Revelutioning the Digital Imaging …………..

Presented by:- Aritra Roy.

E.C.E. , 3rd Year.
University Roll No:- 071430103007.
 Charge-coupled device (CCD) is a device for the movement of
electrical charge, usually from within the device to an area where
the charge can be manipulated.

 This is achieved by "shifting"

the signals between stages
within the device one at a time.

 Technically, CCDs are implemented as shift registers that move

charge between capacitive bins in the device.
 BASICS OF OPERATION
 In a CCD for capturing images, there is a photoactive region and a
transmission region made out of a shift register.

 Image is projected through a lens onto the

capacitor array causing each capacitor to
accumulate an electric charge proportional
to the light intensity at that location.

 A control circuit causes each capacitor to

transfer its contents to its neighbor as shift
register.

 The last capacitor in the array dumps its charge into a charge amplifier,
which converts the charge into a voltage.
 CCD SENSOR
 In CCD, the electrical field at different parts of the surface is controlled by
an array or matrix of electrodes; called the gates.

 When light or photons of high enough

energy strike the surface, electrons
are usually liberated from the surface.
 CCD SENSOR ARCHITECTURE
 Three types of Architecture :--

1. Full-Frame CCD

2. Interline Transfer CCD

3. Frame-Transfer CCD
 INSIDE THE DIGITAL CAMERA
 Inside the digital camera, at first an IR blocking filter is there, followed by a
color separation filter called Bayer Mask.

 And finally it falls on the sensor which

turns it into electrical pulses by
electron to voltage conversion.
IMAGE SENSING
 COMPARISON
CCD Sensors CMOS Sensors

1. Long history of high quality 1. Lower performance in past, but now

performance. providing comparable quality.
2. Moderate Dynamic range.
2. High Dynamic range. 3. Noisier, but getting better quickly.
3. Low noise and best dMax. 4. Relatively low power consumption.
4. High power consumption. 5. Larger pixel size (larger sensors -
5. Small pixel size (small sensors - easier to use within current camera
best to develop new cameras & technology).
lenses). 6. Lower Fill Factor.
6. High Fill Factor.
 ADVANCED CCD – 3 CCD

 Three-CCD cameras have three separate

charge-coupled devices (CCDs), each one taking
a separate measurement of red, green, and blue
light.

 A trichroic prism assembly splits the incoming

light and directs the appropriate wavelength of
light to their respective CCDs.

 Compared to one CCD cameras , three-CCD cameras generally provide superior

image quality and resolution. By taking separate readings of red, green, and blue
values for each pixel, three-CCD cameras achieve much better precision than
single-CCD cameras.
 FURTHER ADVANCEMENTS
 Electron Multiplying CCD (EMCCD):-
In EMCCD a gain register is placed in
between shift CCD register and output
amplifier, to reduce readout noise.

 Super CCD:- It uses octagonal pixels for higher horizontal and

vertical resolution at expense of diagonal resolution than a
traditional sensor.
 APPLICATION
 In Astronomy:-

 In Digital Cameras:-