Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Welding Fabrication Standards
Welding Fabrication Standards
Foreword
During the year 2004, workshops regarding the Leonardo Continued Project where held in certain
European Countries with the participation of experts from the welding industry in order to identify
the competence profile, knowledge and experience requirements for welding engineers and
inspectors. The main purpose of the project was to develop appropriate continuous education tools
such as training courses (classroom instruction, distance learning) and education on the job.
The initial education, qualification and certification of welding and inspection personnel itself has
been harmonised by the European Federation for Welding, Joining and Cutting (EWF). However,
an accessible, convenient and reliant modular method to deliver the appropriate knowledge has to
be developed in order to maintain and upgrade this knowledge and develop appropriate skills for
which welding engineers and inspectors are called for by the industry.
This leads to the set up of learning tools to integrate and update the knowledge already achieved
by the qualified personnel, in order to follow the technology trends in the welding field, avoiding
duplication of training items with the previous education achieved with the IIW/EWF courses.
In this framework The Italian institute of welding (Istituto Italiano della Saldatura - IIS), has
developed the following educational tools for the classroom instruction:
slide presentation through computer projector, to be used by teachers during the training
courses;
This book is therefore meant to provide direct and clear information on European standards
relevant to welding fabrication, as these are subject to continuous updating; therefore knowledge
of requirements of the standards is to be considered basic knowledge for welding co-ordinators
and inspection personnel.
Moreover this book has been recently integrated taking into consideration guidelines produced by
EWF for the application of ISO 3834 requirements, produced after several years of experience of
its members in technical assistance on the field of welding fabrication, education and training of
welding and NDT personnel and in certification of welded products manufacturers.
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Page
Summary
Introduction.......................................................................................................7
Use and field of application of EN ISO 3834 ....................................................8
EWF Certification scheme for EN ISO 3834...................................................10
1.3.1
1.3.2
Introduction.....................................................................................................13
Requirements review and technical review.....................................................13
Subcontracting................................................................................................15
Welding personnel..........................................................................................15
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.7.1
2.7.2
2.7.3
Introduction.....................................................................................................38
Choice of the appropriate quality level............................................................38
Comparison chart ...........................................................................................39
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
Introduction.....................................................................................................42
EN 13445 1: General rules ..........................................................................43
EN 13445 2: Materials .................................................................................44
EN 13445 3: Design ....................................................................................44
EN 13445 4: Fabrication ..............................................................................45
4.5.1
4.5.2
4.5.3
4.5.4
4.6
4.7
4.8
Page
Introduction.....................................................................................................52
EN 13480-2: Materials....................................................................................53
EN 13480-3: Design and calculations.............................................................55
EN 13480-4: Fabrication.................................................................................55
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.5
5.6
5.7
Introduction.....................................................................................................62
EN 286-1: requirements for welding manufacturing of simple unfired pressure
vessels ...........................................................................................................63
7 European standard for steel pipelines and pipework for gas supply
systems.................................................................................................... 66
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
Introduction.....................................................................................................66
EN 12732: scope and structure of the standard. ............................................67
EN 12732: Quality requirement categories .....................................................68
EN 12732: requirements on quality systems ..................................................68
EN 12732: Inspection of welded joints and acceptance criteria......................69
Introduction.....................................................................................................72
8.2
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.4
8.2.1
8.3
Page
Introduction.....................................................................................................82
prEN 15085-2 Requirements for the Manufacturer.........................................83
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1.1 Introduction
Manufacturing processes such as fusion welding are widely used to produce many products, and
for some companies, these are the key production features. Products may range from simple to
complex; examples include pressure vessels, domestic and agricultural equipment, cranes,
bridges, transport vehicles and other items.
These processes exert a profound influence on the cost of manufacture and on the quality of the
product. It is therefore important to ensure that these processes are carried out in the most
effective way and that appropriate control is exercised over all aspects of the operation. In general,
ISO 9001 standard has been developed in order to apply a consistent Quality Management
System.
However, surface coating, painting, composite manufacture, welding and brazing are considered
as special processes because the quality of the manufactured product cannot be readily verified
by final inspection. In the case of welded products, quality cannot be inspected directly in the
product, but has to be built in during fabrication, as even the most extensive and sophisticated
non-destructive testing does not improve the quality of the product.
For this reason quality management systems alone may be insufficient to provide adequate
assurance that these processes have been carried out correctly. Special controls and
requirements are usually needed, which require adequate competence control before, during and
after operation. For products to be free from serious problems during production and in service, it
is necessary to provide controls from the design phase through material selection, into
manufacture and subsequent inspection. For example, poor design may create serious and costly
difficulties in the workshop, on site, or in service; incorrect material selection may result in
problems, such as cracking in welded joints.
To ensure sound and effective manufacturing, the management needs to understand and
appreciate the sources of potential problems and to implement appropriate procedures for their
control.
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All these considerations lead to the development of specific standards, which were the EN 729
standards for fusion welding. The first edition of this standard is dated 1997; in 2005 the new
revision is meant to be ready, passed into ISO numbering system as EN ISO 3834.
In this chapter an overview of the most significant clauses of EN ISO 3834 will be given
considering also the normative references that could be helpful in the fulfilment of such
requirements.
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Manufacturers.
As a consequence, these International Standards can be used by internal and external
organisations, including certification bodies, which could offer certification services by assessing
the Manufacturer's ability to meet customer, regulatory or the manufacturer's own requirements.
This International Standard is structured in five parts:
EN ISO 3834-5: Normative references to fulfil the requirements of EN ISO 3834-2, EN ISO
3834-3 and EN ISO 3834-4.
It should be noted that the above standards define specific quality requirements at different levels,
but do not assign those levels to any specific product group. The Manufacturers generally select
one of the three levels (as specified in part 2, 3 and 4 of the standard) based on the following
considerations regarding their products:
When compliance to EN ISO 3834 part 2 or 3 is required, the requirements contained in this
International Standard shall be adopted in full; however, in certain situations (e.g. where
manufacturing is more suited to ISO 3834-3 or ISO 3834-4, or where particular operations are not
technologically applicable and therefore cannot be undertaken), such requirements may be
selectively amended or deleted. Whenever this situation occurs, the evaluation of the effective
need for this minimising of requirement procedure shall be properly possibly evaluated and
accepted by contractual parties and/or potential certification bodies.
As to the relationship between EN ISO 3834, that applies to fusion welding manufacturing, and EN
ISO 9001:2000, that applies to every kind of product or service, the first can be considered as a
possible way to fulfil the latter requirements1.
However EN ISO 3834 are stand alone standard, as its application is viable, even if the company does
not apply any quality management system to any of its activities.
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10
On the basis of the above stated considerations, EN ISO 3834 should be referred to both as a
system and a process standard, as it also identifies quality management requirements to obtain
adequate control of the manufacturing process (e.g. the welding fabrication activities).
In the chapter 2 the ISO 3834 - 2 requirements will be explained in detail ,giving practical guidance
on the application and use, while in chapter 3 the differences from part 2, 3 and 4 will be outlined,
and guidance is given on their selection criteria.
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11
In order to give evidence of such specific technical capabilities of Manufacturers, the EWF
Certificate, where the references, against which the certification has been got, are reported
together with the issue and expiry date of the Certificate itself and the Companys data, is
supplemented with a Schedule, where technical information (reference standards, materials,
welding processes, supplementary requirements, deviations, etc.) on the fabrication process
adopted and the welded products manufactured is detailed and the name of the responsible
welding co-ordinator reported.
Therefore the advantages for the Manufacturers in getting a certification against the EWF ISO
3834 Certification Scheme, can be summarised as follows:
welded products are differently treated according to the specificity of their welding fabrication
process;
the specific areas of competence (for Personnel and Companies) are explicitly encompassed
and registered in the Schedule;
manufacturers can get visibility through the Register (www.ewf.be) of certified Companies.
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13
2.1 Introduction
EN ISO 3834-2 defines comprehensive quality requirements for fusion welding in workshops
and/or on site. Therefore compliance to the requirements of this part should provide the best
quality level achievable for the welding fabrication activities.
b)
c)
location, accessibility and sequence of welds including accessibility for inspection and nondestructive testing;
d)
the specification of welding procedures, non-destructive testing procedures and heat treatment
procedures;
e)
f)
g)
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14
h)
i)
j)
k)
other welding requirements, e.g. batch testing of consumables, ferrite content of weld metal,
ageing, hydrogen content, permanent backing, use of peening, surface finish, weld profile;
l)
use of special methods (e.g. to achieve full penetration without backing when welded from one
side only);
o)
environmental conditions relevant to the process (e.g. very low temperature ambient
conditions or any necessity to provide protection against adverse weather conditions);
p)
handling of non-conformance.
or the design and/or other internal departments when the construction is designed by the Manufacturer.
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15
A possible way to demonstrate the Manufacturers compliance with these normative requirements
is the registration of the subject review by filing either the minutes meeting or the relevant check
list.
2.3 Subcontracting
Subcontracted services or activities (e.g. welding, inspection, non destructive testing, heat
treatment), shall be managed by the Manufacturer as if they were carried out by the Manufacturer
himself. Therefore Subcontractors should be considered as internal departments:
a Subcontractor shall work under the order and responsibility of the Manufacturer;
the information to be provided to the sub-contractor shall include all relevant data from the
requirements review and the technical review. Additional requirements may be specified as
necessary to assure the Subcontractors compliance with technical requirements.
However the Manufacturer shall ensure that the Subcontractor complies with the quality
requirements as specified, and therefore shall check that the Subcontractor:
provides such records and documentation of his work as may be specified by the
Manufacturer;
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Welding process
Material
Applicable standard
Steel
Aluminium and aluminium alloys
Copper and copper alloys
Nickel and nickel alloys
Titanium and titanium alloys,
Zirconium and zirconium alloys
All
All
16
qualification is issued by a qualified person (IWE, IWT, IWS, IWI-P4), with reference to his/her
qualification diploma (and relevant stamp);
qualification is issued by the Manufacturers qualified welding coordinator (IWE, IWT, IWS) in
the name of the Manufacturer itself;
However, specification of the examiner or examining body for the approval of welders and/or
welding procedures shall be a contractual requirement or, otherwise, a fabrication code
requirement.
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17
the number of welding coordinators shall be sufficient to provide adequate control, and
therefore based on the number/dimension of workshops, employees, welders, etc.
only one responsible welding coordinator shall be appointed, who is responsible for all the
welding fabrication activities in the company;
tasks and responsibilities for each other person involved in the welding coordination activities
shall be described in detail, usually in an appropriate list;
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18
welding coordination personnel shall have sufficient knowledge of welding and allied process
in general, and detailed knowledge of the assigned tasks.
Depending on the range and complexity of the products, on the dimension and the number of the
workshops, and on the relevance of the welding activities, the welding coordination personnel can
be directly employed by the Manufacturer or a consultant, however assuring adequate presence in
the company.
Typical tasks for the welding coordinator are reported as follows6:
-
evaluation of weldability and relevant choice of base material (if applicable) and welding
consumables;
equipment management;
welding documents control and management of the ISO 3834 quality system.
This leads to the need of appropriate knowledge and experience, that shall comply with
EN
719 / ISO 14731 requirements. In particular, three different levels of knowledge are considered:
1.
2.
3.
The level of knowledge shall be based on normative and contractual requirements or could be a
Manufacturers choice based on the range and on the complexity of the products, on the dimension
and the number of the workshops, on the relevance of the welding activities.
IIW provides for guidelines for the qualification of International Welding Engineers, Technologists
and Specialists, corresponding to the three above mentioned levels. IIW qualification guarantees
appropriate knowledge, but is not compulsory; therefore the Manufacturer can refer to any other
qualification, but shall, however, be prepared to demonstrate adequacy of such a qualification to
customers or certification bodies.
Concerning the experience, no specific requirement is given; two years of experience in the
specific field of the Manufacturers welded products are generally considered as sufficient, even if
experience should be at least proportional to the complexity of the welding production. EWF
provides for a three years based Certification programme for welding Engineers, Technologists
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and Specialists, namely C-EWE, C-EWT, C-EWS (Certified European Welding Engineer,
Technologist and Specialist).
However it shall be noted that for some test or checks (e.g. welding parameters, dimensional
checks, visual testing, etc.) the welder or welding operator can be considered as an inspector
himself.
2.6 Equipment
The Manufacturer shall have available equipment adequate to his products and production volume.
All the equipment shall be included in a list, which may be considered both as a way to provide
potential customers with information on the Manufacturers capabilities and productivity, and as a
tool for the equipment management.
Table 2 reports an example list of equipment reporting relevant characteristics, serial number and
reference to the maintenance sheet. Maintenance intervals and operations shall be reported on the
maintenance sheet.
All the equipment shall be properly managed, thus assuring control and maintenance; in addition
its instruments (e.g ammeters, voltmeters) shall be calibrated, whenever correlated to the product
quality, or certified according to a possible contractual requirement. As an example, periodic
examination of cables, tips, contact tubes and general cleaning of welding power sources should
be carried out at appropriate periodic intervals.
Description
Serial number
Characteristics
maintenance
sheet number
Notes
Page
MIG Welding
Power source
TIG Welding
Power Sources
Travelling bridgecrane
CO2 Laser Beam
cutting Equip.
20
Xxx 1223123
450 A - Inverter
MIG 0001
Xxx 12233124
200 A - Inverter
TIG 0001
Crane 01
LBC 01
CC 12345
00xx aio - 356
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The typical result of such an activity is the production and inspection plan, which will cover the
production of each component (if relevant) throughout all the manufacturing stages; in some
cases, this is to be registered as a production document. Moreover, it can be delivered to the final
customer together with the product, whenever this is contractually required.
Page
WPS n
Supp. WPQR
WELDING PROCEDURE
SPECIFICATION (WPS)
22
Rev.
Date
Welding process(es)
a)
b)
c)
Type(s)
a)
b)
c)
JOINTS
Joint Type
Backing
Backing material
Weld preparation
Method of preparation & Cleaning
PARENT METAL
Group n
To group n
Joint drawiing
WELDING CONSUMABLE
GAS(ES)
a)
b)
c)
Gas(es)
Mixture
Flow Rate
l/min
Specification n
Plasma
Designation
Shielding
a)
Size
Shielding
b)
Trade name
Trailing
l/min
Manufacturer
Backing
l/min
Flux design. EN
Other
l/min
l/min
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTIC -
Weld deposit
Current
Other
Polarity
Mode of Metal
Transfer
Tungsten Electrode Type & size
WELDING POSITION
Position
Welding Progression
Other
PREHEAT
Preheat Temperature
Other
TECHNIQUE
String or weave beads
Interpass Temperature
Preheat maintenance
Other
Oscillation
Temperature Range
Heating rate
Amplitude
Cooling rate
Other
Other
Current
Run(s) or
Layer(s)
Welding
process
Filler metal
EN designation or trade
name .
MANUFACTURER
Size
(mm)
Type &
polarity
Amperage
A
Voltage
V
Travel
Speed
mm/min
Freq.
Heat input
KJ/mm
Other
APPROVED BY
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Considering that welding is a special process and that the quality of the welded joint cannot be
properly controlled only by final tests, the welding procedures significant for the final product
quality shall be qualified precisely prior to production. As a consequence, those Welding Procedure
Specifications should be prepared in accordance with a Welding Procedure Qualification Record
(WPQR). Normative references to the specification and to the qualification of welding procedures
are given in table 3.
Welding process
Standard
Material
ISO 15607
Scope
WPS,
WPQR
ISO 15611
WPS
WPQR
WPQR
WPQR
WPQR
WPQR
WPQR
WPS
WPQR
WPS
WPQR
All applicable
WPQR
All applicable
WPQR
All
WPQR
ISO 15612
ISO 15613
ISO 15609-2
Gas Welding
ISO 15614 - 1
ISO 15609-1
ISO 15614 7
All applicable
WPQR
ISO 15614 8
All applicable
WPQR
ISO 15609 3
ISO 15614 11
ISO 15609 4
ISO 15614 11
All
All applicable
All
All applicable
ISO 15614 9
ISO 15614 10
ISO 15614 - 3
ISO 15614 - 4
ISO 15614 - 5
Electron beam
welding
Laser Welding
Underwater Arc
Welding Wet
Hyperbaric
Underwater Arc
Welding Dry
Hyperbaric
WPQR
ISO 15614 - 6
ISO 15614 - 2
Arc welding
WPS
Steels
All
Steels and
Nickel alloys
Aluminium,
Magnesium
Steel castings
Aluminium
castings
Titanium and
zirconium
Copper
ISO 15614 - 1
General Rules
Qualification based on tested welding
consumables
Qualification based on previous welding
experience
Qualification by adoption of a standard
welding procedure
Qualification based on pre-production welding
test
Compiling
Qualification based on welding procedure test
Steels
Compiling
ISO 15610
All fusion welding
processes
Field of application
welding procedure test this method consists in welding a standardised test piece on which
destructive and non-destructive tests are carried out in order to verify the achievement of
required properties;
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use of approved welding consumables - this method of approval may be used if the welding
consumables and the base material are not particularly affecting the welding quality,
provided that heat inputs are kept within specified limits;
Pre production Test - this method is the only reliable method of qualification for those welding
procedures in which the resulting properties of the weld strongly depend on certain
conditions such as: components, special restraint conditions, heat sinks etc., which cannot
be reproduced by standardised test pieces; it is mostly used when the shape and dimensions
of standardised pieces do not adequately represent the joint to be welded.
Even if different qualification methods are considered, the most commonly used are qualification
by welding procedure test and pre-production test; however the applicable method of qualification
is generally specified in either manufacturing codes, standards or contracts.
2.8
Welding consumables
Welding consumables are a basic element in the quality of a welded joint. As an example, covered
electrodes, which have absorbed humidity due to incorrect storage or management procedures,
can seriously affect the quality of a welded joint causing cold cracks, porosity, etc. Therefore
welding consumables such as filler metals, shielding gases, welding fluxes, etc. shall be managed
according to the suppliers recommendations.
Istituto Italiano della Saldatura
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25
Page
Material
All applicable to the process
All applicable to the process
Welding process
Submerged arc welding (fluxes)
TIG (tungsten electrodes)
Shielding gases for arc welding
All applicable to the processes
and cutting
Flux (or metal) cored (gas) metal
arc welding
TIG
Non alloyed and fine grain steels Covered electrodes
MIG/MAG
Submerged arc welding (wire
flux combination)
Covered electrodes
Creep resistant steels
TIG, MIG/MAG
Flux (or metal) cored arc welding
Flux (or metal) cored (gas) metal
arc welding
High strength steels
Submerged arc welding (wire
flux combination)
TIG, MIG/MAG
Covered electrodes
Stainless and heat resistant
Flux (or metal) cored (gas) metal
steels
arc welding
TIG - Rods and wires
Aluminium and Aluminium alloys TIG, MIG
Nickel and Nickel alloys
Covered electrodes
26
Standard
EN 760
EN 26848
EN 439
EN 758
EN 1668
EN 499
EN 440
EN 756
EN 1599
EN 12070
EN 12071
EN 12535
EN 14295
EN 12534
EN 1600
EN 12073
EN 12072
EN 18273
EN 14172
2.9
Parent material
The material shall be stored in a way, which prevents from adverse effects (this applies also to
client supplied material). Moreover, some materials seem to be quite similar but possess very
different properties; thus, identification shall be maintained at least during the storage.
Even if it is not specifically required, a written procedure, which has to be prepared or is to be
approved by the welding coordinator and has to be made available to the parent material
warehouse, is suggested to cover this point of the standard.
In order to be sure that the product delivered by the supplier complies with the Manufacturers
needs and orders, references to the certificates for the conformance of the furnished product to
the order can be made according to EN 10204 Metallic products - Types of inspection
documents.
In accordance with such a standard, inspection documents are divided in two groups, based on the
following conditions:
Istituto Italiano della Saldatura
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27
class 2 documents (namely 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3) are certificates or test reports issued by
personnel employed in the production departments
class 3 documents (namely 3.1.A, 3.1.B, 3.1.C, 3.2) are inspection reports or certificates
issued by personnel independent from the production departments.
As a consequence, class 3 documents can be considered more objective, although they will add
cost (and value) to the product to be delivered.
It shall be noted that both above-mentioned types of documents refer to the Manufacturer order
and to the relevant standards, which are to be attached to the documents.
The type of document needed for the welding fabrication is not reported in the ISO 3834 Standard;
possibly, this can be reported on product standards, on fabrication codes or can be a customer
requirement.
2.10
Post-weld heat treatments as heat treatments in general can be considered as special processes.
subcontracting;
personnel;
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measuring of parameters;
28
In particular a PWHT procedure shall be produced by the Manufacturer or by the potential supplier,
though approved by the Manufacturers Welding Coordinator according to the Customer or
Standard/code requirements. It has to be compatible with the parent material, the welded joint, the
construction etc.
Moreover, the heat treatment shall be recorded during the process to evidence that the
specification has been followed as well as to ensure the traceability for the particular product.
2.11
In order to guarantee the application of all the fabrication procedures and the required properties
for the product, appropriate inspections and tests shall be implemented during the manufacturing
process
Istituto Italiano della Saldatura
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Location and frequency of such inspections and/or tests will depend on the contract and/or product
standard, on the welding process and on the type of construction. As a general rule the state of
inspection and testing of the welded product have to be indicated in some way. Such a means
shall be adequate to the type of product; as an example, a Fabrication and Control Plan may be
required for big products (on which the testing activities are marked); while routing cards or
confined space inside the manufacturing plant shall be sufficient for small series product to indicate
the inspection and testing status. Table 5 reports a typical chart for tests to be carried out before,
during and after welding operations.
In some situations, the signature of the inspector7 shall be required in order to enhance the
traceability of the welding and related process activities. Moreover, the reference number of the
relevant test report shall be included, if required.
All the procedures or instructions relevant to inspection and testing shall be made available to the
inspection personnel, and properly controlled.
As to NDT, testing activities (method, technique and extension) shall be carried out in
consideration of and in accordance with the quality level of the product. Some of those parameters
are reported in the manufacturing codes, where the designer chooses the class of the weld taking
into consideration all of the above mentioned factors. All these aspects should be considered
during the design review phase by the welding coordinator.
For some tests or checks (e.g. welding parameters, dimensional checks, visual testing, etc.) the welder or
welding operator itself shall be considered as inspector.
Page
TEST
Tests before welding operations
Reference procedure
Checked
(date)
Signature of
the inspector
30
Reference
report
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31
Quality level
Applicable standard for the testing
Standard for the acceptance
according to
method and relevant level
and relevant level
EN ISO 5817
B
Refer directly to the imperfections
VT
EN 970 no levels are specified
dimension as reported in EN ISO
C
5817
D
B
EN 1289 2X
PT
EN 527-1 no levels are specified
C
EN 1289 2X
D
EN 1289 3X
B
EN 1291 2X
MT
EN 1290 no levels are specified
C
EN 1291 2X
D
EN 1291 3X
B
EN 13445 level B
EN 15817 - 1
RT
C
EN 13445 level B*
EN 15817 2
D
EN 13445 level C
EN 15817 3
B
EN 1714 At least level B
EN 1712 2
UT**
C
EN 1714 At least level A
EN 1712 2
D
Level not applicable***
* However, the maximum area for single exposition shall be in accordance with level A
** Only for ferritic steels
***However, level D can be applied, with the same requirements of level C, if agreed by the contracting parties
Test
method
Page
2.12
32
As previously stated, ISO 3834 is a process standard, which refers to welding fabrication, however
containing some elements relevant to the management system.
Therefore, non conformances refer to either product defects or aberrations from the contract
(however concerning the product itself). As a consequence, the Manufacturer has to consider
proper procedures to resolve non-conformances and avoid further accidents in the future
(avoidance of recurrence of non-conformances).
In particular, if repair welding is needed, repair specifications shall be produced or approved by the
welding coordinator, and shall be made available to the repairing site (note that qualification,
according to any standard, is not required). After repair has been accomplished, the items shall be
re-inspected, tested and examined in accordance with the original requirements.
2.13
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validation of equipment used for welding, including ancillary activities. A key issue of the standard
is the discussion of the influence of various process variables on the resulting output and, in
particular, of the possibilities of verification of the output by subsequent monitoring, inspection and
testing.
Especially the following concepts are applicable to welding manufacturing:
-
calibration: set of operations that establish, under specified conditions, the relationship
between values of quantities indicated by a measuring instrument or measuring system, or
values represented by a material measure or a reference material, and the corresponding
values realised by standards;
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Requirements
Procedure
Requirements to measuring
instruments such as weighing
instruments, vernier callipers, rulers
and straightedges, etc. are found in
several EN, ISO and national
standards. Stopwatches may be
validated by comparison with any
reasonably accurate clock.
Handling
Temperature in storage
cabinet/room
Page
Designation
Requirements
35
Procedure
Electrical variables
Current (mean)*
Requirements to measuring
instruments such as vernier callipers,
micrometer callipers, etc. are found in
several EN, ISO and national
standards.
Travel speed
Weawing Frequency
Requirements to measuring
instruments such as vernier callipers,
micrometer callipers, etc. are found in
several EN, ISO and national
standards.
* The signal should be monitored continuously. The sampling time should be sufficient to give a reasonably
stable reading. If tong-tests are used for measurement of current, the difference between
mean value
and RMS value measuring instruments has to be taken into consideration.
2.14
Identification of pieces and parts, and the possibility to retrace their position during the
manufacturing stages and when delivered to the customer is one of the most effective way to
achieve quality of the product and to have feedback about its functionality.
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36
However, it shall be noted that identification and traceability can imply expensive procedures and
are therefore not required by the ISO 3834 standard. However, they can be required by standards,
fabrication codes or by the customer himself.
Whenever required, it shall be maintained during the manufacturing process, which means that for
every piece or component it shall be possible to retrieve its history by marking the parts and
controlling the relevant documentation. Documented systems to ensure identification and
traceability of the welding operations shall include:
-
traceability for fully mechanised and automatic weld-equipment for specific welds;
2.15
Quality records
Quality records shall be retained for a minimum period of five years in the absence of any other
specified requirements.
Quality records shall include, when applicable:
-
material certificates;
production plan;
dimensional reports;
Page
37
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38
3.1 Introduction
ISO 3834 incorporates three quality levels that may be included in product standards, regulations
and contracts or selected by a Manufacturer. The particular level selected will depend on the
nature of the product to be manufactured, the conditions in which it will be used and the range of
products manufactured.
In this chapter some criteria for the choice of the appropriate level will be given, outlining the
differences of every part (and level) of the standard.
Page
39
manufactured from conventional materials where the weldability is known and the precautions to
be taken to ensure mechanical performance and defect avoidance are well documented. Products,
which have a very limited safety component and are subjected to only moderate static loads with
minor dynamic components, would normally only require the elementary quality level.
Where the safety factors are significant and there are high static and dynamic loading and the
materials are designed for high performance applications, the comprehensive quality level would
be appropriate. Moreover, in some situations materials and loading seem to be pertinent to
standard quality level, but the innovative nature of the design or the use of novel production
processes can imply the choice of the comprehensive quality level in place of the standard level.
It is not possible to allocate specific quality parts of ISO 3834, i.e., parts 2, 3 or 4, to particular
types of products, because there can be different levels of complexity in the design, materials and
fabrication processes in any product group.
For example, in the case of bridges manufacturing, some bridges are highly complex in the design
and are subject to significant dynamic loads. High strength steels may be employed and the
product may be subjected to high levels of non destructive testing to meet tight fabrication defect
acceptance levels. In contrast, foot bridges use conventional materials with little or no complexity
in manufacture and are not subjected to high levels of dynamic loading.
ISO 3834 - 2
ISO 3834 - 3
ISO 3834 - 4
Requirements review
Necessary documentation is
required
Necessary -documentation
may be required
Technical review
Necessary - documentation is
required
Sub-contracting
Treat like a Manufacturer for the specific subcontracted product, services and/or
activities, however final responsibility for quality remains with the Manufacturer
Page
Qualification is required
Required
Necessary as applicable to
provide, maintain and
achieve product conformity,
documented plans, and
records are required
Equipment
maintenance
Production and
testing equipment
Production planning
Qualification of the
welding procedures
Batch testing Storage
and handling of
welding
consumables
Post-weld heat
treatment
Necessary as applicable to
provide, maintain and
achieve product conformity,
records are recommended
As necessary to assure
equipment suitable and
available, no specific
requirements for
records
No specific requirement
Required
Appropriate welding
technique required
Required
No specific requirement
If required
No specific requirement
In accordance with
supplier
recommendations
Inspection and
testing before, during
and after welding
Non-conformance
and corrective
actions
Calibration and
validation of
measuring,
inspection and
testing equipment
Identification during
process
No specific requirement
Welding procedure
specifications
Storage of parent
material
40
No specific requirement
Necessary
If required
Traceability
Quality records
Necessary
If required
No specific requirement
If required
No specific requirement
If required
No specific requirement
If required
Page
41
Manufacture can be complex and the range of materials could include high performance metals as
well as more standard materials such as structural boiler steels and aluminium alloys that require
enhanced controls to avoid the occurrence of deleterious fabrication imperfections.
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42
4.1 Introduction
A possible definition of pressure vessel is housing and its direct attachments up to the coupling
point connecting it to other equipment, designed and built to contain fluids under pressure.
Many standards have been developed trough the years to consider the criteria for design,
manufacturing and testing of these standards, mainly taking into consideration the hazard arising
from possible failure of the vessels. As a consequence, all the European countries produced their
own technical standards, having as a reference both the technical conditions (generally the same
in every country) and the national industrial customs.
After the development of the European Market, and in order to guarantee harmonisation of national
legislation to abolish commercial and technical barriers, the European directive 97/23/CE on
pressure equipment (PED) has been developed, applicable to all pressure equipment working with
internal or external pressure higher than 0,5 bar.
The application of the directive indirectly implied a standardisation work for the production of sets
of standards, within the field of application of the directive and supporting its essential
requirements, as a mean to demonstrate conformity.
In this framework the technical committee CEN TC 54 Unfired pressure vessels prepared the
standard EN 13445, harmonised to the 97/23/CE directive, relating to unfired pressure vessels
subject to a maximum allowable pressure greater than 0,5 bar gauge and with maximum allowable
temperatures for which creep effects need not to be considered, i.e. for maximum allowable
temperatures for which the corresponding maximum calculation temperature renders a relevant
proof strength smaller than the 100 000 h creep rupture strength8.
In the case of ferritic steels, for ferritic steels the temperature limit corresponds to calculation temperatures
below approximately 380 C.
Page
43
items specifically designed for nuclear use, the failure of which may cause a release of
radioactivity;
vessels of lamellar cast iron or any other materials not included in EN 13445-2 or EN 134456;
The standard is composed by 6 parts and a technical report; a brief description of which will be
given in the next paragraphs.
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44
Unforeseen factors may arise that require design modifications and/or manufacturing concessions.
These need to be handled with the same rigour as the original design.
material grouping system, (according to CR ISO 15608:2000) with a list of all acceptable
material grades based upon European base material standards;
information on the requirements for the prevention of brittle fracture in the base material and
the welds (two methods based upon a code of practice developed from fracture mechanics are
included);
survey on European base material and component standards and their systematic
nomenclature.
Design by Formulae (DBF), as appropriate formulae are given in order to find stresses, which
have to be limited to safe values; these formulae are generally intended for predominantly
non-cyclic loads, i.e. for a number of full pressure cycles not exceeding 500;
Design by Analysis (DBA), which can be used either to evaluate component designs or loading
situations for which a DBF method is not provided, or, more generally, as an alternative to
DBF.
Design by Formulae (DBF), based on limit analysis for certain components (such as flanges
and tubesheets).
Methods are also given where a fatigue evaluation is required, due to a number of load cycles
being greater than 500. There are two alternative methods:
Istituto Italiano della Saldatura
Page
45
a sophisticated method based on a detailed determination of total stresses using, for example,
FEM or experimental methods, to be used also in the case of variable loads other than
pressure.
manufacturing
tolerances,
welding
requirements,
production
tests,
forming
the organisation (and relevant responsibilities) for the control of manufacturing operations,
which includes special processes such as welding, forming and heat treatment shall be clearly
defined by the Manufacturer;
Page
46
the manufacturing procedures such as welding, forming and heat treatment shall be adequate
for the purpose and the pressure vessel meets the requirements of
EN 13445-4;
the staff shall be adequate for the assigned tasks, in particular as far as welding co-ordination
is concerned, the qualifications, tasks and responsibilities can be defined by the Manufacturer
in accordance with ISO 14731/EN 719 in the job assignment;
the quality requirements for welding defined in ISO 3834-3:1994 shall be met as a minimum;
the Manufacturer shall properly asses the Subcontractor, that he applies the requirements
according to this part of the standard and according to the ISO 3834 3;
the Manufacturer shall also either obtain copies of the welding procedure and welding operator
qualification records or take other action to ensure that they comply with this part of the
standard.
a welding procedure specification for every type of joint is held by the Manufacturer;
the welding procedures selected by the Manufacturer are qualified for the field of application;
the welders and welding operators are qualified for the work allocated to them and their
approval is in the validity period;
a record shall be maintained for each weld reporting the welder or welding operator that
performed the joint.
The type and design of the weld detail shall be considered taking into consideration:
the ability to carry out the necessary non-destructive testing required in accordance with EN
13445-5.
Page
47
As for the approval of welding procedures, qualification by welding procedure test and pre
production test are the only applicable methods, and specific requirements for the acceptance
criteria for the tests are given to integrate the ISO 15614. This is required also in the case of repair
by welding.
In the case of welds other than pressure retaining welds directly attached to the pressure vessels
(e.g. tray rings, support feet, etc.), welding procedure specifications may be acceptable by holding
welding procedure approval records by to previous experience and /or standard welding procedure
for arc welding.
Whenever welders not in the employ of the Manufacturer are used, they shall be under the full
technical control of the Manufacturer and work to the Manufacturer's requirements.
Other requirements are given for filler metals, joint preparation methods, attachment supports and
stiffeners and preheat.
materials
manufacturing tolerances;
production tests;
repair;
finishing operations.
Page
48
Testing groups take into consideration manufacturing difficulties associated with different groups of
steels, maximum permitted thickness, welding processes, service temperature range and the
thickness by means of the joint coefficient of the governing joint (i.e. the full penetration butt joint
that, as a result of the weld joint coefficient, governs the thickness of the component). Table 1
reports the testing groups for steel pressure vessels.
The testing groups are numbered from 1 to 4 in decreasing levels of NDT. However, testing groups
1, 2 and 3 are subdivided into subgroups 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, and 3b in order to reflect the better
behaviour to crack sensitivity of easy to weld low carbon alloyed steels and Austenitic stainless
steels.
As for testing group 4, it shall be applicable only for:
Group 2 fluids9;
Ps 20 bar; and
A single testing group is normally applied to the entire vessel. However, provided specific
requirements are met, a combination of testing groups is permitted.
Table 11 reports the main requirements for the testing groups.
In terms of quality levels for the welding imperfections, the overall philosophy has been the general
adoption of the following acceptance criteria:
According to the 97/23/Ce Directive, Group 2 fluids are non dangerous fluids (i.e. fluids other then
explosive, extremely or highly flammable or flammable, toxic and very toxic, oxidizing)
Page
49
Requirements
Permitted materials
(CR ISO 15608)
Extent of Visual inspection
1a
1b
1 to 10
1.1, 1.2,
8.1
2a
2b
3a
3b
8.2, 9.1,
8.2, 9.1, 1.1, 1.2,
1.1, 1.2, 8.1
1.1, 8.1
9.2, 9.3, 10
9.2, 10
8.1
100% to the maximum possible extent
100% on first item, 10%
100%
after satisfactory
25%
10%
0%
experience
A specific reference table is given in the standard (Table 6.6.2-1)
No additional
requirements due
to testing
Welding process
No additional
requirements due
to testing
1
gr. 9.1, 9.2: gr. 1.1, 8.1:
30 mm
50 mm
gr, 9.3, 8.2*
gr, 1.2:
10: 16 mm
16 mm
Fully mechanised or
automatic welding
processes
0,85
0,7
gr. 1.1:
-10200C
Service temperature range
No additional requirements due to testing
gr. 8.1:
-50500C
*
30 mm for group 8.2 material is allowed if delta ferrite containing welding consumables are used for
depositing filling passes up to but not including the capping
Page
50
Annex A is informative for the determination of burst pressure and wall thickness minimum
requirements.
conformity assessment procedures, as relates of the choice of the most appropriate procedure
and the involvement of responsible authorities;
Moreover, an useful summary of Inspection and testing activities and participation of the
Responsible Authority in respect of P.E.
D. conformity assessment modules is given in annex C, for informative scope only.
Page
51
Page
52
5.1 Introduction
In the framework of European Directive 97/23/CEE for pressure vessels (PED), also metallic
industrial piping has to fulfil certain safety requirements, as relates to materials, design and
calculation, fabrication and installation, inspection and testing.
Page
53
The standard applies to metallic piping above ground, ducted or buried, irrespective of pressure,
and does not relate to:
stream waterways such as penstocks, pressure tunnels, pressure shaft for hydro-electricinstallations and their related specific accessories;
permanently fixed piping for ships, rockets, aircraft and mobile offshore units;
items specifically designed for nuclear use, failure of which may cause an emission of
radioactivity;
well-control equipment used in the petroleum, gas or geothermal exploration and extraction
industry and in underground storage, which is intended to contain and/or control well pressure,
including the piping;
piping of blast furnaces including the furnace cooling, hot blast recuperators, dust extractors
and blast furnace exhaust gas scrubbers and direct reducing cupolas including the furnace
cooling, gas converters and vacuum;
furnaces and pans for melting, re-melting de-gassing and casting of steel and non ferrous
metals;
enclosures for high voltage electrical equipment such as switchgear, control gear and
transformers;
pressurised pipes for the containment of transmission systems such as for electrical power and
telephone cables;
The standard is divided in six parts; part 1 is a general introduction of the standard, the other part
define specific requirements, a detail of which will be given in the next paragraphs.
technical requirements are developed from operating experience and applicable to all metallic
materials, but limited to certain thicknesses for which experience exist;
Page
54
technical requirements are developed from the principle of fracture mechanics and from
operating experiences (only applicable to C, C-Mn and low alloy ferritic steels with a specified
minimum yield strength of 460 N/mm);
technical requirements are derived by the application of a fracture mechanics analysis (to be
used only in agreement with the parties concerned).
Maximum values for the Carbon, Sulphur and Silicon content are provided depending on the
considered material (see Table 12).
Maximum content of cast analisys
Material
Steel
Ferritic stainless steels
Martensitic stainless steels
Austenitic stainless steels
Austenitic stainless steels
Austenitic-ferritic stainless
steels
%C
%S
%P
0,23
0,08
0,06
0,08
0,10
0,030
0,025
0,015
0,015
0,015
0,015
0,015
0,035
0,040
0,040
0,045
0,035
0,035
Page
55
shall fulfil the requirements of the relevant standard; for materials not contained in an European
standard the marking shall at least contain:
For material supplied with specific inspection the marking shall include an identification, which
permits the correlation between the product or delivery unit and the relevant inspection document.
temperature;
climatic loads;
vibrations;
earthquakes.
In the specific case of welds other than circumferential, depending on the pressure, size, type of
fluid and inspection extent, different values for the joint efficiency factor (Z) are identified.
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56
As relates to welding materials, in addition to what is required in part 2 of the standard, the
Manufacturer is requested to have filler metals and auxiliary materials with documentation
according to EN 10204, test report 2.2.
For identification and traceability reasons, all the welds shall be directly correlated to the welder
that performed the joint, by the welders symbol close to the weld itself or by corresponding details
in the fabrication documents.
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57
design validation;
in-process inspection and testing (including welding process indirect control, as relates to
welders, to welding procedures and to inspection during welding);
final assessment;
Table 13 reports the general requirements for the non destructive testing of welds, and the relevant
acceptance criteria.
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58
NDT Technique
Method
Acceptance criteria
Visual Examination
(VT)
EN 970
Radiographic Testing
(RT)
EN 1435:1997, class B a b
Ultrasonic Testing
(UT)
EN 1714:1998, class B b
EN 571-1
EN 12517:1998:
Acceptance level 2
and additional requirements
EN 1712 :1997 c:
Acceptance level 2 d
EN 1289 :1998,
Acceptance level 1
EN 1291 :1998,
Acceptance level 1
Page
59
safety
depth of installation;
sleeves or casings;
corrosion protection;
Page
60
conformity assessment procedures, as relates to the choice of the most appropriate procedure
and the involvement of responsible authorities;
Moreover, an useful
Responsible Authority in respect of PED conformity assessment modules is given in annex C, for
informative scope only.
Page
61
Page
62
6.1 Introduction
Meeting a variety of safety objectives, Directive 87/404/EEC (amended by Directive 93/68/EEC)
relating to simple pressure vessels came into force in the European Community on 1 July 1990. To
ensure the disposal of existing stocks before the application date of this directive, a transition
period was authorised until 1 July 1992, the date upon which the national regulations were
abrogated in all Member States.
This directive establishes the methods of inspection of these vessels, permitting them to be sold
and commissioned in all Member States and benefit from free circulation.
The Directive is applicable to series-produced simple pressure vessels introduced on the
European market, regardless of origin, if subjected to an internal pressure greater than 0.5 bar,
intended to contain air or nitrogen and not exposed to fire or flame.
Other limitations also apply in relation to the materials used, the shape of the vessels, the
maximum pressure, the product PS x V (working pressure PS, volume -V), and the minimum and
maximum operating temperatures. The Directive also includes a list of exceptions.
The Directive introduces the following concepts:
a classification of simple pressure vessels according to the risk created by the combination of
working pressure and volume, as expressed by PS x V;
Essential safety requirements, compliance with which may be assumed further to the use of a
harmonised European standard, or by submitting a prototype representative of the production
under consideration, or a combination of both;
Conformity assessment procedures by risk class, which give Manufacturers the option of
selecting the most stringent class. 4. increased Manufacturer responsibility. The
Manufacturer is now required to issue a declaration of conformity with the Directive for his
equipment;
The obligation on the part of the Manufacturer to supply the user with a user manual
specifying the intended areas of use and the maintenance and installation conditions required
for safety purposes.
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63
Figure 19 Simple unfired pressure vessel containing Air (Left side) and Nitrogen (Right)
In this framework, CEN TC 54 Simple pressure vessels produced a series of standard, namely
the EN 286 Simple unfired pressure vessels made to contain air or nitrogen, made of 4 parts:
Part 2: Pressure vessels for air braking and auxiliary systems for motor-vehicles and their
trailers;
Part 3: Steel pressure vessels designed to contain compressed air for rail rolling stock
Part 4: Aluminium pressure vessels designed to contain compressed air for railway rolling
stock.
In the following paragraph the requirements to be met during welding fabrication as relates to EN
286 - part 1 will be briefly described.
Page
64
a cylindrical part of circular cross section is closed by outwardly dished and/or flat ends which
revolve around the same axis as the cylindrical part;
Moreover, the field of application of the standard considers the following technical conditions are
met:
the vessel is subjected to an internal gauge pressure greater than 0,5 bar;
the parts and assemblies contributing to the strength of the vessel under pressure are made
either of non-alloy quality steel or of non-alloy aluminium or non-age hardening aluminium
alloys;
the maximum working pressure is 30 bar and the product of that pressure and the capacity of
the vessel (PS x V) is greater than 50 bar litres and not exceeding 10 000 bar litres;
the minimum working temperature -50 C and maximum working temperature not higher than
300C for steel and 100C for aluminium or aluminium alloy vessels.
It does not apply to vessels specifically designed for nuclear use, to vessels specifically intended
for installation for the propulsion of ships and aircraft, or to fire extinguishers.
Aspects of Quality Assurance are dealt with in various clauses and annexes of this Standard, even
if there is no specific requirements as relates to the application of quality management standards.
Therefore the fulfilment of EN ISO 383410 can only be suggested, and is not compulsory.
As concerns specific requirements for welding activities, the following apply:
there shall be no welding carried out on the pressurised parts of a vessel once the hydraulic
test has been successfully completed; however reinforcing plates for supports and brackets
are not considered to be pressurised parts;
if a manual root on the reverse side is made prior to a second run made by an automatic
process then the root weld shall be taken back to the sound metal to remove any inclusion i.e.
slag, etc.;
the testing and qualification of welding procedures, welders and welding operators shall be
carried out by an approved inspection body.
The standards also reports specific testing criteria and relevant acceptance depending on the type
of joint, stresses and materials considered in the design phase.
10
The EN ISO 3834 part 3 or part 4 seem to be enough significant to guarantee proper management of
welding operations.
Page
65
As relates to the equipment, it is required to the Manufacturer to calibrate the testing equipment
and to maintain the relevant record.
Page
66
7.1 Introduction
Gas supply systems are complex and the importance on safety of their construction and on their
use has led to the development of very detailed codes of practice and operating manuals in the
European countries. These detailed statements embrace recognised standards of gas engineering
and the specific requirements imposed by the legal structures of each country.
Some basic elements are common to the production and testing of weld joints for the installation
and modification of onshore steel pipelines and pipework used in gas supply systems, including inservice pipelines, for all pressure ranges for the carriage of processed, non-toxic and noncorrosive natural gas as relates to materials, manufacturing techniques, location and design
temperature.
Page
67
commonly adopted requirements and to be intended as state of the art in the field of pipelines
constructions for gas supply system.
the pipeline is not located within commercial or industrial premises as an integral part of the
industrial process on those premises except for any pipelines and facilities supplying such
premises ;
the design temperature of the system is between -40 C and 120 C inclusive.
Page
68
Operating
pressure
Lower than
100 mbar
100 mbar up to
5 bar
5 bar up to 16 bar
Base material
Example of use
NOTES
*
Steels classified as Group 1 according to CR ISO 15608 and reported in EN 10208
**
Steels classified as Group 1 to 3 according CR ISO 15608 and reported in EN 10208
Page
Quality requirement
Quality category
B
C
69
Welders certificate shall clearly indicate, by reference to this standard, that the welders
qualification test has been performed under the conditions mentioned above.
Page
70
Non-destructive examination shall be carried out in accordance with approved procedures and
destructive testing acceptance criteria shall be the same as for the original welding procedure.
The minimum extent of non-destructive examination depends on the quality requirement category
and the type/position of the weld joint, as reported in table 16.
Cate
gory
VT (by
welding
supervisor
Volumetric
inspection
NDT
(RT/UT)*
Superficial
NDT
inspection
**
** / ***
100%
****
**
**
100%
**
10%
**
-
100%
****
20%
100%
100%
100%
10%
100%
100%
10%
-
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
20%
*******
100%
100%*****
100%
20% *****
-
100%
100%
NOTES
*
The proportion of both techniques shall be agreed.
**
Representative random sample on the basis of the total number of weld joints made by a welder during
the course of one year.
***
One destructive test of field weld per year by means of tensile and/or bending test for welders qualified
only for gas welding (process 311) or only for fillet welds.
****
The pipeline operator shall specify the extent of non-destructive examination taking into account the
design conditions, for example:
- external loads in addition to internal pressure;
- supports;
- expansion due to temperature.
*****
Where welds with incomplete penetration are used, the pipeline operator can require 100 %.
*****
Seams shall be tested 100 % by two different inspection techniques.
******* For branches and nozzles, consideration should be given by the pipeline operator to these methods.
Page
71
when otherwise agreed, two further welds shall be inspected for each rejected weld) and the cause
of the fault shall be eliminated.
The definition of acceptance criteria is under the responsibility of the Manufacturer, depending on
the design, the quality requirement category and the inspection level.
Useful information on the applicable NDT techniques for the inspection of the pipelines are given in
Appendixes C to F. As example, figure 22 reports the calibration block suggested for the
application of Ultrasonic Testing.
Figure 22 Calibration block with rectangular grooves and edge (dimensions in mm)
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72
8.1 Introduction
Many standards have been developed trough the years to consider the criteria for design,
manufacturing and testing of steel structures; as a consequence all the European countries
produced their own technical standards, having as a reference both the technical conditions
(generally the same in every country) and the national industrial customs.
In the same framework as pressure vessel one, after the development of the European Market,
and in order to guarantee harmonization of national legislation to abolish commercial and technical
barriers, the European directive 89/106/CE on construction products (CPD) has been developed.
Page
73
For the purposes of this Directive, construction product means any product which is produced for
incorporation in a permanent manner in construction works, including both buildings and civil
engineering works. Construction products are hereinafter referred to as 'products'; construction
works including both buildings and civil engineering works are hereinafter referred to as Works.
Therefore the directive does not directly refer to the whole product, but to all those single elements
(e.g. beams, connections, etc), that assembled realize the final work.
Member States shall presume that products are fit for use if they enable works in which they are
employed, provided the latter are properly designed and built, to satisfy the essential requirements
referred to in Article 3 of the directive.
The application of the directive indirectly implied a standardisation work for the production of sets
of standards, within the field of application of the directive and supporting its essential
requirements, as a mean to demonstrate conformity.
In this framework the technical committee CEN TC 135
preparing the standard (the name will be EN 1090) harmonized to the 89/106/CE directive. This
standard is made of 3 parts:
-
11
Those structural characteristic shall refer to National Determined Parameters (referred as NPD in the
standard), that are parameters specified in the National Annex to the relevant Eurocode, defined by the
member states
Istituto Italiano della Saldatura
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74
The load bearing capacity for a component shall refer to the specified actions and combination of
actions, referring to situations for which the loads are predominantly static such that the influence
of repetitive loads need not be considered.
The fatigue strength for steel components shall be determined in accordance with EN 1993
(Eurocode 3) for steel structures and with EN 1999 (Eurocode 9) for aluminium components and
are usually expressed by reference to S-N diagrams.
The resistance to fire shall be determined according to the relevant part of Eurocodes.
In conclusion, the standards does not give specific guidance for the design, as the structural
characteristics shall be determined in accordance the relevant Eurocodes, as follows:
-
EN 1994 (Eurocode 4)- Design of composite structures of steel and concrete, for the steel
parts;
Page
75
Description
CC3
CC2
CC1
Page
E1
E2
E3
76
Consequences Class
CC1
CC2
CC3
for fillet welds on steel grades higher than S355 subject to tensile load, tests shall be
completed by an additional cruciform tensile test performed in accordance with prEN ISO
9018;
d) when welding on shop primers, tests shall be carried out on the maximum (nominal +
tolerance) accepted layer thickness.
e) if any welding process qualified in accordance with EN ISO 15614-1 has not been used by the
constructor for a certain period, following requirements apply:
-
for steel grades up to S355, and if the procedure has not been used for a period of more
than three years, a macro specimen taken from a production trial shall be inspected for
acceptability;
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77
for steel grades above S355, and if the procedure has not been used for a period between
one and three years, a production welding test, where shape and dimensions are
according to the requirements of EN ISO 15614-1, shall be carried out (examination and
testing shall include visual inspection, radiographic or ultrasonic inspection, surface crack
detection, macro-examination and hardness test);
for steel grades above S355, and if the procedure has not been used for a period of more
than three years, new welding procedure tests shall be carried out.
Depending on the execution classes, different requirements apply, according to table 19.
Execution Class
Requirements
EN ISO 3834 - 2
EN ISO 3834 - 3
EN ISO 3834 -4
EN ISO15609 -1
Required
Not required
Recommended
Recommended
--
Recommended
Recommended
--
NOT recommended
Recommended
--
NOT recommended
Recommended
--
NOT recommended
Recommended
--
type 3.1
type 2.2
type 2.1
Required: all
levels are
accepted
Not required
Time validity of the certificates and qualification tests are subject to special rules, specified in the following.
**
For welding hollow section lattice structures, welders shall be qualified by a single-side welding test carried
out on a branch connection
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78
type of weld (transverse welds, longitudinal welds, strength welds, attachment welds);
joint utilisation factor - k (defined as k = / e, relationship ULS stress / yield stress in the
weld);
Visual inspection has to be performed for the overall length of the welds, independently from the
above cited factors; moreover for execution classes 1 to 3 additional testing is required, according
to the following table.
It has to be noted that there is not any specific guidance on the testing method, as general criteria
reported in EN 12062 for the field of application of NDT testing apply.
0.8 k
100 %
50 %
100 %
100 %
50%
20%
100%
50%
k 0.3
10%
5%
20%
10%
10 %
5%
20 %
10 %
20 %
10 %
20 %
10 %
10 %,
5%
20 %
10 %
Transverse butt
welds subjected to
tensile stress
5%
Same basic dimensions, material grades, weld geometry and welded to the same procedures.
Acceptance criteria
Page
79
Type of defect
undercut (5011)
excess weld metal (502)
incorrect toe (505)
internal pores (201)
solid inclusions (300)
linear misalignment (507)
Acceptance
not permitted
2 mm
165
1 mm
not permitted
< 0,05t
Structural class
Consequence
classes
Significant fatigue
Standard
Reduced static
CC1
IV
III
III
CC2
III
III
II
CC3
III
II
I (II)*
12
Up to the date of publishing, this part of EN 1090-3 seems to be at a very early stage; consequently, many
concepts reported in this paragraph may be subject to significant changes, even if the general concept for
this standard should be definitively stated.
Istituto Italiano della Saldatura
Page
80
where the risk of loss of human life is nil and the consequences of
personal injury, economic loss or pollution is negligible.
Page
81
Page
82
9.1 Introduction
As already stated in other Chapters of this book, over the last few years, standardisation at
international level has become more and more product-oriented, considering not only the
technical requirements of the product itself, but also specific requirements to be fulfilled by the
Manufacturer, in its fabrication process.
Page
83
Therefore CEN TC 256 WG 31 has started working on the development of a new European
standard for design, fabrication and maintenance of railway vehicles and components, which has
been developed as prEN 15085 in 200513.
This document has been produced considering the commonly agreed best practice fabrication
criteria, as the main Customers (the national railway Companies) and Manufacturers were strongly
represented in this standardisation phase.
The standard will be composed by several parts, as follows:
-
In the next paragraph only the requirements for the welding Manufacturer (as relates to part 2) will
be described.
Definition
New build, conversion and repair of rail vehicles and relevant components with high safety
relevance
New production of parts of railway vehicles with medium safety relevance
New production of parts of railway vehicles with low safety relevance
Design and/or assembly of railway vehicles and relevant components with High, medium or
low safety relevance, when welding activities are sub-contracted and not performed.
Table 23 Identification of the level of the Manufacturer of railway vehicles and components
13
Because of the early stage of development of this standard, some of the information contained can be
subject to changes in the future. However the general approach to the standard should not be changed in
the future.
Istituto Italiano della Saldatura
Page
84
Depending on such levels, different requirements are considered for the Manufacturer to comply
with.
As relates to the welding coordinator, depending on the level of the Manufacturer and on the
number and dimension of the workshops, one or more welding coordinators are required, having
different level of qualification, according to three grades, defined as follows.
-
As relates to the welding inspection, the assessment of the weld seam tests is done basically
under the responsibility of the welding coordinator of the Manufacturer. Alternatively the
assessments can be done by an International Welding Inspector at the Comprehensive level,
properly qualified according to IIW guidelines.
However, It is possible that the welders or welding operators are responsible for checking the weld
seams themselves; in this case the welders or welding operators shall be instructed by the
responsible welding coordinator for the Manufacturer and a corresponding test instruction shall be
available.
Table 24 shortly summarises the requirements for the Manufacturer, as decided up to time.
Page
85
Certification Levels
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4
Recognition of the
Manufacturer
Necessary
Necessary
Not necessary
Necessary
Quality requirements
EN ISO 3834-3
EN ISO 3834-3
EN ISO 3834-4
EN ISO 3834-3
no requirement
Grade 1, 2 or 3
depending on the
relevant welding
work
no requirement
no requirement
Grade 1
Welding Coordinator
Grade 2 or 3
Deputy: Grade 1*
Deputy of the Welding
Further Deputies: Deputy: Grade 3
Coordinator
Grade 2 or 3**
Welders
not necessary
Welding operators
not necessary
not necessary
NDT personnel
not necessary
WPS
not necessary
Qualification of
welding procedures
*
*
ISO 15614
ISO 15613
not necessary
Equally empowered deputy (Grade 1). Not necessary for small welding Manufacturers (Welding
Manufacturers with small welding production and one welding shop).
For welding Manufacturers with several welding shops a further deputy, Grade 3, is necessary for each
welding shop.
Page
86
10 Normative references
In the following table the list of the European (EN) standards, sorted by number is reported.
Standard
Title
EN
288-4
EN
288-4/A1
EN
288-7
EN
288-8
EN
288-9
EN
EN
439
440
EN
499
SPECIFICATION AND APPROVAL OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 4: WELDING
PROCEDURE TESTS FOR THE ARC WELDING OF ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS
SPECIFICATION AND APPROVAL OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 4: WELDING
PROCEDURE TESTS FOR THE ARC WELDING OF ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS
SPECIFICATION AND APPROVAL OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 7: APPROVAL
BY A STANDARD WELDING PROCEDURE FOR ARC WELDING
SPECIFICATION AND APPROVAL OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 8: APPROVAL
BY A PRE-PRODUCTION WELDING TEST
SPECIFICATION AND APPROVAL OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS-PART 9: WELDING
PROCEDURE TESTS FOR PIPELINE WELDING ON LAND AND OFFSHORE SITE BUTT WELDING ON
TRANSMISSION PIPELINES
WELDING CONSUMABLES - SHIELDING GASES FOR ARC WELDING AND CUTTING
WELDING CONSUMABLES - WIRE ELECTRODES AND DEPOSITS FOR GAS SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING OF
NON ALLOY AND FINE GRAIN STEELS - CLASSIFICATION
WELDING CONSUMABLES - COVERED ELECTRODES FOR MANUAL METAL ARC WELDING OF NON ALLOY AND
FINE GRAIN STEELS - CLASSIFICATION
WELDING CONSUMABLES - TECHNICAL DELIVERY CONDITIONS FOR WELDING FILLER MATERIALS - TYPE OF
PRODUCT, DIMENSIONS, TOLERANCES AND MARKINGS
GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - RUBBER HOSES FOR WELDING, CUTTING AND ALLIED PROCESSES
GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - HOSE CONNECTIONS FOR EQUIPMENT FOR WELDING,AND ALLIED PROCESSES
GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - QUICK-ACTION COUPLING WITH SHUT-OFFVALVES FOR WELDING, CUTTING AND
ALLIED PROCESSES
GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - PRESSURE GAUGES USED IN WELDING, CUTTING AND ALLIED PROCESSES
WELDING COORDINATION - TASKS AND RESPONSABILITIES
QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR WELDING - FUSION WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 1: GUIDELINES
FOR SELECTION AND USE
QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR WELDING - FUSION WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 2:
COMPREHENSIVE QUALITY REQUIREMENTS
QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR WELDING - FUSION WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 3: STANDARD
QUALITY REQUIREMENTS
QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR WELDING - FUSION WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 4: ELEMENTARY
QUALITY REQUIREMENTS
GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - SAFETY DEVICES-PART 1: INCORPORATING A FLAME (FLASHBACK) ARRESTOR
GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - SAFETY DEVICES-PART 2: NOT INCORPORATING A FLAME (FLASHBACK)
ARRESTOR
GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - AIR ASPIRATED HAND BLOWPIPES - SPECIFICATIONS AND TESTS
WELDING CONSUMABLES - SOLID WIRES, SOLID WIRE-FLUX AND TUBULAR CORED ELECTRODE-FLUX
COMBINATIONS FOR SUBMERGED ARC WELDING OF NON ALLOY AND FINE GRAIN STEELS - CLASSIFICATION
WELDING CONSUMABLES - COVERED ELECTRODES FOR MANUAL METAL ARC WELDING OF HIGH STRENGHT
STEELS - CLASSIFICATION
WELDING CONSUMABLES - TUBULAR CORED ELECTRODES FOR METAL ARC WELDING WITH AND WITHOUT
GAS SHIELD OF NON ALLOY AND FINE GRAIN STEELS - CLASSIFICATION
WELDING CONSUMABLES - FLUXES FOR SUBMERGED ARC WELDING - CLASSIFICATION
GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT-OXYGEN/FUEL GAS BLOWIPES (CUTTING MACHINE TYPE) OF CYLINDRICAL
BARREL-TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION, GENERAL SPECIFICATION, TEST METHODS
DESTRUCTIVE TEST ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS-IMPACT TEST-TEST SPECIMEN LOCATION,NOTCH
ORIENTATION AND EXAMINATION
DESTRUCTIVE TEST ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS-LONGITUDINAL TENSILE TEST ON WELD METAL IN
EN ISO 544
EN
EN
EN
559
560
561
EN
EN
EN
562
719
729-1
EN
729-2
EN
729-3
EN
729-4
EN
EN
730-1
730-2
EN
EN
731
756
EN
757
EN
758
EN
EN
760
874
EN
875
EN
876
EN
EN
EN
EN
895
910
970
1011-1
EN
1011-1/A1
EN
1011-1/A2
EN
1011-2
EN
1011-2/A1
EN
1011-3
EN
1011-3/A1
EN
1011-4
EN
1011-4/A1
EN
EN
1011-5
1011-7
EN
1043-1
EN
1043-2
EN
1044
EN
1045
EN ISO 1071
EN
1256
EN
EN
EN
EN
EN
EN
EN
1289
1289/A1
1289/A2
1290
1290/A1
1290/A2
1291
EN
EN
EN
EN
1291/A1
1291/A2
1320
1321
EN
EN
EN
1326
1327
1418
EN
EN
EN
EN
1435
1435/A1
1435/A2
1597-1
EN
1597-2
EN
1597-3
EN
1598
EN
1598/A1
Page
87
EN
1599
EN
1600
EN
1668
EN
EN
EN
EN
EN
1708-1
1708-1/A1
1708-2
1711
1711/A1
EN
1712
EN
EN
EN
1712/A1
1712/A2
1713
EN
1713/A1
EN
1713/A2
EN
EN
EN
EN
EN ISO
1714
1714/A1
1714/A2
1792
2503
EN ISO 3677
EN ISO 3690
EN ISO 4063
EN ISO 5172
EN ISO 5183-1
EN ISO 5183-2
EN ISO 5817
EN ISO 5826
EN ISO 5828
EN ISO 6520-1
EN ISO 6520-2
EN ISO 6847
EN ISO 6947
EN ISO 7284
EN ISO 7287
EN ISO 7291
EN ISO 8166
EN ISO 8205-1
EN ISO 8205-2
EN ISO 8205-3
Page
88
EN ISO 8249
EN ISO 9013
EN ISO 9013/A1
EN ISO 9018
EN ISO 9312
EN ISO 9454-2
EN ISO 9455-2
EN ISO 9455-3
EN ISO 9455-6
EN ISO
EN ISO
EN ISO
EN ISO
EN ISO
EN ISO
EN ISO
EN ISO
EN ISO
9455-9
9455-10
9455-12
9455-13
9455-15
9455-16
9606-3
9606-4
9606-5
ENISO 9692-1
EN ISO 9692-2
EN ISO 9692-3
EN ISO 9692-3/A1
EN ISO 9692-4
EN ISO 9956-10*
EN ISO 9956-11*
EN ISO 10564
EN ISO 10882-1
EN ISO 10882-2
EN
EN
EN
EN
12062
12062/A1
12062/A2
12070
EN
12071
EN
12072
EN
12073
EN
12074
EN ISO 12224-1
EN ISO 12224-2
EN ISO 12224-3
Page
89
REQUIREMENTS
WELDING- DETERMINATION OF FERRITE NUMBER (FN) IN AUSTENITIC AND DUPLEX FERRITIC-AUSTENITIC CRNI STAINLESS STEEL WELD METAL
THERMAL CUTTING - CLASSIFICATION OF THERMAL CUTS - GEOMETRICAL PRODUCT SPECIFICATION AND
QUALITY TOLERANCES
THERMAL CUTTING - CLASSIFICATION OF THERMAL CUTS - GEOMETRICAL PRODUCT SPECIFICATION AND
QUALITY TOLERANCES
DESTRUCTIVE TESTS ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS TENSILE TEST ON CRUCIFORM AND LAPPED
JOINTS
RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT - INSULATED PINS FOR USE IN ELECTRODE BACK-UPS
SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - CLASSIFICATION AND REQUIREMENTS - PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS-PART 2: DETERMINATION OF NON VOLATILE MATTER,
EBULLIOMETRIC METHOD
SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS-PART 3: DETERMINATION OF ACID VALUE, POTENTIOMETRIC AND
VISUAL TITRATION METHODS
SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS - PART 6 : DETERMINATION AND DETECTION OF HALIDE
(EXCLUDING FLUORIDE) CONTENT
SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS-PART 9: DETERMINATION OF AMONIA CONTENT
SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS -PART 10: FLUX EFFICACY TEST, SOLDER SPREAD METHOD
SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS-PART 12: STEEL TUBE CORROSION TEST
SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TESTS METHODS - PART 13: DETERMINATION OF FLUX SPATTERING
SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TESTS METHODS - PART 15: COPPER CORROSION TEST
SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES-TEST METHODS-PART 16: FLUX EFFICACY TESTS,WETTING BALANCE METHOD
APPROVAL TESTING OF WELDERS- FUSION WELDING - PART 3 - COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS
APPROVAL TESTING OF WELDERS - FUSION WELDING - PART 4 - NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOYS
APPROVAL TESTING OF WELDERS - FUSION WELDING - TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS, ZIRCONIUM AND
ZIRCONIUM ALLOYS
WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES RECOMMENDATIONS FOR JOINT PREPARATION PART 1: MANUAL
METAL-ARC WELDING, GAS-SHIELDED METAL-ARC WELDING, GAS WELDING, TIG WELDING AND BEAM
WELDING OF STEELS
WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - JOINT PREPARATION - PART 2: SUBMERGED ARC WELDING OF STEELS
WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - RECOMMENDATION FOR JOINT PREPARATION - PART 3: METAL INERT
GAS WELDING AND TUNGSTEN INERT GAS WELDING OF ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS
WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR JOINT PREPARATION - PART 3: METAL INERT
GAS WELDING AND TUNGSTEN INERT GAS WELDING OF ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS
WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR JOINT PREPARATION - PART 4: CLAD STEELS
SPECIFICATION AND APPROVAL OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS-PART 10: WELDING
PROCEDURE SPECIFICATION FOR ELECTRON BEAM WELDING
SPECIFICATION AND APPROVAL OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS-PART 11: WELDING
PROCEDURE SPECIFICATION FOR LASER BEAM WELDING
SOLDERING AND BRAZING MATERIALS - METHODS FOR THE SAMPLING OF SOFT SOLDERS FOR ANALYSIS
HEALTH AND SAFETY IN WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - SAMPLING OF AIRBORNE PARTICLES AND
GASES IN THE OPERATOR'S BREATING ZONE - PART 1: SAMPLING OF AIRBONE PARTICLES
HEALTH AND SAFETY IN WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - SAMPLING OF AIRBORNE PARTICLES AND
GASES IN THE OPERATOR'S BREATING ZONE - PART 2: SAMPLING OF GASES
NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - GENERAL RULES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS
NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - GENERAL RULES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS
NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - GENERAL RULES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS
WELDING CONSUMABLES - WIRE ELECTRODES, WIRES AND RODS FOR ARC WELDING OF CREEP RESISTING
STEELS - CLASSIFICATION
WELDING CONSUMABLES - TUBULAR CORED ELECTRODES FOR GAS SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING OF
CREEP RESISTING STEELS - CLASSIFICATION
WELDING CONSUMABLES - WIRE ELECTRODES, WIRES AND RODS FOR ARC WELDING OF STAINLESS AND
HEAT RESISTING STEELS - CLASSIFICATION
WELDING CONSUMABLES - TUBULAR CORED ELECTRODES FOR METAL ARC WELDING WITH OR WITHOUT A
GAS SHIELD OF STAINLESS AND HEAT RESISTING STEELS - CLASSIFICATION
WELDING CONSUMABLES-QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR MANUFACTURE, SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION OF
CONSUMABLES FOR WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES
SOLDER WIRE, SOLID AND FLUX CORED - SPECIFICATION AND TEST METHOD - PART 1: CLASSIFICATION AND
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
FLUX CORED SOLDER WIRE - SPECIFICATION AND TEST METHODS - PART 2: DETERMINATION OF FLUX
CONTENT
SOLDER WIRE, SOLID AND FLUX CORED SPECIFICATIONS AND TEST METHODS PART 3: WETTING
BALANCE TEST METHOD FOR FLUX CORED SOLDER WIRE EFFICACY
12345
12361
EN
12517
EN
12517/A1
EN
12517/A2
EN
12534
EN
12535
EN
12536
EN
EN
EN
EN
EN
EN
EN
CR
EN
EN ISO
12584
12797
12797/A1
12799
12799/A1
13133
13134
13576
13622
13916
EN ISO 13918
EN
13918
EN ISO 13919-1
EN ISO 13919-2
EN ISO 13919-2/A1
EN ISO 13920
EN ISO 14113
EN ISO 14114
EN ISO 14172
EN ISO 14270
EN ISO 14271
EN ISO 14272
EN ISO 14273
EN
14295
EN ISO 14324
EN ISO 14329
EN ISO 14372
EN ISO 14554-1
EN ISO 14554-2
EN ISO 14555
Page
90
Page
91
18279
20544
20693
20865
21089
22401
EN
EN
EN
EN
EN
EN
22553
25184
25821
25822
25827
26848
EN
EN
EN
EN
EN
27286
27931
27963
28167
28206
EN
EN
EN
EN
EN
EN
EN
28430-1
28430-2
28430-3
29090
29313
29453
29454-1
EN
29455-1
EN
EN
EN
29455-5
29455-8
29455-11
EN
EN
EN
29455-14
29539
29692
EN
30042
Page
92
DESTRUCTIVE TESTS ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS - METHOD FOR TAKING SAMPLES FOR DELTA
FERRITE MEASUREMANT (ISO 17655:2003)
GUIDELINES FOR QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR HEAT TREATMENT IN CONNECTION WITH WELDING AND
ALLIED PROCESSES
BRAZING - IMPERFECTIONS IN BRAZED JOINTS
FILLER MATERIALS FOR MANUAL WELDING - SIZE REQUIREMENTS
DIMENSIONS OF SEAM WELDING WHEEL BLANKS
SLOTS IN PLATENS FOR PROJECTION WELDING MACHINES
ELECTRODES TAPER FIT FOR SPOT WELDING EQUIPMENT - DIMENSIONS
COVERED ELECTRODES - DETERMINATION OF THE EFFICIENCY, METAL RECOVERY AND DEPOSITION
COEFFICIENT
WELDED, BRAZED AND SOLDERED JOINTS - SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION ON DRAWINGS
STRAIGHT RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING ELECTRODES
RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING ELECTRODE CAPS
SPOT WELDING EQUIPMENT - TAPER PLUG GAUGES AND TAPER RING GAUGES
SPOT WELDING - ELECTRODE BACK-UP AND CLAMPS
TUNGSTEN ELECTRODES FOR INERT GAS SHIELDED ARC WELDING AND FOR PLASMA CUTTING AND
WELDING - CODIFICATION
GRAPHICAL SYMBOLS FOR RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT
INSULATION CAPS AND BUSHES FOR RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT
WELDS IN STEEL - CALIBRATION BLOCK N 2 FOR ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF WELDS
PROJECTIONS FOR RESISTANCE WELDING
ACCEPTANCE TESTS FOR OXYGEN CUTTING MACHINES - REPRODUCIBLE ACCURACY OPERATIONAL
CHARACTERISTICS
RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING - ELECTRODE HOLDERS - PART 1: TAPER FIXING 1:10
RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING - ELECTRODE HOLDERS- PART 2: MORSE TAPER FIXING
RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING - ELECTRODE HOLDERS - PART 3: PARALLEL SHANK FIXING FOR END THRUST
GAS TIGHTNESS OF EQUIPMENT FOR GAS WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES
RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING - COOLING TUBES
SOFT SOLDER ALLOYS - CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS AND FORMS
SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - CLASSIFICATION AND REQUIREMENTS -PART 1: CLASSIFICATION, LABELLING AND
PACKAGING
SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS PART 1: DETERMINATION OF NON-VOLATILE MATTER,
GRAVIMETRIC METHOD
SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS-PART 5: COPPER MIRROR TEST
SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS-PART 8: DETERMINATION OF ZINC CONTENT
SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS -PART 11: DETERMINATION OF NON-VOLATILE MATTER,
GRAVIMETRIC METHOD
SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS-PART 14: ASSESSMENT OF TACKINESS OF FLUX RESIDUES
MATERIALS FOR EQUIPMENT USED IN GAS WELDING, CUTTING AND ALLIED PROCESSES
METAL-ARC WELDING WITH COVERED ELECTRODES, GAS-SHIELDED METAL-ARC WELDING - JOINT
PREPARATION FOR STEEL
ARC-WELDED JOINTS IN ALUMINIUM AND ITS WELDABLE ALLOYS - GUIDANCE ON QUALITY LEVELS FOR
IMPERFECTIONS