$ 1.

samxedro blokebis Seqmna da omis gamomwvevi mizezebi

samTa kavSiri. safrangeTidan kontribuciis miRebisa da germaniis
arebis gayvanis Semdeg bismarkma miiCnia, rom mesame respublikis
samxedro siZlieris aRdgena mosalodnelTan SedarebiT swrafad
xdeboda. amitom moindoma safrangeTTan axali omis dawyeba, magram amis
saSualeba mas ar misces ruseTma da didma britaneTma. sakuTari
interesebidan gamomdinare, maT xels ar aZlevdaT safrangeTis xarjze
germaniis Semdgomi gaZliereba. bismarki Seudga rTul diplomatiur
TamaSs.
misi
mizani
iyo
didi
britaneTisa
da
ruseTis
urTierTdapirispireba, raTa maTTvis saSualeba moespo mxari daeWiraT
safrangeTisTvis germaniasTan omis SemTxvevaSi.
bismarkma ganizraxa samxedro kavSiris Camoyalibeba germaniis
xelmZRvanelobiT. 1879 wels germaniam da avstria-ungreTma, romelic
Zlieri mfarvelis moZebnas cdilobda, xeli moaweres ruseTis
sawinaaRmdegod mimarTul saidumlo samokavSireo xelSekrulebas.
bismarkma
isargebla
safrangeTis
koloniuri
imperiis
gafarToebisaken miswrafebiT da waaqeza mesame respublika daepyro
tunisi,
romelzedac
Tvali
eWira
italias.
safrangeTis
mier
ganawyenebulma italiam saidumlo warmomadgenlebi gagzavna bismarkTan
antifranguli kavSiris dasadebad. bismarkma italiis warmomadgenlebs
ganucxada, rom gza romidan berlinisaken venaze gadioda. avstriaungreTis mimarT teritoriuli pretenziebis miuxedavad (italiis
teritoriul pretenziebs Soris avstria-ungreTis mimarT yvelaze
mniSvnelovani iyo pretenzia sanavsadguro qalaq triestze), italia
iZulebuli gaxda SeerTeboda germania- avstria-ungreTis kavSirs. 1882
wels germaniasa da italias Soris daido safrangeTis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli saidumlo xelSekruleba.
amgvarad, 1879-1882 wlebSi Seiqmna saidumlo samTa kavSiri. amave
dros bismarki yvelafers akeTebda imisaTvis, raTa ar daeSva germaniisa
da misi mokavSireebis winaaRmdeg ruseTisa da safrangeTis daaxloeba.
1891-1893
wlebis
ruseT-safrangeTis
kavSiri.
ruseTisa
da
safrangeTis daaxloeba mainc moxda, rac daaCqara germaniasa da ruseTs
Soris dawyebulma sabaJo omma. germaniam gazarda baJi ruseTis
marcvleulze. sapasuxod ruseTma gazarda baJi germaniis samrewvelo
saqonelze. 1890 wels, bismarkis kanclerobidan gadadgomis Semdeg,
germaniam uxeSi zewolis gziT moindoma ruseTis damarcxeba sabaJo omSi.
berlinma uari uTxra peterburgs sesxis micemaze. ruseTs dauyovnebliv
misca sesxi safrangeTma. amas mohyva ruseT--safrangeTis swrafi
daaxloeba, rac saTanadod iqna kidec gaformebuli. 1891 wels ruseTsa
da safrangeTs Soris daido e.w. sakonsulo paqti, 1893 wels ki
samxedro konvencia.
didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis 1904 wlis `guliTadi SeTanxmeba~.
did britaneTs miaCnda, rom mas ar Wirdeboda mudmivi megobrebi da

mudmivi mtrebi. mas hqonda mxolod mudmivi interesebi da amis mixedviT

amyarebda
urTierTobebs
sxvadasxva
qveyanasTan.
is
ar
debda
xelSekrulebebs did saxelmwifosTan an did saxelmwifoTa kavSirebTan,
ar iRebda Tavis Tavze valdebulebebs. didi britaneTi darwmunebuli
iyo, rom msoflioSi uZlieresi misi samxedro-sazRvao floti da
kunZulovani mdebareoba romelime qveyanasTan moulodnelad omis
dawyebis SemTxvevaSic ki uzrunvelyofda mis uSiSroebas. xolo
mokavSiris moZebna did saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobebis
viTarebaSi omis msvlelobaSic SeiZleboda. aqedan gamomdinare, didi
britaneTi
XX
saukunis
dasawyisamde
atarebda
e.w.
`brwyinvale
izolaciis~ politikas.
magram XIX saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi mdgomareoba TandaTan
Seicvala. germanium did britaneTs gauswro samrewvelo produqciis
gamoSvebis mxriv, ramac mas mZlavri saxmeleTo da sazRvao samxedro
Zalebis mSeneblobis dawyebis saSualeba misca.
1883 wels daarsda pirveli germanuli kolonia afrikaSi, rasac
mohyva Semdgomi koloniuri dapyrobebi afrikasa da wynari okeanis auzSi.
cxadi xdeboda, rom germania msoflio batonobisaken miiswrafoda, rac
SeiZleboda ganxorcielebuliyo didi britaneTis koloniuri imperiis
xarjze. germanulma safrTxem aiZula didi britaneTi XX saukunis
dasawyisSi uari eTqva
`brwyinvale izolaciis~ politikaze da
daaxloeboda Tavis uZveles metoqes safrangeTs.
1904
wels
ruseT-iaponiis
omma
ruseTis
Zalebi
Soreul
aRmosavleTSi miizida da Tanac naTelyo ruseTis sisuste. iaponiasTan
ruseTis damarcxebis Semdeg safrangeTi germaniis pirispir faqtobrivad
mokavSiris gareSe darCa. am garemoebiT isargebla didma britaneTma da
safrangeTs egviptis sanacvlod maroko da mokavSireoba SesTavaza. moxda
Zireuli
Semobruneba
inglis-safrangeTis
urTierTobebSi,
Zveli
mowinaaRmdegeebi megobrebi gaxdnen da 1904 wels dades `guliTadi
SeTanxmeba~.
garegnulad
iqmneboda
STabeWdileba,
rom
inglisisa
da
safrangeTis urTierTdapirispirebaTa mospoba ganamtkicebda mSvidobas
evropasa da mTel msoflioSi. 1904 wlis xelSekrulebaSi naxsenebic ki
ar iyo germania, Tumca am SeTanxmebis antigermanuli xasiaTi
SeuiaraRebeli TvaliTac kargad Canda. berlinSi erTma didmoxelem
moxdenilad SeniSna: `safrangeTi da inglisi erTmaneTs exvevian ara
imitom, rom erTmaneTi uyvarT, aramed imitom, rom orives erTnairad
sZuls germaniao~.
inglis-ruseTis 1907 wlis SeTanxmeba. saboloo saxiT antantis
CamoyalibebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo momxdariyo SeTanxmeba inglissa da
ruseTs Soris, riTac Seivseboda 1891-1893 wlebis ruseT-safrangeTisa da
1904 wlis inglis-safrangeTis SeTanxmebebi. magram inglis-ruseTis
SeTanxmebebis miRweva Zalze Zneli iyo, radgan XIX saukunis meore

naxevarSi am ori koloniuri imperiis dapirispireba uaRresad mwvave

xasiaTs atarebda.
inglisi da ruseTi erTmaneTs ebrZodnen aziis ganawilebisaTvis. am
brZolaSi
gamoikveTa
winaaRmdegobaTa
sami
kvanZi:
Soreuli
aRmosavleTis: CineTSi Semaval manjuriis xelSi Casagdebad; Sua
aRmosavleTis: Sua aziaze, avRaneTsa da iranze gasabatoneblad;
aRmosavleTis: osmaleTis imperiis gasayofad. Soreul aRmosavleTSi
didma britaneTma Tavis mizans miaRwia, ruseTi iaponiis saSualebiT
gandevna samxreT manjuriidan da samxreT saxalinidan.
koloniur qveynebSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli da revoluciuri
moZraobis
aRzevebam,
rac
Zalze
arasasurveli
movlena
iyo
britaneTisaTvis, xeli Seuwyo inglisisa da ruseTis daaxloebas, miT
ufro, rom iaponiis mier damarcxebuli ruseTi aRar iyo Zveleburad
saSiSi metoqe didi britaneTisaTvis.
1907 wels inglissa da ruseTs Soris daido SeTanxmeba, romelmac
moawesriga
am
ori
koloniuri
imperiis
winaaRmdegobebi
Sua
aRmosavleTSi. 1907 wlis inglis-ruseTis SeTanxmebebiT dasrulda
antantis gaformeba

$2. omis mimdinareoba da misi Sedegebi

pirveli msoflio omis dawyeba. ori samxedro blokis samTa
kavSirisa da antantis Seqmnam daaCqara gamalebuli SeiaraReba. msoflio
omis dawyeba damokidebuli iyo mxolod imaze, Tu romel moments
miiCnevdnen xelsayrelad Tavisi saxelmwifosa da samxedro blokisaTvis
did saxelmwifoTa mesveurebi.
1914 wlis zafxulSi vilhelm II-m saTanadod ver Seafasa
safrangeTisa da ruseTis samxedro SesaZleblobebi da gadawyvita, rom
germaniisaTvis omis dawyebis xelsayreli dro dadga. amasTan mas Seeqmna
araswori STa-beWdileba, rom didi britaneTi germaniis winaaRmdeg omSi
ar Caebmeboda. omis dawyebis sababi gaxda saraevoSi samxedro manevrebze
dasaswrebad Casul avstria-ungreTis saimperatoro taxtis memkvidris
erchercog franc ferdinandis da misi meuRlis mkvleloba 1914 wlis 28
ivniss.
didi saxelmwifoebis SeiaraRebuli Zalebisa da saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis mcdari Sefasebidan gamomdinare, vilhelm II-m Tavis
mokavSire avstria-ungreTs mosTxova, saraevos mkvleloba serbeTTan omis
dasawyebad
gamoeyenebina.
germaniisgan
zurggamagrebulma
avstriaungreTma serbeTs gadasca ultimatumi. Tavisi mfarvelis, omisaTvis
moumzadebeli ruseTis rCeviT, serbeTma miiRo misdami wayenebuli
TiTqmis yvela moTxovna miuxedavad imisa, rom ultimatumi xelyofda
mis saxelmwifo suverenitets. avstria-ungreTma pasuxi arasakmarisad
miiCnia da 28 ivliss daiwyo samxedro moqmedeba serbeTis winaaRmdeg.
avstria-ungreTis ultimatums da serbeTTan omis dawyebas agvistos

pirvel ricxvebSi mohyva jaWvuri reaqcia. ruseTis nawilobriv

mobilizacias germaniam omis gamocxadebiT upasuxa. amas safrangeTis
sayovelTao mobilizacia mohyva, rasac germanium aseve omis gamocxadebiT
upasuxa. Tavisi samxedro gegmis Sesabamisad, germaniis jarebis belgiaSi
SeWram didi britaneTis omSi Cabma gamoiwvia. ase daudo saTave saraevos
mkvlelobam 1914 wlis agvistos dasawyisSi pirveli msoflio omis
gaCaRebas.
Slifenis gegma. germaniis generaluri Stabis ufrosma Slifenma
SeimuSava safrangeTTan da ruseTTan omis erTdroulad warmoebis gegma.
Slifenis gegmis Tanaxmad, safrangeTze ZiriTadi dartyma unda
ganxorcielebuliyo
ara
elzas-loTaringiidan,
saidanac
frangebi
safrTxes moelodnen, aramed belgiidan. saswrafod unda aeRoT parizi,
frangebis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi unda moemwyvdiaT da gaenadgurebinaT
germanul armiasa da germaniis sazRvars Soris. am samxedro operacias
`mbrunavi karis~ gegma ewoda. safrangeTis damarcxebis Semdeg germaniis
armiebi gadayvanili iqnebodnen aRmosavleTis frontze, sadac isini
SeuerTdebodnen avstria-ungreTis jarebs, romelTa erTobliv Setevas
mohyveboda ruseTze gamarjveba.
Slifenis gegma efuZneboda sam pirobas: 1) belgia nebayoflobiT
gaatarebda germaniis jarebs an misi winaaRmdegoba myisierad iqneboda
daZleuli da frangebi ver moaswrebdnen TavianTi jarebis gadajgufebas;
2) inglisi SeinarCunebda neitralitets an minimaluri iqneboda misi
monawileoba sabrZolo operaciebSi; 3) ruseTi Tavisi saxelmwifos
mouqnelobis gamo swrafad ver Caatarebda samxedro mobilizacias, xolo
misi meCxeri da arasaTanadod gamarTuli sarkinigzo qseli ver
uzrunvelyofda
ruseTis
jarebis
swraf
gadaadgilebas.
aqtiuri
samxedro
moqmedebis
Seyovneba
aRmosavleTis
frontze
germanias
saSualebas miscemda jer safrangeTi gaenadgurebina da Semdeg
gasworeboda ruseTs.
omis msvleloba evropaSi 1914 wels. saomari moqmedeba belgiaSi
daiwyo 4 agvistos. belgielebma Tavganwiruli winaaRmdegoba gauwies
germanelebs da ori kviriT SeaCeres maTi Seteva. frangebma moaswres
jarebis gadajgufeba, ingliselebma saeqspedicio korpusi gadasxes
safrangeTSi, rusebi ki SeiWrnen aRmosavleT prusiaSi. ramdenime dRis
gaafTrebuli brZolis Semdeg germanelebma 25 agvistosaTvis SeZles
safrangeT-belgiis
sazRvris
gadalaxva.
frangebis
ukandaxeva
mimdinareobda
organizebulad,
maTi
winaaRmdegoba
sul
ufro
Zlierdeboda, brZolaSi Caeba inglisis saeqspedicio korpusic. 4
seqtembers frangebis kontrSeteviT mdinare marnis auzSi daiwyo
grandiozuli brZola, romelSic orive mxridan 2 milioni jariskaci da
oficeri monawileobda. 9 seqtembers germanelebi iZulebuli gaxdnen
ukandaxeva daewyoT. germaniam Tumc SeZlo belgiisa da Crdilo-

aRmosavleT safrangeTis SenarCuneba, magram frangebisa da ingliselebis

marnasTan brZolaSi gamarjvebam daasamara Slifenis gegma.
dasavleTis frontze brZolebma TandaTan poziciuri xasiaTi
miiRo. orive mxarem daiwyo sangrebis, gamagrebuli xazebisa da kvanZebis
mSenebloba, romelTa win naRmavdnen mindvrebs, awyobdnen eklian
mavTulxlarTebs.
aRmosavleTis
frontze gardamavali upiratesobiT mimdinare
brZolebma mniSvnelovnad Seasusta ruseTisa da avstria-ungreTis
sabrZolo potenciali da sagrZnobi ziani miayena germanelebs.
osmaleTis omSi Cabma. 1914 wlis noemberSi osmaleTma omi
gamoucxada did britaneTs, safrangeTsa da ruseTs. Seiqmna kavkasiis,
palestinis da mesopotamiis frontebi. ruseTma da didma britaneTma
TavianTi jarebi Seiyvanes iranSi. Turqebi 1914 wlis dekemberSi SeiWrnen
amierkavkasiaSi, sarayamiSis raionSi. sarayamiSis brZola rusebis
gamarjvebiT dasrulda. 1915 wlis ianvarSi TurqeTis jarma ruseTosmaleTis sazRvrisaken daixia.
1914 wlis samxedro kampaniis Sedegebi. didi britaneTisa da
safrangeTis flotma moaxdina germaniis, avstria-ungreTis da TurqeTis
sanapiroebis blokireba. ruseTis floti aqtiurad moqmedebda baltiisa
da Sav zRvebSi. 1914 wlis sazRvao brZolebma naTelyo axali sabrZolo
saSualebebis wyalqveSa navebis Zala da mniSvneloba. wyalqveSa navebs
gansakuTrebiT efeqtianad iyenebda germania. 1914 wels Catarebuli
mobilizaciis Sedegad antantis (ruseTis, safrangeTis, didi britaneTis,
belgiis, serbeTisa da Cernogoriis) SeiaraRebuli Zalebi 10,8 milionamde
gaizarda. germaniis, avstria-ungreTis da osmaleTis SeiaraRebulma
Zalebma
ki
6,7
milions
miaRwia.
germaniis
jarebi
TavianT
mowinaaRmdegeebTan SedarebiT ukeTesad iyvnen gawvrTnili. aSkara iyo
maTi upiratesoba mZime artileriiT SeiaraRebiTac.
omis msvleloba 1915 wels. 1914 wels, Slifenis gegmis CaSlis
Semdeg, germania or frontze xangrZlivi omis winaSe aRmoCnda. man omis
dawyebisTanave dakarga koloniebi da Tavis mokavSireebTan erTad
blokadaSi moeqca, rac mas ar aZlevda msoflio bazris gamoyenebis
saSualebas. antantis qveynebs ki metropoliebisa da koloniebis
resursebis
garda,
SeeZloT
gamoeyenebinaT
msoflio
bazris
SesaZleblobebi. dro germaniis winaaRmdeg muSaobda. mas umokles vadaSi
unda daemTavrebina omi.
germaniis sardlobam gaiTvaliswina ruseTis susti mrewvelobis
SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi, cudad aRWurvili armia susti aRWurviloba
da
gadawyvita
1915
wels
omis
simZimis
centri
dasavleTidan
aRmosavleTis frontze gadaetana; jer daemarcxebina ruseTi, romlis
xarjzec igi Seivsebda misTvis esoden aucilebel resursebs da Semdeg
gaenadgurebina safrangeTi.

1915 wlis maisSi dawyebuli Setevis Sedegad germanelebma

gaaTavisufles 1914 wels rusebis mier okupirebuli avstria-ungreTis
teritoria, ruseTs waarTves poloneTi, litva da latviis nawili.
moaxloebulma zamTarma ukve seqtembris miwurulSi dausva wertili
germanelebis winsvlas; omma poziciuri xasiaTi miiRo; aRmosavleTis
fronti lariviT gadaiWima rigis yuridan rumineTamde. miRweuli
warmatebebis miuxedavad germanelebma ver SeZles maT winaSe dasmuli
ZiriTadi amocanebis gadawyveta, maT ver gamoiyvanes omidan ruseTi.
1915 wels dasavleTis frontze frangebisa da ingliselebis ori
Seteva uSedegod damTavrda. ramdenime dRes grZeldeboda germanelebis
poziciebis saartilerio dabombva. isini aswrebdnen saSiSi ubnebis
rezervebiT gamagrebas.
1915 wlis aprilSi qalaq iprTan brZolaSi germanelebma gamoiyenes
mxuTavi gazi _ qlori. frangi da ingliseli mebrZolebi panikam moicva.
es iyo sruli moulodneloba, radgan, saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebiT,
momwamlavi nivTierebis omSi gamoyeneba akrZaluli iyo. maSveli jarebis
swrafi gadmosroliT antantam frontis xazi aRadgina, magram amis
Semdeg meomarma mxareebma sabrZolo qimiuri saSualebebis farTod
gamoyeneba
daiwyes.
amave
dros
Seiqmna
qimiuri
momwamlavi
nivTierebebisagan Tavdacvis saSualebebi: aerwinaRebi da specialuri
tansacmeli.
italiis omSi Cabma antantis mxareze. italia Tavdapirvelad
neitralitets icavda. amave dros, misi mTavroba meomar mxareebTan
vaWrobda, romeli miscemda meti teritoriebis dauflebis saSualebas.
italiam SeTanxmebas antantis qveynebTan miaRwia da 1915 wlis maisSi
Caeba omSi. evropaSi Seiqmna kidev erTi fronti Sveicariidan adriatikis
zRvamde. italielebis Seteva avstria-ungreTis jarebma swrafad SeaCeres.
italiis ormilioniani armiis brZolisunarianoba Zalze dabali,
xolo samxedro aRWurviloba susti aRmoCnda.
meomar mxareTa gegmebi da omis msvleloba dasavleTis frontze
1916 wels. germanium da avstria-ungreTma 1915 wels ver moaxerxes
ruseTis omidan gamoyvana, amitom germaniis sardlobam mizanSewonilad
CaTvala omis simZimis centris kvlav dasavleTis frontze gadatana.
antantis qveynebma gadawyvites, rom maTi miznebi evropis ZiriTad
frontebze erToblivi moqmedebiT unda yofiliyo miRweuli.
germanelebs elzas-loTaringiidan swrafi SeteviT rom ver
moexerxebinaT parizis aReba, frangebma jer kidev pirvel msoflio
omamde germaniis sazRvarsa da safrangeTis dedaqalaqs Soris Seqmnes
mZlavri verdenis cixesimagre, romlis gamagreba aTeuli wlebis
manZilze mimdinareobda. Slifenma safrangeTSi belgiidan SeWris gegma
swored aqedan gamomdinare SeimuSava, raTa gverdi aevlo verdenis
gamagrebuli
ganStoebebis
sistemisaTvis.
dasavleTis
frontis
gansamtkiceblad 1916 wlisaTvis frangebma verdenidan gaitanes mZime

artileriisa da samxedro aRWurvilobis ZiriTadi nawili, mkveTrad

Seamcires cixesimagris garnizoni, radgan CaTvales, rom verdenma
dakarga Tavisi mniSvneloba. safrangeTis samxedro xelmZRvanelobis am
SecdomiT isargebla germaniis sardlobam da 1916 wlis TebervalSi
moulodnelad daiwyo farTomasStabiani Seteva verdenze. verdenis xelSi
CagdebiT germanelebi soliviT SeiWrebodnen frangebis ganlagebaSi. amiT
isini SeuZlebels gaxdidnen dasavleTis frontis gaswvriv franguli da
inglisuri SenaerTebis gadaadgilebas da gzas gaixsnidnen parizisaken.
safrangeTis sardlobam araCveulebrivi operatiuloba gamoiCina da
umokles vadaSi verdenis cixesimagreSi satvirTo avtomobilebis
saSualebiT gadaisrola mZime artileria da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
saukeTeso nawilebi. sisxlismRvreli brZolebis miuxedavad germanelebma
araTu ver SeZles verdenis mimarTulebiT Setevis ganviTareba, aramed
naxevari
wlis
Semdeg
dakarges
kidec
cixesimagris
mimdebare
teritoriebi, romlebic samxedro operaciis dasawyisSi Caigdes xelSi.
1916 wlis zafxulSi frangebma da ingliselebma wamoiwyes
grandiozuli Seteva mdinare somaze.
1916 wlis seqtemberSi ingliselebma pirvelad samxedro xelovnebis
istoriaSi gamoiyenes axali saxis iaraRi tanki. teqnikuri
gaumarTaobis gamo 50-dan naxevarze metma tankma ieriSis zRudes ver
miaRwia. ucnobi sabrZolo saSualebis gamoCenisas germanelebs elda
ecaT, magram male movidnen gons da saartilerio cecxliT 10 tanki
mwyobridan gamoiyvanes.
verdenisa da somas saomarma operaciebma naTelyo, rom dasavleTis
frontze arc erT mxares ar Seswevda Zala gaerRvia mowinaaRmdegis
Tavdacva.

$3. saomari operaciebi 1917 w.; revolucia ruseTSi

daundobeli wyalqveSa omi. germaniam safrangeTi da ruseTi omidan
ver gamoiyvana, amitom misma sardlobam gadawyvita wyalqveSa navebis
saSualebiT
eqvs
TveSi
daeCoqebina
inglisi
da
Zlevamosilad
daemTavrebina msoflio omi.
1917 wlis 1 Tebervlidan germaniam daiwyo daundobeli wyalqveSa
omi, romelic safrTxes uqmnida neitraluri saxelmwifoebis naosnobasac,
amitom amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma diplomatiuri urTierToba
gawyvita germaniasTan. Zalian male gamoirkva, rom germanias ar gaaCnda
didi
britaneTis
sazRvao
komunikaciebis
gawyvetisaTvis
saWiro
raodenobis wyalqveSa navebi, amasTan, ingliselebma SeimuSaves germaniis
wyalqveSa navebTan brZolis efeqtiani saSualebebi. satransporto
xomaldebi sazRvao qaravnebad moZraobdnen, romelTac Zlieri samxedro
badragi icavda.

1917 wlis Tebervlis revolucia ruseTSi. gaWianurebulma omma

ruseTSi 1916 wlisaTvis amoativtiva da gaamwvava didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
dagrovili da gadauWreli siZneleebi: glexebis mciremiwianoba, muSebis
umZimesi SromiTi da yofiTi pirobebi, TviTmpyrobelobis Savrazmuli
damokidebuleba imperiaSi Semavali ararusi xalxebisadmi, mosaxleobis
politikuri uufleboba.
omiT gamowveulma sirTuleebma, transportisa da mrewvelobis
moSlam, saTesi farTobebis Semcirebam ukiduresad gaarTula armiisa da
mosaxleobis sursaTiT momarageba. qalaqebSi daiwyo mRelvareba,
frontze da zurgSi Zlierdeboda jariskacebis ukmayofileba. nikoloz
II-is da misi garemocvis avtoriteti katastrofulad ecemoda ara
mxolod liberalur, aramed monarqistul wreebSic.
petrograds (pirveli msoflio omis dawyebis Semdeg peterburgs
ewoda petrogradi) araregularulad miewodeboda xorbali, rigebSi
xangrZlivad dgomiT gawamebuli mosaxleoba xSirad ver iRebda purs.
1917 wlis 23 Tebervlidan ruseTis dedaqalaqis mcxovreblebi
quCebSi gamovidnen. isini awyobdnen demonstraciebs. demonstrantebi purs
moiTxovdnen. Tebervlidan samxedro nawilebma demonstrantebis mxareze
daiwyes gadasvla. policia aRar uwevda winaaRmdegobas demonstraciebs,
male petrogradi xalxis xelSi aRmoCnda.
ruseTis gadasarCenad da armiis dasawynareblad fskovSi myof
nikoloz II-s frontebis sardlebma 1917 wlis 2 marts taxtidan
gadadgoma
mosTxoves.
nikoloz
II
gadadga.
Tavad
lvovis
xelmZRvanelobiT liberalebisagan Seiqmna ruseTis droebiTi mTavroba.
droebiT mTavrobaSi Sevida eseri (socialist-revolucioneri) kerenski.
peterburgis muSebma da jariskacebma airCies sabWo. sabWos
aRmasrulebeli
komitetis
Tavmjdomare
gaxda
social-demokrati
(menSeviki) karlo CxeiZe. male muSaTa da jariskacTa sabWoebi Seiqmna
moskovsa da sxva qalaqebSi. mosaxleobam miiRo beWdviTi sityvis,
krebebis mowvevis, kavSirebis Camoyalibebis da sxva demokratiuli
Tavisuflebebi.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Cabma pirvel msoflio omSi. 1917
wlis Tebervlis revoluciam daaCqara amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
Cabma pirvel msoflio omSi. gaurkveveli iyo, ramdenad brZolisunariani
aRmoCndeboda ruseTis demokratiuli saxelmwifo. gauZlebda igi omis
siZneleebs? SeZlebda saboloo gamarjvebamde omis miyvanas? arada
ruseTis omidan gamosvla mkveTrad Secvlida ZalTa Tanafardobas
germaniis sasargeblod.
aSS ki sisxlxorceulad iyo dainteresebuli germaniaze antantis
gamarjvebiT, radgan antantis damarcxebis SemTxvevaSi aSS kargavda didi
britaneTisa da safrangeTisaTvis micemul uzarmazar sesxebs da, rac
mTavaria, adre Tu gvian mas mouxdeboda msoflio pirvelobisaTvis
araCveulebrivad
gaZlierebul
germaniasTan
dapirispireba.
aSS-ma
germaniasTan omis dawyebis sababad gamoiyena berlinidan meqsikaSi

gagzavnili saidumlo depeSa, romlis gaSifvris Sedegad irkveoda, rom

germania meqsikas aqezebda daewyo omi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
winaaRmdeg. aSS-is poziciaze garkveuli gavlena moaxdina germaniis mier
warmoebulma wyalqveSa ommac. 1917 wlis 6 aprils aSS-ma omi gamoucxada
germanias. aSS-is armiis mobilizacias, gawvrTnas da evropaSi gadmoyvanas
esaWiroeboda dro. amitom amerika 1917 wels omis msvlelobaze gavlenas
ver moaxdenda, magram 1918 wlisTvis aSS-is SeiaraRebuli Zalebi
antantis gamarjvebisaTvis udides mniSvnelobas iZenda.
ruseTis droebiTi mTavroba da bolSevikebi. pirveli msoflio
omis dawyebisTanave emigraciaSi myofi ruseTis bolSevikuri partiis
beladi vladimer ulianovi--lenini avstria-ungreTidan SveicariaSi
gaaZeves. lenini ver gaerkva pirveli msoflio omis dros ruseTSi
mimdinare politikur procesebSi da 1917 wlis ianvarSi ganacxada: `Cven,
Zveli Taoba, ver moveswrebiT momaval revolucias...~ daaxloebiT erTi
Tvis Semdeg man SveicariaSi gazeTebidan Seityo, rom ruseTSi
revolucia moxda da TviTmpyrobeloba daemxo.
leninma auRo alRo, Tu ra SesaZleblobebs uqmnida mas Tebervlis
revoluciis
Sedegad ruseTSi Seqmnili viTareba.
lenini Tavis
TanamoazreebTan erTad germaniisa da SvedeTis gavliT aTwliani
emigraciis Semdeg, 1917 wlis 3 aprils, dabrunda ruseTSi. ruseTSi mas
daxvda mcirericxovani, 24 aTasi wevrisagan Semdgari bolSevikuri
partia, romelsac iatakqveSeTidan gamosvlis Semdeg aqtiuri politikis
gatarebisa da Tavisi rigebis swrafad gazrdis saSualeba mieca. 7
aprils gazeT `pravdaSi~ daibeWda leninis `aprilis Tezisebi~. lenini
mouwodebda bolSevikebs, araviTari mxardaWera ar gaewiaT droebiTi
mTavrobisaTvis, moepovebinaT sabWoebSi umravlesoba da moeTxovaT
sabWoebisaTvis mTeli Zalauflebis gadacema. lenins aucileblad miaCnda
omis Sewyveta, miwebis nacionalizacia, kontrolis daweseba sabanko
saqmesa da produqtebis sazogadoebriv warmoebasa da ganawilebaze.
`aprilis Tezisebis~ gamoqveynebidan 12 dRis Semdeg, 19 aprils
moewyo droebiTi mTavrobis sagareo politikiT ukmayofilo muSebisa da
jariskacebis mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego pirveli didi gamosvla. mTavrobam
ukandaxeva amjobina da daTanxmda Tavisi Semadgenlobis gadaxalisebaze.
droebiTma mTavrobam zafxulisaTvis SedarebiT myarad igrZno Tavi da 4
ivliss petrogradSi demonstrantebs SeiaraRebuli ZaliT gausworda.
mTavroba Setevaze gadavida da gasca orderebi misTvis arasasurveli
pirebis, maT Soris leninis dapatimrebaze. bolSevikebma lenini Rrma
iatakqveSeTSi gadamales. liberalma lvovma droebiTi mTavrobis
xelmZRvaneloba eser kerenskis gadasca.
droebiTma
mTavrobam
misdami
dapirispirebuli
Zalebis
gasanadgureblad samxedro diqtaturis damyareba moindoma. diqtatori
unda gamxdariyo umaRlesi mTavarsardali generali kornilovi. magram
1917 wlis agvistoSi droebiTi mTavrobis xelmZRvanel kerenskisa da
general kornilovs Soris uTanxmoebam, jariskacebisa da muSebis

winaaRmdegobam
SeTqmuleba
CaSala.
kornilovi
daapatimres.
ganxeTqilebam kerenskisa da kornilovs Soris da kornilovSCinis
damarcxebam sagrZnoblad daasusta bolSevikebis mowinaaRmdegeTa banaki.
1917
wlis
oqtombris
politikuri
gadatrialeba
ruseTSi.
bolSevikebis
poziciebi
mniSvnelovnad
gaaZliera
maTi
erT-erTi
xelmZRvanelis lev trockis (bronSteinis) ruseTis dedaqalaqis sabWos
Tavmjdomared arCevam. trockim peterburgis sabWosTan Seqmna samxedrorevoluciuri komiteti germanelebis mxridan safrTxis warmoSobis
SemTxvevaSi qalaqis Tavdacvis organizebis sababiT. sinamdvileSi
droebiTi mTavrobis dasamxobad komitetma 1917 wlis seqtemberSi daiwyo
SeiaraRebuli razmebis Camoyalibeba.
1917 wlis 7 oqtombers fineTSi gadaxvewili lenini aralegalurad
gadmovida petrogradSi. araqaTgamoclilma droebiTma mTavrobam ver
gauwia winaaRmdegoba bolSevikebis mier Zalauflebis xelSi aRebas,
peterburgis mosaxleobam ki pasiuri meTvalyuris mdgomareoba daikava.
1917 wlis 25 oqtombris diliT leninma ruseTis moqalaqeebs auwya, rom
droebiTi mTavroba damxobilia da Seiqmna axali, sabWoTa mTavroba. 26
oqtombers Ramis 2 saaTze da 10 wuTze droebiTi mTavrobis wevrebi
zamTris sasaxleSi daapatimres. dapatimrebulTa Soris ar iyo kerenski,
romelic qalaqgareT imyofeboda da petrogradze laSqrobis mowyobas
cdilobda. muSebma da jariskacebma kerenskis 700-kaciani razmi ruseTis
dedaqalaqSi ar SeuSves. bolSevikebma yovelgvari msxverplis gareSe
aiRes xelisufleba. sabWoTa mTavrobam daiTxova ruseTis armia da
germaniasTan dado droebiTi zavi, romlis vada 1918 wlis 17 Tebervals
iwureboda.
1918 wlis 3 martis brestis zavi da misi Sedegebi. sabWoTa
xelisuflebis gansamtkiceblad lenins aucileblad miaCnda germaniasa
da mis mokavSireebTan zavis dadeba, magram sabWoTa mTavrobis wevrTa
umravlesobisTvis miuRebeli iyo 1917 wlis noemberSi dawyebul brestlitovskis molaparakebis dros germaniis mier wamoyenebuli moTxovna
sabWoTa ruseTisaTvis CamoecilebinaT poloneTi, baltiispireTi da
fineTi. umravlesobas `msoflio revoluciis~ dawyebis imedi hqonda.
brest-litovskSi sabWoTa delegaciis xvelmZRvanelma trockim 1918
wlis 10 Tebervals ganacxada, rom ruseTi oms Sewyvets, magram xels ar
moawers sazavo xelSekrulebas. 1918 wlis 18 Tebervals daiwyo
germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis ruseTze Seteva. isini winaaRmdegobas ar
xvdebodnen da swrafad miiwevdnen win. sabWoTa ruseTi iZulebuli gaxda
1918 wlis 3 marts xeli moewera umZimes zavze germaniasa da mis
mokavSireebTan. sazavo xelSekrulebiT, sabWoTa ruseTs xeli unda aeRo
poloneTze, baltiispireTze, fineTze, belorusiasa da ukrainaze. masve
unda gadaexada kontribucia. brestis zavis dadebis Semdeg sabWoTa
ruseTSi bolSevikebis erTpartiuli diqtatura damyarda.

pirveli msoflio omis dasasruli. omis msvleloba dasavleTis

frontze. miuxedavad ruseTze mopovebuli gamarjvebisa, 1918 wlis
gazafxulze germania da misi mokavSireebi umZimes mdgomareobaSi
imyofebodnen. mosaxleoba SimSilobda. armiebis materialur-teqnikuri
uzrunvelyofa minimumze iyo dayvanili. katastrofulad ar kmaroda
nedleuli. moiSala mrewveloba da transporti. iwureboda adamianTa
resursebi. saxarbielo arc didi britaneTis, safrangeTisa da italiis
mdgomareoba iyo. germanelebis mier gaCaRebuli wyalqveSa omis gamo maTi
urTierToba
koloniebTan
gaZnelda,
magram
didi britaneTi
da
safrangeTi koloniuri samflobeloebidan mainc axerxebdnen nedleulis,
sursaTis, muSaxelisa da jariskacebis miRebas da, rac mTavaria, antantas
Tavisi uzarmazari adamianTa resursebiTa da udidesi ekonomikuri
SesaZleblobebiT mxarSi amoudga amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi.
ruseTis omidan gamoTiSvis Semdeg germanias omi uxdeboda mxolod
erT frontze, amitom misma sardlobam miznad daisaxa amerikis jarebis
Camosvlamde ingliselebisa da frangebis damarcxeba. germaniisa da misi
mokavSireebis armiebsa da mosaxleobas unergavdnen rwmenas: gazafxulze
Seteva,
zafxulSi
gamarjveba
da
zavi.
gadamwyveti
gamarjvebis
mosapoveblad germanelebma dasavleTis frontze 1918 wlis 27 martidan
17 ivlisamde ganaxorcieles oTxi didi samxedro operacia, magram
araqaTgamoclil germanias dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad Zala aRar
gaaCnda. oTxive SeteviTi operacia warumateblad damTavrda.
1918 wlis 18 ivlisidan kontrSetevaze gadavidnen frangebi, maT
SeuerTdnen ingliselebi, seqtembridan ki amerikelebi. germanelebi
ZlivZlivobiT akavebdnen mowinaaRmdegeTa Setevebs.
omis daskvniTi etapi. germania katastrofis winaSe daayena
balkaneTis frontze warmoebulma omebma. 1918 wlis 15 seqtembers
moulodnelad
misi
mokavSiris,
bulgareTis
winaaRmdeg
Setevaze
gadavidnen
salonikis
frontze
ganlagebuli
antantis
jarebi.
bulgarelebma ver gauZles Setevas da miatoves fronti. saswrafod
gadmosrolilma germaniisa da avstria-ungreTis samxedro nawilebma
veRar SeZles mdgomareobis gamosworeba.
1918 wlis 29 seqtembris zaviT, bulgareTs gamohyavda jari
serbeTidan, saberZneTidan da rumineTidan; antantam miiRo ufleba,
daekavebina bulgareTis yvela punqti da gamoeyenebina am qveynis yvela
satransporto
saSualeba.
bulgareTis
omidan
gamosvlis
Semdeg
osmaleTi faqtobrivad izolirebuli aRmoCnda germaniisa da avstriaungreTisagan.
oqtomberSi
Turqebma
saSineli
marcxi
ganicades
ingliselebTan brZolaSi palestinaSi. 1918 wlis 31 oqtombers navsadgur
mudrosSi, inglisur xomaldze, Turqebma xeli moaweres dazavebas. maT
jarebs unda daetovebinaT arabeTi, mesopotamia, siria, somxeTi,
saqarTvelo da azerbaijani. mokavSireebma miiRes ufleba, esargeblaT
osmaleTis yvela rkinigziTa da navsadguriT, SeeyvanaT jari stambolSi
da Sesuliyvnen Sav zRvaSi.

bulgareTSi momxdari katastrofis Semdeg germaniis SeiaraRebuli

Zalebis xelmZRvanelma, general-feldmarSalma hindenburgma vilhelm II-s
kategoriulad mosTxova mokavSireebTan sazavo molaparakebis dawyeba.
molaparakeba gaWianurda. vilhelm II taxtis SenarCunebas cdilobda.
1918 wlis oqtomberSi avstria-ungreTi daiSala damoukidebel
erovnul saxelmwifoebad.
1918 wlis 7 noembers dasavleTis frontis xazi avtomanqaniT
gadakveTa germaniis TeTrdroSianma delegaciam. germanuli delegacia
kompienis tyeSi eaxla mokavSireTa jarebis mTavarsardals, frang
marSal foSs mis salon-vagonSi da dazaveba sTxova. germanelebs
wauyenes dazavebis umZimesi pirobebi da 11 noembris 11 saaTamde misces
vada. germaniaSi dawyebuli revoluciis gamo vilhelm II holandiaSi
gaiqca. 1918 wlis 11 noembers, diliT germaniis delegaciam xeli moawera
zavs.
omis msvlelobaSi antantam moaxdina 50 milionamde adamianis
mobilizeba, germaniam da misma mokavSireebma ki 25 milionze meti
adamianisa. uzarmazari iyo adamianTa danakargi: sul 13 milioni
gardacvlili, maTgan 1 390 000 safrangeTis mxares da TiTqmis 2 milioni
germaniis mxares; milionobiT daWrili, dainvalidebuli, samudamod
daavadebulni.
materialuri
danakargi
mniSvnelovani
iyo:
marto
safrangeTSi sruliad Tu nawilobriv 700 000-ze meti Senoba daingra, 2
milioni heqtari miwa gamousadegari gaxda soflis meurneobisTvis.
pirvelma
msoflio
omma
zogierT
qveyanaSi
Seqmna
pirobebi
totalitaruli,
uaRresad
agresiuli
teroristuli
diqtaturis
dasamyareblad.
pirveli msoflio omi da saqarTvelo. germaniis waqezebiT 1914
wels osmaleTi pirvel msoflio omSi Caeba. TurqeTis omSi warmatebas
unda mohyoloda otomanTa (igive osmalTa) `didi imperiis~ aRdgena. masSi
unda gaerTianebuliyo amierkavkasia, yirimi, CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTieli
tomebi, volgispireTi da Sua azia.
kavkasiis frontze samxedro operaciebi 1914 wlis oqtomberSi
daiwyo. TurqeTis jarebma Seuties arzrumis, olTisisa da erevnis
mimarTulebiT.
ZiriTadi
brZolebi
mimdinareobda
sariyamiSSi.
`sariyamiSis operacia~ dasrulda TurqTa sastiki damarcxebiT. TurqeTis
winaaRmdeg
saomar
operaciebSi
ibrZodnen
qarTveli
meomrebi.
saqarTvelos im dros rCeuli oficroba hyavda (magaliTad, sariyamiSis
operaciaSi TurqTa erTi divizia gaanadgura general-maior gabaSvilis
razmma). sariyamiSis Semdeg
kavkasiis frontze omma poziciuri xasiaTi miiRo.
pirvel msoflio omSi saqarTvelodan gawveuli iqna 200 aTasi
jariskaci da oficeri. maTi didi nawili omSi daiRupa an dasaxiCrda.
ruseTis imperiaSi dawyebulma ekonomikurma krizisma saqarTvelozec
iqonia mZime Sedegi. Sewyda manganumis, qvanaxSirisa da spilenZis amoReba.

TiTqmis ganaxevrda marcvleuli kulturebisa da venaxebis farTobebi,

xolo pirveladi moTxovnebis sagnebze fasi oTxjer gaizarda.
msoflio omis dawyebam qarTveli sazogadoebis winaSe praqtikulad
daayena samSoblos momavali bed-iRblis sakiTxi. erovnul poziciaze
mdgari moRvaweebi omSi ruseTis carizmis marcxis SesaZleblobas
iTvaliswinebdnen da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenisTvis gareSe
ZalTa mimxrobas cdilobdnen. qarTveli patriotebis mier stambolSi
Seqmnili komiteti cdilobda osmalTa tyveobisagan gaeTavisuflebina
qarTveli samxedroebi da maTgan saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis
mebrZoli sajariso nawilebi Seeqmna. `erovnuli komitetis~ Seqmnis cda
iyo TbilisSic. am saqmes moTaveobda giorgi maCabeli, magram
Jandarmeriis
mkacri
TvalTvalis
viTarebaSi
es
wamowyeba
ver
ganxorcielda.
qarTvel emigrantTa erTma jgufma (petre surgulaZe, leo
kereseliZe da sxvebi) jer kidev 1913 wels JenevaSi Camoayaliba
organizacia `Tavisufali saqarTvelo~. male JenevaSive Camoyalibda
`saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komiteti~. `komitetma~ saqarTveloSi
gamogzavna giorgi maCabeli. man politikur partiebs SesTavaza daewyoT
ruseTis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba germaniis daxmarebis imediT. am winadadebas
mxari ar dauWires social-demokratebma. ZalTa arsebuli Tanafardobis
pirobebSi, maT ajanyebis idea unayofod CaTvales. amave dros, socialdemokratebi eWvis
TvaliT
uyurebdnen
germaniisagan
daxmarebis
miRebis
SesaZleblobas. maT skeptikur pozicias sxva faqtoric ganapirobebda _
ruseTis social-demokratiuli partiis qarTveli warmomadgenlebisTvis
brZolis mTavar mizans ruseTis imperiis socialistur saxelmwifod
gardaqmna warmoadgenda da ara saqarTvelos damoukidebloba.
gansxvavebuli
iyo
qarTveli
socialist-federalistebisa
da
erovnul-demokratebis pozicia. maT saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
aRdgena swored germaniis gamarjvebiT warmoedginaT.