356|_Pyer Vil Ifa sentence contains an independent clause and ‘one or more dependent clauses, it is called a complex sentence. If the dependent clause comes first, we normally place a.commma after it. If it comes secand, we normally don’t plice a comma before it uniless the dependent clause establishes a contrast. Examples: Because they provide activity, school sports are worthwhile. School sports are worthwhile because they provide activity. Though they aren't everything, jobs are important. Jobs are important, though they aren't everything. (The subordinating conjunction though establishes a contrast, so there is a comma before it.) 3 | Place commas where possible in the following sentences. Inthe blank the et of each item, write S fora simple sentence, C for a compound sentencé, or X for complex sentence. C_ 1. Violence exists nearly everywhere in the world. and itis spreading “_ 2. Since we usually watch TV at home in our living room a TV show doesn’t seem «like a special event. : _G_ 3. The population will continue to increase but natural resources wor & 4, We must make trains fast and comfortable if we expect people to use them. 5 _5. listened politely for a while and then excused myself. & 6. The governor isn’ in favor of higher taxes nor does he encourage the development of mass transit. \._7.We don’t have to buy a lor of groceries all at once for we can always stop at the - supermarket on the way home from work. X__ 8. Tim passed his driving exam with flying colors though he could use some practice in parallel parking C_ 9, Ag Iwas entering the dining car a viglent lurch of the train threw me to the left. Coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and transitions often have similarities in meaning but are used with diffe ence patterns and punctua- tion, Notice the use of but, although, and however in the following sentences. Examples: Dams provide many benefits, but they also do considerable harm to wildlife. Although dams provide many benefits, they also do considerable harm to wildlife.» Dams provide many benefits: However, tliey also do considerable harm co wildlife. ‘The meanings of these three examples are similar, but thé emphasis is different. It is also correct to use a semicolon before however and a lowercase letter in the third ‘example. ’“ 4A | For each of the following sentences, write two other sentences that express a ‘similar meaning. Use the connectors in parentheses. Drake tried to think of a justification for his actions. However, he was unable to come up with a single thing. i teow _Dyole Ajied to shak of wo joStié:r Grign mo Geto by é L0G. ot a gle 2. (although) _/\\ Yough Duoke tvied ba tuigk alm co pabit ng? he 4 vnube ta com plate lagle kung ~ Dams provide a great many economic beiefits, so { don't think they should be removed. 3. (because) BC (Auge Dome. 2 col mony elbanerie pengkilG. in Shonda i we ema cd 4 (therefore) DG md Ciovidl G a ieot oy eneli +S Besides being an excellent athlete, Bruce is a top student. stad) Byyce Sy, +o Shudent aad an Aelent othe te 6.(in addition) Or uce 5 an eyeailech attile be” ia mis exce\) a addi bo be dg Lideny 5 | Witea [paragraph of six to ten sentences on one of these topics or a similar topic that interests you: © One reason why sports are so popular today * My earliest memory Z + One danger of cloning, * Akind act I experienced In your paragraph, include at least one tcansition (such as however, therefore), 9 : one coordinating conjunction (for example, and, but), and one subordinating conjunction (such as because, as soon as). Leave your paragraph unpunctuated. Exchange papers with a partner. Read and punctuate each other’ paper, paying articular attention to avoiding fragments and using commas and semicolons correctly. Discuss your papers together. Then rewrite your paragraph and submit it to your teacher. S061k5 ae a imporkont Heduy because tney. Gomehow make pov Feel wondertull, Tne 4965 aie vevy important belquse they puye Fee} good 2 10 dF people, and They Ges Nery “Unger tar kong, Howev es we shooldat oF "Go byts396] Par VIII In indirect speech there are no quotation marks. The first word of the indirect speech is not capitalized, and the reporting statement is not followed by a coma. ‘An indirect question does not have a question'mark a the end of the senterice. , Note that since indirect speech is presented as a noun clause, it can be introduicéd by the word that. However, that is often omitted in conversation and informal. writing. Examples: Ben said (that) he wanted to keep going to public school. | Ben told his parents (that) fie wanted to keep going to public school. Valerie asked Keith if they. could afford to send Ben to a private + school. 7 Ben told his parents (that)-he wouldn't go. i z 1 punctuate these sentences in direct speech, Add capital eters necessary. \ i 1. Dad, I want to quit school and go to work, Jim murmured. 4 \ y 2'sally, how would you evaluate your education, the repbrter queried 1 s * 5 3.) absolutely love going to school, Sally responded (exclamation) s4 ‘ 4 4, Jim, Frank said, you're crazy if you think it’s going to be easy to get a job a Ne dN 4 ‘rank 6aid Jim, don’t be a fool (exclamation) . F . 6. The ianion spokesperson asked the management team,Wwhen are you Boing to start taking ‘our concerns seriously “ : iS 2 correct the capitalization and punctuation of the following examples of indirect speech. 1. Union spokesperson Frances Baldwin saidy that the management had even refused to tale to them, 5 7 2. Company President Bates responded that Frere was simply no money for salary raises: 3. TV reporter Joan Matthews asked Fumiko ifyshe agreed with Janice that cloning should be banned, “ w 4, Frank asked Jimy What he would do if he couldn't find a job after he quit schoolX” 5. Professor Martin asked Russellyif he intended to go to graduate school after earning his ‘ bachelor’s degree :From Grammar to Writiig {297 In conversation and informal writing, the most common reporting verbs in both direct and indirect speech are say, tell, and asi. In mote formal writing, other verbs are also used: add, claim, comment, confess, maintain, note, observe, point out, query, remark, report, respond, wonder, and so on. Chairman Bates maintained that the school district had no money to raise teachers’ salaries. = argued) ‘The union representative claimed that the company C.E.O. hadn't considered the union’s demands. (= expressed the opinion) B | inthe foliowing paragraph, change eath instance of said to another reporting " verb from the box. F [ added claimed commented ‘maintained noted responded Reporter Jennifer Goodenough asked Heidi Dennison what the single most enjoyable experience in her Peace Corps service had been. Dennison. said that it had been the vacation she * had taken to Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda atthe end of| hee RSA Goodenough said cha she : was surprised at Dennison’s answer because she had expected her to mention one GER? accomplishments in Nigeria, She said thar : ‘Ke ‘was especially surprising given the fact that some 0 Jed = People said that the Peace Corps sia simply for the purpose of giving Americans the chaneg take vacations ft eee Wares, Dennlion said, however, tha thé chance fo learn about other censisiea vas aivslatble Baraing experience, She sid than she thought sch lacing wild contribute to international understanding in the long wh PON OO