Ministry of Trade of The Republic of Indonesia

Indonesian Pearls

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Indonesian Pearls

Introduction
To introduce Indonesias potential products which are spread in almost every province,
TREDA provides information about those products so that the general public will be more
familiar with them. For this purpose TREDA has organized an effort to collect and analyze
relevant information related to the potentials and specific advantages of each of the
products.
This booklet entitled Indonesian South Sea Pearl presents a complete account on
one of the Indonesian potential products, namely Pearl and its related end product,
Pearl Jewelry. The reader is invited to a journey around this majestic product, starting as
from its hatchery, farming, harvesting up to being created into elegant pieces of jewelry.
Indonesia, for sure, is the biggest producer of South Sea Pearls in the world. It is
estimated that around 124,810 hectares of Indonesian equatorial seas provide suitable
habitats for Pinctada Maxima, the oysters producing the majestic pearls. With such a
huge potential area for pearling activities, Indonesia has the potential to produce at
least 20 tons of pearl per year.
The story is enriched with flashy illustrations to convey meaningful and attractive
information on pearl and pearl jewelry that will satisfy your curiosity and give better
understanding on this elegant product. A better comprehension on lndonesian Imperial
Gold Pearl will lead to better appreciation and greater enjoyment in owning and wearing
this exotic gift of nature from Indonesian pristine waters.

Erwidodo
Director General
Trade Research And Development Agency (TREDA)

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Minister of Trade
Republic of Indonesia

Message
It is our great pleasure to share with you the wealth of our natural products. As an
equatorial country, Indonesia is endowed with the richest marine coastal sea beds biota.
As such Indonesia is a major producer of non edible fishery products including pearls,
thanks to the pristine marine environment which provides the best possible environment
for pearl producing oysters. Indonesia is the biggest producer of South Sea Pearls in the
world market!
The Queen of the South Sea Pearls is the Imperial Gold Pearl that is produced only by
the Pinctada Maxima oysters living in optimum habitat in Indonesian waters. Indonesian
South Sea Pearls have a very distinct appearance due to their unique natural luster that
exhibits a gentle inner glow which is a combination with subtle reflection of colors.
Imperial Gold color is the rarest of all and the most majestic.
In the hands of skilled Indonesian artisans, the elegant pearls are being made into a
great variety of exotic jewelry with ethnic touches. With a rich cultural heritage, the pearl
jewelry produced by Indonesian craft persons will surely enrich the choices for people
with refined artistic taste around the world. This book is dedicated for those who enjoy
the majestic natural products created into elegant pieces of artistic works.

Mari Elka Pangestu

Indonesian Pearls

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CONTENTS

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7
16

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36
40

INDONESIAN, THE BIGGEST PRODUCER OF SOUTH SEA PEARL

PEARL THE ADORABLE LIVING GEM
INDONESIAN SOUTH SEA PEARL

THE SOUTH SEA PEARL CULTURE INDUSTRIES IN INDONESIA

INDONESIAN PEARLS AND PEARL JEWELRY IN WORLD TRADE
SOME MASTERPIECES OF INDONESIAN PEARLS JEWELRY

Indonesian Pearls

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Indonesia,

The Biggest Producer of

South Sea Pearls

ndonesia, with its more than 17,000 lush tropical is-

lands, of which around 3,000 are inhabited, is the largest archipelago country in the world. The chain of islands extends 4,500 kilometers West to East and 2,000

Indonesia is the richest country

kilometers North to South. Situated southeast of the

with regards to marine biota,

Asian mainland and north and northwest of Australia,

particularly those living in

this string of emeralds is cast between the Indian and

the Pacific oceans. These factors have created a highly
diverse environment that is rich in natural resources
(oil, iron, gold, tin, nickel) as well as in terms of both
terrestrial and marine biodiversity.

coastal sea-beds as their habitats. As such, Indonesia supplies the biggest quantity of
South Sea Pearls.

Indonesia boasts 95,181 kilometers of coastline which

is among the longest in the world. As such, Indonesia
is endowed with the richest marine coastal sea-beds
biota. Many kinds of crustaceans such as lobsters,
crabs, and shrimps as well as various types of mollusks,

Producing

jor fishery products. Indonesia is also a major producer

Country

of non-edible fishery products called pearls, thanks to

Indonesia

the pristine marine environment which provides the

such as clams and oysters are among Indonesias ma-

Production (2005)

In
In
Kan Kilogram Share
1,022

3,833

41.2%

Australia

850

3,187

34.3%

Philippines

450

1,688

18.1%

Pearls in the world market! The data on the table shows

Myanmar

136

510

5.5%

Indonesia accounts for 41.2% volume share of South

Others

22

83

0.9%

Sea Pearl, followed by Australia at 34.2%, Philippines at

Total

18.1% and Myanmar at 5.5% .

Source: Pearl World Journal, 2005

best possible environment for pearl-producing oysters. Indonesia is the biggest producer of South Sea

2,480

9,300

100.0%

Indonesian Pearls

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Pearl,

The Adorable Living Gem

THE ADORABLE JEWELS THOUGHOUT THE AGES

Pearls have been known to mankind since the beginning of civilization.

They were considered as one of the most valuable and to this day are still
highly esteemed as gems for their beauty and splendor. The Sumerians of
Mesopotamia and the Babylonians, the Egyptian Kingdoms, the Persian and
the Chinese draped themselves with either pearl or mother of pearl jewelry
since 3000 BC. A fragment of the oldest known pearl jewelry, found in the sarcophagus of a Persian princess who died in 520 BC, is displayed in the Louvre
Museum in Paris. In the Americas, both the Incas and Aztecs prized pearls for
their beauty and magical powers.
The Romans prized pearls as the ultimate gems and turned pearls into
many kinds of decorative accessories. During the classical Roman period, only
persons above a certain rank were allowed to wear pearl jewelry. In the West,
most European countries in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries had laws
regarding who could and could not wear pearls. Teachers and lawyers, for
example, could not wear fringes or chains with pearls. For quite a long time in
history, pearl was a symbol of power and wealth. Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte and his wife Josephines preference to pearls induced a growing demand
for this natural gem. Pearls have been considered ideal wedding gifts because
they symbolize purity and innocence. In the Hindu religion, the presentation of an un-drilled pearl and its piercing has
become part of the marriage ceremony.
Pearls display the qualities of elegance, pu-

The CZARINA OF RUSSIA,

Source:The Book of The Pearl.

rity and perfection. As such, this natural gem

has been taken as symbols for many supreme
ideas. To the ancients, pearls were a symbol of
the moon and had magical powers. People have
also attached different meanings to various colCROWN OF ST. EDWARD
The Official crown of England Source : The Book of The Pearl.
Indonesian Pearls

ors of pearl. White pearls have been perceived as the symbol of purity. Rose
and pink pearls symbolize love. Wealth is symbolized through golden pearls.
Pearls with peacock green color symbolizes romance. Sapphire blue pearls
were taken as the symbol of eternity, while black pearls symbolize dignity.

WHAT IS A PEARL ?
Pearl is an organic gem, that is, a gem that comes from a living thing (other examples of organic gems include coral and amber). A pearl is a living gem,
and each pearl is a miracle of nature. It is a lustrous concretion (i.e. a rounded
mass of compact concentric layers built up around a nucleus) produced by
certain bivalve mollusks, including mussels and oysters. The pearl is an abnormal growth resulting from the invasion of the body of the mollusk by foreign
matter. The oyster soothe irritations caused by those external or internal stimuli (such as sand grains, mollusk eggs, parasites and

Each pearl is made through a

other foreign particles) by secreting a brownish solu-

biological process inside the

that makes up the inner part of the oyster shell. Over

tion called conchiolin. Conchiolin is a fibrous protein

oysters. A pearl is made of

this conchiolin, the oyster coats the invading material

thousands layers of conchiolin.

olin binds the nacre together. Nacre is the hard pearly

with layer upon layer of nacreous material. The conchiinternal layer of the oyster shells. It takes thousands of
very thin layers of this nacre to make a single pearl.
The materials making up the pearl is secreted by
the mantle (i.e., the part of the oysters internal body
with glands that secrete a shell-producing substance)
as the response to the irritant material. It is a remarkable feat of nature that a living oyster produces such
an exquisite work of art. Since pearl is made through
a biological process inside the oysters, no two pearls
are identical. It is understood then why the Latin word
for pearl is margarita which means unique. (In the romance languages (Spanish, French, Italian), margarita
means pearl).

The oyster soothe irritations caused by those external or internal

stimuli (such as sand grains, mollusk eggs, parasites and other foreign particles) by secreting a brownish solution called conchiolin

Nacre, also referred to as mother-of-pearl, is composed primarily of aragonite crystal. Aragonite crystal
is a solid material in which the component atoms are

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Indonesian Pearls

arranged in a definite pattern and whose surface regularity reflects its internal symmetry. The crystals that are lined in symmetry within layers making
up the pearl create prismatic effect as light travels through each layer. This
prismatic effect contributes to the light-reflecting qualities of pearl known as
its luster and iridescence.

OYSTERS, The Creatures That Present the Adornments

- Oysters and Their Environment
Oyster is a member of the families Ostreidae (true oysters) or Aviculidae
(pearl oysters), bivalve mollusks found in temperate and warm coastal waters
of all oceans. A bivalve mollusk is any soft-bodied invertebrate of the Mollusca family whose body is protected by two symmetrical shells. These shells
that enclose the mollusk are made of calcium carbonate secreted by a soft
mantle covering the body.
It is well known that the ecological characteristic of the bottom of the
pearl natural beds plays a vital role in the production
as well as quality of pearls. Rocky or gravelly bottoms
are more suitable. Areas rich in phytoplankton which is
Denticle
Digestive gland
Mounth

Stomach
Rectum
Pericardial cavity
Mantle
Gill
Adductor muscle

consumed by oyster, are good but there should not be

noxious blooms. A mild current is necessary not only as
a source of oxygen-rich seawater, but also to bring in
fresh plankton as well as for the removal of metabolic
products, and the oysters solid waste matter. If the
water current is strong, the formation of the nacreous
layer is faster, but the quality of pearls is inferior.

- Major Genera of Pearl Oysters

Biologists tell us that around 15 genera of oysters
may produce pearls of commercial values: 9 (nine)
belong to the sea-water oysters and another 6 (six) of
fresh-water types. However, only a few that dominates
as the producers of commercial pearls in world trade.
The most well-known of sea-water pearl oysters is of

Basic Anatomy of an Oyster

the genus Pinctada. Pinctada occur in several seas of

the tropical belt and in the sub-tropical region. There
three major Pinctada sub-species: Pinctada Maxima,

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Pinctada Margaritifera, and Pinctada Imbricata/Fucata. Of the fresh-water

types, Hyrriopsis Schlegelli (Biwa pearl mussel) is the most well-known.
The gold/silver-lip pearl oyster Pinctada Maxima occupies the central IndoPacific from Myanmar to the Solomon Islands. Its bio-geographical distribution is stretching along the coasts of Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesian archipelago, the Philippines, down to the north coast of Australia. This species are
found at depths ranging from low tide level down to 80 meters. The central
portion of this range, the Indonesian Archipelago, Papua New Guinea, Australia and the Philippines, has or had prolific shell grounds. Pinctada Maxima
oysters produce South Sea Pearls, due to the fact that their breeding grounds
known as the South Sea.
Pinctada Maxima is observed to have various external colors: light yellowish-brown, green, dark brown or purple. The nacre (i.e. the hard pearly inside
layer of the oyster shell) has a clear and rich luster. Part
of the nacre close to its mouth can have a golden or
silver band of varying width. This gives Pinctada Maxima its common name of gold-lip or silver-lip oyster.
Pinctada Maxima is the largest species of the genus:
its body size ranges from 20 to 30 centimeter with a
weight that may reach up to 6.3 kilogram.
Pinctada Margaritifera, the black-lip pearl oyster,
ranges from the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Sudan, Papua
New Guinea, Australia, French Polynesia, Indonesia,

Pinctada Maxima is the

most well-known of sea-water pearl oysters. Pinctada
occur in several seas of the
tropical belt and in the subtropical region.

Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Southwestern part of

the Indian Ocean, Japan and the Pacific Ocean, the
Gulf of California, and Mexico.
Pinctada Fucata exhibits a variety of color morphs
ranging from the commoner reds and browns to greens,
bronzes and creams. The nacre is of a cream to golden
color with a hard metallic luster. The largest specimens
are up to 10 cm in diameter. Pinctada Fucata also has

Pinctada Maxima oyster, known as Gold - Lip or

a wide distribution from the Eastern Pacific (Venezu-

Silver - Lip oysters produce the rare and most valu-

ela) to the Western Pacific Ocean (Korea and southern

able pearls of gold and silver color.

China), Australia, Indian Ocean to the Red Sea and the

Persian Gulf.

Indonesian Pearls

Hyriopsis Schlegeli is freshwater mussels which are common throughout

the world, but those used for pearl cultivation are mainly found in freshwater
rivers, lakes and ponds. In China they are even found in places like the farmers irrigation ditches. The mussels are extremely adaptable to local conditions. Their luster is usually not as high as with other oysters used for pearl
cultivation.

TYPES OF PEARL
From the way it is formed, we can group pearl into three categories: natural pearls, cultured pearls and imitation pearls. Before the depletion of natural
pearl beds, about a century ago, all pearls that were discovered were natural
pearls. Today natural pearls are very rare, and are often sold at auctions in
New York, London and other international venues at investment prices. Natural pearls are, by definition, all types of pearls formed by accident, without
human intervention. They are the product of chance, with a beginning that is
an irritant such as a burrowing parasite. The chance of this natural occurrence
is very slim as it depends on unwelcome entry of foreign material that the
oyster is unable to expel from its body.
A cultured pearl undergoes the same process. In case of natural pearl, the
oyster is working alone, whereas cultured pearls are the products of human
intervention. To induce the oyster to produce pearl, a technician purposely
implants the irritant inside the oyster. The material that is surgically implant-

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ed is a piece of shell called Mother of Pearl. This technique was found and
developed by a Japanese inventor, Kokichi Mikimoto, who patented the technique in 1916.
Imitation pearls are a different story altogether. In most cases, a glass bead
is dipped into a solution made from fish scales. This coating is thin and may
eventually wear off. One can usually tell an imitation by biting on it. Fake
pearls glide across your teeth, while the layers of nacre on real pearls feel gritty. The Island of Mallorca in Spain is known for its imitation pearl industry.

THE VARIETY OF CULTURED PEARLS

A few well known types of cultured pearls are Akoya Pearls, South Sea
Pearls, Tahiti Cultured Pearls, Freshwater Cultured Pearls plus other types like
Mabe Cultured Half Pearls and Keshi Pearls.

This necklace is composed of four

strands of beautiful Indonesian South
Sea Pearls, adorned by emeralds and
three bigger pearls. The gorgeous
luster of pearls enhanced by the lively

The term Akoya refers to nucleated saltwater pearls cultivated in the Akoya

shiny emeralds create a harmonious im-

oyster. Today, the majority of Akoya pearls are cultivated in Japan, and China.

pression of a splendid piece of jewelry.

Because the oyster is relatively small, its pearls generally grow from 2 millime-

Collection of Permata Bunda

ters to 9 millimeters, or very rarely, 10 millimeters.

Tahiti cultured pearls are cultivated using the local
species of the black lipped pearl oyster Pinctada Margaritifera (ranging in sizes between 12 to 15 centimeters). The more common sizes of the pearls are 9 to 13
millimeters. The exuberant colors of these pearls range
from gold through green to aubergine or purple, to
dark hues including jet black. Generally, the darker the
pearl, the more valuable it is. True peacock black pearls
are quite rare and expensive. Only a limited quantity of
Tahiti cultured pearls develop as a round or a perfect
drop.
Freshwater cultured pearls are cultivated in several
species of pearl mussel. Freshwater mussels are common throughout the world, but those used for pearl
cultivation are mainly found in freshwater rivers, lakes
and ponds. Colors come in white, champagne, cream,

Indonesian Pearls

orange, pink, purple, lilac, mauve, dark blue and brown. However, the bewildering array of attractive colors in which these pearls are presently being
marketed strongly suggests that color treatments are being performed on
these pearls.
Mabe is a term commonly used in the pearl trade to describe a cultured
half-pearl that is grown on the inside of a shell. Depending on the form of the
nucleus the farmer inserts into the oyster, several shapes can be produced,
including round, oval, cushion, drop and heart.
Keshi pearls are naturally formed in the soft tissue of most cultured pearl
bearing oysters. However, these pearls are the by-product of a culturing procedure, and must be recognized as such. Keshi pearls from both white and
black South Sea pearl oysters can reach any size from 4 to 10 millimeters
above. The fact that it is the only pearl resulting from seawater cultivation
without a man-made nucleus makes the Keshi pearl special and appreciated
by true pearl lovers worldwide.

These jewelry masterpieces combine the best

of both tradtiobal artistic heritage and the
splendo of Indonesian mabe pearls. The impressive pieces are hand crafted in silver and
elegantly hand engraved.The brooch and earrings are surely stylish adornment for people
with refined artistic taste, pleasant to see, and
even more to wera.

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Indonesian Pearls

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Indonesian
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South Sea Pearls

World
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Throughout history, the natural South Sea pearl has been regarded as the
prize of all pearls. The discovery of the most prolific South Sea pearl beds of
specifically in Indonesia and the surrounding region like North Australia in
the early 1800s culminated in the most indulgent era of pearls in Europe in
the Victorian era. The South Sea pearl is distinguished from all other pearls by
its magnificent thick natural nacre. This natural nacre produces an unequalled
luster, the one which does not merely deliver shine as with other pearls, but
a complex soft, intangible appearance which changes mood under different
light conditions. It is the beauty of this nacre which has endeared the South
Sea pearl to expert jewelers with discriminating taste over the centuries.
South Sea pearls are naturally produced by one of the largest pearl-bearing
oysters, the Pinctada Maxima, (also known as Silver-Lipped or Gold-Lipped)
oyster. This silver or gold lipped mollusk can grow to the size of a dinner plate
but are highly sensitive to the environmental condition. This sensitivity adds
to the cost and rarity of South Sea pearls. As such, Pinctada Maxima produces
pearls of bigger sizes ranging from 9 millimeters to as much as 20 millimeters
with an average size of around 12 millimeters. Thanks to the nacre thickness, South Sea pearl is also famous for the variety of unique and desirable shapes found. On top of those virtues, the South Sea pearl also
has an array of colors from cream through yellow to deep gold and
from white through silver. The pearls may also display a lovely
overtone of a different color such as pink, blue or green.
Today, as is the case with other natural pearls, the natural
South Sea pearl has almost disappeared from the world pearl
markets. The vast majority of South Sea pearls available today are
cultivated on pearl farms in the South Sea.

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Indonesian
IndonesianPearls
Pearls

THE SPECIAL VIRTUES OF INDONESIAN SOUTH SEA

PEARLS
In order to appreciate the special distinctions of the South Sea Pearls, for
which Indonesia is the leading producer, one can assess their beauty in terms
of luster, color, size, shape and surface quality.
In terms of luster, South Sea pearls, both natural

Pearls with the majestic color

and cultured, have a very distinct appearance. Due to

of Imperial Gold is produced

ner glow which is noticeably different from the sur-

only by oysters cultivated

face shine of other pearls. It is sometimes described as

in Indonesian waters.

rescent light. Occasionally, pearls of very fine quality

their unique natural luster, they exhibit a gentle in-

comparing the glow of candle-light with that of a fluowill exhibit a phenomenon known as orient. This is the
combination of a translucent luster with subtle reflections of color.
The most popular colors of South Sea pearls are
white or white with various colored overtones. Overtones can be almost any color of the rainbow, and are
derived from the natural colors of the nacre of the
South Sea pearl oyster. When combined with a translucent intense luster, they create the effect known as
orient. Colors that are dominantly found include, Silver, Pink White, White Rose, Golden White, Gold Cream,
Champagne and Imperial Gold. Imperial gold color is
the rarest of all. This majestic color is produced only by
the oysters cultivated in Indonesian waters.
South Sea cultured pearls dominate the pearl world

In this grandeur ring, the impe-

in size, and are generally between 10mm and 15 mil-

rial gold pearl is the central point

limeters. When bigger sizes are found, rarer pearls

of attraction. The peridot stone

above 16 millimeters and occasionally in excess of 20

from Burma (green) and Yellow

millimeters are highly prized by connoisseurs.

saphire from Thailand complete

the look.
Collection of Permata Bunda

If beauty is in the eye of the beholder, then South

Sea Pearls offer a myriad of opportunities of beauty to

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behold, as no two pearls are exactly the same. Due to the thickness of their
nacre, South Sea cultured pearls are found in an exciting variety of shapes.
Pearl nacre is a beautiful matrix of calcium carbonate crystals and special substances produced by the oyster. This matrix is laid down in perfectly formed
microscopic tiles, layer upon layer. The thickness of the pearl is determined
by the number of layers, and the thickness of each layer. The appearance of
the nacre will be determined by whether the calcium crystals are flat or
prismatic, by the perfection with which the tiles are laid, and by the fineness
and number of layers of tiles. The effect on the pearls beauty depends on
the degree of visibility of these perfections. This surface quality of the pearl
is described as the pearls complexion.
Although shape does not affect the quality of a pearl, the demand for particular shapes does have a bearing on value. For convenience, South Sea cultured pearls are graded into these seven shape categories. Several categories
are further divided into numerous sub-categories: 1) Round; 2) Semi-Round;
3) Baroque; 4) Semi-Baroque; 5) Drop; 6) Circle; 7) Button.

INDONESIAS IMPERIAL GOLD PEARL IS THE QUEEN OF

SOUTH SEA PEARL
Indonesia produces South Sea Pearls that are cultivated from Pinctada
Maxima, the largest species of oyster. As an archipelago with a pristine environment, Indonesia provides the optimum environment for Pinctada Maxima
to produce high quality pearls. Indonesias Pinctada Maxima produce pearls
with more than a dozen of color shades. The rarest and most valuable pearls
produced are the ones with gold and silver colors. A range of delicate shades,
among others, silver, champagne, brilliant white, pink and gold, with the
Imperial Gold Pearl as the most magnificent of all pearls. The Imperial Gold Color Pearl produced by oysters cultivated in pristine
Indonesian waters is in reality the Queen of South Sea Pearl.

This majestic brooch is a splendid combination of Indonesian South Sea

Pearls and Blue Sapphire. The superb luster of pearls coupled with the
liverly glitters of sapphire gems create a majestic beauty, pleasing the
eyes of the beholders and to the mind of the wearer.

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15

Collection of Permata Bunda

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The Indonesian
Pearling Industries

For nearly 400 hundred year, pearls and pearl

shells have been the most beautiful objects which

have reached the outside world from the many
islands of the Indonesian Archipelago.
DEVELOPMENT PEARL CULTIVATION IN INDONESIA
The trial tests of pearl culture in Indonesia started in Buton, Southeast
Sulawesi as from 1921 by a group of Japanese experts led by Dr. M. Fujita, a
leading researcher in pearl cultivation. The venture was financed by the Mitsubishi Corporation from Japan. The test culture was using the Golden Pearl
Oyster (Pinctada Maxima Jameson) collected from the Arafura Sea, specifically around the Aru Islands Group. After seven years of trial and error, the test
culture finally succeeded in producing rounded pearls with attractive colors
and luster. Thereafter, the sponsor, Mitsubishi Corporation, established the
South Sea Pearl Corp. Ltd. (Nanyo Shinju Kabushiki Kaisha) which was operating the pearl farming business. The operation ended in 1941 due to the World
War II.
In 1958, the trial test activities for pearl culture were resumed by Indonesian
researchers and experts from the Indonesian Center for Marine Fishery. The efforts were then continued by the Indonesian Research Center for Marine Fishery as from 1962. The trial tests for pearl culture of Pinctada Margaritifera were
conducted in the Gulf of Jakarta and in Semayang Island, Riau Islands Group.
The Research Center also tested the pearl culture of Pinctada Lentiginosa in
the Kalabahi Gulf, Alor, East Nusa Tenggara. The tests did not come out as expected. As from 1960, pearl culture activities were started using wild Pinctada
Maxima oysters collected from their natural habitat. From 1990s onwards, pearl
farming started using adult oysters reared from hatcheries.
17

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Pearls

PEARL FARMING ACTIVITIES

Pearl farming activities starts with site selection leading to constructing
pearling facilities for cultivation activities.

Site Selection
In pearl farming activity, the selection of culture site is of paramount importance, since the oysters require specific environmental conditions in which
they can grow healthily and produce high quality pearls. Due consideration
has to be given to critical factors such as salinity, water temperature, speed of
water currents, as well as to being free from industrial and domestic effluents
that pose serious hazards to pearl culture. Sheltered bays are ideal locations
for pearl oyster farms. They offer good protection to the culture structures
such as rafts and cages. Shallow coastal waters where the sea is calm most of
the year also provide a suitable site.

Left to Right
* Checking the oysters in the post-grafting
period.
* Floating rafts are frames to hang the pockets in which the oysters are kept during
cultivation.
* Equipment to operating shell including tools
to insert nucleus.
* Sometimes the oyster will reject the nucleus
but the saibo tissue is retained and a pearl
forms around this. A pearl formed in this
manner is called a keshi pearl.

Pearls Cultivation
Pearl cultivation operation can be divided into several phases as follows:
collection of healthy adult oysters, hatchery production, nursery rearing,
growing, grafting/nucleation, pearl formation and harvesting. At each stage
a number of different culture methods are used. The method chosen depends
upon the species cultured and the location or environment of the cultivation. In Indonesia, pearl farmers have developed methods and techniques for
Pinctada Maxima that have been adapted for specific characteristics of Indonesian tropical marine environmental conditions.

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For the selection of good quality brood stock,

namely the healthy and productive male and female
oysters, before the 1990s the main source for pearling activities was collection of adult wild oysters from
the sea-beds. However, after successful trial testing of
hatchery techniques, as from early 1990s Indonesian
pearl farmers have relied on the hatchery production
for pearling oysters. Hatchery production allows selective breeding for desirable traits and assures a continual supply of juveniles

Pearl Farming & Pearling Process

Ready for

Wild Oysters

Market

Pre-grafting

Selection

Loose Pearls

conditioning
(+/- 2 years of

Two dozwns of
healthy adults

HATCHERY

>12 cm in diameter)

MATURE
OYSTERS

Grafting /

Post-harvesting

inserting the
Nucleus
( 12 - 24 months )

Nursery Rearing

On-growing

40 days

Post-grafting

Pearling culture
(Pearl formation)

HARVESTING

care
(Up to 6 mounths)

(Up to 18 mounths)

( 12 Up to 24 mounths)

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19

During this hatchery phase, oysters larvae need

micro alga (i.e. aquatic photosynthetic organism) as
their food. A balanced diet consisting of a number of
species of micro-algae has been used in commercial
hatcheries for pearl oysters from spawning until settlement. In Indonesia, the pearl farmers needs for larval
feeds are supplied by the Technical Service Units under
the Ministry of Marine And Fisheries Affairs spread all
Taking out the mantle from healthy oyster to get the required characteristics of the intended pearl.

over the pearl farming regions.

Good quality oysters generally will be ready to be
nucleated at 21 to 24 months of age. From the time of
nucleation, it takes approximately 18 months to two
years for the pearl to grow to a desirable size, namely
around 10 to 12 millimeters in diameter. (In extreme
cases, the period may be lengthened up to 3.5 years
after nucleation). A medium quality pearl is estimated

Saibo, a small piece of mantle tissue is taken out of each valve

of the donor oyster.

to have 1,000 layers of nacre on it, resulting in a nacre

thickness of around 0.4 to 0.5 millimeters. A thickness
of around 2 millimeters (nucleus plus nacre layers) after 2 years is just acceptable. The daily deposition of
nacre can vary from zero to seven layers per day. The
main factors that determine the rate of deposition are,
among others, the water temperature and the physiology of the individual oyster. The culture period necessary is also dependent on the size of the nucleus.

The technician carefully inserts the nucleus into the oyster through
a slit into the oysters body.

When the desirable size of pearl is achieved, harvest

can be done. Harvest is done using two methods. For
oyster that has the potential to produce good quality
pearl, the existing pearl will be taken out by another
mean of operation and re-inserted directly with new
nucleus. The rest of the oysters will be killed and the
pearl harvested. Not all oysters harvested produce
pearls. A harvest is considered good when more than
55% oysters harvested are containing pearls.

Harvesting is done by taking out the pearl from inside the oyster. The
one shown is the case in which the oyster is not re-inserted.

20

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The harvested pearls are then washed with neutral soap or salt brine to
remove slime and dirt. Then they are rinsed with clean fresh water, dried and
sorted. Sorting process results in different categories of harvest results: gem
quality pearls, misshapen pearls and reject pearls. The distribution of each
group depends on the quality of men-nature cooperation, where nature dominates. Gem quality pearls are then further weighed and sorted according to
size, color, surface characteristics and luster. Misshapen pearls are marketed
for use in various pieces of jewelry. Reject pearls are used in pharmaceuticals.

The process of inserting the

nucleus into oyster requires the
utmost care.

The nuclei are produced from

freshwater mussels of Unionids
genus found in the Missisippi waters. The shells are cut into cubes
and then rounded off to make
them suitable for insertion.

Indonesian Pearls

21

This magnificent necklace combines

beautifully Indonesian pearls and stylish beads finely

ornamented with dia-

monds. The beads

represent aquatic

animals accompanying the pearl oysters

in the seabeds. The impressive luster of
pearls enhanced by lively glitters of diamonds create an elegant impression of a
lovely piece of jewelry.
Collection of Permata Bunda

22

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GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND PROGRAMS TO SUPPORT

THE PEARLING INDUSTRY
To promote Indonesian pearls, a series of integrated activities have been
organized, among others, promotional exhibition both within the country
and overseas, pearl auctions and trade fairs. The Indonesian Government
through the Ministry of trade encourage and support pearl businessmen to
actively participate in international trade fairs in jewelry so as to penetrate
the world market. On top of those, the Indonesian Government has also established the Annual Indonesian Pearl Auction in Surabaya started as from
2007. This annual event is organized jointly by the Government through the
Ministry of Fishery and Marine Affairs in coordination with Asbumi (Indonesian Pearl Culture Association)
At production stage, the Indonesian Government through the Ministry of
Fishery and Marine Affairs supports the pearling industries through research
and development activities with regards to breeding of high quality oysters
and improvement in pearling activities. The Government also provides high
quality feeds for spats to pearl farming business, on top of providing technical training on grafting and farming management.
As the guidelines for the activities to develop the pearling industries, the
Government promulgated the Presidental Act No.32/1990 on The Management of Pearl Cultivation Areas which regulates spatial arrangements that
specify boundaries to ensure the environmental conditions that are conducive for pearling industries. Law no. 24/1992 on Spatial Management of Land
Use specifies areas allocated for different purposes that includes areas for
pearling activities.
The Government facilitated the establishment of Asbumi (Indonesian
Pearl Culture Association) as the intermediary with the pearling business. As
an independent entity, the organizations overall objective is to collectively
improve the quality of Indonesian pearls in order to have a strengthened position in the world market.

A pearl consists of the nucleus

covered by thousand layers of
conchiolin. Conchiolin is crystalline material that reflects the
lights creating the pearls luster.

Indonesian Pearls

23

PRODUCTION CENTERS OF INDONESIAN PEARL FARMING

As the biggest producer of South Sea Pearl, Indonesia recorded production figure of 12 tons in 2005. This figure is expected to increase to 18 tons
by 2009. Indonesian cultured South Sea pearls are produced in the following
areas: 1) the waters surrounding Bali; (2) Nusa Tenggara (Lombok and Sumbawa); (3) Sulawesi (Celebes); (4) Maluku (Moluccas) islands, and in 5) Papua
Province.
Balis pearl farms are located in the calm waters off the islands north-western coast, in the Buleleng District, near Gerokgak.
Nusa Tenggara is the biggest producer of high quality South Sea Pearls in
Indonesia. There are several pearl farms in the West Nusa Tenggara region of
Lombok, known for its golden pearls from the Gold-Lipped oyster. Lombok
has over 24 active pearl farms, on or near Sekotongs ten islands, on southwestern tip of Lombok. Pearls produced by pearl farms in Nusa Tenggara increased from 689 kilograms in 2001 to 1,800 kilograms in 2005 and around
2,000 kilograms in 2006. In 2009, total pearl production is expected to reach
2.8 tons.

ESTIMATED FARMING AREA POTENTIAL BY

PRODUCTION CENTERS (IN HECTARES)
OTHER, 3,705
B A L I, 18,900

PAPUA, 37,200

NUSA TENGGARA , 23,380

SULAWESI, 10,500
MALUKU, 31,125

(Source: Provincial Offices of Marine and Fishery Affairs)

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Pearl farming on Sulawesi island takes place within Tomini Bay, in the
waters off of the Togian Islands archipelago, and around the Banggai Archipelago off Sulawesis north-east coast.
Maluku (the Molucca islands) are located in the eastern part of Indonesia
near Malaysia. Pearl farming in the Moluccas (Maluku Province) takes place
around the Aru Islands group (Aroe Islands), a cluster of 95 islands in the Arafura Sea, and on Ambon Island in the Seram island group. Pearling has been
a part of Aruese trade for hundreds of years. Pearl culturing began on Aru in
the early 1900s as part of Kokichi Mikimotos quest for the Pinctada maximas
perfect growing conditions.

ESTIMATED PRODUCTION POTENTIAL BY

PRODUCTION CENTERS ( WEIGHT IN TONS)
OTHER, 0.60
B A L I, 3.00

PAPUA, 6.00

NUSA TENGGARA , 3.72

SULAWESI, 1.68
MALUKU, 5.00

(Source: Provincial Offices of Marine & Fishery Affairs)

Papua Province is a remote and unpolluted region that is known as the

The last primitive land on the earth. In this Papua province, pearl farms are
located within the Raja Ampat (Four Kings) archipelago, at Alyui Bays Waigeo
Island.

Indonesian Pearls

25

Production Centers of Indonesian Pearl Farming

Bali
Lombok

Indonesia boasts of having 95,181 kilometers of coastline which is one among the longest in the world
26

World Class Quality Product

Bali

Estimated Potential Production

3,5 Ton
Estimated Potential Farming Pearl
22,000 Ha

Nusa Tenggara

Estimated Potential Production

3,7 Ton
Estimated Potential Farming Pearl
24,000 Ha

Sulawesi

Estimated Potential Production

3,0 Ton
Estimated Potential Farming Pearl
18,000 Ha

Maluku

Ambon
Sulawesi

Maluku ( incl. Ambon )

Papua

Estimated Potential Production

4,0 Ton
Estimated Potential Farming Pearl
26,000 Ha

Papua

Estimated Potential Production

5,0 Ton
Estimated Potential Farming Pearl
32,000 Ha

Indonesian Pearls

27

28

World Class Quality Product

Indonesian Pearls in Figures

Exports by Country of Destinations
Natural Pearls
HS 710110

Thousand USD

COUNTRY
2002
2003
2004
2005 2006
2007*
1 JAPAN
659
1045
561
88
-
76
2 AUSTRALIA
702
-
-
1
-
3 PHILIPPINE
-
-
507
-
-
4 HONGKONG
26
40
117
155
3
5 SINGAPORE
110
-
26
27
-
6 CHINA
-
-
-
38
-
7 OTHERS
19
-
-
5
2
12


TOTAL
1,516
1,085
1,211
314
5
88
* Jan-June 2007

Source: Indonesias Central Bureua of Statistics, 2007

More than half (58%) of Indonesian Natural Pearls (HS 710110) were
exported to Japan. The second export destination country is Australia
followed by Phillipine, Hongkong and Singapore .

Unworked Cultured Pearls

HS 710121

Thousand USD

COUNTRY
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007*
1 JAPAN
6,000
12,299
2,149
4,764
5,146
3,771
2 AUSTRALIA
130
1,656
2,084
4,833
7,315
1,747
3 HONGKONG
993
-
265
101
2
4 SINGAPORE
504
-
16
-
-
5 OTHERS
20
-
-
-
44


TOTAL
7,646
13,955
4,514
9,699
12,508
5,518
* Jan-June 2007

Source: Indonesias Central Bureua of Statistics, 2007

The biggest quantities of Indonesian unworked cultured pearls (HS

710121) were exported to Japan (with an average share of 65%), followed
by Australia (13%), Hongkong (7 %) and Singapore (5 %).

Indonesian Pearls

29

Worked Cultured Pearls

HS 710122

Thousand USD

COUNTRY

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007*

JAPAN

1,065

2,087

116

623

536

437

HONGKONG

1,113

0.36

209

125

SINGAPORE

17

0.05

25

46

119

163

OTHERS

114

0.21

51

32

13

TOTAL

133,178

2,707

* Jan-June 2007

141

722

896

739

Source: Indonesias Central Bureua of Statistics, 2007

Japan is also the biggest export destination for Indonesian worked cultured
pearls (HS 710122), followed by Hongkong (37%)

Articles of Pearls
HS 710122

COUNTRY

JAPAN

HONGKONG

UNITED STATES

CHINA

2003

2004

150

93

82
-

OTHERS
TOTAL

* Jan-June 2007

30

World Class Quality Product

Thousand USD

2002

2005

2006

2007*

174

143

142

12

123

344

33

916

118

20

34

28

65

17

252

131

210

40

385

1,419

Source: Indonesias Central Bureau of Statistics, 2007

Exports By Province
Natural Pearls
HS 710110

PROVINCE

B A L I

2
3
4

EAST JAVA

NUSA TENGGARA

EAST KALIMANTAN

TOTAL

Thousand USD

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007*

297

747

455

D K I JAKARTA

1.081

338

752

243

88

CENTRAL JAVA

110

41

26

27

1,517

1,085

1,211

314

88

* Jan-June 2007

Source: Indonesias Central Bureau of Statistics, 2007

Unworked Cultured Pearls

HS 710121

PROVINCE

B A L I

D K I JAKARTA

NUSA TENGGARA

SULAWESI

PAPUA

SUMATERA

TOTAL

* Jan-June 2007

Thousand USD

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007*

318

1,449

5,454

7,633

1,934

3,363

135

100

3,680

4,283

3,139

48

100

167

48

29

259

56

101

223

223

21

2.,155

2,962

1,158

424

73

6,144

3,252

3.232

9,596

12,188

5,122

Source: Indonesias Central Bureau of Statistics, 2007

After a dip in 2004, Indonesian exports of unworked cultured pearls (HS

710121) rebounded to reach more than US$ 12 millions. The fluctuations
had been influenced by pearling cultivation related to climatic conditions.

Indonesian Pearls

31

Worked Cultured Pearls

HS 710122

PROVINCE

B A L I

D K I JAKARTA

NUSA TENGGARA

SULAWESI

TOTAL

Thousand USD

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007*

182

151

108

687

757

696

1,744

1.937

338

92

42

35

46

380

2,306

2,088

141

722

895

739

Source: Indonesias Central Bureau of Statistics, 2007

* Jan-June 2007

Indonesian export of worked cultured pearls (HS 710122) also experienced a dip in 2004. Thereafter, export values had rebounded, although
had not reached the levels in the previous years. Bali is also the major
exporting port for Indonesian worked cultured pearls (HS 710122).

Articles of Pearls
HS 710122

PROVINCE

D K I JAKARTA

B A L I

EAST JAVA

PAPUA

TOTAL

* Jan-June 2007

Thousand USD

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

109

78

23
-
102

2007*

200

143

93

341

28

123

295

17

120

118

16

130

551

148

385

504

Source: Indonesias Central Bureau of Statistics, 2007

Except for a dip in 2005, Indonesian exports of Pearl Jewelry (HS 711610)
shows encouraging trend to reach almost US$ 400,000. DKI Jakarta is the
dominating export for the product, followed by Bali.
32

World Class Quality Product

The brooch displays the magnificence

of Indonesian South Sea Pearls. The
beholders eyes will be surely attracted
to the two silver white pearls. The skillful hands of Indonesian artisans finely
crafted all the leaves and flowers that
are ornamented with glittering diamonds.
The brooch is hand crafted in platinum
that have been beautifully hand engraved. This brooch will become a stylish adornment for people with refined
artistic taste, pleasant to see, and even
more so to wear.
Collection by
Handara Exclusive Jewelry

Indonesian Pearls

33

Major Importing Countries

J A PA N
HS 710110
HS 710121
HS 710122
OTHERS
12.9%

FR.POLYNESIA
28.7%

HONG KONG
13.0%

INDONESIA
14.1%
AUSTRALIA
31.4%

Source: Intracen, WTO, 2007

Import 2005

For Japan, Indonesia is the third major supplier of all pearl types (HS
710110, plus HS 710121 plus HS 710122), with import shares ranging
from 14% up to 21%.

HONGKONG
HS 710110
HS 710121
HS 710122
OTHERS
23%

USA, PR, USVI

6%

CHINA
14%

INDONESIA
12%
AUSTRALIA
%
Import 2005

JAPAN
19%

(Source:Intracen, WTO, 2007)

In Hongkongs imports, Indonesia has always been a major supplier

of pearls (at the third place) with shares ranging from 12% up to
17%)
34

World Class Quality Product

AU S T R A L I A
HS 710110
HS 710121
HS 710122
USA, PR, USVI
FR. POLYNESIA
7%
8%

OTHERS
18%

HONG KONG
14%

INDONESIA
28%
JAPAN
7%
Import 2005

PHILIPINES
18%
(Source:Intracen, WTO, 2007)

For Australia, Indonesia has been a major supplier for all types of
pearls (HS 710110, HS 710121 and HS 710122) with an average
share of 28%.

Indonesian Pearls

35

World Trade
World Demand for Different Type of Pearls
Cummulative from 2001 to 2005

( Source: Intracen, WTO, 2007 )

The demand is dominated by cultured pearls, namely pearls that

were produced through cultivation of pearl oysters. Of the cultured
pearls, the ones that have been worked (HS 710122) dominated at
an average share of 62%, with unworked cultured pearls (HS 710121)

World Import of All Type of Pearls 2005

Pearls cultured w orked,

$893,009 , ( 64% )

Pearls natural w hether or not

w orked or graded, $71,114
( 5% )

Pearls cultured unw orked,

$432,908 ( 31% )
( Source: Intracen, WTO, 2007 )

The demand for pearl products has steadily increased at annual

average growth of 5.2% in value terms. Total world imports grew
from US$ 1.142 billions in 2001 to reach almost US$ 1.4 billions in
2005. The demand for pearl increased in line with general market
growth of jewelry with precious gems. The precious gems jewelry
accounted for the bulk majority of jewelry sales in the world.
36

World Class Quality Product

Exporting Countries of Unworked Cultured Pearls 2005

HS 710121

Thousand USD

140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
French
Polynesia

Hong Kong
(SARC)

Japan

United
States of
America

Australia

Indonesia

OTHERS

( Source: Intracen, WTO, 2007 )

Exporting Countries of Worked Cultured Pearls 2005

HS 710122

Thousand USD

300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
Hong Kong
(SARC)

Japan

Australia

China

Oceania Nes

Indonesia

OTHER

( Source: Intracen, WTO, 2007 )

Indonesian Pearls

37

 Some Masterpieces of

Indonesian Pearl Jewelry

38

World Class Quality Product

The imagination of Indonesian craftsmen reaches beyond pearls to cover decorative usage of the
smooth and white shell surface of the oysters, the producers of pearls. From their trained hands, a
variety of attractive handicrafts made of the oysters inner shell have been created displaying creative
designs. The creativity of Indonesian craftmanship has combined pearls, natures perfect gems, with
other beautiful materials to produce a great variety of ornaments for the body, including necklaces,
bracelets, brooches, rings and earrings.

Indonesian Pearls

39

Indonesian South Sea Pearls constitute the dominating gems in the above four rings. The ring with Imperial Gold, Pink White and Bluish White Pearls
are enhanced by diamonds, another type of precious gems, framed beautifully onto the surface just beneath the pearl which is the crown jewel of the
ring. In the ring crowned with Silver White Pearl, the piece is also ornamented with Sapphire gems that multiply its beauty. The rings are hand crafted
by skillful Indonesian craft person in gold and wonderfully engraved with utmost refinement. The jewelry artist designed the ring to clearly display the
magnificence of pearls which become the pointer to lead the viewer in enjoying their splendor. Harmonious combination of
gems makes the rings to become majestic ornaments to display artistic taste of the wearer, symbolizing grace and elegance.

40

World Class Quality Product

pearls and other precious

The center point of stylish neckwear is the three elegant

Silver White Pearls coupled with stylish the Blue Topaz
triangle. With the beads made of translucent aqua-marine as the necklace string, the combination of pearls
and topaz creates a piece of jewelry with a class of its
own. Both the necklace and earrings display a majestic
beauty, pleasing to the eyes and soothing the senses of
both wearer and the beholders.

Indonesian Pearls

41

LIST OF EXPORTERS
1 ARTHA SAMUDRA, PT
Jl. Jati Padang Baru Blok D1-A Jakarta Selatan
Telp : (021) 7804361
Fax : (021) 7801674
asjkt@indosat.net.id
CP : Rajendra Nasution

2 BIMA BUDIDAYA MUTIARA, PT
Jl. Gedong Panjang No. 2-BD
Jakarta Barat 11240
Telp : (021) 6918204 - 05, (0374) 44641
Fax : (021) 6918206, (0374) 44641
Cp : Ahasveros Soumokil

3 BIMA SAKTI MUTIARA, PT
Gedung Bidakara Lt 6 Jl. Gatot Subroto
Kav. 71-73 , Jakarta Selatan 12760
Telp : (021) 83793260
Fax : (021) 83793258
CP : Syamsoelbahri

4 BUDIAYA WAEGIO, UD
Jl. Raya Pluit Samudera No. 7
Jakarta Utara 14450
Telp : (021) 6692962, (021) 6346115
Fax : (021) 6622910, (021) 6346117
Pasir Hitam Desa Morus Pulau Waegio Barat
Kab. Raja Empat Papua
CP : Richard Sinaya
6 BUDIDAYA MUTIARATAMA INDONESIA
(BUMI), PT
Jl. Duren Tiga No. 38, Jakarta Selatan 12870
Telp : (021) 7992485
Fax : (021) 7988640, 7992238
CP : Lyta Iswarini Hapsari

8 CAHAYA CERMELANG, CV
Jl.Urip Sumoharjo No. 166 , Makasar 90232
Telp : (0411) 452670 - 71
Fax : (0411) 452460
CP : Harold Tandra

9 CAHAYA KEMILAU ABADI, CV
Jl. Pemuda No. 245 Kolaka, Sulawesi Tenggara
Telp : (0405) 22410
Fax : (0405) 22410
Jl. A. Yani No. 42 C-D Kendari
Telp : (0401) 395886 Fax : (0401) 395889
CP : Herlina Vitus Horens

10 CENDANA INDO PEARL, PT
Jl. Waru No. 26 Rawamangun
Jakarta Timur 13220
Telp : (021) 4700409
Fax : (021) 4892282
ayu@bit.net.id
CP : R.P. Poernomo

11 CHAMAR SENTOSA PT.
Jl. Jenderal Sudirman No. 136 Kupang
Nusa Tenggara Timur 85119
Telp : (0380) 83270
Fax : (0380) 831044
CP : Tony Pitoby

12

42

DAFIN MUTIARA, PT
Jl. Gedong Panjang No. 2-BD
Jakarta Barat 11240
Telp : (021) 6918204 - 05

World Class Quality Product

Fax : (021) 6918206

Jl. Dobo Kab. Maluku Tenggara
Telp: (0917) 21088
Fax: (0917) 21088
CP: Korneles Teb

13 DISTHI KUMALA BAHARI, PT
Jl. Tirtayasa III/8 Jakarta Selatan
Telp : (021) 7265477
Fax : (021) 7232311
dkbjkt@uninet.net.id
CP : Indira Hartato

14 DUTA ARU INDAH, CV
Jl. Ikan Mujair No. 14 Surabaya Jawa Timur
Telp : (031) 3559271
Fax : (031) 3559036
CP : Benny Gunawan

15 HARNACARAKA, PT
Pondok Indah Plaza II No. 14
Jl. Metro Pondok Indah
Jakarta Selatan12310
Telp : (021) 7500158 - 9
Fax : (021) 7500183
CP : Haryadi Usman

16 HIKARI LAMPUNG PERMAI, PT
Jl. Ahmad Dahlan No. 20 Pahoman
Bandar Lampung 3500
Telp : (0721) 26198
Fax : (0721) 251401
CP : Yoshioki Harada

17 KENDARI MUTIARA INDONESIA, PT
GrahaSurya Internusa Build Lt. 12
Suite 1205
Jl. HR. Rasuna Said Kav. X-0 Kuningan
Jakarta Selatan 12950
Telp : (021) 5277784
Fax : (021) 5276676
CP : Seiji Yoshiyoka

18 KOSUMA MUTIARA, PT
Jl. Pemuda No. 26 Mataram Lombok
Nusa Tenggara Barat
Telp : (0370) 641740
Fax : (0370) 634410
CP : Nursia C. Latumahina

19 KRIDA MARGARITAS, PT
Jl. Gedong Panjang No. 2 BD
Jakarta Barat 11240
Telp : (021) 6918204 - 5
Fax : (021) 6918206
CP : Robert Sukendy

22 MANEI SOUTHERN PEARL, PT

Nusantara Building Lt 6 Jl. MH. Thamrin No. 59
Jakarta Pusat 10350
Telp : (021) 31936501
Fax : (021) 31926033
CP : Buddyman Rijono

23 MAXIMA MUTIARA, PT
Jl. Sumbawa No. 21 Menteng ,
Jakarta Pusat 10350
Telp : (021) 3914290
Fax : (021) 31923682
CP : Takajo

24 MEGAPURA ARU MUTIARA, PT
Jl. Petojo Sabangan 8/44 , Jak-Pus 10160
Telp : (021) 3459977
Fax : (021) 3806162
CP : Jhon Andreas

25 MOLLUCAS MARICULTURE, PT
Jl. Raya Pluit SamuderaNo. 7
Jakarta Utara 14450
Telp : (021) 6692962
Fax : (021) 6622910
CP : Norman Z. Analau

26 MUTIARA NUSA BUNGA, PT
Jl. Menteng Dalam Raya No. 3
Jakarta Selatan 12870
Telp : (021) 8299461
Fax : (021) 8299461
CP : Sukamto

27 NTT KURI PEARL, PT
Jl. Senjaya IV No. 96 Jakarta Selatan 12110
Telp : (021) 72792588
Fax : (021) 72792589
CP : Takashi Natori

28 NUSA INA PEARL, PT
Jl. Gedong Panjang No. 2-BD
Jakarta Barat 11240
Telp : (021) 6918204 -05
Fax : (021) 6918206
Jl. Dobo Kab. Maluku Tenggara
Telp : (0911) 34144
Fax : (0911) 34144
CP : Willy Tjoa

29 NUSANTARA PEARL, Fa
Jl. Gedong Panjang No. 2-BD
Jakarta Barat 11240
Telp : (021) 6918204 -05
Fax : (021) 6918206
CP : Anthony Tanios

20

KYOKKO SINJU INDONESIA, PT

Jl. Lombok No. 62 Menteng
Jakarta Pusat 10350
Telp : (021) 31908535 - 6
Fax : (021) 31908537
CP : Sukamoto

30

ORIENTAL MUTIARA INDONESIA, PT

Jl. HR. Rasuna Said Kav. X-O Kuningan
Jakarta Selatan 12950
Telp : (021) 5277784 - 6
Fax : (021) 5276676
CP : Seiji Yoshiyoka

21

MALUKU PEARL DEVELOPMENT, PT

Gedung Arya Lt. 2 Jl. Gondangdia Lama No. 40
Jakarta Pusat 10350
Telp : (021) 3152084
Fax : (021) 3152084
CP : Patria Hanoach Pieter

31

PALOMA AGUNG, PT
Gedung Selmis Lt. 2 Jl. Asem Baris Raya 52
Blok-2 No. 8/9 Tebet Jakarta Selatan 12830
Telp : (021) 8357317
Fax : (021) 8295418
CP : Satrio Wibowo

32

PERMATA BUNDA, CV
Jl. Cikini Raya No. 24 , Jakarta Pusat 10330
Telp : (021) 31934551
Fax : (021) 3106687
CP : Ratna Zhuhry

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RISARIO MUTIARA, CV
Jl. Hasil Raya No. 1 Semarang, Jawa Tengah
Telp : (024) 8318933
Fax : (024) 8446782
CP : A. Kengrry Retranubun
RISUN JAYA, CV
Jl. Blambangan 20 X Kuta, Bali
Telp : (0361) 767177
Fax : (0361) 767176
CP : H. Muhammad Sunhaji
SELAT ALAS, PT
Jl. Tenun No. 8 Cakranegara Kota Mataram
Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat
Telp : (0370) 626819
Fax : (0370) 627360
CP : Budiyanto Halan
TIMOR OTSUKI MUTIARA, PT
Gedung Gajah Unit ABC Lt. 3 A# BIII
Telp : (021) 6692962
Fax : (021) 6692910
CP : Kozuki Hiroaki
TIRTAMAS MUTIARA, PT
Gedung Bidakara Lt 6 Jl. Gatot Subroto
Kav. 71-73, Jakarta Selatan 12760
Telp : (021) 83793260 - 61
Fax : (021) 83793258
CP : Jane Maramis
TOFICO, PT
GMT Building Lt. 4 Jl. Widjaya 1 No. 5
Kebayoran, Jakarta Selatan
Telp : (021) 7252038 / 39
Fax : (021) 7252052
CP : Yoshiyuki Matsumoto
YELLU MUTIARA, PT
Jl. Gedong Panjang No. 2-BD
Jakarta Barat 11240
Telp : (021) 6918204 - 05
Fax : (021) 6918206
Jl. Perikanan No. 53 Sorong Irian Jaya
Telp : (0951) 325400
Fax : (0951) 328201
CP : Fony Gonga

Indonesian Pearl Culture Association

( ASBUMI )
Tiara Buncit Building, Blok A-5, Lt. 2
Jl. Kemang Utara IX No. 9, Jakarta Selatan
12760
Telp. (62-21) 7919 6537, 919 5583
Fax. (62-21) 7919 6537
APPI (Asosiasi Produsen Perhiasan
Indonesia)
Jl. Gajah Mada Tower, Room 2007
Chairman : Loe Iskandar
Secretary General : Iskandar

MINISTRY OF TRADE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

JI. M.I. Ridwan Rais No.5
Building I - 3th Floor
Jakarta 10110 INDONESIA
Phone [62-21] 384 8667, 345 6318,

3841961 Ext1200
Fax.
[62-21] 384 6106
E-mail. mendag@depdag.go.id
(62-21) - 3848666,384 1961 Ext.1384
(62-21)-3441759 sesjen@depda990.id
(62-21) - 384 8662, 3841961 Ext.1226
(62-21) - 384 8662
irjen@depdag.go.id
Secretary General
JI. M.1. Ridwan Rals No.5 Building I, 4th Floor
Jakarta Pusat
Phone Facsimile E-mail
Inspectorate General
JI. M.1. Ridwan Rais No.5 Building I, 10th Floor
Jakarta Pusat

Directorate General of Domestic Trade M.I.

Ridwan Rais No.5 Building I, 6th Floor Jakarta
10110 - INDONESIA
Phone (62-21) - 3858183,385 8193,

Ext.1105, 1103
Fax
(62-21) - 3857338
E-mail. dirJen-pdn@depdag.go.id

National Agency for Export Development

(NAFED) JI. Kramat Raya No. 172
Jakarta 10430 - INDONESIA
Phone (62-21) - 31900901,310 0569

Ex1.413
Fax
(62-21) 319 04914
E-mail. kabpen@depdag.go.id

Directorate General of Foreign Trade

JI. M.I. Ridwan Rals NO.5 Building ii, 1st Floor
Jakarta 10110 - INDONESIA
Phone (62-21) - 3858204, 3860940

Ext.1192, 1104
Fax
(62-21) - 3858190
E-mail djdaglu@depdag.go.id

Commodity Future Trading Regulatory

Agency (COFTRA)
Gedung Bumi Daya Plaza 4th Floor
JI. Imam Bonjol NO.61
Jakarta 10310 -INDONESIA
Phone (62-21) 315 6315
Fax
(62-21) 315 6135
E-mail. kabappebti@depdag.go.id
Website www.bappebti.go.ld

Directorate General of International Trade

Cooperation JI. M.1. Rldwan Rais NO.5 Building
I, 5th Floor, Jakarta 10110 - INDONESIA
Phone (62-21) - 344 0408,3858171

Ext.1004
Fax
(62-21) - 385 8185
E-mail. djkpi@depdag.go.id

Trade Research and Development Agency

(TREDA)
JI. M.1. Ridwan Rais NO.5 Building
17th Floor
Jakarta 10110 - INDONESIA
Phone (62-21) 344 0060, 384 1961

Ext.1360
Facx
(62-21) 345 2393
E-mail kabalitbang@depdag.go.id

INDONESIAN COMMERCIAL ATTACHE

Australia
Indonesian Embassy. 8, Darwin Avenue, Yarralumia
Canberra A.c.T. 2600 Australia
Phone : (6162) - 625 08654
Fax
: (6162) - 62730757
E-mail : atdag-aus@depdag.go.id atperdag@
cyberone.com.au
Website : www.kbri-canberra.org.au

Thailand
Indonesian Embassy . 600 - 602 Petchburi Road
Rajthevi PO BOX 1318
Bangkok 10400, Thailand
Phone : (0066-2) - 2551264, 255 3135 ext.123
Fax
: (0066-2) - 2551264, 2551267
E-mail : atdag-tha@depdag.go.id
indagtha i@hotmail.com

Japan
Indonesian Embassy .5-2-9, Higashi Gotanda
Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 1410022, Japan
Phone : (81-03) - 344 14201,344 70596
Fax
: (81-03) - 344 71 697
E-mail : atdag-jpn@depdag.go.id
hbagis17@yahoo.com

Philippines
Indonesian Embassy . 185, Salcedo Street. Legaspi
Village, Makati City Metro Manila Philippines
Phone : (632) - 892 5061-68, 894 4561
Fax
: (632) - 892 5878, 867 4192
E-mail : atdag-phl@depdag.go.id
perdag@info.com.ph

South Korea
Indonesian Embassy. 55, Yoido-dong Young deoung
po-ku Seoul South Korea.
Phone : (0082-2) - 782 7750, 783 5371
Fax
: (0082-2) - 780 4280, 783 7750
E-mail : atdag-kor@depdag.go.id
stpsdt@hotmail.com

Malaysia
Indonesian Embassy Jalan Tun Razak No.233
Kuala Lumpur 50400, Malaysia
Phone : (0060-03) - 214 52011 Or 21434835 ext. 308
Fax
: (0060-30) - 214 7908, 214 48407
E-mail : atdag-mys@depdag.go.id indagkl@
pd.jaring.my

Peoples Republic of China

Indonesian Embassy . San Li Tun Diplomatic Office
Building B, Beijing 100600, China
Phone : (00861) 653 24748, 653 25400-3014
Fax
: (00861) 653 25368
E-mail : atdag-chn@depdag.go.id
indagbei@public3.bta.net.cn

India
Indonesian Embassy. 50-A Chanakyapuri
New Delhi 110021 India
Phone : (0091-11)-61141000,6886763
Fax
: (0091-11) - 688 5460, 687 4402
E-mail : atdag-ind@depdag.go.id
indoemb@nda.vsnl.net.in

Saudi Arabia
Indonesian Embassy Riyadh Diplomatic Quarter PO.
Box 94343
Riyadh 11693 Saudi Arabia
Phone : (0966-1) - 488 2800, 488 2131 ext.120
Fax
: (0966-1) - 488 2966
E-mail : atdag-sau@depdag.go.id
atdagruhsa@awalnet.net.sa
Egypt
Indonesian Embassy.
3, Aisha EL Taimoira St. Garden City PO BOX 1661
Cairo 1661, Republic of Egypt
Phone : (20-2) - 794 4698,794 7200-9
Fax
: (20-2) - 796 2495
E-maii : atdag-egy@depdag.go.id
hardaw j ndag@access.com.eg
Austria
Indonesian Embassy
Gustav Tschermak Gasse 5-7 Wina A-1180 Austria
Phone : (431) - 476 2341
Fax
: (431) - 479 0557
E-mail : atdag-aut@depdag.go.id
United Kingdom
Indonesian Embassy
38 Grosvenor Square. London W1 k 2HW United
Kingdom
Phone : 44-20) - 772 909613, 749 97881
Fax
: (44-20) - 7945 7022
E-mail : atdag-gbr@depdag.go.id
atperdaglondon@aol.com

Indonesian Pearls

43

Netherlands
Indonesian Embassy . 8, Tobias Asserlaan
2517 KC The Hague, The Netherlands
Phone : (31) - 703108115
Fax
: (31) -7036 43331
E-mail : atdag-nld@depdag.go.id
atperdag@indonesia.nl

Russia
Indonesia Embassy . Commercial Attache Office
Korovy val7 Ent 3, FI. 8 Apt 76 Moscow 117049,
Republic Russia
Phone : (7-095) - 238 5281, 238 3014
Fax
: (7-095) - 238 5281
E-mail : atdag-rus@depdag.go.id atdag@online.ru

Germany
Lehter Strasse 16-17 0-10557 Berlin 53175 Germany
Phone : (49-30) - 478 0700
Fax
: (49-30) - 478 07209
E-mail : atdag-deu@depdag.go.id
budseto@yahoo.com

United Arab Emirates

Indonesia Trade Promotion Center (ITPC) Flat NoA03,
ArbitTower, 4th Floor, Baniyas Street, Deira P.O. Box
41664 Dubai U.A.E
Phone : (971 4) - 422 78544
Fax
: (971 4) - 422 78545

Belgium
Indonesian Mission to The European Communities
Boulevard de la Woluwe 38 Brussels B-1200, Belgium
Phone : (322) - 779 0915
Fax
: (322) - 772 8190
E-maii: atdag-bxl@depdag.go.id atperi ndagbxl@
chello.be

Denmark
Oerehoej Aile 1, 2900 Hellerup Copenhagen, Denmark
Phone : (45-39) - 624 422, 624 883 (D)
Fax
: (45-39) - 624 483
E-mail : atdag-dnk@depdag.go.id
atperindag-de@mail.dk

Italy
Indonesian Embassy Via Nomentana, 55 00161 Rome
Italy
Phone : (0139-6) - 420 0911, 420 09168
Facsimiie : (0129-6) - 488 0280, 420 10428
E-mail: atdag-ita@depdag.go.id lovenatassa@yahoo.
com

Canada
Indonesian Embassy 55 Parkdale Avenue
Ottawa Ontario KIY 1 ES Canada
Phone : (613) -7241100
Fax
: (613) - 724 7932
E-mail : atdag-can@depdag.go.id
budh i@indonesia_ottawa.org
Website : www.indonesia_ottawa.org

Spain
Indonesian Embassy 65, Calle de Agastia Madrid
28043 Spain
Phone : (34-91) - 413 0294
Fax
: (34-91) - 415 7792
E-mail : atdag-esp@depdag.go.id
atperdag@lander.es

France
Indonesian Embassy 47-49 Rue Cortambert Paris
75116 France
Phone : (33-1) - 450 302760, 450 44872
Fax
: (33-1) - 450 45032
E-mail : atdag-fra@depdag.go.id
serdagparis@magic.fr

Switzerland
Indonesian Mission to The United Nations and
Other International Organizations 16, Rue de Saint
Jean
Geneva 1203 Switzerland
Phone : (0041-22) - 339 7010
Fax
: (0041-22) - 339 7025
E-mail : atdag-che@depdag.go.id
a Ifons_ptri@hotmail.com alfons-sa mosir@ties.itu.int
Singapore
7 Chatsworth Road Singapore 249761
Phone : (65) - 6737 5420, 683 95458
Fax : (65) - 6737 5037, 6735 2027
E-mail : atdag-sgp@depdag.go.id
depperindag@paclfic.net.sg
Hong Kong
Consulate General 127-129 Leighton Road Causeway
Bay Hong Kong
Phone : (852) - 289 02481, 289 04421
Fax
: (852) - 289 50139
E-mail : kondag-hkg@depdag.go.id
indaghk@hk.linkage.net hmunandar@hotmail.com
United States of America
2020 Massachusetts Avenue, N. W. Washington DC
ca 20036
United States of America
Phone : (202) - 775 5350, 775 5200 ext. 350
Fax
: (202) - 775 5354, 775 5365
E-mail : atdag-usa@depdag.go.id

Indonesian Trade Promotion Center (ITPC)

Australia
Indonesian Trade Promotion Center (ITPC) - 5ydney
Level 2 , 60 Pitt Street Sydney 2000, Australia
E-mail : itpuidney@depdag.go.id
Brazil
Indonesian Trade Promotion Center (ITPC) - 5ao Paulo
Edifico Park Lane Conj. 111, Alamedia Santos No. 171 Cerquiera
Cesar, CEF: 01419.002 Sao Paulo
Phone : (55) -11 - 326 30472
Fax
: (55) -11 - 325 8126
E-mail : itpc-bra@depdag.go.id
djamia nJgaol@yahoo.com
Japan
Indonesian Trade Promotion Center (ITPe) - Japan
ITM-4-J-8, Asia and Pasific Trade Center 2-1-10 Nanko Kita,
5uminoe-ku
Osaka 559-0034 Japan
Phone : (06) - 6615 5350
Fax : (06) - 6615 5351
E-mail: itpc-jpn@depdag.go.id itpc@itpc.or.jp
Germany
Indonesian Trade Promotion Center (ITPC) - Hamburg
Glockengie~erall17 20095 Hamburg

44

World Class Quality Product

Italy
Indonesian Trade Promotion Center (ITPC) - Milan
Via General Fara 39 Milan
Hungary
Indonesian Trade Promotion Center (ITPC) - Budapest
H-1051 Budapest, Bajcsy-Zsilinszky ut.12, IV Floor, No. 205
Budapest Hungary
Phone : (36-1) - 317 6382
Fax
: (36-1) - 266 0572
E-mail : itpc-hun@depdag.go.id
inatrade@itpc-bud.hu
South Africa
Indonesian Trade Promotion Center (ITPC) - Johannesburg
Suite 02/E4 Village Walk Shopping Centre Sandton Johannesburg South Africa
Phone : (27) - 118 - 846 240
Fax
: (27) - 118 - 846 242
E-mail : firdaus@itpcjhb.co.za

United States of America Indonesian Trade

Promotion Center (ITPC) - Los Angeles
3457, Wilshire, Blvd, Suite 101 Los Angeles 90010 USA
Phone : (213) - 3877041
Fax
: (213) - 3877047
E-mail : itpc-usa@depdag.go.id

itpcla@aol.com

Indonesian Economic and Trade Office

Taiwan (a province of China)

Indonesian Economic and Trade Office to Taipei 6F,

NO.550, Rui Guang Road, Nelhu District
(Twin Head Building) Taipei 114 Taiwan
Phone : (886-2) - 875 26170
Fax : (886-2) - 874 23706
E-mail : tukdei-twn@depdag.go.id
Note:
For your complete reference on the Republic of Indonesia
representative offices
wor!d-wide, please kindly access:
www.deplu.go.id

Indonesian Pearls

45

creative by :
double_P_creative@myway.com
Picture taken by :
double P creative
Darwis Triadi
Disthi
Maku-maku

46

World Class Quality Product

Ministry of Trade Republic of Indonesia

Jl. M.I. Ridwan Rais No. 5. Building 1-7th Floor
Jakarta 10110 Indonesia
Telp. : (62-21) 3440060
Fax. : (62-21) 3452393