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Philippine Electronics Code Volume 1
Philippine Electronics Code Volume 1
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Protection Methods
Shielding it is the provision of a grounded electrical conducting material
located such that foreign potential will be intercepted and surge currents
diverted to ground with the least damage to plant equipment possible.
Voltage Limiting prevents development of hazardous potential
difference in communication plant by direct bonding, when permissible or
by use of surge arresters, discharge gaps, diodes, etc. which operate
under abnormal voltage condition.
Current Limiting and Interrupting current in a circuit can be kept from
rising above a predetermined value by the use of a fuse in series with a
circuit. When current flows through a fuse for a specified time with a
magnitude greater than its rating, the fuse will interrupt the current.
Grounding and Bonding used to divert undesired currents before they
reach the equipment being protected and often are installed both at and
some distance away from the protected equipment.
Ground Resistance it is the resistance path of a ground connection
which includes the ground wire and its connection to ground
electrode. The ground electrode, the contact between the electrode
and the earth and the surrounding soil. This value should NEVER
EXCEED 5.0 OHMS FOR EQUIPMENT LOCATIONS, ANTENNA
TOWERS, AND ALL ALLIED INSTALLATIONS, AND 25 OHMS
FOR OUTSIDE PLANT TELEPHONE POLES AND MANHOLES
AS WELL AS CUSTOMER PREMISES.
Made Ground it is an electrode buried in the ground for the purpose
of establishing a low resistance electrical contact with the earth.
Example: driven rods, driven pipes, buried plates, buried cones, or
other similar devices placed in the ground.
Methods and Materials
Lightning Rods is a metal strip or rod, usually of copper or similar
conductive material, designed to protect tall or isolated structures (such
as the roof of a building or the mast of a vessel) from lightning damage.
Fuses and Current Interrupting - a device used in electrical systems to
protect against excessive current.
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Surge Arresters these are normally open circuited devices and pass no
significant current at normal operating potentials.
Grounding and Bonding - provides certain level of safety to humans and
property in case of equipment damages.
Measurements
Ground Resistance Test Methods measurement procedures that is simple
and straight forward and the instruments are mostly direct reading.
Methods for Ground Resistance Measurements
Direct Method or two terminal test the simplest way to make an
earth resistance test.
The fall of potential method or three terminal test
Voltmeter-Ammeter Method
Triangulation Method
Earth Resistivity it is the resistance of parallel faces of a one cubic
centimeter of soil. Expressed in ohm-centimeter.
Determining Good Electrode Location
Drive rods in various locations to such depths as may be required
and measure the resistances while the rods are being driven.
Measure the earth resistivity before driving ground rods then
calculate the number and length of rods required.
How to Improve Grounds
Lengthen the ground-electrode in the earth.
Use multiple rods.
Treat the soil when 1 & 2 are not feasible.
Maintenance and Inspection
Grounding system requirements from year to year can change
depending on the following factors:
A plant or facility can expand in size or change its operation and
such changes create different needs in the grounding system.
As more non-metallic pipes and conduits are installed underground,
such installation becomes less and less dependable as effective
low-resistance ground connections.
In many locations, the water table is gradually falling, and grounds
formerly effective may end up uneffective.
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POWER SOURCES
Storage Batteries and Chargers
Batteries should be located where temperatures range between 15.5 and
32.2 degrees Celsius (60 degrees and 90 degrees Fahrenheit). Higher
temperature will shorten battery life and lower temperature will decrease
the ampere-hour capacity and may damage the battery by freezing
especially when the batteries are in low state of charge.
Lead acid or similar gas emitting battery installations where the
aggregate power (ampere-hour rating, at the 8-hour rate to 1.75 volts per
cell multiplied by the battery voltage) exceeds 5 kilowatts shall be located
in a properly ventilated room separated from the equipment room or
location where people are staying.
Explosion resistant vents shall be provided for all lead acid or similar gas
emitting batteries above 10 ampere-hour capacity and ascertained by
periodic inspection that the vents are free from obstruction.
Ventilation of the battery room is very important especially during high
charging and discharging condition. Although the battery is fitted with an
explosion proof vent, an enclosed room could develop a sufficiently high
concentration of an explosive gaseous mixture which could be ignited by
sparks from adjacent electrical or electronic equipment as well as
accidental sparks or open flame introduced by personnel. All air moved
by ventilation in the battery room or area should be exhausted into the
outside atmosphere and should not be allowed to recirculate into other
confined areas.
Smoking and storing of inflammable materials is prohibited in battery
rooms and NO SMOKING signs should be posted in conspicuous
locations inside and before entering battery rooms.
Batteries, where the corrosive electrolyte maybe added in the field or
customer location, transported by air or boat shall be shipped dry
charged. They may be transported with electrolyte via land
transportation provided electrolyte leakage or spillage are contained with
its crate or carton and proper markers regarding handling precautions
are clearly marked on its crate or carton.
Batteries on racks shall be provided with earthquake bracings which hold
the sides of the batteries and prevent them from falling off the rack.
For noise consideration, grounds may have to be separated as one of
the various possible means to help meet noise objectives and, in such
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case, the grounds may be insulated from each other except at the final
point of earth connection at the master ground bar or earth electrode.
Power cables are sized to limit the voltage drop due to resistance of the
cable and hole heating of the cables to a safe limit. The limits of
minimum voltage are critical to the operation of the equipment; therefore,
it is important that voltage drops in the cabling be carefully controlled.
Attempt should be made to limit the overall voltage drop from the battery
to the working equipment to a maximum of one volt. The final selection of
cable size should be generous since the calculation makes no allowance
for voltage drop due to items such as fuses, switches, etc.
Various battery voltage may be derived by connecting a number of cells
in series and in all cases the rule required is not violated. (See Electrical
Hazards).
Frames of battery chargers, battery enclosures if provided, and all
exposed metallic structures shall be bonded together and grounded,
meeting the required rule. (See Electrical Hazards).
Caustic soda or either acid neutralizing agents should be stored and
available in battery rooms for use in accidental electrolyte or acid
spillage.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Access
Accessible
Accessible part
Accessories
Acoustics
Acoustic Shock
Aging
Air Gap
Alarm
Alive
Alpeth
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a scale of cross sectional measurement for nonferrous (copper, bronze, aluminium, etc.) wires
Ampere-Hour
Anchor
Anhydrous Antenna
Appliance
Arrester
Arrester Gas-Filled
Assembly
Atmosphere, Explosive
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Attachments
Audio
Automatic
Backbone
Bandwith
Baseband
Battery
Bond
Bus
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Cable
Circuit
Climbing Space
Conductor
Communication
dB
Dropwire
Electronics
Electronic Switching
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Explosion proof
Exposed Part
Facility
Facilities
Fault
Fault current
Flame Proof
Flame Retarding
Flashover
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Ground
Ground Bus
Ground Ring
Guy
Guy, Overhead
Guy, Anchor
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Guy Exposed
Guy in Proximity
Guarded
Handhole
Hazard
Insulated
Joint Use
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Lightning Arrester
Lines, Communication
Lines, Power
Maintenance
Manhole
Manual
Messenger
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Noise
Operating Control
Plant
Plant, Inside
Plant, Outside
Practicable
Protector
Qualified
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Radiate
Rod, Ground
Rod, Lightning
Reconstruction
Service Drop
Sag
Span
Supply Circuit
System, Electronic
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Telecommunication
Tensile Strength
Tension
Tension, Maximum
Allowable
Tower Displacement
Tower Sway
Tower Twist
Underground
Working Space
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1.
An electrical discharge which occurs between clouds and also from cloud
to earth.
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.
Results from abnormally high sound level, the physical effects of which
may vary from minor discomfort to serious injury.
A.
B.
C.
D.
3.
current
voltage
resistance
conductance
5.
Electrical Shock
Super Sonic
Acoustic Shock
Sonic Boom
4.
Thunder
Lightning
Corona
Aurora
10 000 ohms
100 000 ohms
1 000 ohms
100 ohms
0.010
0.11
0.030
0.33
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6.
7.
150V DC
45V DC
135V DC
160V DC
The potential difference at any time between two points on the floor or
earth surface separated by a distance of one pace, or about one meter,
in the direction of maximum potential gradient shall be no greater than
_______.
A.
B.
C.
D.
9.
45V RMS AC
12V RMS AC
24V RMS AC
50V RMS AC
8.
45
25
15
55
volts
volts
volts
volts
Grounding
Shielding
Bonding
current limiting
Current limiting
Resistance limiting
Grounding
Voltage Limiting
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11. The current in a circuit can be kept from rising above a predetermined
value by the use of a fuse in series with a circuit.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Current limiting
Resistance limiting
Grounding
Voltage Limiting
12. This is used to divert undesired currents before they reach the
equipment being protected and often are installed both at and some
distance away from the protected equipment.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Current limiting
Resistance limiting
Grounding
Voltage Limiting
Ground Resistance
Ground Electrode
Ground Path
Resistance Path
14. For equipment locations, antenna towers, and all allied installations, the
ground resistance must never exceed ______.
A.
B.
C.
D.
25 ohms
3 ohms
43 ohms
5 ohms
15. For outside plant telephone poles and manholes as well as customer
premises, the ground resistance must never exceed _____.
A.
B.
C.
D.
25 ohms
3 ohms
43 ohms
5 ohms
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Ground pole
Lightning Rods
Guy
Made Ground
fuse
Lightning rod
Surge arrester
Grounding
19. These are normally open circuited devices and pass no significant
current at normal operating potentials.
A.
B.
C.
D.
fuse
Lightning rod
Surge arrester
Grounding
fuse
Lightning rod
Surge arrester
Bonding or grounding
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Ground resistance
Earth Resistivity
Cubic resistance
Earth density
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26. This loading shall be taken as the resultant stress due to wind and dead
weight for 240 kph wind velocity.
A.
B.
C.
D.
27. This loading shall be taken as the resultant stress due to wind and dead
weight for 200 kph wind velocity.
A.
B.
C.
D.
28. This loading shall be taken as the resultant stress due to wind and dead
weight for 160 kph wind velocity.
A.
B.
C.
D.
12.5
15.5
15.2
55.5
and
and
and
and
25.2
32.2
52.2
60.3
30. Lead acid or similar gas emitting battery installations where the
aggregate power exceeds ______5 kilowatts shall be located in a
properly ventilated room separated from the equipment room or location
where people are staying.
A.
B.
C.
D.
5 kW
10 kW
1 kW
15 kW
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oil
kerosene
flour
Caustic soda
Bond
Short
Fuse
Guy
34. The vertical space reserved along the side of a pole or tower to permit
ready access for linemen to equipment and conductors located thereon.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Stairway
Climbing Space
guy
pole
35. Insulated wires, used to run a subscribers line from the terminal on the
pole to the protector at the house or building.
A.
B.
C.
D.
main line
main cable
dropline
dropwire
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damaged
hazard
fault
short
Flame Proof
Flame Retarding
Burn proof
Anti Flame
39. A property of materials or structures such that they will not convey flame
or continue to burn for longer times than specified in the appropriate
flame test.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Flame Proof
Flame Retarding
Burn proof
Anti Flame
40. A discharge through air, around or over the surface of solid, liquid or
other insulation, between parts of different potential of polarity, produced
by the application of voltage such that the breakdown path becomes
sufficiently ionized to maintain an electric arc.
A. Aurora
B. Corona
C. Flashover
D. Arc
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short
jumper
ground
link
Bond
Short
Fuse
Guy
43. A guy extending from a pole or structure or tree and is sometimes called
a span guy.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Overhead guy
Anchor guy
bla guy
Guy post
Manhole
Rathole
Handhole
finger hole
Lightning ball
Lightning Arrester
Fuse
Lightning Protector
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46. A subsurface chamber, large enough for a person to enter, in the route of
one or more conduit runs, and affording facilities for placing and
maintaining in the runs, conductors, cables and any associated
apparatus.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Manhole
Rathole
Handhole
finger hole
47. Stranded steel wires in a group which generally is not a part of the
conducting system, its primary function being to support wires or cables
of the system.
A.
B.
C.
D.
guy
support
conduit
messenger
48. A general term applied to the whole or portion of the physical property of
a communication company which contributes to the furnishing of
communication service.
A.
B.
C.
D.
zone
area
plant
division
49. A metallic rod, driven into the ground to provide an electrical connection
to the earth.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Lightning rod
Ground rod
Drop ground
radials
50. A metallic rod carried above the highest point of a pole or structure and
connected to earth by a heavy copper conductor intended to carry
lightning currents directly to earth.
A Lightning arrester
B. Lightning rod
C. Breaker
D. Lightning gap
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51. The installation from the terminal on the pole to the protector at the
customers premises.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Service drop
Subscribers loop
Main line
Local drop
52. The horizontal displacement of a point on the tower axis from its no-wind
load position at that elevation.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Tower displacement
Tower sway
Tower Twist
Tower bend
53. The angular displacement of a tangent to the tower axis at the elevation
from its no-wind load position at that elevation.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Tower displacement
Tower sway
Tower Twist
Tower bend
54. The horizontal angular displacement of the tower from its no-wind
position at that elevation.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Tower displacement
Tower sway
Tower Twist
Tower bend
underneath
underground
earth mat
under earth
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