STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS

IN BULDING CODES

BUILDING CODES : ANALYSES

STATIC ANALYSIS
Structures be designed to resist specified
static lateral forces related to the
properties of the structure and seismicity
of the region.
Formulas based on an estimated natural
period of vibration are specified for base
shear and distribution of lateral forces
over the height of the building.
Static analysis provides the design forces
including
shears
and
overturning
moments for various stories.

International Building Code

- USA
Base Shear
Vb

where

Cs =

csw

Ce

&

Ce= IC
R
Cs corresponding to R = 1 is called the elastic
seismic coefficient
W = total dead load
and applicable portions of other loads
R = 1.0

= 1.0, 1.25 or 1.5

C depends on the location of structure and the

site classes defined in the code accounting for local

International Building Code

- USA
LATERAL FORCES

Fj

i=1

Vb

wjh

k
j

wihik

Where K

is a

coefficient related to the

International Building Code

- USA
Story Forces
The design values of story shears are
determined by static analysis of the
structure subjected to the lateral forces;
the effects of gravity and other loads should
be
included.
Similarly
determined
overturning moments are multiplied by a
reduction factor J defined as follows: J = 1.0
for top 10 stories; between 1.0 and 0.8 for
the next 10 stories from the top; varying
linearly with height; 0.8 for remaining

National Building Code of

Canada
Base Shear
Vb

Cs =
Ce

csw

where
&

Ce U

vSIF
R

Calibration Factor
zonal velocity
0.4
Seismic importance factor
1.0

U= 0.6
v
I

= 0

to

= 1.5, 1.3,

National Building Code of

Canada
LATERAL FORCE
Fj

(Vb-Ft)

wjhj
n

w
h
i
i
i=1

with the exception that force at the top

floor is increased by an additional force ,

National Building Code of

Canada
STORY FORCES
The design value of story shears are
determined by static analysis of the
structure subjected to these lateral
forces.
Similarly
determined
overturning moments are multiplied
by reduction factors J and Ji at the
base and at the i th floor level.

EuroCode 8
Base Shear
Vb

=
where

csw
Cs

Ce /

q
Ce

A/g

=
-1/3

A/g {(Tb / TI)

}
q

(T1 / Tb) (q-1)

1+

EuroCode 8
LATERAL FORCES
Fj

Vb

wj j1
ni=1wi J1
where j1 is the displacement of the jth
floor in the fundamental mode of vibration.
The code permits linear approximation of
the this mode which becomes:

EuroCode 8
STORY FORCES

The design values of story shears, story

overturning moments, and element forces
are determined by static analysis of the
building subjected to these lateral forces;
the computed moments are not multiplied
by a reduction factor.

FUNDAMENTAL VIBRATION PERIOD

Period formulae used in IBC, NBCC and
others

codes

Rayleighs

are

method

derived
using

the

out

of

shape

function given by the static deflection,

Ui due to a set of lateral forces Fi at the
floor levels.

ELASTIC SEISMIC COEFFICIENT

Elastic seismic coefficient Ce is related
to the pseudo acceleration spectrum
for linearly elastic systems.
The Ce and A/g as specified in codes
are not identical.
The ratio of Cc A/g is plotted as a

function of period and it exceeds

unity for most periods.

CONCLUSION
There

can

be

major

design

deficiencies, if the building code is

applied to structures whose dynamic
properties differ significantly from
these of ordinary buildings.
Building codes should not be applied
to special structures, such as highrise buildings, dams, nuclear power
plants,

offshore

oil-

drilling

platforms, long spane bridges etc.14

REQUIREMENT OF RC DESIGN

Sufficiently

stiff

against

lateral

displacement.
Strength to resist inertial forces
imposed by the ground motion.
Detailing

be

adequate

for

response in nonlinear range under

15

DESIGN PROCESS
PRE-DIMENSIONING
ANALYSIS.
REVIEW.
DETAILING.
PRODUCTION

OF

STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS.
FINAL REVIEW.
16

REQUIREMENT FOR STRUCTURAL

RESPONSE
STIFFNESS

Stiffness

defines

the

dynamic

characteristics of the structure as in

fundamental mode and vibration modes.

Global and individual members stiffness

affects other aspects of the response
including
elements

non

participating

behavior,

elements damage,
of the structure.

structural

nonstructural

and global stability

17

STRENGTH
The

structure

elements

as

and

whole,

cross

its

sections

within the elements must have

appropriate strength to resist
the gravity effects along with
the forces associated with the
response to the inertial effects
18

TOUGHNESS
The term toughness describes the ability
of the reinforced concrete structure to
sustain excursions in the non linear
ranges of response without critical
decrease of strength.

19

SEISMIC DESIGN CATEGORIES

CATEGORY

A:

Ordinary

moment

resisting frames.

CATEGORY B.

Ordinary moment resisting frames.

Flexural

members

have

two

continuous longitudinal bars at top &

bottom

Columns having slenderness ratio of 5

24

CATEGORY C.
Intermediate moment frames.
Chapter

21

of

ACI

318

designed

like

implemented.
Shear

walls

normal wall.

CATEGORY D, E AND F.
Special moment frames
Special
walls.

reinforced

concrete
25

Earth
Earth
quake
quake
Design
Design
Ground
ground
Motion
Motion

Maximum Considered Earthquake and

Design Ground Motion

For most regions, the minimum considered

earthquake ground motion is defined with a
uniform likelihood of excudance of 2% in 50
years (approximate return period of 2500
years).

In regions of high seismicity, it is considered

more

appropriate

maximum
motion

to

considered
base

on

determine

directly

earthquake

ground

the

characteristic
26

 Site Classification
Where

Vs

= average shear wave

velocity.
N

penetration

average

standard

average

standard

resistance.
Nch =
penetration

resistance for cohesiveless

soils.
S

27

average un-drianed

 All

ordinates

of

this

site

specific

response spectrum must be greater or

aqual to 80% of the spectural value of
the response spectra obtained from
the umpped values of Ss and Si, as
shown on previous slide.
Use Groups. As per SEI/ASCE 7-02.

30

 Required Seismic Design Category

The structure must be assigned to
the

most

category

severe

seismic

design

obtained from.

32

Reinforced concrete lateral Force

Resisting Structural System

Bearing Wall. Any concrete or masonry wall

that supports more than 200 lbs/ft of vertical
loads in addition to its own weight.

Braced Frame. An essentially vertical bent, or

its equivalent of the concentric or eccentric
type that is provided in a bearing walls,
building frame or dual system to resist
seismic forces .

Moment

frame.

frame

in

which

members and joints are capable of resisting

forces by flexure as well as along the axis of
the members.

36

 Shear Wall. A wall bearing or non

bearing

designed

to

resist

lateral

seismic forces acting on the face of

the wall.
Space Frame.
composed

of

A structural system
inter

connected

members. Other than bearing walls,

which

are

capable

of

supporting

vertical loads and, when designed for

such an application, are capable of
37
providing resistance to seismic forces.

The

approximate

fundamental

building

period Ta is seconds is obtained

Ta = C1 hxn

42

The over turning moment at any storey M X is obtained

from

MX = n

Fi (hi hx)

i=x

43

Reinforced Brick Masonry

Allowable
reinforced

stress

design

masonry

provisions

address

for

failure

in

combined flexural and axial compression and

in shear.

Stresses in masonry and reinforcement are

computed

using

cracked

transformed

section.

Allowable

tensile

reinforcement

are

stresses
the

in

deformed

specified

field

strength divided by a safety factor of 2.5.

Allowable flexural compressive stresses 44are

Shear

stresses

are

computed

elastically,

assuming a uniform distribution of shear

stress.

If allowable stresses are exceeded, all shear

must be resisted by shear reinforcement and
shear stresses in masonry must not exceed a
second, higher set of allowable values.

45

Seismic Design Provisions for Masonry in

IBC
General.

The three basic characteristics to determine the

buildings Seismic design category are

Building geographic location

Building function

Underlying soil characteristics

Categories A to F

Determination

of Seismic Design Forces.

Forces are based on

Structure Location

Underlying soil type

Degree of structural redundancy

System

expected

in

elastic

46

deformation

Seismic related Restriction on Materials

In seismic Design categories A through C, no

additional seismic related restrictions apply
beyond those related to design in general.

In seismic design Categories D & E, type N

mortar and masonry cement are prohibited
because of their relatively

low tensile bond

strength.

Seismic

Related

Restrictions

on

Design

Methods

Seismic

Design

design,

allowable

Category
stress

A. Strength
design

47

or

Seismic

Design

Category

elements

that

are

resisting

system

part
can

B
of

be

and
lateral

C
force

designed

by

strength design or allowable stress design.

Non-contributing elements may be designed
by empirical design.

Seismic Design Category D, E and F. Elements

that are part of lateral force resisting system
must be designed by either strength design
or allowable stress design. No empirical
design be used.
48

Seismic Related Requirement for Connectors.

Seismic Design Category A and B.

mechanical
between

connections

masonry

walls

are
and

No

required
roofs

or

floors.

Seismic Design Category C, D E and F.

Connectors are required to accommodate
story drift.

Seismic Related Requirements for Locations

and Minimum Percentage of Reinforcement

Seismic Design Categories A and B.

No

restriction .

Seismic Design Category C.

49

In Seismic
partition

Design category C, masonry

walls

meeting

must

have

requirements

reinforcement
for

minimum

percentage and maximum spacing. Masonry

walls must have reinforcement with an area
of at least 0.2 sq in at corners.

In seismic design category D, masonry walls

that are part of lateral force-resisting system
must

have

uniformly

distributed

reinforcement in the horizontal and vertical

directions with a minimum percentage of
0.0007 in each direction and a minimum
summation

of

0.002

Maximum spacing

(both

directions).
50

in either direction is 48

In Seismic Design Categories E and F, stack

bonded

masonry

minimum

partition

horizontal

walls

have

reinforcement

requirements.

Analysis Approaches for Modern U.S. Masonry

Analysis of masonry

structures for lateral

loads, along or in combination with gravity

loads, must address the following issues.

Analytical approaches

Elastic vs. inelastic behavior

Selection of earthquake input

Two

dimensional

behavior

vs.

three

dimensional
51

Modeling of materials

Modeling of gravity loads

Modeling of structural elements

Flexural working

Soil foundation Flexibility

Floor diaphragm flexibility

52

Overall Analytical Approach

Hand type approaches usually emphasize

the plan distribution of shear forces in wall
elements.

Hand methods are not sufficiently accurate

for

computing

wall

movements,

critical

design movements can be overestimated by

factors as high as 3.

Elastic vs Inelastic Behavior

Flexural yielding or shear degradation of

significant portions of a masonry structure in
anticipated,

inelastic

analysis

should

53

be

In many cases, masonry structures can be

expected to respond in the cracked elastic
regime, even under extreme lateral loads.

Selection of Earthquake Input.

Because structural response in generally
expected to be linear elastic, linear elastic
response spectra are sufficient.

54

Two

Dimensional

vs

three

Dimensional

Analysis of Linear Elastic Structures

In two dimensional analysis, a building is
modified as an assemblage of parallel plan
as frames, free to displace laterally in their
own planes only subject to the requirement
of

lateral

displacements

compatibility

between all frames at each floor level.

In

the

approach,

Pseudo
a

building

three
is

dimensional

modeled

as

an

assemblage of planar framers, each of which

55

is free to displace parallel and perpendicular

Modeling of Gravity Loads

Gravity loads should be based on self
weight plus an estimate of the probable live
load.
A uniform distribution of man should be
assumed over each floor except exterior
walls.

Modeling of Material Properties

Material properties should be estimated
based on test results.
A poisson's ratio of 0.35 can be used for
masonry.

56

Flexural Cracking of Walls

Flexural Cracking Criterion. The cracking
movement for a wall should be determined
by multiplying the modulus of rapture of the
wall under in plane flexure, by the section
modulus of the wall.
Consequences of Flexural Cracking of walls.
Flexural

cracking

stiffness

from

that

reduces
of

the

the

walls

un-cracked

transformed section so that of the cracked

transformed section.
57

Soil Foundation Flexibility.

Regardless
foundation

of
in

how

the

modeled,

the

buildings
buildings

periods of vibration significantly increase,

and

lateral

force

levels

can

change

significantly.
If the buildings foundation is considered
flexible the resulting increase in support
flexibility at the basis of wall elements
causes their base movement

to decrease

substantially.

In Plane Floor Diaphragm Flexibility

58

Structures in general an often modeled

Many masonry wall structures

have floor

slabs with features that could increase the

affects of in-plane floor flexibility.
Small openings in critical sections of the
floor slab.
Rectangular floor plans with large aspect
ratios in plan.
Variations of in-plane rigidity with in slab.

Explicit
Masonry

Inelastic

Design

and

Analysis

of

Structures Subjected to Extreme

Lateral loads.
If

in

elastic

response

of

masonry
59

structure is anticipated, a general design

Select a stable collapse mechanism for the

wall, with reasonable inelastic deformation
demand in hinging regions.
Using

general

plans

section

theory

to

describe the flexural behavior of reinforced

masonry

elements,

provide

sufficient

flexural capacity and flexural ductility in

hinging regions.
Using a capacity design philosophy, provide
wall elements with sufficient shear capacity
to resist the shear consistent with the
development
mechanism.

of

intended

collapse
60

Using

reinforcing

details

from

current

strength design provisions detail the wall

reinforcement to develops the necessary
strength and inelastic deformation capacity.

Inelastic Finite Element Analysis of Masonry

Structure
In the absence of experimental data, finite
element analysis in the most viable method
to quantify

the ductility and post peak

behavior of masonry structures

61

The

load

deformation

relation

of

masonry components obtained from a finite

element analysis can be used to calibrate
structural component models which can in
turn be used for the push over analysis or
dynamic

analysis

of

large

structural

systems.

62

Structural Dynamics in Binary

Codes
CANADA
IBC
Euro Code
Beam
Shear

Vb=csw
Where Cs=Ce U
R
Ce = SIF
Where U=0.6
0 = to 0.4
i= 1.3 or 1.5

Where Cs=Ce

Where Cs=Ce

Ce= IC

period
Fj=(Vb-Ft) wjhj

Fj=Vb

Ni=1wihi

Vb=csw

R
W= total dead load
R=1
I = 1.0, 1.25 or 1.5
CS= seismic coefficient
Ce= Elastic seismic
coefficient

S=fundamental
natural vibration

Lateral
Forces

Vb=csw

wjhj

Cc= A/g
A/g {1+0.5r[1-(Tc /TI)]}

= { 1+(T1/Tb)( -1)}
Where varies from 1 to 4

Fj= Vb

wj j1

Ni=1wihik
Where K= coefficient
related to the vibration
period T1

Ni=1wi J1
Code Allows Linear approx.
Fj=Vb
wjhj
Ni=1wihi