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Artificial Intelligence Intro
Artificial Intelligence Intro
What is it ?
Some Definitions
Herbert Simon: We call programs intelligent if
they exhibit behaviors that would be regarded
intelligent if they were exhibited by human
beings.
Elaine Rich: AI is the study of techniques for
solving exponentially hard problems in
polynomial time by exploiting knowledge about
the problem domain.
Elaine Rich and Kevin Knight: AI is the study
of how to make computers do things at which, at
the moment, people are better.
More
Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig: [AI] has to do with
smart programs, so let's get on and write some.
Avron Barr and Edward Feigenbaum: Physicists ask
what kind of place this universe is and seek to
characterize its behavior systematically. Biologists ask
what it means for a physical system to be living. We in AI
wonder what kind of information-processing system can
ask such questions.
Claudson Bornstein: AI is the science of common
sense.
Douglas Baker: AI is the attempt to make computers do
what people think computers cannot do.
Astro Teller: AI is the attempt to make computers do
what they do in the movies.
More
Even More
1. What is or should be [AI researchers']
main scientific activity--studying the
structure of information and the structure
of problem solving processes
independently of applications and
independently of its realization in animals
or humans. (McCarthy, John (1974),
Review of "Artificial Intelligence: A
General Survey," Artificial Intelligence 5:
317-322; quotation on p. 317.)
More
1. Artificial intelligence is concerned with
the attempt to develop complex
computer programs that will be capable
of performing difficult cognitive tasks.
(Eysenck, Michael W. (1990), "Artificial
Intelligence," in M.W. Eysenck (ed.), The
Blackwell Dictionary of Cognitive
Psychology (Oxford: Basil Blackwell):
22.)
Knowledge
Eolas
Is it Data
Is it Information
Is it something else
Data
Data, are basic facts
typically found in a
database.
Name
Age
Car
John
21
Mini
Data
Turban and Aronson definition
Data are a collection of facts,
measurements and statistics.
Information
Information includes data
But also includes associations ,
relationships, semantics and so on
Information
Turban and Aronson definition
Information is defined as organized or
processed data that are timely (i.e.
inferences from the data are drawn within
the time frame of applicability
Knowledge
????????????????????
What is knowledge ?
What do people have inside their head when they know something
?
Is knowledge expressed in words ?
If so, how could one know things that are easier to do than to say,
like
tying a shoestring or hitting a baseball ?
If knowledge is not expressed in words, how can it be transmitted
in
language ?
How is knowledge related to the world ?
What are the relationships between the external world, knowledge
in the head, and the language used to express knowledge about the
world ?
Knowledge
knowledge is information that can be
applied for a specific and useful purpose
Knowledge is that which we know.
Knowledge Facts ConceptsProcedures- How- To AssociationsAnalogy-Rules of Thumb-ObjectsClassifications-Meta KnowledgeSomething to be learned
Definitions of Knowledge
Dictionary Definition
The state or fact of knowing.
Familiarity, awareness, or understanding
gained through experience or study.
The sum or range of what has been
perceived, discovered, or learned.
Knowledge Principle
The extension of the physical symbol
hypothesis is the "knowledge principle",
that is, the success of an expert system
does not depend on the sophistication of
its inferencing or reasoning strategy, but
on the amount of information it contains on
how symbols are interrelated, that is the
amount of knowledge it contains.
(Feigenbaum 1977).
Many Definitions
WIPO Secretariat made use of the
following working concept of traditional
knowledge for the purposes of the factfinding missions in1998-1999:
Big Issue
How do we get Knowledge into a
computer
Knowledge Representation
And
How do we use it then - Inference