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EMAGS Bring Home
EMAGS Bring Home
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Chapter 7
Magnetic circuits
At the end of this chapter you should be able to:
appreciate some applications of magnets
describe the magnetic field around a permanent magnet
state the laws of magnetic attraction and repulsion for two magnets in close proximity
define magnetic flux, , and magnetic flux density, B, and state their units
perform simple calculations involving B = /A
define magnetomotive force, Fm , and magnetic field strength, H, and state their units
perform simple calculations involving Fm = NI and H = NI/l
define permeability, distinguishing between 0 , r and
understand the BH curves for different magnetic materials
appreciate typical values of r
perform calculations involving B = 0 r H
define reluctance, S, and state its units
perform calculations involving
m.m.f.
l
S=
=
0 r A
perform calculations on composite series magnetic circuits
compare electrical and magnetic quantities
appreciate how a hysteresis loop is obtained and that hysteresis loss is proportional to its area
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Section 1
Figure 7.2
7.3
Figure 7.1
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tesla
A
A=
353 103 2
m = 0.1961 m2
1.8
7.4
NI
ampere per metre
l
8000 30 102
Hl
=
N
750
Section 1
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Section 1
7.5
For air, or any non-magnetic medium, the ratio of magnetic flux density to magnetising force is a constant,
i.e. B/H = a constant. This constant is 0 , the permeability of free space (or the magnetic space constant)
and is equal to 4 107 H/m, i.e. for air, or any
non-magnetic medium, the ratio
B
= 0
H
(Although all non-magnetic materials, including air,
exhibit slight magnetic properties, these can effectively
be neglected.)
For all media other than free space,
B
= 0 r
H
where r is the relative permeability, and is defined as
r =
Figure 7.3
The relative permeability of a ferromagnetic material is proportional to the slope of the BH curve and
thus varies with the magnetic field strength. The approximate range of values of relative permeability r for
some common magnetic materials are:
Cast iron
Mild steel
Silicon iron
Cast steel
Mumetal
Stalloy
r = 100250
r = 200800
r = 10005000
r = 300900
r = 2005000
r = 5006000
r =
B
1.2
=
= 764
0 H
(4 107 )(1250)
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(a) H =
0.25
B
=
= 198 940 A/m
0
4 107
(b)
B = 0 r H, hence
B
0.4
r =
=
= 200
0 H
(4 107 )(1592)
2000 0.25
NI
=
l
10 102
= 1592 A/m
300 5
NI
=
l
40 102
Flux density B =
= 3750 A/m
(b) For a non-magnetic material r = 1, thus flux
density B = 0 H
l = 20 cm = 0.2 m and
0.3 103
=
= 0.3 T
A
10 104
= 4.712 mT
(c) Flux = BA = (4.712 103 )(4 104 )
= 1.885 Wb
B = 0 r H, hence
Problem 7. An iron ring of mean diameter 10 cm
is uniformly wound with 2000 turns of wire. When
a current of 0.25 A is passed through the coil a flux
density of 0.4 T is set up in the iron. Find (a) the
magnetising force and (b) the relative permeability
of the iron under these conditions.
l = d = 10 cm = 10 102 m,
N = 2000 turns, I = 0.25 A and B = 0.4 T
r =
B
B
1
=
0 H 0
H
=
107
B
4
H
Table 7.1
Part of
circuit
Material
(Wb)
A(m2 )
B=
Ring
Cast iron
0.3 103
10 104
0.3
(T)
A
H from
graph
l(m)
m.m.f. =
Hl(A)
1000
0.2
200
Section 1
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Section 1
0.04
0.13
0.17
0.30
0.41
0.49
0.60
0.68
0.73
0.76
0.79
H(A/m)
200
400
500
1000
1500
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
159
259
271
239
218
195
159
135
116
101
90
r =
107 B
4
H
mr B
300 1.2
250 1.0
B
200 0.8
150 0.6
100 0.4
mr
50 0.2
6000 7000
Figure 7.4
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7.6
Reluctance
m.m.f.
from which
m.m.f. = S i.e. NI = S
(b) S =
NI
Hl
l
l
FM
=
=
=
=
S=
BA
(B/H)A
0 r A
The unit of reluctance is 1/H (or H 1 ) or A/Wb.
Ferromagnetic materials have a low reluctance and
can be used as magnetic screens to prevent magnetic
fields affecting materials within the screen.
Problem 10. Determine the reluctance of a piece
of mumetal of length 150 mm and cross-sectional
area 1800 mm2 when the relative permeability is
4000. Find also the absolute permeability of the
mumetal.
Reluctance,
S=
l
0 r A
150 103
(4 107 )(4000)(1800 106 )
= 16 580/H
Absolute permeability,
= 0 r = (4 107 )(4000)
= 5.027 103 H /m
Problem 11. A mild steel ring has a radius of
50 mm and a cross-sectional area of 400 mm2 . A
current of 0.5 A flows in a coil wound uniformly
around the ring and the flux produced is 0.1 mWb.
If the relative permeability at this value of current is
200 find (a) the reluctance of the mild steel and
(b) the number of turns on the coil.
l = 2r = 2 50 103 m, A = 400 106 m2 ,
I = 0.5 A, = 0.1 103 Wb and r = 200
(a) Reluctance,
S=
=
l
0 r A
2 50 103
(4 107 )(200)(400 106 )
= 3.125 106 /H
7.7
Section 1
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Section 1
l1
0 r A1
6 102
(4
= 6.366 10 /H
5
l2
0 r A2
2 102
=
(4 107 )(750)(0.5 104 )
= 4.244 105 /H
B
1.4
=
= 1 114 000 A/m
0
4 107
m.m.f.
NI
m.m.f.
i.e. =
=
S
S
=
200 0.4
= 7.54 105 Wb
10.61 105
7.54 105
=
= 1.51 T
A
0.5 104
Figure 7.5
0.7 103
=
= 1.4 T
A
5 104
cross-sectional
area
Mild steel
400 mm
500 mm2
Cast steel
300 mm
312.5 mm2
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Table 7.3
m.m.f. =
Hl(A)
Part of
circuit
Material
(Wb)
A(m2 )
B(T)
H(A/m)
l(m)
Ring
Silicon iorn
0.7 103
5 104
1.4
1650
(from graph)
0.4
Air-gap
Air
0.7 103
5 104
1.4
1.4
4 107
2 103
2228
Total:
2888 A
m.m.f.
= Hl(A)
660
= 1 114 000
Table 7.4
Part of
circuit
Material
(Wb)
A(m2 )
B(T)
(=/A)
H(A/m) (from
graphs page 74)
l(m)
Mild steel
500 106
500 106
1.0
1400
400 103
560
Cast steel
500 106
312.5 106
1.6
4800
300 103
1440
Total:
2000 A
Reluctance of core S1 =
l1
and
0 r A1
since B = 0 r H, then r =
S1 =
0
=
B
.
0 H
l1
l1 H
=
B
BA1
A1
0 H
l2
0 r A2
l2
(since r = 1 for air)
0 A2
1 103
(4 107 )(2 104 )
= 3 979 000/H
Total circuit reluctance
Figure 7.6
Section 1
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Section 1
m.m.f.
m.m.f. = S hence NI = S
iron magnetic circuit has a uniform crosssectional area of 3 cm2 and its magnetisation
curve is as shown on page 74.
[0.83 A]
and
current I =
S
(5 151 000)(1.6 104 )
=
N
5000
= 0.165 A
Figure 7.7
Figure 7.8
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7.8
Electrical circuit
Magnetic circuit
e.m.f. E (V)
m.m.f. Fm (A)
current I (A)
flux (Wb)
resistance R ()
reluctance S (H1 )
I=
E
R
=
m.m.f.
S
R=
l
A
S=
l
0 r A
Hysteresis loss
A disturbance in the alignment of the domains (i.e.
groups of atoms) of a ferromagnetic material causes
energy to be expended in taking it through a cycle
of magnetisation. This energy appears as heat in the
specimen and is called the hysteresis loss.
The energy loss associated with hysteresis is proportional to the area of the hysteresis loop.
The area of a hysteresis loop varies with the type of
material. The area, and thus the energy loss, is much
greater for hard materials than for soft materials.
Figure 7.10 shows typical hysteresis loops for:
(a) hard material, which has a high remanence Oc
and a large coercivity Od
(b) soft steel, which has a large remanence and small
coercivity
(c) ferrite, this being a ceramic-like magnetic substance made from oxides of iron, nickel, cobalt,
magnesium, aluminium and mangenese; the hysteresis of ferrite is very small.
Figure 7.9
Section 1
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Section 1
Figure 7.10
3. Sketch the pattern of the magnetic field associated with a bar magnet. Mark the direction
of the field.
Now try the following exercise
4. Define magnetic flux
5. The symbol for magnetic flux is . . . and the
unit of flux is the . . .
6. Define magnetic flux density
7. The symbol for magnetic flux density is . . .
and the unit of flux density is . . .
8. The symbol for m.m.f. is . . . and the unit of
m.m.f. is the . . .
9. Another name for the magnetising force is
. . . . . . ; its symbol is . . . and its unit is . . .
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(b)
1000 H1
(d)
108 1
H
8.85
Section 1
Magnetic circuits 83
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Section 1
Revision test 2
This revision test covers the material contained in Chapters 5 to 7. The marks for each question are shown in brackets
at the end of each question.
1. Resistances of 5 , 7 , and 8 are connected
in series. If a 10 V supply voltage is connected
across the arrangement determine the current flowing through and the p.d. across the 7 resistor.
Calculate also the power dissipated in the 8
resistor.
(6)
2. For the series-parallel network shown in Fig. R2.1,
find (a) the supply current, (b) the current flowing through each resistor, (c) the p.d. across each
resistor, (d) the total power dissipated in the circuit,
(e) the cost of energy if the circuit is connected
for 80 hours. Assume electrical energy costs 14p
per unit.
(15)
R1 = 2.4
R2 = 5
R3 = 2
R4 = 8
100 V
Figure R2.1
R5 = 11