ME 2204

FLUID MECHANICS and MACHINERY

LIST OF FORMULAE

U
ni
t

Mass

M = pV

Volume

based on the object

Area

based on the object

Velocity

Acceleration

Quantity

Formula

v=

Angular
Velocity

m
s

s
2N
60

m
s2

u=

Angular
Acceleration

s2

Discharge

1
0
1
1

Temperature
Density
Mass Density
Specific
Mass

f or

Angular Velocity =

m2

m2

cm2

m/s

cm /
s

ft / s

m/
s2

cm /
s2

ft / s2

m / s2

ml, cft,
litres
gallon
square
inch

in all the unit systems

For Rotational Motion; Tangential Velocity is the LINEAR velocity that

may be experienced by a body if it is released from the
Circumference of a Rotating body Units m / s or cm / s
Angular Acceleration =
Radian / sec2 in all the unit
systems

Hz HERTZ = per

Frequency = Time
Volume
Time
Velocity

Discharge =

Density =

second in all the

systems
= Area *

m3 / s

m3 /
s

Degree Celcius C
KELVIN K

= V

FPS

g
cm3

Radian / sec

Angle RADIAN
Time

Angle RADIAN
TimeTime

= s

Q = AV

Velocity
Time

CGS

kg
m3

m/s

Acceleration = TimeTime =

MKS

kg
m3

Distance

D N
60

Frequency

Distance
Time

Velocity =

Tangential
Velocity

SI

Mass = Density * Volume

a=
6

Units

Expansion

Mass
Volume

kg / m3

kg /
m3

cm3 /
s

cft / s

Degree Fahrenheit F

g / cc

lb / ft3

U
ni
t

1
2

Weight
Density
Specific
Weight
Unit Weight

1
3

Force

1
4

Weight

1
5

Work
Energy

1
6
1
7
1
8

Quantity

Pressure

==

N/
m3

kg(f) /
m3

g(f) /
m3

lb
(f)/cft

Force = Mass * Acceleration

N = kg
m / s2

kg(f)

g(f)

lb ( f )

W=mg

Weight = Mass * Acceleration due

to Gravity

N or
kN

kg(f)

g(f)

lb ( f )

W = Fs

Work or ENERGY = Force *

Displacement

Joule J
N-m

kg(f)m

g(f)- m

W
V

F = ma

Formula

p=

Weight
Volume

Specific Weight =

F
A

Units

Expansion

Pressure =

Stress

SI

MKS

Pascal ,
Pa = N / m2
kPa = kN / m2
MPa = MN / m2
MPa = N / mm2

Force
Area

CGS

kg(f) /
m2
kg(f) /
cm2

g(f) / cm2

Same as that of Pressure

Viscosity
1
9

Dynamic

psi =
Pounds
per
square
inch

Same as that of Pressure

Modulus of
Elasticity
Coefficient
of

FPS

du/dy

Viscosity =

Shear Stress
Velocity Graident

Ns
m2
kg
ms

Poise

dynes
cm2
gm
cms

kg(f)
s/m2

cm2 / s

ft2 / s

Viscosity

1 Ns/m2 = 10 Poise
2
0

2
1

Kinematic
Viscosity

Power

P=Fu

Kinematic Viscosity =
Dynamic Viscosity
Density

Power=

Work
=ForceVelocity
Time

m2 /
s
Watt
W

kW
Joules/

m2 /
s

( STOKE )

kg(f) m / g(f) m /
s
s

s
Power for Linear Motion

P = Fu
Power for Rotational Motion

and also
2
2

Power for Rotational Motion

Surface
Tension

F
length

Surface Tension =

Surface Tension for Liquid JET

pd
2

U
ni
t

P= T*
=

P=

2NT
60

where N speed of Rotation in rpm

T - Torque = Force * Radius

Force
Length

kg(f)/
m

N/m

ST for Liquid DROP

2
3

Capillarity

Quantity

2
4

Equation of
State for
gases

2
5

Gas
Constant

2
6

Universal
Gas
Constant

2
7

Compressibility =

h=

4 cos
g d

2N
60

where = Angular velocity =

pd
4

g(f)/m
ST for BUBBLE

pd
8

Capillary rise / fall = h =

m
c
m

DensityAcceleration due
4SurfaceTensioncosine of Angle of Contact
gravityDiameter of Tube

Formula

Expansion

Units
SI

MKS

CGS

FPS

p * = Pressure * Specific Volume = Gas Constant *

pV = RT
Temperature
RT
Gas Constant =
R =
Joule
kgfm
p
T

pV = nM
1
K

Pressure
kgK
DensityTemperature
N Number of Moles in volume of a
M =
RT gas
K Bulk Modulus

kgK
Mass of Gas Molecules
Mass of a Hydrogen Atom

2
8

Bulk
Modulus

2
9

Pressure

K=
dp
dV
V

P=
gh

Pressure and Volume are INVERSELY

Proportional; that is Volume
Increase Pressure
K Volumetric Strain
DECREASES when Pressure INCREASES
hence the -ve sign
psi =
Pa =
Pound
kg(f )
g (f )
Pascal
=
Pressure = Density *
s per
m2
cm2
N
Acceleration due to
squar
m2
gravity * Height/ Depth
e inch
of Liquid
MPa =
kg( f )
N
mm2

U
ni
t

3
0

Specific
Gravity S or
G

3
1

Pressure
HEAD

3
2

Cd
Coefficient
of
Discharge

Quantity
/ Name

object
water

S=

H=h=
p
g

C d=

Continui
ty
Equation

Density of give n liquid /solid

Density of WATER

Pressure Head =

No
unit

S=

DensityAccel due
Pressure
Gravity

cm2

object
water

cm

inch
es

Qact
Qtheo

Formula

Q = AV
2

ksc =

AV=
Constant = Q
A1V1 = A2V2
= .

Expansion
Discharge = Area of Cross
Section of Flow * Velocity of Flow

Units
SI

MKS

CGS

m3/s

m /
s

cm3/s
litre /
sec

FPS

Discharg
e

Eulers
Equation

Q=

Discharge=

V
t
dp gdz
+

p v2
+
g 2 g

2
Bernoulli
s
Equation
4

For
IDEAL
Fluids
IDEAL
Flow

Bernoulli
s
Equation
for
REAL
Fluids
REAL
Flow

z1

m3/
s

cm3/s

Datum Head

p 2 (v 2) 2
+
g
2g

Total of the 3 Energy

HEADs at STARTING
Point 1

IDEAL
Flow /
Fluid

for

Total of the 3
Energy HEADs
at END Point 2
= TE2

Total of the 3 Energy

HEADs at END Point 2

>

as the flow moves forward, the TOTAL

ENERGY Head decreases gradually
To make the total equal on both sides, ADD
the LOSSES at the END POINT as shown
below

2
p 1 v1
+
g 2 g

+ z1 =

litre /
sec

= Constant

Velocity Head

z2
Total of the 3
Energy HEADs at
STARTING Point 1
TE 1

TE 1
TE2
TE 1
TE2

m /s
3

+ vdv = 0
+

Pressure Head
= Constant
p 1 (v 1)2
+
+
g
2g

Volume
Time

2
p 2 v2
+
g 2 g

+ z2

+ HEAD LOSSES

for

REAL
Flow /
Fluid

U
ni
t

Quantity
/ Name

MAJOR
HEAD
loss due
to
FRICTIO
N

Formula
DARCY WEISBACH
Formula

Friction
Coefficient

f=

f =

16
Re

0.079
(Re)1/4

MAJOR
HEAD loss
due to
FRICTION

4 fl v
hf =
2 gd

if Re < 2,000
i.e
if flow of
LAMINAR
( Viscous)

V = C (mi)
i =
Hydraulic
Gradient

MINOR Loss due to

SUDDEN ENLARGEMENT

MINOR Loss due to

SUDDEN CONTARCTION
MINOR Loss at INLET
7
( Entrance )
MINOR Loss at OUTLET
7
( EXIT )
7

hf

SI

HEAD loss due to

FRICTION
f Coefficient of FRICTION
l length of PIPE or Length
of FLOW
v Flow Velocity
g Acceleration due to
gravity
d Pipe Diameter

if Re > 4,000 and upto 106

CHEZYs
Formula

Units

Expansion

hc
hi

hi=0.5

ho

ho=

he

V
2g

V2
2g

FPS

f value depends
on the value of REYNOLDs Number Re
Friction COEFFICIENT

v D vD
=

- rho - Density ofthe Liquid flowing

in the pipe
V velocity of the flow
D diameter of the pipe
- dynamic viscosity of the liquid
- nu kinematic viscosity of the
liquid

m
HYDRAULIC
MEAN DEPTH
A
m=
P

hf
L
2
V 1V

he=
k V 22
hc=
2g

CGS

i.e if the flow is TURBULENT

V velocity of
flow
C Chezys
constant
i=

MKS

A WETTED Area of Pipe

( Area of Flow )
P WETTED Perimeter of
Pipe
( Perimeter of Flow )

where k = (

1
1 2
Cc

7 MINOR Loss due to BEND

hb

MINOR Loss due to

7
OBSTRUCTION

hob

MINOR Loss due to

FITTINGS

hfit

U
ni
t

Quantity
/ Name

Formula

HGL

Hydraulic Gradient
Line

TEL

Total Energy Line

1
0
1
1

Pipes in
SERIES
( Compou
nd
Pipes )

The EQUIVALENT
Pipe DIAMETER for
a given set of
PIPES IN SERIES is

Pipes in
PARALLE
L

for Pipes in
PARALLEL,
HEAD Loss in EACH
Pipe
is the SAME

Power
Transmis
sion
through
PIPES

V2
A
hobs= (
1)
2 g Cc ( Aa)

hfit =

k V 2
2g

HGL =
TEL =

p
g

P=

L
Hh
gQ

A Pipe Area
A Obstruction area

Units
SI

+ z

p v2
+
g 2 g

K coefficient of Pipe Fitting

Expansion

+ z

Q = Q1 = Q2 = Q3
= .

K coefficient of bend depends on

i) Angle of Bend
ii) Radius of Curvature of Bend
ii)
Pipe Diameter

kV
hb=
2g

L L1 L2 L3 L 4
= + + + +
d 5 d5 d5 d 5 d 5
This equation is also
called

DUPUITs
equation
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
+.

CGS

FPS

HGL is the line joining the VERTICAL

Ordinates given by the SUM of PRESSURE
Head + DATUM Head
TEL is the line joining the VERTICAL Ordinates
given by the SUM of PRESSURE Head +
DATUM Head + KINETIC Head

L Sum of the Lengths L1 L2 L3 L4 ..

D Diameter of the EQUIVALENT Pipe which
will have the same TOTAL head Loss as in the
Pipes in SERIES
d1, d2, d3, d4 diameters of the pipes in
series

from

f1 = f 2

2
1

f 1 l 1 v f 2 l 2 v 22
=
d1
d2

hf1 = hf2
P Power available
at the OUTLET /
END of the Pipe
Q Discharge

MKS

H TOTAL HEAD available at the INLET of the

Pipe

hL

= TOTAL HEAD LOSSES ( friction and all

MINOR Losses )

Condition for
MAXIMUM Power
Transmission
=

Efficiency of
Power
Transmission

Maximum Possible
Efficiency of Power
Transmission through Pipes =

66.667 %

alpha
beta

[b]

[v]

gamma

[]

[] ~ []

delta

[d]

[]

epsilon

[e]

[e]

zeta

[zd] (or [dz][6])

[z]

eta

[]

[i]

theta

[t]

[]

iota

[i] [i]

[i]

kappa

[k]

[k] ~ [c]

lambda

[l]

[l]

mu

[m]

[m]

Name

H
3

HhL
H

Sound value
Ancient[4]
Modern[5]
[a] [a]
[a]

Letter

L=

nu

Sound value
Ancient
Modern
[n]
[n]

xi

[ks]

[ks]

omicron

[o]

[o]

pi

[p]

[p]

rho

[r]

[r]

sigma

[s]

[s]

tau

[t]

[t]

upsilon

[y] [y]

[i]

phi

[p]

[f]

chi

[k]

[x] ~ []

psi

[ps]

[ps]

omega

[]

[o]

Letter

[7]

Name