Rf. iu ny c ngha l hng s thi gian ca b tch
sng cng nh.
- in tr u ra nh, lm cho b khuch i t b tch ly nhiu, xuyn m,
nhiu in t trng.
- c tnh chuyn i ca b khuch i thc s l h dn ngc, c in tr
hi tip. Cho nn b khuch i h dn ngc rt d dng iu khin v c tnh n
nh.

153

- Mc d b khuch i h dn ngc t nhy hn b khuch i tr khng

cao (v WTZ> WHZ), s khc bit ny thng vo khong 2 n 3 dB vi hu ht cc
thit k bng rng thc tin.

4.3.4.dB thu quang c mch tch hp

Thi gian gn y, yu cu xy dng cc tuyn thng tin quang tc nhiu
Gbit/s i hi cc thit b thu phi c nhy thu cao v nhiu rt thp nhm p
ng cho cc tc cao ny. V th, cng ngh mch tch hp c t ra cho cc
thit b thu quang, v hin nay cc thit b c cng ngh cao ny c thng
mi kh ph bin trn h thng thc t. Trong hu ht cc thit b thu quang, loi tr

IT

photodiode th tt c cc thnh phn khc trong thit b u l cc thnh phn in

chun. Cc thnh phn ny u c th d dng c t hp trn cng mt chip (hay
mch) bng cch s dng cng ngh mch t hp IC (Integrated Circuit) c
pht trin cho cc thit b vi mch. Gn y, nhng c gng ng k hng trng
tm vo vic pht trin cc thit b thu quang n khi nhm t hp ton b cc
phn t bao gm c diode thu quang trn cng mt chip nh vic p dng cng
ngh OEIC (OptoElectronic Integrated - Circuit). Vic t hp ton b thit b nh
vy l tng i d vi b thu GaAs. i vi cc h thng thng tin quang hot

PT

ng ti vng bc sng 1,3 n 1,6m th cn phi c cc b thu OEIC da trn

InP. V cng ngh IC i vi GaAs pht trin hn nhiu i vi InP cho nn i
khi ngi ta i theo xu hng kt hp to ra b thu InGaAs. Cng ngh ny gi
l cng ngh OEIC flip - chip, trong cc thnh phn in c t hp trn chip
GaAs, ngc li photodiode c lm trn nh ca chip InP. Ri sau hai chip
c ghp ni vi nhau bng cch t nh chip InP ln trn chip GaAs. u im
ca cng ngh ny l photodiode v cc thnh phn in ca b thu c th c lm
ti u mt cch c lp trong khi vn gi c cc thnh phn k sinh ngng ti
thiu (nh in dung u vo chng hn).
Cng ngh IC da trn InP c pht trin ng k trong nhng nm
1990, nhm to ra cc b thu OEIC trn nn InGaAs. Mt cch tip cn cng
ngh khc l vic t hp photodiode p-i-n vi FET hoc cc tranzito c linh
ng in t cao HEMT (High - Electron - Mobility Transistor) trn nn InP. Nm
1993, b thu HEMT c ch to vi nhy thu cao ti tc 10 Gbit/s. Hin
ti, loi b thu ny cho ra bng tn cao ti 22 GHz, v c th s dng cho b thu
ca h thng 20 Gbit/s. Gn y, c mt cng ngh khc s dng tranzito lng
cc tip gip d th HBT (heterojunction-Bipolar transistor) ch to photodiode
154

p-i-n trong cu trc HBT vi cu hnh cc gp chung. Cc tranzito nh vy c

gi l tranzito quang d th. Nm 1995, b thu OEIC s dng cng ngh HBT t
c bng tn 16 GHz m li c khuch i cao. Cc b thu ny c th p ng tc
20 Gbit/s cho cc h thng 1550nm. Mt cng ngh na cho vic ch to b thu
OEIC trn nn InP l t hp photodiode kim loi - bn dn - kim loi MSM (MetalSemiconductor - Metal) vi HEMT. B thu kiu ny cho ra bng tn 15 GHz vo
nm 1995, v sau nng ln c 18,5 GHz do s dng mch khuch i h dn
ngc.
Nhn chung, trong vic thit k t hp thit b thu quang, front-end ca b
thu quang l mt b phn kh thit k nht, c bit trong h thng truyn dn
quang tc bit cao v c ly truyn dn ln, bi v nhy ca cc h thng ny
thng l b gii hn t c tnh ca mch front-end i hi mt s hi ha gia tc

IT

bit v nhy thu. Front-end b thu thng c chia thnh Hybrid IC (HIC),
Microwave Monolithic IC (MMIC), v Optoeletronic IC (OEIC) bng cch l c b
tch sng quang v tin khuch i l c kt hp vi nhau. i vi cc h thng
thng tin si quang tc cao nh l 10 Gbit/s, HIC c th c s dng. Tuy

PT

nhin, cc c tnh mu thun ca tng thnh phn th ng tch cc ring r c s

vi hiu chnh t c nhy cao nht ca n. y cng l im yu v hn
ch i vi cc phn t k sinh. V vy m hin nay cc thit k MMIC hoc OEIC
l thch hp cho h thng tin cy. Hnh 4.15 m t mt s thit k mch t hp
tin khuch i IC cho b thu 10 Gbit/s.

Hnh 4.15: Thit k mch tin khuch i IC cho b thu 10 Gbit/s

Tng t nh thit b pht quang, vic ng v hp cho thit b thu quang
cng rt quan trng. Vic ghp si quang vo photodiode cng rt c lu tm,
155

c bit i vi b thu dng cho h thng c tc bt cao, v ti u si quang

pha thu ch c mt lng rt nh cng sut tn hiu quang i vo b tch sng. Vn
phn x quang t b thu quang ngc li v s truyn dn cng cn c quan
tm v iu ny c th gy nh hng ti c tnh h thng, v tt nht l lm sao
gim c phn x ny cng nh cng tt. Trong thc t, u s quang thng c
ct c vt vi mt gc no nhm gim s phn hi quang. i vi h
thng c tc bit cao ti 10 Gbit/s tr ln, ngi ta phi p dng mt s k thut
ng hp b thu quang cho thit b c th hot ng tin cy. Chng hn nh thc
hin ghp si quang c u ct nghing kt hp vi cc vi thu knh ngay trn mt
photodiode trong lc ch to. Nhn chung, nhng gii php ng v hp cho b thu
quang s gip cho vic nng cao nng lc v tin cy ca thit b.

4.4 Nhiu trong b thu quang

IT

B thu quang bin i cng sut quang n Pin thnh dng in nh

PT

photodiode. Quan h Ip=RPin trong (4.1) c a ra vi gi thit rng qu trnh

bin i t quang sang in l khng c nhiu. Tuy nhin y l iu khng th xy
ra. Trong b thu quang c hai c ch nhiu c bn l nhiu nhit v nhiu n. Cc
loi nhiu ny l cho phng photo to ra b dao ng ngay c trong trng hp cng
sut quang n b thu l khng i. Mi quan h Ip=RPin vn ng nu ta coi Ip l
gi tr dng trung bnh. Tuy nhin, nhiu in gy ra bi s thng ging v dng s
nh hng n cht lng b thu. Trong cc phn di y s tm hiu tng c ch
nhiu v SNR trong b thu quang s dng photodiode p-i-n v APD.

4.4.1Cc c ch nhiu
4.4.1.aNhiu n

Nhiu n c to ra do thc t l dng photo c to ra bao gm cc ht

mang in c to ra mt cch ngu nhin theo thi gian. Tnh thng k ca qu
trnh ngu nhin ny tun theo lut phn b Poisson. Nh vy, khi cng sut quang
n b thu l khng i th dng photo to ra s nh sau:
( )=

+ ( )

(4.36)

Vi Ip=RPin l dng trung bnh v is(t) l thng ging v dng do nhiu n gy ra.
V mt ton hc, is(t) l qu trnh ngu nhin dng tun theo lut thng k Poisson
(thng c xp x bng lut thng k Gauss). Hm t tng quan ca is(t) v mt
ph cng sut Ss(f) quan h vi nhau theo nh l Weiner-Khinchin nh sau:
156

( ) exp( 2

( ) ( + ) =

(4.37)

Mt ph cng sut ca nhiu n Ss(f) l hng s v Ss(f)=qIp. Lu rng, trong

phng trnh (4.4.2), Ss(f) l mt ph cng sut 2 pha (bao gm c cc thnh
phn tn s m). Nu ch xt n cc thnh phn tn s dng, mt ph cng
sut mt pha s l 2qIp.
Thay =0 vo phng trnh (4.37) ta s c phng sai nhiu n c tnh
theo cng thc sau:
=

( )

( ) =

=2

(4.38)

Vi Df l bng tn nhiu hiu dng ca b thu. Gi tr chnh xc ca Df ph thuc

vo thit k ca b thu.

IT

V dng ti Id cng to ra nhiu n. Nn nu ta thay Ip trong (4.38) bng Ip+Id

th phng sai nhiu n tng s c tnh theo cng thc sau:
=2 (

(4.39)

s chnh l gi tr hiu dng (rms) ca dng nhiu to ra bi nhiu n.

PT

4.4.1.bNhiu nhit

Nhiu nhit sinh ra do chuyn ng nhit ngu nhin ca cc in t bn

trong in tr ti gy nn s thng ging v dng. Nhiu ny cn c gi l nhiu
Nyquist hay nhiu Johnson. Vi s ng gp ca nhiu nhit, phng trnh (4.4.1)
c vit li nh sau:

( )=

+ ( )+

( )

(4.40)

Vi iT(t) l s thng ging v dng do nhiu nhit gy ra.V mt ton hc, nhiu
nhit cng c th c coi l mt qu trnh ngu nhin dng tun theo lut phn b
Gauss vi mt ph khng ph thuc vo tn s f ln n 1THz (gn ging
nhiu trng) v c tnh theo cng thc sau:
( )=2

(4.41)

Vi kB l hng s Bolzman, T l nhit tuyt i, RL l in tr ti. Cng ging

nh nhiu n, ST(f) l mt ph hai pha. Hm t tng quan ca iT(t) cng c
tnh theo cng thc tng t nh cng thc (4.37) nu ta thay is(t) trong cng thc
ny bng iT(t). Thay =0 vo phng trnh ta s c phng sai nhiu nhit c
tnh theo cng thc sau:
157

( )

( ) =

= (4

(4.42)

Vi Df l bng tn nhiu hiu dng ca b thu. Lu rng, khc vi phng sai

nhiu n, phng sai nhiu nhit khng ph thuc vo dng trung bnh Ip.
Phng trnh (4.42) mi ch tnh n nhiu nhit to ra trn in tr ti.
Mch thu, trong thc t cn gm rt nhiu phn t in khc. Cc thnh phn ny
cng gp phn to ra nhiu. n gin, ngi ta a thm vo cng thc (4.42)
h s nhiu khuch i, khi (4.42) c vit li nh sau:
= (4

(4.43)

V is(t)v iT(t) l cc qu trnh ngu nhin c lp v u c th gn ng

bng qu trnh ngu nhin Gauss nn phng sai nhiu tng (bao gm nhiu n v
nhiu nhit) c tnh theo cng thc sau:
+

=2 (

) + (4

(4.44)

IT

= ( ) =

4.4.2B thu p-i-n

Cht lng ca b thu ph thuc vo SNR. Trong phn ny s cp n

PT

SNR ca b thu PIN. SNR ca b thu APD s c cp n trong phn sau. Ta

c SNR ca bt k tn hiu in no u c nh ngha nh sau:
=

(4.45)

Thay phng trnh (4.44) v Ip=R.Pin vo(4.45) ta c SNR lin quan n

cng sut quang n b thu Pin nh sau:
=

(4.46)

Vi R l p ng ca photodiode p-i-n.
Gii hn nhiu nhit: Trong gii hn nhiu nhit, s l nh hn nhiu T
(S<<T), v vy t s tn hiu trn nhiu cho b thu photodiede p-i-n thu c tr
thnh:
=

(4.47)

Nh vy, trong gii hn nhiu nhit, SNR thay i theo P2in. Cng c th ci
thin nhiu bng cch tng in tr ti. y chnh l l do ti sao phn ln cc b
158

thu thng s dng mch front-end tr khng cao hoc front-end h dn ngc.
nh hng ca nhiu nhit thng c th hin qua cng sut nhiu tng ng
(NEP). Cng sut nhiu tng ng c nh ngha l cng sut quang ti thiu
yu cu trn mt n v bng tn SNR=1 v c tnh theo cng thc sau:
=

(4.48)

Gii hn nhiu n:Cn trong gii hn nhiu n, s l ln hn nhiu T

(s>>T).V phng sai nhiu n t l vi Pin, nn c th t c gii hn nhiu n
khi cng sut n b thu ln. Trong trng hp ny c th b qua nh hng ca
dng ti Id. Lc ny ta c:
=

(4.49)

C th thy rng, trong gii hn nhiu n, SNR tng tuyn tnh theo Pin v

IT

ch ph thuc vo hiu sut lng t, bng tn nhiu hiu dng ca b thu v nng
lng ca photon.
Trong cc b thu quang thc t s dng b photodiode p-i-n, thng nhiu
tri l nhiu nhit iT.

PT

4.4.3B thu s dng APD

B thu quang s dng APD thng c SNR cao hn b thu s dng p-i-n vi
cng mt cng sut quang n. iu ny t c l do APD c c ch khuch i
ni lm tng dng photo ln M ln. Tuy nhin c ch nhn ny cng lm tng nhiu
ca APD.

Do nhiu nhit khng b nh hng bi qu trnh nhn nn nhiu nhit ca

APD cng ging nh nhiu nhit ca p-i-n. Ngc li, nhiu n trong APD li b
nh hng bi qu trnh nhn v c tnh theo cng thc sau:
=2

(4.50)

Vi FA l h s nhiu tri ca APD v c tnh theo cng thc sau:

( )=

+ (1

)(2 )

(4.51)

Vi kA=ae/ah khi ah>ae v kA=ah/ae khi ae>ah. Tc l 0<kA<1. Trn hnh 4.16
di y biu din s ph thuc ca M vo FA vi cc gi tr kA khc nhau. Nhn

159

chung FA tng theo M. Tuy nhin vi kA=0, FA2 vi mi M. FA tng tuyn tnh
theo M (FA=M) khi kA = 1. H s kA cng nh th cht lng ca APD cng tt

IT

Hnh 4.16 S ph thuc ca FA vo M v kA

Nh vy, ta c th vit t s tn hiu trn nhiu cho b thu quang photodiode

thc APD nh sau:
=

PT

(4.52)

Trong gii hn nhiu nhit, s l nh hn nhiu T (s<<T), v vy t s tn

hiu trn nhiu cho b thu photodiode thc APD thu c tr thnh:
=

(4.53)

v SNR c ci thin M2 so vi b thu photodiode p-i-n. Ngc li trong gii hn

nhiu lng t, s l ln hn nhiu T (s>>T), lc ny ta c:
=

(4.54)

v t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR b gim i vi h s nhiu tri FA so vi b thu

photodiode p-i-n.
H s khuch i ti u ca APD:
T phng trnh (4.51), ta thy rng, vi mt cng sut Pin nht nh, gi tr
SNR s t cc i khi h s nhn ca APD l ti u (M=Mopt). Cng d dng thy
rng, SNR t cc i khi Mopt tha mn phng trnh sau:

160

+ (1

(4.55)

C th thy rng, gi tr Mopt ph thuc vo rt nhiu tham s, v d nh

dng ti, h s p ng R, t s h s ion ha kA. Tuy nhin Mopt khng ph thuc
vo bng tn ca b thu. Trn hnh di y cho ta thy s thay i ca Mopt theo
Pin vi cc gi tr kA khc nhau ca b thu InGaAs hot ng ti bc sng 1,55m.
Cc tham s khc c s dng gm, in tr ti RL=1kW, Fn=2, R=1A/W v

PT

IT

Id=2nA

Hnh 4.17. S ph thuc ca Mopt vo Pin v kA ca b thu InGaAs

Quan st trn hnh ta thy, Mopt ph thuc kh nhiu vo kA. Cng vi mt

mc cng sut Pin, gi tr ca kA cng nh cng tt. Gi tr Mopt c th tnh gn ng
theo cng thc sau (vi k nm trong phm vi t 0,01-1):

/
)

(4.56)

Vi Si APD, do kA<<1, nn Mopt c th t c n 100. Cn vi InGaAs

APD, do kA0,7 nn Mopt ch t c 10.

4.5Hiu nng b thu quang

4.5.1Xc sut li
Nh trnh by trong cc mc trc, b thu quang trong h thng thng tin
quang s iu bin cng - tch sng trc tip (IM-DD) gm c mt b tch
sng quang, b khuch i in, mch cn bng v mch quyt nh. Khi i ti u
161

vo photodiode, tn hiu quang c bin i thnh tn hiu in tng ng. V tn

hiu in sau khi tch sng l rt yu v c nhiunn cn c khuch i v c
lc qua mch cn bng. Sau tn hiu in ny s c so snh vi mc ngng
ti mch quyt nh thu c xung mong mun (bit "1" hoc "0") trong khe thi
gian ca n. Trong trng hp l tng, khi "1" c thu, tn hiu u ra Vout(t)
phi cao hn in p ngng, v khi "0" c thu th tn hiu u ra phi thp hn
in p ngng. Tuy nhin, trong b thu quang thc t, do nh hng ca nhiu v
s giao thoa t cc xung ln cn c th gy ra s chch khi gi tr trung bnh ca
Vout(t), v xy ra li trong h thng. c trng cho cht lng ca b thu s
ngi ta s dng t l li bit (BER), c nh ngha l xc sut nhn dng bit sai
ti mch quyt nh ca b thu. V d, nu BER=2x10-6 tc l c trung bnh 2 bit
sai trong 1 triu bit thu c. Tiu chun chung cho cc h thng thng tin quang s

IT

l BER phi nh hn 1x10-9. V nhy thu c nh ngha l cng sut thu trung
bnh ti thiu b thu t c BER=10-9.
Hnh 4.18th hin s thng ging ca tn hiu ti u vo ca mch quyt
nh trong b thu. Ti mch quyt nh, tn hiu ny c ly mu ti thi im

PT

quyt nh tD (thi im ny do mch khi phc xung ng h a ra). Gi tr mu I

ca cc bit thu c s dao ng xung quang gi tr trung bnh I0 hoc I1 tu thuc
vo bit tng ng l "0" hay "1". Mch quyt nh s so sch gi tr ly mu vi
gi tr ngng ID v quyt nh l bit "0" nu I< ID hoc l bit "1" nu I > ID. Li
xy ra nu nh I > ID i vi bit "0" hoc I < ID i vi bit 1. C hai ngun li
ny u tc ng n BER,do ta c t s li bit BER c xc nh nh sau:
BER = p(0)P(1/0) + p(1) P(0/1)

(4.57)

y p(0) l xc sut thu bit 0, p(1) l xc sut thu bit 1, P(0/1) l xc sut
quyt nh l bit 0 khi thu bit 1, P(1/0) l xc sut quyt nh bit 1 khi thu bit
0. V trong lung bit n, xc sut xut hin bit 0 v bit 1 l tng ng
nhau nn p(0) p(1) 0,5.Khi ta c th vit biu thc (4.57) nh sau:

( )

( )

(4.58)

162

Hnh 4.18 a. S dao ng ca tnh hiu ti b thu; b. Hm mt xc sut ca bit

0 v bit 1

IT

Trn hnh 4.18 cng th hin s ph thuc ca P(0/1) v P(1/0) vo hm mt

xc sut p(I) ca gi tr mu I. Dng ca hm p(I) ph thuc vo c tnh thng
k ca ngun nhiu gy nn s thng ging v dng. Nhiu nhit c tnh thng k
Gauss vi gi tr trung bnh bng khng v phng sai nhiu 2T. c trng thng

PT

k ca nhiu n is cng c xp x bng hm Gauss. V tng ca hai bin ngu

nhin Gauss cng s l mt bin ngu nhiu Gauss nn gi tr mu I cng c hm
mt phn b xc sut Gauss vi phng sai 2=2s+2T. Tuy nhin c gi tr
trung bnh v phng sai ca bit 1 s khc vi bit 0 v Ips bng I1 trong trng
hp bit1 v bng I0 trong trng hp bit 0. Nu gi 21 v 20 l phng sai
ng vi bit 1 v bit 0, ta c P(0/1) v (P(1/0) s c tnh theo cng thc sau:
(4.59)
(4.60)
Vi erfc l hm b li c nh ngha nh sau:
( )=

exp(

(4.61)

Bng cch thay phng trnh (4.59) v (4.60) vo phng trnh (4.58), ta c:

(4.62)

163

T phng trnh (4.62) ta thy BER ph thuc vo ngng quyt nh ID.

Trong thc t, ID c chn ti u BER l nh nht. Gi tr BER nh nht t
c khi ID c chn nh sau:

(4.63)
S hng cui cng, trong thc t thng c b qua, v gi tr ID s c
tnh xp x theo cng thc di y:
(4.64)

Hay:

(4.65)
Khi 1=0, ID=(I1+I0)/2, tc l ngng quyt nh c thit lp ti im

IT

gia ca xung. iu ny thng ng cho hu ht cc b thu p-i-n v b thu p-i-n co

nhiu nhit chim u th (T>>s) v khng ph thuc vo dng trung bnh. Cn
vi b thu APD, BER s nh nht khi ID c thit lp theo cng thc (4.65).
sau:

PT

Gi tr BER t c khi ID c thit lp ti u c tnh theo cng thc

(4.66)

Vi Q c tnh t (4.5.7) v (4.5.8) nh sau:

(4.67)

Hnh 4.19 l kt qu tnh ton m phng ng cong BER nh l mt hm

s ca h s Q c xc nh t cng thc (4.64) v bng biu thc xp x (4.66).
Cng thc (4.66) l rt chnh xc khi Q > 3. T ng cong ta thy BER s c
ci thin khi Q tng v tr nn nh hn 10-12 khi Q > 7. nhy thu ng vi cng
sut quang trung bnh i vi Q = 6 s c BER = 10-9.

164

Hnh 4.19: T l li bit BER l mt hm ca h s Q

4.5.2 nhy thu

IT

Nh ta bit rng nhy thu l gi tr cng sut quang trung bnh thu
c nh nht t c BER theo yu cu. Quan h gia t s li bt BER v
nhy thu quang c cp phn trn v chng ta c th s dng cng thc
(4.67) tnh ton cng sut quang ti thiu m b thu quang cn hot ng tin

PT

cy vi mt t s li bit c gi tr xc lp. n gin ha vic tnh ton nhy

thu, gi thit rng bit "0" khng mang cng sut quang, tc l P0 = 0, v v vy dng
trung bnh ng vi bit 0 I0 = 0. Cng sut quang ca bit 1 l P1, v dng trung
bnh ng vi bit1 l I1. Khi ta c:
=

=2

(4.68)

Vi <Prec> l cng sut trung bnh thu c v c nh ngha nh sau:

=(

)/2

(4.69)

Lu , M l h s nhn ca photodiode APD. Trong trng hp photodiode p-i-n,

M=1. Gi tr dng nhiu hiu dng ng vi bit 0 v bit 1 ( xt n c nhiu
n v nhiu nhit) s c tnh theo cng thc sau:
=(

v 0 = T

(4.70)

Vi 2s c tnh theo cng thc (4.4.4) v 2T c tnh theo cng thc (4.4.8). B
qua thnh phn dng ti, ta c phng sai nhiu c tnh theo cng thc sau:
(2

=2
= (4

(4.71)
(4.72)

165

S dng phng trnh (4.68)-(4.70), ta c tham s Q c tnh theo cng thc sau:

(4.73)

Vi mt gi tr BER xc nh, ta c th xc nh gi tr Q theo (4.66), cn gi tr

<Prec> s c tnh ton theo cng thc (4.62). Bng cch gii phng trnh (4.73),
ta c c cng thc tnh <Prec> theo Q nh sau:

(4.74)

nhy thu ca b thu p-i-n

Phng trnh (4.74) th hin s ph thuc ca <Prec> vo cc tham s ca b
thu. Vi b thu p-i-n ( M=1), thng l nhiu nhit chim u th nn ta c th tnh
<Prec> theo cng thc rt gn di y:

(4.75)

IT

T phng trnh (4.72), ta thy T ph thuc khng ch vo cc tham s ca b thu

nh l RL v Fn, m cn ph thuc vo c tc bit,tham s Df ca b thu quang.
Nhn chung, Df = B/2, y B l tc bit. V th, khi b thu hot ng trong gii

PT

hn nhiu nhit, <Prec>s tng theo B1/2, v iu c ngha rng nhy thu s
gim khi tc bit tng.
nhy thu ca b thu APD

T phng trnh 4.74, ta c th thy nhy thu c ci thin nh th no

khi s dng APD. Nu nhiu nhit chim u th, cng sut thu ti thiu s gim M
ln v do nhy thu s tng M ln. Tuy nhin, trong b thu s dng APD,
nhiu n cng tng ng k. V vy, ta s phi s dng phng trnh (4.74) tnh
ton nhy thu. Tng t nh i vi SNR, nhy thu s c ci thin mt
cch ti u khi c h s nhn ph hp. Bng cch thay cng thc tnh FA (4.51) vo
phng trnh (4.74), ngi ta chng minh c rng <Prec> l nh nht khi M c gi
tr ti u tnh theo cng thc sau:
=

(4.76)

V khi gi tr cng sut thu ti thiu theo cng thc sau:

= (2 )

+1

(4.77)

166

Bng cch so snh cng thc (4.75) v (4.77), ta c th thy c s ci

thin nhy thu khi s dng APD. C th thy rng, mc ci thin ny s ph
thuc vo h s kA. H s kA cng nh th ci thin nhy thu cng cao. V d,
i vi b thu s dng APD InGaAs, c th ci thin nhy thu khong 6-8 dB.
Cng t cng thc (4.77), ta thy rng <Prec> APD ca b thu s dng APD s tng
tuyn tnh vi tc bit B (Df = B/2), khc vi <Prec>p-i-n trong b thu photodiode
p-i-n ch tng theo B1/2khi b thu p-i-n hot ng trong gii hn nhiu nhit (m
trng hp ny hay xy ra vi b thu p-i-n). V th, nhy ca b thu APD b
gim nhanh hn khi tc bit B tng. S gim ny l c tnh chung cho cc b thu
c gii hn nhiu n. Ngoi ra, c ch khuch i ca photodiode APD rt nhy
cm vi nhit v cc h s ion ha in t v l trng ph thuc vo nhit ,
c bit khi in p nh thin ln. S thay i nh v nhit c th gy ra s bin
ng ln cho khuch i trong APD.

IT

Ngoi phng php xc nh nhy thu trnh nh trnh by trn,do BER

lin quan n SNR v s s photon trung bnh Np cha trong bit 1, nn, cn c
mt cch khc cng hay c s dng l xc nh Np ti thiu t c gi tr
BER yu cu.

PT

Trong gii hn nhiu nhit, 01. Thay I0=0 vo phng trnh (4.67), ta c
Q=I1/21. Mt khc, do SNR=I21/21, nn SNR=4Q2. V Q=6khi BER=10-9 nn
SNR ti thiu phi bng 144 (tc l 21,6 dB) t c BER10-9. Trong trng
hp b thu hot ng trong gii hn nhiu n, yu cu i vi SNR s khc i.
Trong trng hp ny, b qua nhiu nhit nn 00 (v nhiu n c th b qua i
vi bit 0 khi b qua dng ti). V Q=I1/1=(SNR)1/2 trong gii hn nhiu n, nn
SNR phi bng 36 (hoc 15,6 dB) th BER s t c 1x10-9. V SNRNp trong
trng hp b thu hot ng gii hn nhiu n, nn ta c Q=(Np)1/2. Thay Q vo
phng trnh (4.67), ta c BER c tnh theo cng thc sau:
=

/2

(4.78)

Vi b thu c hiu sut lng t 100% (=1), nu tnh theo cng thc (4.65) th
BER=1x10-9 khi Np=36. Trong thc t, phn ln cc b thu yu cu phi c
Np1000 t c BER=10-9 v cht lng ca b thu p-i-n thng b nh hng
bi nhiu nhit.

167

4.5.3Gii hn lng t ca b thu quang

Khi b thu hot ng trong gii hn nhiu n, vic tnh BER theo cng thc
(4.5.21) khng hon ton chnh xc v trong cng thc ny ta s dng gn ng
c trng thng k ca nhiu trong b thu bng phn b Gauss. Vi b thu l tng
(khng c nhiu nhit, khng c dng ti v hiu sut lng t l 100%), 0=0 (v
nhiu n hon ton khng c khi khng c nh sng n b thu) v v vy, ngng
quyt nh c th thit lp gn vi mc 0 ca tn hiu. Vi b thu l tng nh vy,
hon ton c th nhn dng c bit 1 ngay c trong trng hp ch c ch thu
c 1 photon. Vi mt s lng photon v in t t nh vy, c trng thng k
ca nhiu n khng th xp x bng phn b Gauss v phi c gn ng bng
phn b Poisson. Nu Np l l s photon trung bnh c trong bit 1, xc sut to
ra m cp in t-l trng c cho bi phn b Poisson nh sau:

exp -N p

IT

Pm N pm

m!

(4.79)

Khi xc sut li s c tnh theo cng thc (4.37) v (4.79). Xc sut

P(1/0) tc lxc sut quyt nh l 1 khi thu bit 0 s bng 0, v khng c cp

sau:

PT

in t - l trng c pht khi Np = 0. Xc sut P(0/1) thu c bng cch thit lp

m = 0 trong phng trnh (4.79), v "0" c quyt nh trong trng hp ngay c
"l" c thu. V vy, (P(0/1) = exp(-Np) v BER c tnh theo cng thc n gin

BER =

exp(-Np )
2

(4.78)

Vi BER < 10-9, Np phi vt qu 20 photon trong mt bit. V yu cu ny l

mt kt qu ca s thay i lng t c lin quan ti nh sng n photodiode nn
n c xem nh l "gii hn lng t". iu ny c ngha rng mi bit "l" phi
cha ng t nht 20 photon c tch vi BER < 10-9. S photon ny c bin
i thnh cng sut quang bng cch s dng P1 = NphvB. Kt qu l, nhy thu
c xc nh nh l <Prec> = (P1+P0)/2 = P1/2 c cho bi biu thc:

Prec

N p hvB
2

N p hvB

(4.80)

168

 y <Np> th hin nhy thu di dng s photon trung bnh cho mi

mt bit, v c lin quan ti Np bng quan h <Np> = Np/2 khi cc bit "0" khng
mang nng lng.

4.6

K thut thu coherent

H thng thng tin quang cp trong cc phn trc l cc h thng s

dng s iu ch tn hiu s n gin, trong ti thit b pht quang, lung bit
tn hiu in c a vo iu ch cng ca sng mang quang, sau c
truyn qua si quang v c thu trc tip ti thit b thu quang.H thng nh vy
c gi l h thng iu bin cng v thu trc tip (IM- DD). Bn cnh c

IT

rt nhiu phng php khc c th c s dng iu ch thng tin ca tn hiu

in vo trong sng nh sng v d nh phng php iu tn, iu phav thu li
tn hiu pht bng cc phng php thu homodyne hay heterodyne (y l cc
phng php c s dng rt ph bin trong cc h thng thng tin v tuyn).
thc hin cc phng php ny, s kt hp pha ca sng mang quang l rt quan
trng, v vy cc h thng thng tin quang ny c gi l h thng thng tin quang
coherent (thng tin quang kt hp).

PT

Cc u im chnh ca k thut thng tin quang coherent: th nht l

nhy thu c th ci thin n 20dB so vi cc h thng IM-DD. Th hai, s dng k
thut thu coherent cho php s dng hiu qu hn bng tn truyn dn ca si
quang nh vic tng hiu sut s dng ph trong cc h thng WDM.
Tuy nhin, cng cn lu rng nguyn l thng tin quang Cohenrent lm
ny sinh rt nhiu vn phc tp c lin quan ti mt lot cac gii php k thut
v qu trnh cng ngh. T pha pht ti pha thu ca h thng, nhiu vn cn
phi gii quyt bao trm cc vn lin quan n ph ngun pht, n nh tn s,
duy tr phn cc v.v

169

Hnh 4.20 S minh ha thu coherent

4.6.1Khi nim c bn
ngha c bn ng sau khi nim thu coherent chnh l s kt hp gia
sng tn hiu quang do pha pht gi n vi mt sng quang lin tc khc (CW)
trc khi c a vo tch sng ti photodiode. Trng quang CW c to ra bi
mt laser dao ng ni c rng ph hp (LO). thy c s ci thin nhy
thu khi trn tn hiu quang n vi trng quang CW ca ngun dao ng ni,
ngi ta biu din trng ca tn hiu quang n v trng tn hiu pht ra t LO
nh sau:
[ (

[ (

(4.81)
]

(4.82)

IT

Vi 0 l tn s sng mang, As l bin , fs l pha ca trng tn hiu quang n

t pha pht. LO l tn s sng mang,ALO l bin , fLO l pha ca trng tn hiu
quang dao ng ni. K hiu v hng s dng cho Es v ELO vi gi thit rng c

PT

hai trng quang ny c phn cc ging nhau. V diode thu quang p ng vi

cng trng quang nn cng sut quang n diode thu quang c tnh theo
cng thc:
=

(4.83)

Vi K l hng s t l. Thay phng trnh (4.81) v (4.82) vo (4.83) ta c:

( )=

Vi:

+2

+
,

(4.84)
(4.85)

Tn s nIFIF/2 c gi l trung tn (IF). Khi LO, tn hiu quang c gii

iu ch theo hai giai on: u tin tn s sng mang c bin i v tn s nIF
(thng c gi tr t 0,1-5 GHz), sau tn hiu c gii iu ch v bng c bn.
Tuy nhin, khng phi lc no ta cng cn s dng tn s trung tn ny. Thc t, c
hai k thut thu coherent, ty thuc vo IF bng khng hay khc khng. Cc k
thut ny tng ng c gi l thu homodyne v thu heterodyne.

170

4.6.2K thut thu homodyne

Trong k thut thu homodyne, tn s ca laser dao ng ni c chn trng
vi tn s sng mang tn hiu quang, do IF=0. T phng trnh (4.84), dng
photo (I=RP, vi R l p ng ca photodiode) khi c tnh theo cng thc sau:
( )= (

)+2

(4.86)

Thng thng, PLO>>Ps nn Ps+PLO PLO. S hng cui cng trong phng trnh
(4.6.6) cha thng tin c gi i v s c a vo mch quyt nh. Xem xt
trng hp khi m pha ca LO c kha theo pha ca tn hiu pht sao cho
fs=fLO, khi tn hiu homodyne s c tnh theo cng thc sau:
( )=2

(4.87)

IT

T phng trnh (4.87) c th thy ngay c u im ca thu homodyne (v trong

trng hp thu trc tip, dng tn hiu thu c s l Idd(t)=RPs(t). Nu gi <Ps> l
cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu quang, th vi thu homodyne, cng sut trung bnh
ca tn hiu in tng ln c 4PLO/<Ps> so vi thu trc tip. V PLO thng ln
hn cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu rt nhiu nn mc tng cng sut do thu
homodyne c th vt qu 20 dB. Mc d khi nhiu n cng tng, nhng trong

PT

phn sau ta s thy rng thu homodyne ci thin SNR ng k so vi thu trc tip
T phng trnh (4.86) ta cng thy mt u im khc ca thu coherent. Do
s hng cui cng trong phng trnh ny c cha thng tin v pha ca tn hiu nn
pha pht c th truyn thng tin i bng cch iu ch pha hoc tn s ca tn hiu
sng mang. Thu trc tip khng cho php thc hin iu ch pha hay tn s ca tn
hiu v ton b thng tin v pha ca tn hiu l b mt.
Nhc im ca thu homodyne l c tnh nhy vi pha ca sng quang.
Trong s hng cui cng ca phng trnh (4.86), ta thy c c pha ca tn hiu dao
ng ni (fLO), nh vy r rng l cn phi iu khin c fLO. L tng nht l fs
v fLO l hng s, nh trong thc t th gi tr ca c fs v fLO s dao ng ngu
nhin theo thi gian. Tuy nhin, lch pha fs - fLO c th duy tr c gn nh
khng i thng qua vic s dng vng kha pha quang. Vic thc hin vng kha
pha ny l khng n gi lm cho b thu homodyne tr nn kh phc tp. Ngoi ra
yu cu v s ph hp tn s ca sng quang mang tn hiu v sng quang ca
ngun laser dao ng ni cng i hi phi s dng cc ngun quang cht lng

171

cao. Cc hn ch ny ca thu homodyne s c khc phc k thut thu

heterodyne c trnh by trong phn tip theo.

4.6.3K thut thu heterodyne

Trong trng hp thu heterodyne, tn s laser dao ng ni LO c chn
khc vi tn s sng quang mang tn hiu do pha pht gi n sao cho tn s trung
tn IF nm trong vng vi ba (nIF1GHz). S dng phng trnh (4.84) vi I=RP,
dng photo khi s c tnh theo cng thc sau:
( )= (

)+2

(4.88)

Trong thc t PLO>>Ps nn thnh phn mt chiu (dc) gn nh l hng s v c th

d dng loi b bng cch s dng b lc thng di. Sau khi i qua b lc, tn hiu
heterodyne ch cn li thnh phn xoay chiu (AC) c tnh theo cng thc sau:
[

IT

( )=2

(4.89)

Tng t nh trng hp thu homodyne, thng tin c th c truyn i trn sng

mang quang thng qua vic iu ch bin , pha hay tn s ca sng mang quang.

PT

Quan trng hn, ngun laser dao ng ni vn khuch i tn hiu thu c vi mt

h s khuch i tng i ln do ci thin c SNR. Tuy nhin mc ci
thin SNR ca k thut thu heterodyne s thp hn ca k thut thu homodyne
khong 2-3 dB. S suy gim ny c gi l thit thi cng sut do thu
heterodyne. Ngun gc ca thit thi 3dB c th thy bng cch xem xt cng
sut tn hiu (t l vi bnh phng cng dng). Do bn cht xoay chiu ca Iac,
cng sut tn hiu trung bnh gim i 2 ln khi I2ac c ly trung bnh trn ton b
chu k ti tn s trung tn (lu , trung bnh ca cos2q trong min q chnh bng
).B li thit thi 3dB, th b thu heterodyne kh l n gin do khng cn s
dng vng kha pha quang. Tuy nhin s dao ng trong c fsfLO vn cn phi
c kim sot bng cch s dng laser c rng ph hp cho c hai loi ngun
quang. Tuy nhin yu cu v rng ph hp ca ngun quang trong thu
heterodyne cng ch mc trung bnh. iu ny lm cho s thu heterodyne
kh ph hp cho vic thc hin cc h thng coherent trong thc t.

4.6.4T s tn hiu trn nhiu

C th nh lng hn uu im ca thu coherent trong cc h thng thng tin
quang thng qua vic xem xt SNR ca dng thu c. Trong phn ny s p dng
172

cc phn tch v SNR trong phn 4.4 cho trng hp thu heterodyne. Do nh hng
ca nhiu n v nhiu nhit, s c s thng ging ca dng thu. Phng sai 2 ca
s thng ging v dng s c tnh theo cng thc sau:
=

(4.90)

V SNR c tnh bng t s gia cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu v cng sut
trung bnh ca nhiu, nn i vi trng hp thu heterodyne, SNR c tnh theo
cng thc sau:
=

(4.91)

Trong trng hp thu homodyne, ta thy SNR ln gp 2 ln nu ta gi thit fs=fLO

trong phng trnh (4.6.6). u im chnh ca thu coherent ta c th thy c t

Chnh xc hn, 2s>>2T khi:

IT

phng trnh (4.6.11). V c th iu chnh cng sut ca LO ti b thu, nn cng

sut ny c th t c ln n mc b thu hot ng trong gii hn nhiu n.

/(2

(4.92)

PT

Cng trong cng iu kin ny, nh hng ca dng ti ng gp vo nhiu n c

th b qua (Id<<RPLO). SNR khi c tnh theo cng thc sau:

(4.93)

Vi R=q/hn. Vic s dng k thut thu coherent s cho php b thu t c gii
hn nhiu n thm ch c khi b thu s dng b thu p-i-n (l b thu c cht lng
thng b gii hn bi nhiu nhit).

173

Chng 5 H th
thng thng tin quang s
i

H thng
ng thng tin quang c bn
b c cu trc t ba thnh phnn chnh l ssi
quang, thit b pht quang v thit
thi b thu quang. Cc thnh phn ny c nghin
cu mt cch c lp
p trong cc chng trc.
tr
Trong chng ny s xem xt xem
cc thnh phn c bn
n ny c
s dng nh th no to nn mt h thng thng
tin quang. Cc vn lin quan
n vic thit k mt tuynn thng tin quang (n
knh) c cu trc n gin
n nht
nh v cht lng ca mt h thng
ng thng tin quang
cng c cp n
n trong chng ny

5.1 Cu trc h thng

ng thng tin
ti quang

IT

5.1.1 Tuyn im im
i
Cc tuyn im - im hnh thnh nn h thng
ng thng tin quang ssi n gin
nht bao gm mt b pht quang, m
mt b thu quang v ng truyn
n ddn si quang
nh cho thy trong hnh 5-1. Cc h thng ny thit lp c s cho cc ccu trc h

PT

thng phc tp hn.

Hnh 5-1 S tuyn kt ni im im

Ty thuc vo cc tnh ngun

ngu tin u vo b pht quang l tng tt hay s
m h thng c th cc phn loi
lo thnh h thng
ng thng tin quang tng tt v h
thng thng tin quang s.. Mc
M d mi loi h thng c nhng tnh cht v cc yu
cu c th ring nhng vic thit k tuyn kt ni im im cho nh
ng h thng
ny vn c nhng quy tcc chung cn
c xem xt. Qu trnh thit k mtt tuy
tuyn thng tin
quang im im
m ni chung lin quan n
nhiu tham s cc tnh quan h
h vi
nhau nn vicc phn tch v thi
thit k tuyn thc t c th i hii qu trnh llp vi ln
trc khi hon thnh m
m bo
b tha mn cc yu cu tt ra.V cc rng bu
buc v hiu
nng v chi ph l nhng yu t quan trng trong cc tuynn thng tin quang si
s nn
k s thit k phi la chn
n cn
c thn cc thnh phn h thng m
m bbo mc hiu
nng mong mun cc duy tr trong sut
su tui th d kin ca h thng
ng m khng
xc nh qu mc cc cc tnh cca cc thnh phn.

174

Cc yu cu c bn ca h thng ni chung cn thit cho vic phn tch

tuyn l:
-

Khong cch truyn dn c th (hoc mong mun)

Tc d liu hoc rng bng tn ca knh truyn

T s li bt (BER) hoc t s tn hiu trn nhiu (SNR) yu cu

p ng c cc yu cu ny k s thit k cn phi la chn cc thnh

phn v xem xt cc c tnh c bn lin quan nh sau:
-

Si quang a mode hoc n mode: cc tham s c bn cn xem xt bao

gm kch thc li, mt ct chit sut, rng bng tn hoc tn sc, h
s suy hao, khu s hoc ng knh trng mode.

B pht quang s dng ngun quang LED hoc laser diode: cc tham s
c bn cn xem xt bao gm bc sng pht, rng ph, cng sut pht

IT

x, din tch pht x hiu dng, mu pht x v s lng mode pht x.

B thu quang s dng PIN hoc APD: cc tham s c bn cn xem xt
bao gm p ng, bc sng hot ng, tc v nhy thu.

Thng thng s c hai phn tch c bn l qu cng sut v qu thi

PT

gian ln m bo hiu nng yu cu. Ty thuc vo h thng thng tin quang l

s hay tng t, cc yu cu v hiu nng s khc nhau. i vi h thng thng tin
quang s yu cu hiu nng cn m bo l t s li bt, cn i vi h thng thng
tin quang tng t yu cu hiu nng cn m bo l t s sng mang trn nhiu.
Mt s vn v thit k cc h thng ny s c cp c th trong cc phn
sau.

5.1.2 H thng thng tin quang s

H thng thng tin quang s l h thng ph bin hin nay s dng trn cc
cu trc mng thng tin. Trong h thng thng tin quang s, nh dng iu ch c
ngha quan trng m bo b thu c th tch c thng tin nh thi chnh
xc t tn hiu quang thu c. Kiu iu ch s dng ph bin hin nay l iu ch
cng (IM) trong cc bt nh phn c trng bi s thay i cng quang
u ra.
m bo kh nng tch nh thi cho qu trnh ng b trong h thng
thng tin quang s, m ng s c s dng. Mc ch chnh ca vic nh thi
l ng b lung d liu s ti u thu v cho php ly mu tn hiu ti thi im
175

m t s tn hiu trn nhiu

u t
cc i. Vic s dng m ng
ng ngoi vic
vi m bo
d tch tn hiu nh thii th cn c chc
ch nng gim thiu li nh a thm cc bit
d vo chui bt d liu.
u. Tuy nhin vi
vic a thm bt d cng ng
ng ngha
ngh lm tng
tc truyn dn ca d liu hay rng bng tn ca tn hiu. Nu
u
rng bng
tn cng ln th ng gp nhiu
nhi cng nhiu. Do vy thng c s b tr
tr gia kh
nng tch nh thi v r
ng bng tn nhiu ca mt m ng c th.
Cc m ng s d
ng trong thng tin quang thng
ng l cc m nh
nh phn (2
mc) mc d cc m a m
c c th s dng do kh nng d dng trong iu
i ch.
Cc m ng c bn
n bao g
gm m NRZ (khng tr v khng), m RZ (tr
(tr v
khng) v nh dng
ng m ha pha (PE).

IT

M NRZ n gin
n nht
nh l m NRZ n cc c rng bng tn
n tiu chun.
chu
i vi m ny mt bt d
liu chim ht mt chu k bt vi tn hiuu quang c

iu bin theo nh dng bt tt (OOK). Mt cch c th bt mt s c

c trng
bi mt xung chim htt chu k bt, cn
c bt 0 s khng c xung pht i nh cho thy
th

PT

trong hnh 5-2. Mcc d m NRZ c rng bng tn nh nhtt trong cc m nh

nhng
cng sut trung bnh i vo b
b thu li ph thuc mu da liu. Do vy
y khi c mt
m
chui bit 1 ko di s xy
y ra hin
hi tng tri ng nn do s tch ly
y ca
c cc ui
xung sinh ra t c tnh tn
n s
s thp ca b lc ghp cp AC trong b thu quang nh
cho thy trong hnh 5-3. Hiu ng ny c th gy ra li khi s thii gian ph
phc hi v
ngng gc ban u b chm sau mt chui di bt 1. Thm na mtt chui
chu di cc
bit 1 hoc 0 lin tip s lm mt
m thng tin nh thi v khng c im
m chuy
chuyn tip
mc. trnh cc hin t
ng ny qu trnh trn d liu c th cc s
s dng
m bo s phn b u
u cc bt 1 v 0 trong chu
chui d liu.

Hnh 5-2 nh dng m NRZ

176

IT

PT

Hnh 5-3
5 Hin tng tri ng nn

Hnh 5-4 Mt s nh dng m RZ

i vi m RZ, mii bt d
d liu thng chim ch mt naa chu kk bt nn c
th coi nh cc m ha thnh hai bt m ng quang. Trong ph m ny c ch
cha
thng tin nh thi nn d dng c
tch hn so vii m NRZ. Trong m RZ n
cc bit 1 c c trng b
i mt xung quang chim mt na chu k bit, cn bt 0 ss
khng c xung. Do xung quang nh
nh hn mt na so vii xung quang m NRZ nn
rng bng tn tn hiu s tng gp i khi cng tc d liu.
u. Nh
Nhc im ca
177

m RZ n cc l mt thng tin nh thi khi c chui bt 0 ko di lin tip.

khc phc nhc im ny m lng pha hay m Manchester quang c th c s
dng nh cho thy trong hnh 5-4.
Ngoi ra, cc h thng thng tin quang s thng hay s dng cc m khi
mBnB. Trong cc m ny cc khi m bit c chuyn i thnh n bit (n > m). Vic
a thm vo cc bit d c th lm tng bng tn tn hiu nhng i li cho php
tng kh nng tch nh thi v kh nng gim st li, tn hiu thu c cng s
khng gp phi vn tri ng nn v loi b c cc chui bit 1 v 0 ko di.
Thng thng gi tr n l chn m bo lch s lng cc bit 1 v 0 trong t
m l nh nht (bng 0). Cc tham s c bn ca m mBnB bao gm: t l m n/m,
s lng cc k hiu ging nhau di nht (Nmax), gii hn lch tch ly (D) v
lng phn trm cc t m n bit khng c s dng. c tnh mt s loi m
mBnB c cho trong bng 5-1

n/m

3B4B

1,33

6B8B

1,33

Nmax

W (%)

25

75

PT

IT

Bng 5-1 So snh mt s m mBnB

5B6B

1,2

28

7B8B

1,14

27

9B10B

1,11

11

24

Trong h thng thng tin quang tc cao hin nay, m sa li trc (FEC)
c s dng ci thin hiu nng cho h thng. Trong k thut FEC, cc thng
tin d c pht cng thng tin gc, khi d liu gc b li th cc thng tin d c
s dng khi phc li. Cc m sa li thng thng l cc m chu trnh c k
hiu l (n,m) trong n bng vi m bt gc cng vi cc bt d. Mt s m FEC
thng s dng nh m Hamming (224,216), m Reed-Solomon (192,190) v m
m Reed-Solomon (255,239). Hnh 5-5 cho thy c tnh ca m FEC (224,216)
ci thin hiu nng h thng 565 Mb/s s dng laser a mode 1300 nm.

178

IT

PT

Hnh 5-5 c tnh m sa li FEC (224,216) ci thin hiu nng h thng

5.1.3 H thng thng tin quang tng t

H thng thng tin quang tng t c s dng trong cc mng truyn hnh
cp (CATV) v cc h thng truyn dn v tuyn qua si quang (RoF). Hnh 5-6
cho thy cc phn t c bn ca mt h thng thng tin quang tng t. B pht
quang c th s dng ngun LED hoc LD v cn ch xc nh im nh thin
m bo ti im gia vng iu bin tuyn tnh. Tn hiu tng t sau c th
iu bin s dng mt s k thut trong k thut n gin nht l iu bin
cng trc tip. Nh vy tn hiu bn tin c pht trc tip bng gc. Mt
phng php hiu qu hn nhng cng phc tp hn l chuyn dch tn hiu bng
gc ln mt sng mang con in trc khi iu bin cng ngun quang. Qu
trnh ny c th c thc hin qua mt s k thut c bn nh iu bin bin
(AM), iu tn (FM) hoc iu pha (PM). i vi qu trnh iu bin tn hiu tng
t, mt s vn cn ch l mo phi tuyn iu ch, nhiu iu bin tng h,
nhiu cng tng i (RIN) trong laser v hiu ng xn ca laser.

179

Hnh 5-6 Cc phn t c bn trong h thng thng tin quang tng t

i vi knh si quang, do s nh hng ca tn sc gy ra s ph thuc ca
bin , pha v tr nhm vo tn s nn phi m bo bng tn tn hiu truyn
qua si c p ng tr nhm v bin phng trnh mo tuyn tnh.
Trong phn tch hiu nng cc h thng tng t, ta thng tnh t l cng

IT

sut sng mang hiu dng trn cng sut nhiu hiu dng ti u vo b thu RF
ngay tip sau qu trnh tch sng quang. Tham s ny c th gi ngn gn l t l
sng mang trn nhiu (Carrier to noise ratio - CNR). i vi d liu s s dng

PT

kha dch tn (FSK), bin sng mang duy tr khng i nhng pha song mang s
dch t mt tn s ny n mt tn s khc c trng cho cc tn hiu nh phn.
p ng yu cu BER l 10-9 v 10-15 trong trng hp ny th cn gi tr CNR
ti thiu l 36 (15.6 dB) v 64 (18 dB) tng ng. i vi d liu tng t, phn
tch s phc tp hn v ph thuc vo mc cm nhn cht lng tn hiu ca
ngi s dng, v d nh xem mt hnh nh truyn hnh. Nu s dng iu ch bin
(AM) th s i hi mt CNR c 56 dB v nhu cu cho hiu qu bng thng dn
n mt t l CNR cao. Nhng trong iu ch tn s (FM) ch yu cu CNR c 15
18 dB.
Trong h thng c N yu t gy suy gim tn hiu, t s CNR tng c xc
nh
N
1
1

CNR i 1 CNRi

(5.1)

trong CNRi l t s CNR cho mt yu t nh hng c th. i vi cc h thng

n knh, cc yu t suy gim bao gm cc thng ging nhiu cng , hiu ng
ct xn cng laser, nhiu diode thu quang v nhiu ASE. i vi h thng a
knh hot ng ti cc tn s sng mang khc nhau, c th thm nh hng ca
mo phi tuyn.

180

IT

PT

Hnh 5--7 Qu trnh iu ch laser tn hiu tng t

Qu trnh iu bin
n trc
tr tip tn hiu tng t c m t trong hnh 5-7.
5
y dng kch thch ngun
n quang bao gm
g
thnh phn dng nh thin
hin mt
m chiu IB
v dng xoay chiu caa tn hiu
hi tng t

. Ngunn quang ho
hot ng nh

mt linh kin quy lutt bnh phng,

ph
do vy cng sut quang u ra ( ) c dng
ging nh dng kch thch i vo nu
n im nh thin v lnn dng tn hiu
h
c
xc nh thch hp m bo bin i dng nm trong vng tuynn tnh ca
c ng
c tnh P-I ca ngun
n quang. N
Nu gi s tn hiu
u kch thch tng tt k hiu l
( ) th cng sut quang u
u ra
c xc nh
P (t ) PB 1 ms(t )

(5.2)

trong PB l cng sutt quang u

ra ti mc dng nh
nh thin v m l ch
ch s iu
ch. Theo i lng
ng cng su
sut quang, ch s iu ch c th c xc nh
m

Ppeak
PB

(5.3)

Ppeak l gi tr mcc cng sut

su quang nh u ra. Gi tr in hnh caa m trong h
thng tng t nm trong di 0,25 n 0,5.
181

i vi mt tn hiu tng t thu c dng sng sin, cng sut sng mang
C ti u ra b thu (n v A2) s l
C

1
2

mMP

(5.4)

trong l p ng ca diode thu quang ti M = 1, M l h s khuyeechs i

dng ca diode thu quang (M = 1 cho PIN),
bnh.

l cng sut quang thu c trung

Trong trng hp h thng n knh AM, t s CNR tng cng c th c

xc nh c th t (5.1)
2 2 2
1
1
1
1

P T RIN
CNR CNRP CNRT CNRRIN
C
C
C

(5.5)

C
C
2
2
N
P T2 RIN

IT

hay c th vit li
(5.6)

trong
,
v
l cc t s CNR thnh phn b nh hng bi
nhiu ca diode thu quang (gm ch yu nhiu n v nhiu dng ti), nhiu nhit

PT

ca b tin khuych i v nhiu RIN tng ng. Phng sai hay ln ca cc

thnh phn nhiu ny gm , c xc nh trong chng 4. i vi nhiu
RIN, dng nhiu trung bnh bnh phng

c xc nh

2
RIN
RIN P B

(5.7)

y RIN l t l nhiu trn cng sut tn hiu c o theo dB/Hz v c nh

ngha bi
RIN

DPL 2

(5.8)

PL2

trong ( ) c trng cho thng ging cng trung bnh bnh phng
ca u ra laser v

l cng nh sng laser trung bnh. Nhiu ny s gim khi

tng cng dng bm cho laser.

T (5.7) v (4.71)-(4.72), t s sng mang trn nhiu (5.6) c vit li thnh
1

C
2 mMP

2
N RIN P B 2q I p I d M 2 FA B 4k B T RL BFn
2

(5.9)

182

Ty thuc vo mcc cng sut

su quang i vo b thu, h thng hot ng cc
iu kin gii hn khc nhau. Khi mc
m cng sut quang thu c thp,
p, t
t s CNR b
gii hn bi nhiu nhit.
t. Trong trng
tr
hp ny cng sut quang thu
c thay i 1
dB th CNR s thay ii khong
kho
2 dB. mc cng sutt quang trung bnh khi nhi
nhiu
dng ti ca PD nh th CNR b
b gii hn bi nhiu n caa PD. Trong tr
trng hp
ny, t s CNR thay ii 1 dB khi m
mc cng sut quang bin ii 1 dB. mc cng
sut quang thu cc cao hn tt s CNR c th s b gii hn bii RIN, khi tt s

PT

IT

CNR ch c ci thin
n khi tng ch
ch s iu ch. Hnh 5-8 cho thyy ddng bin i
CNR theo mc cng sutt quang ti
t b thu. Tuy nhin cn lu rng
ng cc yyu t gii
hn c th bin i rt nhiu ph thuc vo cc c tnh ca b pht v bb thu c
th.

Hnh 5-8 S ph
thuc t s CNR vo mc cng sut quang thu

5.2 C s thit k h thng

th
thit k h thng
ng thng tin quang, cn
c phi bao qut v nm bt c
tng tn cc yu t chnh c nh hng th no i vi cht lng
ng hh thng. Cc
yu t ny u tin phi k n l suy hao, tn sc v tnh phi tuyn ca si quang.
V cc tham s c tnh c
a si quang ph thuc bc sng, nn khii thi
thit k, cn
cn nhc la chn bcc sng hot
ho ng ca h thng cho ph hp.

183

Mt vi tham s h thng thng c xc nh trc khi thit k l l tc

bit B v c ly truyn dn L. Mc tiu thit k i vi cc h thng thng tin
quang l h thng phi hot ng mt cch tin cy trong sut thi gian sng ca h
thng. Vi cc h thng thng tin quang s, yu cu cht lng ny c th hin
qua tham s BER (nhn chung BER yu cu i vi cc h thng thng tin quang
ti thiu phi nh hn10

Cng cn lu khi thit k l ty theo yu cu v tc v c ly truyn dn

ca h thng c s la chn ph hp i vi vng bc sng hot ng cng
nh chng loi si quang, thit b pht, thit b thu nh th no cho ph hp m
bo c c mt h thng thng tin quang c cht lng m bo vi chi ph thp
nht. Trn thc t, gi thnh ca cc linh kin l thp nht gn bc sng hot
ng 0,85 m v tng khi bc sng dch v 1,3m v 1,55 m.
Thng thng khi thit k, ngi ta chia h thng thng tin quang ra lm 2

PT

thng.

IT

loi: h thng b gii hn bi suy hao v h thng b gii hn bi tn sc. Phng

php thit k thng thng i vi cc h thng thng tin quang n gin l da
trn qu cng sut v qu thi gian ln i khi c coi l qu bng thng ca h

Hnh 5-9: Mi quan h gia B v L ca h thng b gii hn bi suy hao (cc ng

nt lin) v h thng b gii hn bi tn sc (cc ng t nt). Chm trn biu th
h thng thng tin quang thng mi, hnh tam gic hin th cc h thng trong
phng th nghim.

184

5.2.1H thng b gii hn bi suy hao

Tr cc tuyn thng tin quang c ly ngn, tham s suy hao ca si quang c
vai tr quan trng trong vic thit k h thng. Xt mt thit b pht quang c cng
sut pht trung bnh

. Nu thit b thu c nhy thu ti tc bit B l

, th

khong cch truyn dn ln nht t c c tnh theo cng thc sau:

=
Trong

(5.10)

l suy hao trung bnh ca si quang (dB/Km) bao gm c suy hao cc

mi hn v suy hao cc connector (b ni ghp quang). S ph thuc ca L vo tc

bit l do s ph thuc tuyn tnh ca

trong l nng lng photon,

theo tc bit B. Ch rng

l s lng photon trung bnh/bit yu

IT

cu bi my thu.Vi bc sng hot ng ca h thng c xc nh trc,

khong cch L gim i theo hm lgarit khi B tng. Cc ng lin nt trn hnh
5.4 ch ra s ph thuc ca L theo B khi h thng lm vic ti cc bc sng
0,85m; 1,3m v 1.55 m vi
ng.Cng sut pht l

=1mW c ba bc sng, trong khi

=300 ti

=500 1,3m v 1,55 m. Gi tr L l nh nht i vi cc h

PT

=0.85 m v

=2,5dB/km; 0,4dB/km v 0,25 dB/km tng

thng th h th nht hot ng bc sng 0,85 m do suy hao si quang tng

i ln ti ca s bc sng ny. Khong cch trm lp ca cc h thng ny gii
hn t 10 n 25 km, ph thuc vo tc v gi tr chnh xc ca suy hao si
quang. Ngc li, vi h thng hot ng ca s bc sng 1,55 m,khong cch
trm lp c th t hn 100 km.

Cn c trn hnh 5.4, c thla chn bc sng hot ng thch hp ca h

thng. Ni chung, h thng c th hot ng vng bc sng 0,85 m nu B
<200Mb/s v L< 20km. i vi h thng quang c ly di v hot ng tc bit
ln hn 2 Gb/s th bc sng hot ng nn chn ca s 1,55 m.

5.2.2H thng b gii hn bi tn sc

Trong chng 2 cp nvic dn rng xung nh sng do hin tng tn
sc gy ralm gii hn tch BL nh th no. Khi khong cch truyn dn b gii hn
do hin tng tn sc xy ra trong si quang ngn hn khong cch truyn dn b
hn ch do suy hao si (tnh theo cng thc (5.1), th h thng c xem l b gii
hn do tn sc. Cc ng t nt trn hnh 5.4 ch ra khong cch truyn dn b
185

gii hn bi tn sc l mt hm ph thuc tc bit. Vi cc vng bc sng hot

ng kh nhau ca h thng, cc nguyn nhn gy ra tn sccng khc nhau khc
nhau. V vy,di y s xem xt cc trng hp mt cch ring bit:
Vi h thng hot ng bc sng 0,85 m: h thng ny thng s
dng si quang a mode c gi thnh ti thiu. Nh cp trong chng 2,
tn sc ch yu trong si a mode l tn sc mode. Trong trng hp s dng si a
mode chit sut bc (MM-SI), ta c BL = c / (2

). Gii hn BL ny c th

hintrn hnh 5.4 vi si c n1=1.46 v =0.01. Quan st trn hnh 5.4 c th thy
rng, ngay c khi tc bit 1Mb/s, h thng quangs dng si MM-SI cng b
gii hn bi tn sc, v khong cch truyn dn ca chng < 10km. Chnh v l do
ny, cc si quang MM-SI t khi c s dng trong thit k h thng thng tin
quang. Thay vo , ngi ta thng s dng si a mode c chit sut bin i

IT

(MM-GI). Vi si quang ny, gii hn c ly truyn dn do tn sc mode gy ra s

c ci thin ng k. Trong trng hp ny, tch BL=2c/(n12) c biu th trn
hnh 5-9 cho thy rng khi s dng si MM-GI,h thng thng tin quang 0.85 m b
gii hn bi suy hao hn l b gii hn bi tn sc tc bit c th ln n100

PT

Mb/s. H thng thng tin quang thng mi u tin c a vo s dng nm

1980, s dng si MM-GI, hot ng vi tc bit ca 45 Mb/s vi khong lp
di 10 km.
Vi h thng s dng si n mode hot ng vng bc sng 1,3
m:H thng thng tin quang th h th hai s dng si n mode chun, hot
ng vng bc sng 1,31 m, l vng c tn sc nh nht ca si n mode
chun. Nh cp trong chng 2, tn sc ch yu y l tn sc mu vi ln
tn sc ph thuc vo rng ph ca ngun quang. Trong trng hp ny, tch BL
b gii hn bi cng thc sau:
BL (4|D| )

(5.11)

Vi l rng ph hiu dng ca ngun quang (RMS). Gi trca |D| vng tn

sc bng khng l ~ 1ps/(nm.km). Quan st trnhnh 5.4 cho thy, khi |D| =
2ps/km, tn sc s gii hn tch BL 125 (Gb/s).km. Nhn chung, cc h thng nh
vy b gii hn bi suy hao khi tc bit ln n 1Gb/s v s b gii hn bi tn sc
i vi tc bit cao hn.
Vi h thng s dng si n mode hot ng vng bc sng 1,55
m: Cc h thng thng tin quang th h th 3 v th 4 hot ng vng 1,55m,
vng c suy hao nh nht. Tuy nhin,vi vi si quang n mode chun, vng ny
186

tn sc ln (16 ps/nm.km). khc phc vn ny cn s dng cc laser bn dn

n mode dc. Khi , gii hn ca tch BL c cho bi:
L <(16|
Trong

|)

(5.12)

l tham s c lin quan n D theo phng trnh (2.44). Hnh 5-9 cho
L = 4000(GB/s) .km. Nh vy h thng

thy gii hn ny bng cch chn

1.55m b gii hn bi tn sc khi B > 5Gb/s. Trn thc t, tn s i vi iu ch

trc tip cc xung quang hn ch . nh hng ca tn s chirp trn hiu nng h
thng c tho lun trong phn 5.4.4. Tn s chirp th hin thng qua vic m
rng ph ca xung quang.S dng cng thc (5.2) vi D=16 ps/(nm.km) v = 0.1
nm, ta c BL 150(Gb/s)-km. Kt qu l, tn s chirp gii hn khong cch truyn
dn n 75 km ti B = 2 Gb/s, mc d khong cch lpk vt qu 150 km. Vn

IT

tn s chirp thng gii quyt bng cch s dng mt b iu bin bn ngoi cho h
thng hot ng tc bit> 5 Gb/s.
Mt gii php cho vn tn sc l s dng si quang tn sc dch chuyn,
si quang ny suy hao v tn sc nh nht ca s1.55 m. Hnh 5.4 cho thy s
ci thin bng cch s dng phng trnh. (5.12) vi |

| = 2p

/km.Cc h thng

PT

ny c th hot ng tc 20 Gb/s vi khong khuch i khong 80km. Ci tin

hn na l h thng thng tin quang hot ng rt gn vi bc sng tn sc bng
khng, tuy nhin bc sng laser pht vi bc sng tn sc bng khng th khng
phi lc no cng kh thi v s khc bit trong tnh cht tn sc ca cc si quang
trn cc lin kt truyn dn. Trn thc t, tn s chirp kh t c ngay c nhng
gii hn quy nh hnh5.4. Nm 1989, hai th nghim trong phng th nghim
chng minh rng khi truyn dn hn 81 km ti tc 11 Gb/s v hn 100 km ti 10
Gb/s bng cch s dng laser bn dn chirp thp cng vi si quang tn sc dch
chuyn. Hnh tam gic trong hnh 5.4 cho thy h thng ny hot ng kh gn vi
gii hntn sc si dch chuyn. Truyn dn vi khong cch di hn i hi phi
s dng cc k thut qun l tn sc nh trnh by phn trn.

5.2.3Qu cng sut quang

Mc ch ca qu cng sut l bo m cng sut n my thu ln duy
tr hot ng tin cy trong sut thi gian sng ca h thng. Cng sut thu trung
bnh nh nht yu cu h thng c th hot ng tin cy c gi l nhy ca
my thu, k hiu l

. Gi

l cng sut trung bnh ca my pht. Khi , ta c:

=

(5.13)
187

Trong

l tng suy hao truyn truyn dn,

l cng sut d phng h thng.

Cng sut d phng ny l cng sut c dnh ra nhm b li s mt mt cng

sut c th xy ra trong khong thi gian khai thc ca h thng, v d nh do s
xung cp ca cc thit b trn tuyn, hoc do cc s c m ta khng lng trc
c. Khi thit k ngi ta thng d phng khong 4-6 dB. Suy hao knh
truyn dn

bao gm tt c cc ngun suy hao c th c: suy hao si quang, suy

hao cc connector v suy hao cc mi hn. Nu gi

(dB/km),

c tnh nh sau:
=

Vi a

l suy hao ca si quang

(5.14)

l suy hao cc connector v suy hao cc mi hn dc theo

tuyn truyn dn quang.

5.2.4Qu thi gian ln

IT

S dng cc cng thc (5.13) v (5.14), d dng c lng khong cch

truyn ln nht c th t c vi phn t trn tuyn c xc nh.

Mc ch ca qu ca thi gian ln l bo m rng h thng c kh nng

PT

hot ng ng tc bit mong mun. Ngay c trong trng hpbng thng cc

thnh phn ring l ca h thng ln hn tc bit, vn c th xy ra trng hp h
thng c th khng hot ng c tc bit . Khi nim thi gian ln c s
dng phn b bng thng gia cc thnh phn trong h thng. Thi gian ln
ca mt h thng tuyn tnh c nh ngha l thi gian trong khong p ng
tng t 10 n 90% ca gi tr ng ra cui cng khi ng vo b thay i t ngt.
Hnh 5-10 minh ha khi nim ny.

Trong mt h thng tuyn tnh, gia bng thng v thi gian ln

mi quan h nghch o. C th hiu d dng mi quan h ny thng qua vic phn

tch mt h thng tuyn tnh n gin l mch RC. Khi in p u vo qua mt
mch RC thay i ngay lp tc t 0 n
( )=

, in p u ra s thay i nh sau:

[1 exp(

)] (5.15)

trong R l in trv C l in dung ca mch RC. Qu thi gian ln c tnh

theo cng thc sau:

= ( 9)

2,2

(5.16)

188

Hnh 5-10 Thi gian ln

trong h thng tuyn tnh b gii hn bng thng

Bin i cng thc (5.15),ta c hm truyn t H(f) ca mch RC c tnh theo

cng thc sau:
H( ) = (1 + 2

(5.17)

Bng thng ca mch RC tng ng vi tn s ti |H( )| = v c xc

nh theo cng thc
v

p dng cng thc (5.16), ta c mi quan

nh sau:

IT

h gia

= (2RC)

(5.18)

Vi tt c cc h thng tuyn tnh, gia thi gian ln v bng thng ca h

ca cc h thng ny c th

PT

thng u c quan h nghch o. Tuy nhin tch

khc 0,35. Trong thng tin quang, ta c th s dng iu kin

= 0,35 nh l

mt ch dn an ton cho vic thit k tuyn. Quan h gia di thng

v tc

bit B ph thuc vo loi m c s dng. Trng hp m tr v khng (RZ),

= B v B

B/2 v B

= 0,35. Ngc li, trong trng hp m khng tr v khng (NRZ)

= 0,7. Trong c 2 trng hp, tc bit c th quyt nh gii hn

trn ln nht cho thi gian ln m h thng c th chp nhn c. Khi thit k h
thng phi m bo

nh hn gi tr ln nht cho php, tc l:

Nu gi

0,35/
0,70/

(5.19)

l thi gian ln tng ng ca my pht, si

quang v my thu, thi gian ln tng cng ca ton h thng c th tnh gn ng

nh sau :
=

(5.20)

189

Thi gian ln ca my pht

, c xc nh ch yu bi cc thnh phn

in t ca mch iu khin v cc phn t k sinh in lin quan n ngun quang.

Thng Ttr khong vi nano giy i vi thit b pht s dng LED, nhng c th
nh hn 0.1 ns i vi thit b pht s dng laser. Thi gian ln ca b thu Trec
c xc nh ch yu bi bngtn in 3 dB ca mch front-end trong b thu. C
th dng cng thc (5.18) tnh

nu bng tn ca mch front - end c xc

nh. Thi gian ln ca si quang

c tnh theo cng thc

=

Trong

l tn sc mode v

quang.i vi si n mode

= 0 v

(5.21)
l tn sc vn tc nhm trong si
=

5.3B cng sut

IT

nhy ca my thu quang trong mt h thng thng tin quang b nh

hng bi mt s hin tng vt l m khi kt hp vi si tn sc trong si quang
s lm suy gim SNR ti mch quyt nh trong mch thu. Cc hin tng lm suy
gim nhy thu l: nhiu mode,dn xung do tn sc v giao thao gia cc k
t,nhiu cnh tranh mode,chirp tn s,nhiu phn x.Trong phn ny chng ta xem

PT

xt cht lngh thng b nh hng bi tn sc si quang nh th no khi c xt

n s thit thi v cng sut do cc hin tng trn gy ra.

5.3.1B cng sut do nhiu mode

Nhiu mode xut hin trong h thng s dng si quang a mode.Ngun gc

ca nhiu mode c th c tm lc nh sau. S giao thoa gia cc mode lan
truyn trong si quang a mode s to ra mt mu Sparkle b tch sng quang.S
khng ng u trong phn b cng ca mu Sparklekhng nh hng ti cht
lng ca b thu v cht lng b thu lin quan n tng cng sut quang n b
thu,tuy nhin nu mu Sparkle dao ng theo thi gian, s dn n s dao ng
trong cng sut thu v th lm gim SNR.S dao ng ny c gi l nhiu mode.
Nhiu mode lun xy ra trong si a mode do cc dao ng c hc v do vi un.
Ngoi ra ,cc mi hn v connector hot ng nh cc b lc khng gian.Bt k s
thay i theo thi gian no ti cc b lc ny u c chuyn thnh cc dao ng
ca mu sparkle v lm tng nhiu mode.Nhiu mode b nh hng nhiu bi
rng ph ngun quang v giao thoa mode ch xut hin nu thi gian kt hp
(Tc 1/) ln hn thi gian tr T c cho bi phng trnh 2.1.5.i vi cc
190

my pht s dng LED( 5THz) th iu kin ny khng c tha mn.Phn

ln cc h thng thng tin quang s dng si a mode th cng s dng ngun
quang LED gim nhiu mode.
Nhiu mode tr nn nghim trng khi s dng ngun quang laze bn dn
cng vi si quang a mode. nh gi nhy thu b suy gim bi do nhiu
mode, ngi ta tnh ton BER khi c thm nh hng ca nhiu mode. Hnh 5.6 ch
ra thit thi cng sut vi BER l 10-12 c tnh cho h thng thng tin quang
hot ng bc sng 1.3m tc 140Mb/s.Si quang s dng y l si MMGI c ng knh li 50m v c 146 mode.Mc thit thi cng sut ph thuc
vo suy hao ghp mode xy ra ti cc mi hn v connector. Nhiu mode cng ph
thuc ph mode dc ca las bn dn. D nhn thy, mc thit thi v cng sut
gim khi s lng mode dc tng.

IT

Nhiu mode cng c th xut hin trong cc h thng s dng si quang n

mode nu nh gia hai connect hay mi hn l cc on si ngn. Mt mode bc
cao c th c kch thch ti im u tin si cp b gin on (v d nh ti mi
hn u tin) v sau c chuyn i li thnh mode c bn ti conector hay mi

PT

hn th hai. V trong si n mode, cc mode bc cao ny khng th truyn xa

c, nn nh hng ca nhiu mode c th c loi b nu nh m bo c
khong cch gia cc mi hn, gia cc connector ln hn 2m. Ni tm li, nhiu
mode khng phi l vn i vi h thng thng tin quang s dng si n mode
nu nh h thng c thit k cn thn.

191

Hnh 5-11. Cng sut gim do nhiu mode .Tham s M l tng s mode dc khi m
cng sut ca n vt qu 10% cng sut nh.

5.3.2B cng sut do nhiu phn mode

Nh cp trong chng 3, Laser bn dn a mode to ra hin tng
nhiu phn mode (MPN).Hin tng ny xy ra do s khng tng quan gia cc
cp mode dc. Mc dng tng cng sut quang pht ra c th l khng i, nhng
MNP s lm cho cng ca tng mode b thng ging tng i ln.Khi khng
c tn sc trong si quang, MNP khng nh hng n cht lng h thng v khi
tt c cc mode vn c duy tr ng b trong sut qu trnh truyn dn v tch
sng.Tuy nhin, trong thc t, do nh hng ca tn sc vn tc nhm, cc mode
ny s lan truyn vi vn tc hi khc nhau v tr nn khng ng b. iu ny gy
nn s thng ging dng photo ti b thu v dn n s suy gim SNR. duy tr
cht lng h thng (t c BER nh khi khng c MNP), cn phi b mt lng

IT

cng sut tng SNR ca h thng. nh hng ca MPN n cht lng ca h

thng c nghin cu i vi c ngun laser bn dn a mode v ngun laser
gn n mode.
Trong trng hp laser bn dn a mode, s thit thi v cng sut do MNP

PT

gy ra c tnh theo cng thc sau:

mpn = - 5 log10(1 Q2r2mpn),

(5.22)

Trong rmpn l mc nhiu tng i ca cng sut thu c khi c MPN.

n gin vic c tnh tham s rmpn , ngita gi nh rng mc d cng sut ca
tngmodec s thng ging nhng tng cng sut pht ca laser l khng i khi
laser hot ng ch CW. M hnh ny cng gi nh rng, cng sut trung bnh
ca mode c phn phi theo hm Gaussian c rng RMS v dng xung ti
mch quyt nh ca my thu c m t bi hm cosin. Cc mode ca ngun laser
cng c gi thit l c cng h s tng quan cho cc, tc l,
cc = <PiPj>

(5.23)

<Pi><Pj>
Vi mi i v j sao cho i j. Du ngoc biu th s thng ging cng sut
trung bnh lin quan n MPN. Ngi ta tnh ton c rng:
rmpn = (k/2){1 exp[-(BLD)2]},

(5.24)

192

trong h s cnh tranhmode k lin quan n cc v k =1cc. Gi tr ca k nm

trong khong 01. Rt kh xc nh gi tr ca k v gi tr ny khc nhau i vi
cc ngun laser khc nhau. Cc php o thc nghim cho thy cc gi tr ca k nm
trong khong 0,6-0,8 v khc nhau i vi tng cp mt.
C th dng phng trnh (5.23) v (5.24) tnh ton mc thit thi v
cng sut do MPN gy ra. Hnh 5.8 biu th thit thi cng sut ti BER bng 109
(Q = 6) l mt hm ca tham s tn sc chun ha BLD i vi mt vi gi tr
ca k. Quan st trn hnh 5.8 ta thy, i vi mt gi tr cho ca k, mpn tng
nhanh khi BLD tng v t gi tr v cng khi BLD t gi tr ti hn. Vi k >
0,5, BER do MPN gy ra ln hn BER xy ra do s m rng xung do tn sc gy
ra (xem Hnh 5-12). Tuy nhin, thit thi v cng sut cng c th gim xung

PT

IT

mc khng ng k (mpn < 0,5 dB) nu ta thit k h thng thng tin quang sao cho
BLD < 0,1.

Hnh 5-12: Cng sut gim do tn sc tng gy ra i vi xung Gaussian l mt

hm ca BLD. Ph ngun quang cng c gi nh l Gaussian
c rng RMS l .

193

IT

Hnh 5-13: Cng sut gim do MPN gy ra v BLD i vi ngun laser bn dn

a mt c rng ph . Cc ng cong khc nhau tng ng vi cc gi tr
khc nhau ca h s phn b mt k.

5.3.3B cng sut do tn sc

Vic s dng si n mode trong h thng thng tin quang gip chng ta

PT

trnh c gn ht cc vn ca tn sc mode v nhiu mode.Tuy nhin,tn sc

vn tc nhm vn gii hn tch BL do nh hng ca tn sc lm cc xung b dn ra
khi khe thi gian ca xung. Bn cnh , dn xung do tn sc gy ra cng lm suy
gim nhy ca b thu.Dn xung do tn sc nh hng ti cht lng b thu theo
hai cch sau :
-

Th nht,mt phn nng lng xung b tri rng ra khi cc khe bit v gy
ra giao thoa gia cc k t(ISI). Trong thc t,h thng c thit k ti
thiu cc nh hng ca ISI.

Th hai,nng lng xung trong cc khe bit b gim khi cc xung quang b
dn ra.iu ny lm gim SNR ti mch quyt nh. vn duy tr cht
lng ca h thng, yu cu cng sut trung bnh n b thu phi ln
hn.y chnh l ngun gc ca s thit thi v cng sut do gin xung gy
ra (d).
Vic tnh ton chnh xc gi tr dd l kh v n ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, v

d nh dng ca xung ti b thu. Nu xung c dng Gauss, th thit thi v cng

sut d (tnh theo dB)c tnh theo cng thc sau:
194

d= 10 log10 fb,

(5.25)

Trong fb l h s dn xung.Khi s dn xung ch yu l do rng ph ca ngun

pht,th fb c tnh theo cng thc(2.4.24) :
fb = /0 = [1+(DL / 0)2]1/2,

(5.26)

Vi 0 l rng ph hiu dng (rms) ca ngun pht quang ti u vo si v

l rng ph hiu dng (rms) ca ngun quang c gi nh l c phn b
Gauss.
Cc phng trnh (5.16) v (5.17) c th c s dng c lng
thitthi v cng sut trong h thng thng tin quang s dng si n mode kt hp
vi ngun quang laser a mode hoc ngun quang LED. Nhiu ISI c gim thiu
khi gi tr 4B 1, v khi nng lng xung lan truyn ra ngoi rnh bit (TB =
1/B) t. Bng cch s dng = (4B)-1, Phng trnh (5.26) c th c vit thnh:
(5.27)

IT

fb2= 1 + (4BLDfb)2.

Gii phng trnh ny tm fb v thay vo phng trnh (5.25), thit thi

v cng suts c tnh theo cng thc sau:
d = -5 log10[1 - (4BLD)2].

(5.28)

PT

Trn hnh 5-12 th hin thit thi v cng sut l hm ca BLDdl. thit thi
v cng sut c th b qua (dd=0,38dB) khi BLDdl=0,1, thit thi s tng l 2,2
dB khi BLDdl=0,2, v tr nn rt ln khi BLDdl=0,25. Trong thc t, hu ht cc
h thng thng tin quang u c thit k sao cho BLDdl<0,2 thit thi
dd<2dB. Cng cn lu rng, cng thc (5.28) c xy dng da trn gi thit
xung c dng Gauss, ph ngun pht cng c dng Gaus v iu kin 4B=1.
Trong thc t, cc iu kin ny khng phi lc no cng ng.

5.3.4B cng sut do chirping

Chirp tn s l mt hin tng quan trng lm gii hn hot ng ca h
thng thng tin quang hot ng ti vng bc sng 1,55 m ngay c khi h thng
s dng ngun laser DFB c MSR ln. Nh cp trong cc phn trc, s iu
bin cng trong cc laser bn dn lc no cng i km s iu bin pha. Xung
quang b dch pha theo thi gian c gi l b chirp. Chirp tn s trn xung
quangs lm ph ca xungb m rng ng k. Ph bm rnglm nh hng n
dng xung ti u ra si quang do tn sc si v do lm gim cht lng ca h
thng.
195

Rt kh tnh ton chnh xc thit thi v cng sut do chirp gy ra

(c)v chirp tn s ph thuc vo c dng v rng ca xung quang. i vi xung
c dng gn ging hnh ch nht th thc nghim cho thy chirp tn s ch yu xy
ra gn sn trc v snsau sao cho sn trc dch v pha cc bc sng mu
xanh cn sn sau dch v pha cc bc sng mu . Do dch ph nn cng sut

PT

IT

c trong phn b chirp ca xung di chuyn ra ngoi khe bit khi xung truyn bn
trong si quang. iu ny lm gim SNR ti my thu v gy ras thit thi v cng
sut.

Hnh 5.15: Cng sut gim do chirp gy ra l mt hm ca BLDc i vi mt vi

gi tr ca tham s Btc, trong c l lch chiu di bc sng xy ra do chirp
tn s v tc l thi gian lch chiu di bc sng .
Trong mt m hnh n gin, thit thi v cng sutdo chirp gy ra c
tnh theo cng thc:
c = - 10 log10(1 - 4BLDc),

(5.29)

trong c l dch ph do chirp tn s gy ra. Phng trnh nyng khi LDc

<tc, trong tc l thi gian chirp. Thng thng, tc bng 100-200 ps, ty thuc vo
tn s dao ng tt dn v chirp ko di trong khong na chu k dao ng tt dn.
Vo thi im LDc =tc, thit thi v cng sut ngng tng. KhiLDc >tc,
tchLDc trong phng trnh (5.20) cn c thay bngtc.

196

M hnh trn tng i n gin v khng tnh n dng xung ti b thu. M

hnh khc chnh xc hn da trn tn hiu c lc bng b lc raised-cosin. Khi
, thit thi cng sut do chirp gy ra c tnh nh sau:
c = -20 log10{1 (42/3 8)B2LDctc[1 + (2B/3)(LDc - tc)]}.

(5.30)

Cc cng thc trn y c a ra vi gi thit b thu s dngdiode thu

quang p-i-n. Trong trng hp b thu s dng APD, thit thi cng sut s ln
hn ty thuc vo h s nhiu tri ca APD. Hnh 5.10 th hin cng sut gim c l
mt hm ca tham s BLDc vi mt vi gi tr ca tham s Btc. Quan st trn hnh
ta thy, c tng theo c v tc. thit thi cng sutnh hn 1 dB, h thng cn

PT

IT

c thit k sao cho BLDc < 0,1 v Btc< 0,2.

Hnh 5-16: Cng sut gim do chirp gy ra l hm B2L i vi mt vi gi tr ca

tham s chirp C.
Nhc im ca m hnhny l cc tham s c v tci vi tng ngun laser
cn phi c xc nh thng qua o thc nghim. Trong thc t, c ph thuc vo
tc bit B v c tng khi tc bit tng.
Vi h thng thng tin quang hot ng tc bit cao (B > 2 Gb/s), chu k
bit thng ngn hn tng thi gian 2tcl thi gian trong gi s xy ra chirp nh
m hnh trn. Trong trng hp ny,chirp tn s tng gn nh tuyn tnh trn ton
b rng xung (hoc khe thi gian ca bit). iu ny cng c th xy ra i vi
cc h thng thng tin quang tc thp nu nh xung quang c cc sn ln v
197

xung khng dng ng m c thi gian ln v xung kh di (ging kiu dng

xung Gauss). Khi gi thit xung c dng Gauss v chirp tn s tuyn tnh th c th
da vo vic phn tch v chirp chng 2 xc nh s mt mt cng sut ca h
thng do chirp gy ra. Xung Gauss b chirp vn c dng Gauss nhng cng sut
nh ca n s gim do c s dn xung. Trong trng hp ny, c c tnh theo
cng thc di y:
c = 10log10b,

(5.31)

Trong b l h s m rng xung, c tnh theo phng trnh (2.4.22) vi 3 = 0.

rng 0 ca RMS ca xung u vo cn c gi tr sao cho 40 1/B. Trng hp
xu nht l 0 = 1/4Bth thit thi cng sut c cho bi:
c = 5log10[(1 + 8C2B2L)2 + (82B2L)2].

(5.32)

Trn hnh 5.16 l thit thi cng sut do chirp gy ra c v theo hm

vi mt s gi tr C. Tham s 2 c ly gi tr m trong trng hp

IT

ca | |

i vi h thng thng tin quang hot ng ti vng bc sng 1,55m. C=0 tng

PT

ng vi trng hp khng c chirp. thit thi v cng sut c th b qua (<0,1

dB) khi | |
<0,05. Tuy nhin, thit thi c th vt qu 5 dB nu xung c
truyn b chirp vi C = -6. thit thi cng sut di mc 0,1 dB, h thng cn
c thit k sao cho | |
<0,002.
Khi gi tr ca C>0, cht lng ca h thng s c ci thin v trong gian
on u xung s b nn li. Tuy nhin, iu khng may l vi laser bn dn, gi tr
ca C l m v c th xp x bng -c, vi c l h s tng rng ph, thng c
gi tr trong khong 2-6.

Cng cn lu rng, cc kt qu trn hnh 5.15 v 5.16 ch l nhng c tnh

s b v thit thi cng sut do chirp gy ra. Trn thc t, thit i ny ph
thuc vo rt nhiu tham s h thng. gim nh hng ca chirp, vi cc h
thng thng tin quang tc cao ngi ta thng s dng MQW laser, hoc dng
laser DFB c iu ch ngoi.

5.3.5B cng sut do nhiu phn x

Trong h thng thng tin quang i khi c hin tng nh sng b phn x
ngc tr li. Nguyn nhn l do tnh khng lin tc ca ch s chit sut xy ra
trn tuyn si quang v d nh ti ch cc mi hn, mi ni v cc im u cui
si quang. Cc nh hng ca s phn x ny c th lm suy gim ng k c tnh
ca h thng thng tin quang. Ngay c khi ch c mt lng nh nh sng c
198

phn hi tr li cng c th gy nh hng n hot ng ca cc ngun laser bn

dn v c th dn n nhiu tr u ra tri ti u ra ca thit b pht. Ngay c khi
s dng b cch ly gia thit b phtv si quang th nhiu phn x a ng gia
cc mi hn, mi ni c th to ra nhiu cng v lm gim cht lng ca b
thu.
Hu ht mi hin tng phn x nh sng trong si quang u xy rati b
mt phn cch gia thy tinh v khng kh. phn x trong trng hp ny c
tnh theo cng thc Rf= (nf1)2/(nf+1)2, trong nf l chit sut ca vt liu lm
si quang.Vi silicat Rf = 3.6% (14.4 dB) nu nf = 1,47. Gi tr Rf c th tng
5,3% nu cc u si c mi bng, v vic nh bng c th to ra mt lp b
mt mng c chit sut khong 1,6.Trong trng hp ny, phn x a lung xy ra
gia hai mi hn hoc mi nihi tip phn x c th tng ln mt cch ng k v

IT

hai b mt phn x s hot ng nh hai gng ca b giao thoa FabryPerot.Khi

hin tng cng hng xy ra,s phn x tng ln n 14% i vi b mt khng
c nh bng v trn 22% vi b mt c nh bng.Nh vy, r rng mt
phn cng sut b truyn i b phn x tr li. lm gim s phn x ny, k

PT

thut ph bin c dng l s dng cht lng dng du hay Gel c chit sut gn
vi chit sut ca tip gip thy tinh khng kh. Trong mt s trng hp, ngi
ta c th ct vt hoc lm cong b mt u si nh sng phn x li lch khi trc
ca si quang. Vi cc k thut ny, cng sut nh sng phn x ngc tr li se
gim xung di mc 0,1%.
Ngun laser bn dn c bit nhy cm vi phn x quang.Hot ng ca
laser c th b nh hng bi phn x c cng sut rt nh (c -80dB).nh hng
nghim trng nht canh sng phn x l lm ph ca laser b hp li hoc dn
rng, ty thuc vo v tr b mt phn x. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny l do
pha ca sng phn x gy nhiu lon ln n pha ca nh sng pht ra t ngun
lase.Nhng xo trn v pha ny s nh hng ln n cht lng ca h thng
thng tin quang coherent. i vi cc h thng thu trc tip, cht lng ca h
thng s b nh hng bi nhiu cng nhiu hn l nhiu pha.
S phn x quangcng c th lm tng ng k nhiu cng (RIN). Khi
cng sut phn x vt mt ngng no , RIN c th tng ln hn 20 dB. Thc
nghim cho thy rng, vi laser VCSEL hot ng ti bc sng 958nm c RIN
l -130dB/Hz, v RIN tng 20 dB khi mc phn x l vt qu -30dB. Khi tin
hnh o BER ti tc 500 Mbit/s cng vi loi ngun pht ny thy thit thi
cng sut l 0,8 dB ti BER = 10-9 vi mc phn x l -30dB.
199

 thit thi cng sut do nhiu phn x gy ra (dref) c tnh theo cng
thc sau:
= 10

(5.33)

trong reff l nhiu cng tnh hiu dng trn bng tn ca b thu f v c
tnh theo cng thc sau:
=

( )

= 2(

(5.34)

Trong trng hp phn x quang gy ra cc mode cng hng ngoi,reff c th c

tnh bng cch s dng cng thc n gin hn nh sau:

+ /(

(5.35)

IT

trong rI l mc nhiu tng i khi khng c s phn x, N l s lng cc

mode cng hng ngoi v MSR l h s nn cc mode cng hng ngoi. Trn
hnh 5.14 th hin thit thi cng sut do nhiu phn x thay i theo MRS vi

PT

cc gi tr N khc nhau khi rI=0,01. Tuy nhin, thit thi s tng khi N tng v
MSR gim. Thc t, thit thi v cng suts tr nn rt ln khi MSR gimxung
di mt gi tr c th.

200

IT

Hnh 5.18: Th nghim o BER 500 Mb/s cho mt VCSEL theo phn x quang
.BER c o nhiu cp thng tin phn x

Hnh 5.19: Phn x gy ra cng sut gim vi N v r1 = 0.01.

5.4 H thng a knh

PT

V nguyn tc, do sng mang quang c tn s rt cao nn v dung lng ca

h thng thng tin quang c th vt 10Tb/s. Tuy nhin, trong thc t, n nm
1995, dung lng ca cc h thng thng tin quang vn b hn ch 10Gbit/s,
nguyn nhn dn n gii hn ny l do nh hng ca tn sc, phi tuyn v hn
ch ca tc x l ca cc thnh phn in t c trong h thng thng tin quang.
khc phc cc hn ch ny, truyn dn nhiu knh quang trn cng mt si
quang l cch n gin tng dung lng ca cc h thng thng tin quang. Trong
chng ny s cp n cc k thut ghp knh quang: k thut ghp knh theo
bc sng (WDM), k thut ghp knh quang theo thi gian (OTDM), k thut
ghp knh sng mang ph (SCM), v k thut ghep knh theo m (CDMA).

5.4.1 H thng thng tin quang WDM

Ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng (WDM) l k thut m trong nhiu
sng mang quang cc bc sng khc nhau c iu ch bi cc lung tn hiu
c lp v sau c ghp li v truyn i trn cng mt si quang. Ti pha thu,
tn hiu quang s c tch thnh cc knh ring bit nh s dng b tch bc
sng quang. K thut WDM cho php khai thc bng tn truyn dn rt ln ca si
201

quang. V d, vi khong cch gia cc knh bc sng di 100 GHz, c

truyn ng thi hng trm knh 10Gb/s trn cng mt si quang nh k thut

IT

WDM.

Hnh 5.20 Cc vng bc sng c suy hao nh ca si quang cho php

truyn nhiu knh bc sng khc nhau

PT

Nguyn l c bn ca h thng thng tin quang WDM c minh ha trn

hnh 5.16 di y. Phn pht, gi s h thng c N ngun pht lm vic cc
bc sng l1, l2, lN. Cc tn hiu quang c pht ra cc bc sng khc
nhau ny sau s c ghp vo cng mt si quang nh b ghp knh theo bc
sng. Tn hiu quang sau khi truyn trn si quang n pha thu s c tch ra
thnh cc knh bc sng ring bit nh b tch knh theo bc sng, v tng knh
bc sng ny s c a n cc b thu quang khi phc li dng tn hiu in
ban u.

202

Hnh 5-21. S khi h thng thng tin quang WDM

IT

C hai phng n thit lp h thng WDM: h thng WDM n hng v

h thng WDM song hng. Trong h thng WDM n hng, cc bc sng
c ghp li mt u si v tch ra u kia ca si. Nh vy, cn phi s dng
hai si quang truyn thng tin cho chiu i v chiu v. Trong h thng WDM

PT

song hng, s s dng mt si quang truyn thng tin hai chiu, trong dnh
mt na s knh bc sng truyn thng tin chiu i v mt na s knh bc
sng truyn thng tin chiu v.
H thng thng tin quangWDM u tin c thng mi ha vo nm
1980. Trong m hnh n gin nht, WDM c s dng truyn hai knh bc
sng hai ca s truyn dn khc nhau ca si quang (v d, mt knh ti ca s
bc sng 1,3 m v mt knh ti ca s bc sng 1,5 m, tc l khong cc gia
cc knh bc sng khong 250 nm). Cc h thng WDM sau ny, cc knh bc
sng c ghp vi khong cch knh nh hn. Vi cc n lc khng ngng nhm
gim khong cch knh, n nm 1995 cc h thng WDM thng mi xut hin
vi khong cch gia cc knh bc sng nh hn 0,1 nm, tng dung lng h
thng 20-40Gb/sv t hn1,6 Tb/s vo nm 2000. Nhng h thng WDM c th
truyn hng trm knh bc sng nh vy c gi l h thng WDM mt cao
(DWDM). n nm 2008, dung lng ca h thng WDM t c 30Tb/s.

5.4.2 H thng thng tin quang OTDM

K thut ghp knh theo thi gian (TDM) thng c s dng trong min
in to ra c phn cp s cho cc h thng truyn dn. Tuy nhin khi tc
203

bit ln hn 10Gb/s, vic thc hin ghp knh TDM trong min in tr nn rt phc
tp do hn ch v tc p ng ca cc phn t in t. Mt gii php cho vn
ny l thc hin ghp knh theo thi gian trong min quang (OTDM). Vi k thut
ghp knh OTDM, dung lng ca mt knh bc sng c th t c hn 1Tb/s.
Trn hnh di y l s minh ha qu trnh ghp knh trong h thng

IT

thng tin quang OTDM.

Hnh 5-22. S ghp knh trong h thng OTDM s dng cc ng tr

quang

PT

Trong h thng OTDM, chui xung quang hp c pht ra t ngun laser

thch hp. Cc tn hiu ny c th c a vo khuch i nng ln mc tn
hiu ln nu cn thit, sau c chia thnh N lung, mi lung s c a
n b iu ch ngoi vi tn hiu nhnh c tc B Gbit/s. thc hin ghp cc
tn hiu quang sau khi c iu ch ny vi nhau, cc tn hiu ny cn c a
qua cc b tr quang. Ty theo v tr ca tng knh theo thi gian trong khung m
xc b tr ny s thc hin tr dch cc khe thi gian mt cch tng ng. Nh
vy, tn hiu sau khi ghp s c tc (NxB) Gbit/s. Sau khi c truyn trn
ng truyn, thit b tch knh pha thu s thc hin khi phc xung ng h v
tch ra tng knh ring r tng ng vi cc knh u vo pha pht.

5.4.3 H thng thng tin quang SCM

Khi nim c bn v ghp knh sng mang ph (SCM) da trn k thut
thng tin viba, trong s dng cc sng mang viba truyn dn nhiu knh tn
hiu (ghp knh FDM in) trn cp ng trc hoc trong khng gian t do.Khi s
dng cp ng trc truyn tn hiu, tng bng thng s b gii hn di 1 GHz.
Tuy nhin, nu s dng cp quang truyn cc tn hiu viba ny trong min
204

quang, bng tn ca tn hiu c th d dng t c hn 10 GHz ch vi mt sng

mang. Phng thc nh vy gi l SCM, v vic ghp knh c thc hin bng

IT

cch s dng cc sng mang ph viba ch khng phi l s dng cc sng mang
quang. K thut SCM c th dng kt hp vi c TDM v WDM. Kt hp SCM v
WDM c th to ra bng tn ln hn 1 THz.

Hnh 5.23 S khi h thng ghp knh SCM

PT

Trn hnh 5.18 l s khi ca h thng SCM s dng mt sng mang

quang. u im chnh ca SCM l tnh linh hot v kh nng nng cp trong mng
bng rng. Trong h thng SCM, c th s dng iu ch tng t hoc iu ch s
hoc kt hp c hai truyn nhiu tn hiu thoi, tn hiu d liu, video n mt s
lng ln ngi s dng. Mi ngi s dng s c cung cp dch v trn mt
sng mang ph hoc tn hiu a knh c th c phn phi n tt c cc thu bao
nh cch thng thc hin bi CATV. K thut SCM c nghin cu rt rng
ri do k thut ny c ng dng nhiu trong thc t.

5.4.4 H thng ghp knh theo m (CDM)

K thut ghp knh theo m (CDM) l k thut c s dng nhiu trong
cc h thng thng tin v tuyn, y l k thut c th cung cp tnh linh hot tt
nht trong mi trng c nhiu ngi s dng. Trong CDM s dng k thut tri
ph, trong , mi knh thng tin c m ha sao cho ph ca n tri trn mt
vng rng hn nhiu so vi vng ph ca tn hiu gc. Trong thc t, khi nim
CDMA thng c s dng thay cho CDM nhn mnh n bn cht ngu
nhin v khng ng b ca cc kt ni nhiu ngi s dng. Mc d vic s dng
CDMA trong cc h thng thng tin quang c bt u nghin cu t nm
205

1986, nhng ch sau nm 1995, k thut CDM quang mi tr nn thc s thuyt

phc v tr thnh mt gii php c th thay th cng ngh OTDM. CDM c th d
dng kt hp vi k thut WDM. V mt khi nim, c th phn bit WDM, TDM
v CDM nh sau. WDM v TDM l k thut phn chia bng tn ca knh truyn
hoc phn chia khe thi gian gia cc ngi s dng. Ngc li, trong CDM, tt c
cc ngi s dng dng chung ton b bng tn hoc tt c cc khe thi gian mt
cch rt ngu nhin
Trong h thng CDM i hi phi s dng b m ha v b gii m tng
ng t ti pha pht v pha thu. B gii m tri rng ph ca tn hiu trn mt
vng ln hn nhiu so vi bng tn cn thit ti thiu truyn tn hiu. Vic tri
ph c thc hin bng mt m duy nht, m ny c lp vi tn hiu. B gii m
s dng m ny nn ph ca tn hiu v khi phc li dng tn hiu ban u. M

IT

tri ph c gi l signature sequence. u im ca phng php tri ph l kh

can thip vo tn hiu do bn cht c m ha ca n. V vy, k thut CDM c
bit c u im khi mun bo mt tn hiu. C mt s cc k thut c th c s
dng m ha tn hiu nh: m ha chui trc tip (direct-sequence encoding),

PT

nhy thi gian (time hopping), nhy tn s (frequency hopping).

206

Ti liu tham kho

1. V Vn San, H thng thng tin quang, 2 tp, NXB KHKT.

2. G. Keiser, Optical Fibre Communications, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, 2005
3. G. P. Agrawal, Fiber-optics Communication Systems. New York:
Academic, 2010.
4. Gerard Lachs. Fiber Optic Communications Systems, Analysis, and
Enhancements. McGraw-Hill, 1998.
5. Silvello Betti, Giancarlo De Marchis, Eugenio Iannoe. Coherent Optical
Communications Systems . John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1995.
6. Max Ming Kang Liu. Principles and Applications of Optical

PT

IT

Communications, 2001.

207