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FARSI
A COMPLETE COURSE
FOR BEGINNERS

"-t'

IRAQ

.----l3o;*n-L
J-Tku,WAtr-. oiuwerr
written by
Nick Pendar, Ph.D., Iowa State University

edited by
".r
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ZvjezdanaYrzi{

O ilt (t tI

.. ^MUSCAT

Ph.D., and Atousa Mirzaei

Tropic of Cancer

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S A U D IA R A B I A

OMAN

IRAN
YEMEN

2OO

0
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100

4O0 kilomek.'
200 miles

LIVING TANGUAGE'&

ACKTOWTEDGMEilTS
Copyright @ zcr'1 by Living Language, an imprint of Random House, Inc.
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in writing from the publisher.
Published in the United States by Living Language, an imprint of Random House,
Inc.
www.livinglanguage. com
Editor : Zvlezdana Y rzi(.
Production Editor: Lisbeth DYer
Production Manager: Thomas Marshall
Interior Design: Sophie Ye Chin
First Edition
I SBN : 978-r- 4ooo-z347-9
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PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATESOF AMERICA
1098765432r

Thanks to the Living Language team: Tom Russell, Nicole Benhabib,

christopher warnasch, zviezdana verzich, suzanne Mceuade, shaina
Malkin, Elham shabahat, Denise De Gennaro,Linda K. schmidt, Lisbeth
Dyer, Alison skrabek, Tom Marshall, Fabrizio La Rocca,Tigist Getachew,
and Sophie Ye Chin.

0utline
Course
List of Abbreviations
Introduction

ix

How to Use This Course x

Farsi or Persian

xiii

Farsi Writing System

Farsi Alphabet

xiv

The Sounds of Farsi

Reading Farsi
Written vs. Spoken Farsi
VOCABUTARY

GRAM MAR

Greetings and Introductions

Personal Pronouns

PossessiveForms

The Present Tense

PossessiveConstructions
with PossessiveEndings

Lg

Plurals

zo

DefiniteNouns,Indefinite
Nouns, and lralll

2L

Yes/No Questions

j2

Questions Using Question

Words

33

Adjectives

33

Numerals and Partitives

34

Kinship Terms

Home Objects and Colors

Course
0utline

G RAM MAR

VOCABULARY

:1..

_-.tll,,,lJf.,'=$n r

Daily Routine

iftffir'$.,iit'r

D0tffi.'?-,.l l*,'

ffi

Verb Forms

45

Food and Restaurants

Numbers 11-2o

49

Telling Time

5o

Simple PastTense

5T
6z

Negation

63

PrepositionalPhrases

65

Numbers 2r-99

67

Hl$# ff-l# liffi tt$l,I',nA M U S E U M .

Around the City and Giving
Directions

77

Comparatives and
Superlatives

79

Ordinal Numbers

8o

Numbers 1oo-t,ooo

8z

Travel, Months, and DaYsof

the Week

Future Tense

94

Nationalities

95

vl tarsl

i;=|"=',1,il i,l.,-

D o u b l e . . .d i . . . e - : a n d
+
+ Constructions

r2r

Using .4t i flSayred1,rnay,

might)

r22

,i,rlial

PresentPerfect

ry3

Verbs after 0i-13s,

(fxast-anf , to want)

135

Questionswith 'tr-i,r
ry6
(l&qredrl, how much) and
u r+ (/dend ta/, how many)

Hvt=E

Politics,Media, and the

Internet

87
93

L E S S O I {8 DOE 5 T HI 5 F I T

rrg

T E S S O ] Ir r P A R L I A M
ENTA

Counting Units

'

Clothing and Shopping

[:,'"1
,F"'..-'1r'

Health and Doctors

fi

ExpressingLikes and
Dislikes

Hlril ffirs'i#

?.'.,3

Imperatives and the

Subjunctive Mood

'[:s=#$oifi
i'#.i*ffi 'dfi
lN'd p

iil*

6 RAM MAR

r
#l ia;rM IGp r n $'fiN.rgr
ff

, f

ff;'=f,'$$li$ f "f 5 I T Y

Education and Schools

VOCABULARY

Errands and Money

1.o':l

r48

Conditional Sentences

r+g

Embedded Clauseswith eS
(/ke/, that)

r50

Polite Past

16o

PassiveVoice (Present
Tense)

t6t

Middle Voice

L63

The Subjunctive Mood

105

Past Habitual

107

# $$o,m;fl.
ft
$i'nip;#/r=#ffi

Obfect Endings on Verbs

ro8

Work and the Office

C o u r sO
e utline

ffi' wiiil

PastProgressive

iii[n

ffi

Temporal Clauseswith
45
flveqt-i ke/, when)
"$r
Expressing Manner

175

The Modal !"1+(&ayedi,

must)

177

176

V O C A BLUA R Y

Interests and Recreation

LlsToF ABBREUIATIOlIS

6 RAM MAR

Adverbial Clauseswith
d al+ Uja-V,ket/, where)

189

Using; (/por/, full),

# (A*-/,little), and

c.l .0s+ I (hil,/bedun-e/,

without) to MakeAdiectives
Emphatic.S (4"0

Nature, Weather, and Sports

Farsi-English Glossary 2rr

English-Farsi Glossary 247

;n{;;i

Reflexive Pronouns

192

20,4

Exclamatory Sentences

205

Impersonal Construction

zo6

adl

adjective

adv.

adverb

art.

article

aux.

auxiliary verb

colloq,

colloquial

conj.

conjunction

tut.

formal

inter.

interiection

inful.

informal

lit.

literally

n.

noun

nutn.

numeral

p.

preposition

pl.

plural

pro.

pronoun

sg.

singular

v.

verb

tltTROllucTloll
So you've decidedto learn Farsi.Congratulations! Learning a new language
is one of the best and most rewarding decisions you can make in your
lifetime. It opens up a door to a whole new world and a window into the
minds of the people in that world. There is no better way to understand a
nation and communicate with its people than by studying their literature
and culture in their native language. At the same time, learning any new
language is also a major commitment. It takes time, practice, and a great
deal of patience.You learned your native languageduring the first seven or
so years of your life through constant exposure to and use of the language'
You shouldn't expect to learn a new language fluently in any time shorter
than that. However, you can learn the basics of a language, understand
everyday conversations,and make yourself understood to a fair degree in
a couple of years with consistent practice and the right kind of input. This
course is designedto help you take that initial step toward mastering Farsi,
the language of Iran. This course covers most major Farsi grammatical
concepts and basic vocabulary used in everyday situations' It should give
you the head start you need toward becoming a proficient speaker of
Farsi.

HOW TO USETHIS COURSE

This beginner-level course is designed to use both audio and visual
instruction to help you master the basics of Farsi. No previous knowledge
of Farsi at all is assumed.

llrc dialogue.Many will be relatedto the topic of the lesson;some will be

rt'latedto the grammar you'll be learning in that particular lesson.
I)iulogue
't'he
dialogue in each lesson servesthe double purpose of allowing you to
read and hear natural Farsi at work and teaching you about Farsi culture as
well. Read these dialogues carefully; they'll contain the grammar and key
phrasesthat you will be learning later in the lesson. Don't be afraid to read
lhem several times, in fact, and to listen to them on the recordings a few
times as well. Always go at your own pace,and stick with a section until
you're comfortable with it.
Vocabulary
The vocabulary list contains new words from the dialogue as well as
other words related to the overall topic of the lesson.You can refer to this
list while reading through the dialogue, but of course the translation of
the dialogue is also provided. use the vocabulary lists to build a good
foundation for your Farsivocabulary one topic at a time. Experiment with
different methods of learning vocabulary-spoken or written repetition,
flash cards,practice sentences,web searches,etc. Be creative,and find what
works for vou.
Key Phrases
The key phrases section contains more practical words or phrases related
to the lesson topic. Don't worry if you don't grasp the grammar behind
each phrase right away. Treat the phrasesas extended vocabulary lists; the
grammar will be filled in as you progress,and the idiomatic and practical
expressionsyou learn in the key phrasessection will come in handy.

Following this introduction, you'll find a sectionthat teachesyou everything

you need to know about Farsi spelling and pronunciation. Use it in
conjunction with the audio to become fully acquainted with the sounds of
Farsi. Imitate the native speakersthat you hear,but don't be worried if you
don't sound quite native yourself; after all, you're not. Good pronunciation
will come in time. fust use the pronunciation section enough that you're
familiar with the sounds and spelling of Farsi. Then you can begin the
fifteen lessons,each of which is dedicated to a particular topic and to a

Each lesson contains two culture notes. These notes are intended to give
you a window on Farsi culture. The notes cover such topics as food,
clothing, manners, and etiquette, and they also offer practical advice for
anyone traveling to the Farsi-speakingregion.

number of structural points.

Grammar

As a general piece of advice,fight the urge to skip ahead or rush over any
part of this course. It's designed in a careful sequencerand each section
iepresents a building block that adds to everything before it while at the
same time preparing you for everything that comes after it. Always move
aheadat your own pace; if you don't understand something, or if you don't
feel quite comfortable with some point, simply go over it again. That's the
best way to make sure your learning experience is painless and effective.
Each lesson of this course contains the following sections:
VocabularyWarmUp

Culture Notes

Each lesson contains a number of notes on particular aspectsof Farsi

grammar. These notes are introduced in a careful sequence,so that they
build on one another and explain the key structures you encounter in the
lesson,particularly in the dialogue. Each point is explained in plain and
simple language,and there are plenty of examplesto help you understand.
(lrammar can be tricky for many beginning language learners, especially
with a language that looks and sounds so different from English. But
lake your time on the grammar notes. Grammar is the nuts-and-boltsof
irny language learning; without it, you wouldn't know how to put words
Iogether!

The vocabulary warm-up kicks off the lessonwith key words you'll hear in

**--*-x Farsi
I

Howto UseThisCourse

ixi
I
i

Exercises

GIossary

The exercisesin each lessonwill give you more opportunities to practice

the grammar and vocabulary you ve learned in each lesson.Each lesson
includes an answer key at the end so that you can check your progress.

At the end of this book you'll find a Farsi-English/English-Farsi

glossary. It includes all of the words from the vocabulary lists, plus
any important vocabulary that's taught in the grammar notes. It also
includes a wide range of common and practical words that may not
come up in the context of this course. It's not meant as a complete
dictionary but it certainly includes enough to be a valuable reference
tool for the beginning student of Farsi.

Independent Challenge
The most important part of learning a language is practice. These
challengeactivities are designedto give you ideas for finding contexts in
your life where you can practice your Farsi' They're meant as a guide; if
you feel inspired to createyour own independent challengeactivities,go
right ahead.The more contact you have with a language,the better you'll
learn it. And don't forget about the internet. Language learners have
an incredible tool at their disposal-they can find newspapers,blogs,
online references,travel and tourism sites,and much, much more, all of
which can be used to add depth and color to languagelessons.

As you use this course,keep this in mind: languagelearning is a gradual

process; it won't happen overnight. still, with repeated exposure and
practice, you'll find yourself becoming a better and better Farsi speaker
each time you pick up this course. But languagesaren't used by books;
they're used by people. so, if you can, seek out speakersof Farsi where
you live or on the internet. That way, you can practice the languageand
discover new people while you do.

Audio

I+$t-,,#?

The audio portion of this course is divided into two sets: Set A and Set
B.
SetAincludes the dialogue,vocabulary,keyphrases,and severalgrammar
examplesfrom each lesson.This part of the audio course should be used
along with the book, following the order of each lesson and allowing
you to hear the words on the page in spoken Farsi. A good approach is
to read each section first without the audio, so that you're prepared to
get the most out of the audio when you do listen to it. Then, take it stepby-step and listen to each section at a time, always allowing yourself the
time and repetition that you need.
xHelpful Hint: once you've listened to the dialogue severaltimes while
reading along in the book, try listening to it without the help of the book.
This will help attune your ear to Farsi, and it will make understanding
the spoken languageeasier down the line.
Set B is intended to be used on the go to supplement your studies.
It contains the dialogue from each lesson, broken down into easily
digestible sentenceswith English translations. You'll hear pauses after
each line of dialogue; use the pause to repeat the line and practice your
pronunciation. Set B also includes several audio-only exercisesthat do
not appear in the book but are based on exactly the same grammar
points. A good way to make use of Set B is to listen to it following each
lesson,once you've comfortably completed reading the text and listening
to the Set A audio. Use Set B wherever it's convenient for you-in the
car,on the train, at the gym, while you do dishes,in the garden-it's up
to you. You can also use Set B as a review of lessonsyou completed long

/moveffeq baS-id!/
Good luck!

FARSIOR PERSIAl{?
The languageyou are about to learn has two names-Farsi and persian.
The reasonsfor this are historical. A long time ago,from about 64g BCE,
the Persians (a tribe belonging to the people who called themselves
Aryans) ruled a vast area including present-dayIran, Iraq, Afghanistan,
Turkey, Syria, Armenia, and even parts of Egypt. They also had many
battles with the Greeks.The Greekswould call these people perses.The
word then traveled through Europe and ended up in English as persians.
The word Persia was used throughout history by Europeans to refer to
the country of the Persiansand their language.
The people of Persia,however, called their country Iran (from an old
Iranian word meaning the land of the Aryansl and their language parsi,
and later, Farsi.In 1935,Reza shah, the ruling king of persia at the time,
askedthe international community to call the country by its native name,
Iran. Thus the words Persiaand persian gradually lost their popularity
and gave way to Iran and,Farsi as the names of the country and its official
language, respectively.some Iranians still prefer to call their language
"Persian"rather than "Farsi"when they are speaking English in order to
stay connected to their history. In this book we will call the languageby
its native name, Farsi,but from time to time the word "persian" may be
used to refer to the people, culture, and languageof Iran.

ago to keep you on your toes!

'i

x i l : Farsi
1

Farsior Persian?

1..............t...
lI x l l l

F A R S IW R I T I l { G S Y S T E M
The writing systemof modern Farsi is basedon the Arabic alphabet with
a few extra symbols for sounds that do not exist in Standard Arabic.
The script differs significantly in several ways from the English writing
system.

END

First, the script goes from right to left, which means that Farsi books
open from the left. This is something that you should definitely keep in
mind, becausereading a mystery novel backwards is no fun.
Second, many letters are connected to each other within words. This
means that for each letter there could be more than one form, and the
form used depends on the letter's position in the word and whether or
not it can connect to the following letter.
Third, some vowel sounds are not represented in the alphabet. These
vowels are shown using diacritics (small markings above and below
the letters) only in children's books, but they do not exist in writing for
adults.

(-.1

JJ

I'l

lsel

&
IJ

s
J

lil

liiml

i*+

lrl
ht

Itel

4s.

hel

4-s

/xl
**''',
ldt **_
lzl

l*el

4+

/daV

Jil

lzall
lrel

lal tel u

hl
lpl
--l
xiv

Farsi

la-lefI

h:l
lp:l

a
4J*

**

(-i

5
n

S:

oj

sj

ei

cJli

;\

.)

J
-;"
)

)i
;- -l
)
i
.**.;

&

&i
ti

!l
rE

*I

&

&
*lt

&
..- -'.-_t'_'"

Ital

IT

l;;l

TI

lqeynl
'

lrel

Ut*,,
,'rr-.c

vt..

:^f

lg rl

Lltl

karl

LilS

T
T

lla l
lmiml

.ra

T
T

t_e
e)

-(---.;(IJ

*
-**;-;;***-*-

_tr

lnl

lnunl

o9

l"l

lvavl

;l;

s
I

gS .5.

5.

K
rY

T
T
I'

le"rl

LETTER

-r.-

L,J'

f
,-ilj

.--;

There are 32letters in Farsi alphabet. The following table shows the Farsi
alphabet.For eachletter, its different forms, its name, and the sound or sounds
associatedwith it are also shown. BecauseFarsi is written from right to left,
tables containing Farsi text are arranged from right to left, too. Remember to
read the following table and other tables like it from the right.

i BEclll"rNg
itl

77

lzel

l'eynl

NAMEOFTHELETTER

ee
e
_c_

l'"1

F A R S IA T P H A B E T

SOUND

ltu']"yr'

a a

Itel

This means that beginners may have difficulty figuring out the
pronunciation of a word based on its written form alone. This might
sound discouraging at first, but it isn't as hard as you might think,
especially considering that the pronunciation of English words isn't
exactly predictable from their written forms either. Remember how you
learned to pronounce the first f in palient as a sh sound and how you
learned not to pronounce the c in indigt, not to mention the difference
between the i's in each?In order to facilitate learning the Farsi alphabet,
you will be provided with phonetic alphabet pronunciations next to
words where necessarv.

FARSI
ALPHABET

MIDDLE

,I

(J

t:
O

sl
<=

I
*.*"":*-**-*
4
J

ht

h"l

.{-l

J
.t

J
.3

lvl

lvel

tu

FarsiAlphabet

I
- j

,-*.*"*]
JJ

The forms in the column labeled beginning appear at the beginning of

the word, those in the column labeled middle come in the middle of the
word, and the ones in the column labeled end come at the end of the
word.
We can also categorize letters based on whether they get attached to
their adjacentletters, and on which side or sides,as follows:

a.

Forms that attach only to the following letter (the one on their
left):

producethe actualFarsisoundsrepresentedbythesesymbolsbycomparing
the pronunciation guides in the vocabulary sections of the book with the
pronunciations of the words on the accompanyingCDs.To distinguish the
phonetic transcriptionsof the Farsiwords from their English translations,
the phonetic symbols are placed between two slanted lines (/ /).
Phonetic

Symbols

for

Farsi Consonant

Sounds

The table shows the Farsi consonant sounds.The letters that correspond
to the sounds representedby the phonetic symbols appear in boldface
type in the examples.

A
b.

Forms that attach only to the preceding letter (the one on their
right):

Li r# 3 j ) I I e e e e & c! ? c+ t
Ls4 r O t d.(.S

c.

d Li 6 C &

&

S + r l * !J.ll
SS

&,
JJ

!8

J+J
d.

SS

il<.

5.

A P P R OM
X IA T E
E N G L I SSHO U N D

SYMBOL

Forms that attach to both the preceding and the following letters:

*.t.tlb

F A R SCI O N S O N A N T S

lbl

0I

You may have noticed that for some sounds there are severalletters. For
example, the letters L-)a, U and & all represent the /s/ sound, and !
and c3 both representthe /t/ sound. There is a historical reason for that.
As mentioned before, the writing system of Farsi was borrowed from
Arabic after the adoption of Islam. The older writing systems died out
during the period when Arabic was the official language in Iran. The
Arabic sound system is more complex than that of Farsi,and when Persians adopted the script that was written for that more complex sound
system,they ended up with many letters that, to them, all sounded the
same. But instead of dropping those letters from the alphabet, they decided to keep them in words they borrowed from Arabic.

T H E S O U l I I ' SO F F A R S I
The phonetic alphabet that we will be using is shown below together with
a description of what sound each symbol represents and an example of
each.Farsi has twenty-two consonant sounds and six vowel sounds.These
sounds are listed in the tables below. For each phonetic symbol, at least
one illustrative English example (where possible)and one Farsi example
are given to show you what sound the symbol represents.You can learn to
Farsi

l6zl,thing-h
lp-l(l:screw$

church

ldt

door, cord

lda; r l,door ') J

/-ma_dd/,tide l-o

lfl

farm, calf

lfill, elephantd$
lkefl, foam 5i$

lsl

;il,;;;

thl

heart

ttil

i;il, b;Js;

lkl

kite

lrl

lamb

l^l

man

lnl

;;;;

lpl

pool, map

I
XVI

Ita;!1,
:*i"s.itl

Forms that don't attach to their adjacent letters:

ibal, with !.1

lr I

JJ

3,

bat, cab

F A R SEI X A M P L E

TheSoundsof Farsi

lgoll, flower gJK

lseslrdos1(l

lholul,peach3lil
lmehl,fog 43
ljui"l, chifk 4+j|
lkejl, crookedg-\
q-i$
lkifl, bag,purs"
lkr'la,kl, trick .5$'
llampl,lightbulb?fY
dl
lmall,possessiot
,I LE
frrrr-,nf
lkeml,li11lg
f'5
lpuU,-o.,"y cJ-.,:4
llampl,lightbulb ?.7
------l--..-I xvll
I

fl
SYMBOL

A P P R OM
X IA T E
E N G T I SSHO U N D

lql

( s e en o t e r
below)

ltl

root, car (see

note z below)

lsl

soon, bass

Itl

team, bat

F A R SEI X A M P L E

lqofll,lock glri
/qaSoq/,spoond;^il-{
lrahl,road,*ay ol-,1
f sa-lf, head-F

Phonetic

below)

*,r*"
lvelil, but q5J_9
lguul,cow,bull _9lS
lxubf, good+JA
f rr.ixf, nail S*'

lir

t;ii;;

lyurl,."*p;;i;p;

lrl

zebra, maze

t l

l';,1

tt'l

valley, cave

(;;;

";l; 3

;r';';;,i"i;;;;,
beige
( s e en o t e 4
below)

Symbols for Farsi Uowel Sounds

The table below consistsof the phonetic symbols for Farsivowel sounds'
As with the previous table, the letters in the English examples that
correspond to the sound representedby the phonetic symbol appear in
boldface type.

l"upl,soup\f-ry
, cherryg*)S
lgilasl
Itiml , team l#
j acket.:3
coat,
l kotl ,

example,the word ,=rl5 (book)is transcribedas /ketab/,and the word

(librarv)
4jL: i;;rr.) ir tr.ni.ribed as /xane/.Then,the word 4j\-;ijs
will be transcribedas /ketab-xane/.Thistranscriptionhighlightsthe facts
that diLsr.l$ (library)is made up of two smallermeaningfulunits and
that it literallymeansbook house.

friend J$
lroyl: ztncLSJ)

lzibal,beautiful\j
goutj
fb2zl,
lzalel,deit',4llj
I peL-vakl,".iro .Sl:I
l'alif, excellentJ!.
l"n'Yl, effort CSLtt

FARSIVOWELS

:JMBOL

lv

keep, bean

/;i

cape,bait (see
note l below)

lal

at

lvl

suit, boot
bowl, coat (see
ngte 2 below)

lal

fAl_slEXAMPLE
fimanf,faith gLaJl
/sib/,apple!tt/ali/, excellentJLe

;;;;; uli!
;rn;",
6J;;;1,

/mewaly', toothbrush t-Sl o^n+

/se/, three 4-.,r
fenarf,pomegranat" $1
lpederl, father JJd

fuf,he,*" :l

/sut/, whistle sJ$

'l;

Notes:
( t ) T h es o u n d/ q / d o e s n ' e
t x i s ti n E n g l i s hl .t s o u n d sl i k ea g b u t p r o n o u n c e d
with the backof the tonguetouchingthe very backof the soft part of the
r o o fo f y o u rm o u t h ,t h e s a m ep l a c ew h e r et h e F r e n c hr i s p r o d u c e d .

EXAMPTE

bar

, coat,
fkatf
,ti.i;,
+
loose 1 u!
/sol/,

'l^bl,*u,",q.rl
harl,load
-,fu
lbabal,dadt-i-r

( z )T h es o u n d/ r / i s r o l l e d ,a l m o s ts i m i l a rt o t h e l t a l i a no r S p a n i s hr .
(l) /x/ doesn'texistin Englisheither.lt is the soft frictionsoundthat one
hearsin the Germanpronunciationof ch in the word Bach.Thissound is
producedby lightlytouchingthe soft part of the roof of your mouth with
t h e b a c ko f y o u rt o n g u e .
( + ) T h e s o u n d / ' / d o e s n o t t y p i c a l l ya p p e a ri n s t a n d a r dE n g l i s h l. t i s ,
h o w e v e rf,o u n d i n c e r t a i nd i a l e c t s F
. o r e x a m p l e y, o u c a n h e a r i t i n t h e
pronunciation
Cocl<ney
of t in the word bottle, lba'll.
You will also noticethat the phonetictranscriptionsof the words may
c o n t a i nh y p h e n s( - ) . H y p h e n sw i l l b e u s e d t o s e p a r a t et h e m e a n i n g f u l
partsof words (e.9., suffixesand prefixes)from each other to facilitate
p r o n u n c i a t i oans w e l l a s u n d e r s t a n d i nogf t h e m e a n i n g so f w o r d s . F o r

Notes:
( 1 ) T h e/ e / s o u n di n E n g l i s hi s a l w a y sf o l l o w e db y t h e / y / s o u n d ,a s i n t h e
aboveexamples(capeand boit). Farsi,on the other hand, resembles
Frenchin this respect;/e/ is not followedby the /y/ sound'
i s a l w a y sf o l l o w e db y t h e / w / s o u n d ,a s i n c o o f ,
( z ) S i m i l a r l y/ o
, / in English
bowl, or boot, but in Farsithis is not the case.

-J-----x v i i [ , rr si

TheSoundsof Farsi

lxrx
I

READIlIG

FARSI

The letter (9 is also pronounced lyl,when it is precededor followed by

another vowel.

The Uowel lal

g;Y eqglj t-,;l; t!

Let us -now try to make some words with these letters. consider the
letters | (l"l), + (bn, 4 (th, J (/d/), and O (nll. we can make several
words with these.
For example,r-.,J is pronounced labland means water. Rememberto
read from righf to left. what do you think this word rorrrrd, tik t0l+iIf you said /aban/, you are right. gl-lj
1r.trr,"name of the eighth month in
the Persiancalendar.Now try this,gf .lLrl
Yes,it is /abadan/
Ohl+i is the name of a city in southern Iran. Usually,
if lis the first letterin thL word, it appearsas
iand is pronoun ced lal.The
same letter may appear as I at the beginning of a word, but it will sound
like lnl,lel,or lol.

The abovewords, for example,are,from right to left, lyal @rl,lyarf

,(companion, friend), lvayl (wow), and /ay/ (dirt). (Notice that when d and I
are put together,they show up as Y /l"/ )
The Uowel lul
So far the vowels we have been using in our words have been lal and lil.
Here's another one: fuf,which is written with J. But you must be careful
with this one. This letter stands for fulas well as loland even the consonant fvf . Let's look at some examplesof J used for lul.
Our first example is:j

Now try this word: Jlq

This word is pronounced fbuf, and it means smell or scent.

It is pronounced /bad/ and means wind.

Now try this: J-.!

How about this? r..:JE

This time the consonant J /r/ is also used. This word is pronounced
lnurland means light, as in sunlight.

This one is pronoun ced ftabf, and it means swing.

Now take a look at this word:gt-r
It is pronounced fnanf, and it means bread.
And this: clU
what do you think this one sounds like? Did you say
lnabl? yes! This
word meansgenuine.
Now try this: Uh
This should be easy now. It is pronounced
fdanal, and it means
knowledgeable.
Let'stry a longer word: tJlJtJ
This one is the opposite or l-rlr. It is pronounced
fnadanl,and it means
ignorant.

Here'sanother word:J.!i
This one is pronounced lburland means blonde.
Now try these:)J)

6JJJ

, )-S,J-6

,J3i

6JJ*{

They are pronounced, from right to left, /sur/ (banquet), /5uri (salty),
/kur/ (blind), lgurl (grave),/dur/ (far), andfzurf (force).
J is also pronounced fvf , as in 313 fvavf,the name of the letter J; this
pronunciation is usually found when J is preceded or followed by another vowel. Look at these examples:

clls erJl3 .3L .,-913

From right to left, the abovewords aref gavf(cow/bull), lnavl $avy ship),
lvanl pathtub), and /vaf (whale).
The Uowel fof

The Uowel t,l

This vowel is also written in the Farsi script. The letter for it is c9 and all
its variants. Let's look at some examples of its use.

,',.,!l

6j

e;-,; e;J ecJ# 6!rr.r

Thesewords are, from right to left, lsibl(apple),

/bif (shovel), ldirl(late),
I zirI (under),I tizI (sharp), and /bist/ (twenty).

As mentioned before, sometimes J is also used for the vowel lol.Here

are some examples of its use as lol.
3J e3i c_9'r
These words aref nof (new), ltol (you, sg.),and /do/ (two).
J is often used as lol when it's at the end of a syllable, and the vowel is
pronounced lowl (kind of like the English word row). Other times, /o/ is
not written. To help beginners, elementary textbooks may use diacritics
ReadingFarsi

1---:--i XXI

to clarify which vowel follows a consonant. This diacritic, which we will

also use sometimes,is', a little J placed above a consonant. See these
examples:

.LljS ,3i ,J-1]

Thesewords are,from right to left, lbordl (took), ldoml (tail),/5of (loose),

and/pof (bridge),
The Uowel lal
This vowel is not written either. The diacritic used for it is -, a small
slanted line placed above the consonant that precedes it in pronunciation. Look at these examples:

J!

cp- e.l_!,pi ,p,;,+

These words are, from right to left, lbedl pad), hn l (bass), ldeml
(breath), ldr-rdl (pain),/sremm/ (poison),and /serd/ (cold).
lrel may also follow l, as in these examples:

_,pl ,_,;rl 6qbrl ed.r.'u1

Thesewords are,from right to left, f estf (is),/esb/ (horse), lebrl (cloud),
and I a'mrI (order, decree).
The Uowel lef
This vowel is not represented by a letter of the alphabet either. The diacritic used for it to help learners is -, a little slanted line placedunder the
consonant that carries it. Look at these examples:

+t$ elrr rjl

Thesewords are, from right to left,ldei,l (fortress), lsedal(sound,voice),
and/ketab/ (book).

FARSIVOWELS

1"." f-;;*'^-; f-;.;;---f;;;-;;;;;,--i

----" j_/yl_
*
r
i_L_, _l
WRITTEN
SYMBOL

VOWTT

WRINTN
SYMBOL

[:,r-]
k-j---i

Note: Fromnow on, whereverwe want to show a diacriticalone,we will

placeit overor undera smallhorizontalline (J, as in the table above,for
convenience.

GeminateConsonants
Farsi uses geminate consonants especially in words that have been borrowed from Arabic. A geminate consonant is pronounced twice as long
as a simple consonant. Look at the following words, for example, from
right to left. In all of these pairs, the first word uses simple consonants
and the secondone contains a geminate consonant.In beginners'books,
geminates are shown with the diacritic symbol - above the letter.

fderref,valleyoji

lderldoor -,1i

lbetel,child {";

/del,what $

lgellel,herd 41ff,

4(
lgelel,complaint

This should get you started. Other rules about reading the Farsi script
will follow as we progress through the course. Diacritics will be used
in this book, but as the course progresses,their use will be gradually
reduced,especiallyfor known words.

lf lel is at the beginning of a word, then the letter lis used to show it.

o_;l"rJ
,dttj! e,r'ju!
These words are, from right to Ieft, /estep/ (steppe), lesbatl (proof), and
ledarel(office).
If lel is at the end of a word, then it is written with o, as in these examples.

o++ co_;l.tle4r,rc4.r
These words are, from right to teft, lbel (to), /se/ (three), ledarel (office),
and /pedide/ (phenomenon).
The following table summarizes the discussion of vowels and their symbols in Farsi.

W R I T T E l I U S . S P O K E I IF A R S I
Spoken Farsi deviates from written Farsi in many respects.This is of
course true of all languages,but in Farsi it is more noticeable. |ust to give
you an idea of the differences that can exist between words in speech
and in writing, note that in English the form going fo is usually pronounced gonna, and want fo and got toare pronounced wanna and gotta,
respectively.
In Farsi, especially in the dialect of Tehran, many lal sounds turn into /u/
before lml and lnl in spoken language. Also, many common verb stems
get reduced to a single consonant, and many endings change. These differences will be pointed out as we go along.

Writtenvs.Spoken
Farsi

LESSON
I

Hello!
In this lesson, we will learn about basic greetings and introductions in
Farsi. We will also learn about personal pronouns, the possessive construction, and using some simple verbs. But let's warm up with some
common phrases.
In order to get a head start with reading and writing and not get entangled in the alphabet, it is a good idea to learn the shape of each new
word as a whole and not try to break words up into letters in the first
place. Get a pack of index cards, and write each word you learn on one
side of a card and its pronuncialion and meaning on the other side. Review the cards frequently until you can recognize the words and their
meanings iust by looking at their Farsi written form. Then, as you accumulate more cards, you can take out the ones that you know and go
back to them from time to time for review. As you build up vocabulary
and review the alphabet, you will notice that you are also picking up
how the alphabet works.
Also remember that Farsi goes from right to left. First read the Farsi column on the right, then check the pronunciation in the middle, and only
after that should you look at the English translation on the left.

YA R M - U P
I A . U O C A B U L A RW
Hello!

/selam!/

How are you?

/hale Somade-tor
ast?f,/h"le Soma
de-torefl

!c[
rAt.ii,dL=
f.ii -cjt-cf.',','rl
fo-l:l'a'

What is your name?

/esme Somadist?1,
/esme Somaliye?l

6f . ", . ", .H.

r . e- j

Pardon me. / Excuse

me.

/bebaxSid.f
/bebexSin/

.O*.tf+ erl't:.i.t

Good-bye.

/xodahafez.f, fxodafez.f

.lil.ri

t++ W.e,-!

sliL-l,.li

As mentioned earlier, there are consistent differences in Farsi between the written, or formal,language and the spoken, or informal,

language.The pronunciation and spelling of the same words dillt'r

depending on the usage style chosen. For instance, the pronurtt i,r
tion and spelling of verbs differ depending on the style. In all vo
cabulary lists (including the glossaries),both the written/formal :rrtrl
spoken/informal pronunciation and spelling will be provided for tlrr'
same word, with the formal one coming first. In the dialogues, thr'
informal style, pronunciation, and spelling will prevail, as they do irr
everyday communication. In order to help the learner, the written/
formal spellings of all verbs appearing in the dialogues will be giverr
in parentheses at their first occurrence. In the grammar examples,
the spelling will be mainly written/formal unless the example is a
direct quote from the dialogue, where an informal spelling and pro
nunciation were used.

.cp)Kl.:

/daglas./ :/Sebnem/
f( !.r.-lr; dju,ir+
(bebexS-id)
?i
/bebexS-in
,',r.NA
.g*Xl.l fi+ cgtii
oJAi^^,,|

/dust-e Soma hest-enf

.,i3*a C;^;A-# fr^.r1.:OJ4l

folA

l^.'i -dlt=leL

/selam! hale Soma le-tor-e?f

rr.rs I j+li .ori;

"*;S

CJ*Jd OlJd q,55

f(S;.r')

/selam!/

fmnnxubam.

t-"li tu:.r

fOi*i

/iSun dust-e Soher-e mren hest-en./

!ex*

.iJr iF
rtr"ut;'i3;
f("J*i

xeyli memnun. xanum xub

hestan (hastend)|

J*!"b!l

t -l .(#-),^ 4li
f( rll."n; O+\3;

fba,le,mersi.Somainja montrezerekesi
hestin (hestid)f
L fuj.t-.1JJ!.4\
r-ll;l e+ bElS -,11

'(+t .s') r\r

fbe,le, emruz dust-e ma ez kanada be iran

mi-ya-d (mi-a-yed)./

9+1; u *f+*l !..i .i a-sf l.tElSjf

lezkanada? dexub! esm-e-5unfi-ye?l

:cl^l_l
:framinf
:d+t.'

/esmebun hest aqaye jim daglas./ :/Sebnem/

I B. DIATOGUE
Shabnam runs into Ramin at Tehran Mehrabad airport. She is picking
up an old friend of her husband's, Mr. fim Douglas,who is arriving any
minute now from Canada.|im is a Middle East scholar and knows Farsi
well, but this is his first visit to Iran in about fifteen years'

:r:+.^.^'

/key be tehran mi-res-en (mi-res-end)/

.(.yS.,.)+fu O_rlg4 cs.::j; rr"t+.'$_r: cr-15

/(izi ne-mun-de. bayed be-zud-i peyda-5un
be-5-e(be-5ev-ad).i

.ij+.l'

..Ljl=lii..-,. A ;l1.++
/besiyar xob. xodah afez.f

:/Sebnem/

.li'-i-t=lii

:cl+.1-,1

:clrl_,r
:framinf

:-+;
:/Sebnem/

:cll^l_,r
:framinf

:d+;
:/Sebnem/

,,rp"l,r
:framinf
:f:$

fxodahafez.f :/Sebnem/

:framinf

:#+l
:/Sebnem/

:Cl^l_r

Shabnam:

Hello!

Ramin:

Hi! How are you?

Shabnam:

I am fine. Thank you very much. Is your wife fine?

Ramin:

Yes, thanks. Are you waiting for someone here?

Shabnam:

Yes, our friend is coming to Iran from Canada

today.

Ramin:

From Canada? How nice!What's his name?

Shabnam:

Douglas.

Ramin:

Pardon?

Shabnam:

His name is Mr. |im Douglas.

Ramin:

Is he vour friend?

Ehabnam:

He's my husband's friend.

:ltaminl

:fil-i
:/Sabnem/

:.JJ^IJ
:framinf

htron t

Ramin:

When is he arriving in Tehran?

Shabnam:

Any time now. He must show

up soon.
Ail right. Good_bye.

Ramin:
Shabnam:

to

hel

Tehran
how

Good_bye.

/te-torl

what

Comprehensionpractice
flrJ*

fOi."A + a
lli

lady, wife, Mrs., Ms.

fxanomf
,lxanuml

!p)-, . y

.f

fo ,:ti

l*.i -.JU. f

fgj*-e

L,,*, gr'.,,_r.l.y

fiJ[r.ii# .y

c. How do you sayyes,thanksin

Farsi?
.s+,y,4li.f

.l;i1.ls.l
.f

E.What does,.)-, mean?

from/of
name
today
Iran
must
soon
very well, all right
yes

husband

/Soharl

old

/qedim-il

someone

J+i
arll,UJ 5r,r.,UJ
-'j3,.&
(4ti

lkasil

when

,s-,5

keyl
/mersi/
/memnun/

waiting

#
(tr-)-+

o_1,;

fmontezerf

l. a,t

ID. KEYPHRASES

These are the new words

used in the diarogue. Note
that they are in
order.

sir, mister,Mr.

ldustl,/dustan/

JFu4

I C. UOCABUI.ARY

ll"r#"'alphabetical

friend, friends

thanks, grateful

.t

l;'iLrlri

9F

lxeylil

thanks

!+_n.V

D.How do you saygood_bye

in Farsi?
. \ui{ii .\"
!+ d

-]$L bjrf l^.i .l

fiJ$*a s*,.,s

cjt
p3'rti.,trili

lxubl

very a lot

t setMr'Douglas's
name,
howdoes
heaskshabnam
,Tl""J"liil:
"1fr]}

5'c+

[huU

good
A.Ramin wants to know how
Shabam is. What does he say?

JA+

/til, ltel

(physical) condition

the fo,owingquestions
basedon the dialogue
you justprac_

!
dl_rd

Itehranl

n"^"^ii,

to readthesetabres
from right

laqul
lerl
lesm/
/emruzf
liranl
lbaya,dl
lbe-zudil
/besiyar xob/
lbale/

Hello.ffint.)
Good day.
Goodmorning.
Goodafternoon/evening.

l_il
jl

e-J

Goodnight.
How are you? (fmt.)

is-1,.!

How are you? (infinl.)

cll*l

Are you well? (infmt.)

+l+
csr_ri+

Are you well? (infinl)

tJJi Jt+.,+

4Ji

Is you husbandwell?
VmL)
How is your husband?
(infmt.)

/selam eleykom./
/ruzbe-xeyr./
/sobh be-xeyr.f
f asr be-xeyr.f
/5eb be-xeyr./
/hal-etan(,e-tor_e?
f,
/haletun te-tor_e?f
/hal-etde-tor-e/
/hal-et xub-e?l
lxub-i?l
/5oher-etan
xub-end?l
lhal-eSoher-etun
ft-tor-e?f

f5.+J.e fX*
.-*i+ i_l_.r
.Jli+ e*.JH'A+),-L
.Jr*i+ s:i
foJr4. OL]Il.s
foJr.Li crjt-r.
!+.;i cdt.r
f.+A
! rtl o.rOlSy+,.i
OIJA-d -cjL=

foJr+

o
o

What is your name?

(f^t.l
What is your name?

(f*t.l

/esm-eSomati-ye?l
/esm-etanli-ye?/,
/esm-etun lJ'-ye?l

Whatis yourname?
(infmt.l

/esm-et ti-ye?l

What is his/her name?

/esm-e5anli-ye?1,
/esm-ebunti-ye?l

(fr"l.l
What is his/her/its
name?(infml.l

/esm-eb &ye?l

My name is Shabnam.

/esm-e men
Sebnem-e./

His name is Ramin. lf*L)

/esme-Sunramin-e./

His name is Ramin.

(infmt.l

/esm-ebramin-e./

fq;1,",i

-il

UJt*.tl/UE ..,l
!a-s
..3
fqJ=
dt

d!or.,,l

Uj^if-l/6LS.^.,1
f't;;
fqJs., fi.o-l
t.C

'

4.1+.i g* .ill

I F. GRAMMAR

rD

Farsi Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns are words that are used to refer to people or things
without using their names. subject pronouns are used in the subject
position of the sentence-i.e., the beginning of the sentence-to refer to
the person who performs the action described in the sentence.In English, personal subject pronouns are the words I, you, he, she, it, we, you,
and they. English also has a set of object pronouns- me,yott, him, her, it,
tts,yott, and them-and a set of possessivepronouns- mine, yours, his,
hers, its, ours,yours, and theirs.There is also a set of possessivedeterminers in English-my, your, his, her, its, our, your, and their. The pronoun
system in Farsi is far simpler; it only includes the pronouns listed in the
table below.

.4+lJ OJr$4$l
.4+lJ Uif-l

I E . C U T T U RTEO P I CI

F A R SPI E R S O NPAR
LONOUNS

I, mg, my

lma:nl

U.

you, your (sg.)

lt;l

Jl

he/ehe1it,him,rhea

ful,lanl

Greetingsin the PersianCulture

his/her/its

Greetings are very important in the Iranian culture. Family members

and colleagues always greet each other when they meet. It is also very
important to greet people before you start talking to them. Greeting in
the Persian culture is almost a ritual, and it might take longer than it
does in Western societies.During a family or a formal gathering, it is
common to see the same two people asking each other how they are
more than once.This is a form of acknowledging the person's presence
and letting him or her know that you care.

we, us, our

l^l

you, your (pl.)

lSornal

th"y, them, their;

he/she, hisyher

lan-hal; li{anl

)ust starting talking to someonebefore greeting him or her is considered

rude. Using plural pronouns (e.g.,plural youl and plural forms of verbs
to refer to individuals, especiallyelders,is a sign of respectand is used in
formal and semiformal situations. This would be like referring to someone you respect as they, and say things like They are here to mean that he
or she is here. Friends use singular pronouns and verbs to refer to each
other. Farsi does not have gender,which means that there is no distinction between he and she.This is in fact a source of confusion for Farsi
speakerslearning a languagelike English, which has this distinction.

{lss.fuLl

t':

ol r J )

i
l

tl
lj

lrl
\ \.0

Ol4l .t*.1

Notice that there are two forms for the third person singular (he/she/it),
namely,Jl Vun and gi (1""1).The first of thesi formg (:li ir used to refer
to people (male or female), and the second form (gl1 is used for nonhumans. Also note that there are two forms for the third person plural,
rhey-tgii (lan-hall and ULU fli5an/). The first one ($i) is used to refer
to more than one person (they).The secondone (Ut4l) is used to refer to
r single person in a more formal, respectful way; while the meaning of
Ot4lis singular, it is listed as a plural pronoun becauseit is used with a
plural,form of the verb. In spoken language,Ol4l is often pronounced

OJ4l/isun/).
Look at these examples that use personal pronouns.

?rL.J d OlJd e.;.,J Ol4l

/llan key be tehran mi-res-end/
When does he arrive in Tehran?
---------

brron t

-t- - - --- --"'

,7

f lJ --r dfr

,):-'li'ol++l l;;

Here are the present tense forms of the verb gJj

Vbud-anl,to be).
T H EV E R BO i - X ( / b u d - a n / , t o b e ) t N T H Ep R E S E N
TT
ENSE

/5oma inja montezer-e kas-i hrest-idf

Are you waiting for someone here?

..',.r1ij+-l' Jl
/u Sebnem rest./
She is Shabnam.

(I) am

ftast-arnl

(you) are (sg)

ftest-il

'*r:*..

..t^.*;-.

";-**-..,*--'

&jr
t -

rst
2ncl

CrJ-rA
-d""ll1i-i
*:;d

Construction
Possessive

(he/.she/it) is

Possessiveconstructions,like my book,her name,or fohn's bag, arethose

that tell us who something belongs to. In Farsi, the possessoris mentioned last in a possessiveconstruction (literally, "book my"). The noun
group that expresseswhat belongs to the possessoris mentioned first
and is connectedto the possessorwith the vowel /e/, which is roughly
equivalent to the English ol This vowel does not normally show up in
writing, but it is marked in the examples below

(we) are

lhast-iml

(you) are (p/.

and,sg.fmt,l

/hast-id/

+-il

,"a*

/h*;i:;di

$i-.ic

3rd

ON
POSSESSIVE
CONSTRUCTI

my name

/esm-e mren/

your name {sg.}

/esm-e to/

his/her na(ne,

/esm-e uf , f esrn-eanf

our name

/esm-e ma/

your name (pl.

or sg.tfml,l

/esm-e Soma/

'i{-ngy__

their name,
his/her nirme

(sg.f"rtl

/esm-e anha/,
/esm-e iSan/

U^ -f*l
J'l.

tt
L. _e.rl

(thuy) are / (he

/she) is (sg.fr"t.l

-e*l

djl&l .p*l r$i.p*l

g
2
G)
c

rst
at
c
5

Note:The infinitiveformsof verbsin Farsiare madewith the paststem

of
the verb. That is why the verb LJiJ,t is conjugatedas
13"1, etc., in the
table above-that is, usinga very differentroot form. verb forms and the
presentand paststemsare discussed
in lessons4 and 5.
lt"r"

can seerthe stem cr^.6 (/hest/) is given a suffix based on per-

The verbs,''' Jr! (lha.stfi and dr.,rl (restll both mean js, but the former
has an existential meaning-that is, it is used in the same situations
where English speakersuse there is/are. For example:

.,',*i q,rl.is.! t+ll

/inja yek ketab hest./
There is a book here.
But:
.r'r..,f ,,,j1

crrLjS

The Present Tense

/ketab xub est./

The book is good.

Verbs are words that talk about actions.For example,in the sentenceShe
talked to him, the word talked is the verb. Verbs in Farsi are inflected for
tense and person. This means that depending on the time of the action
and the person who performed it, we add prefixes and suffixes to the
verb. Prefixesare meaningful units that are attachedto the beginning of
words, and suffixes are those that are attached to the end of words.

You may have noticed that word order in Farsi is different from English.
ln Farsi, the verb usually appears at the end of a sentenceand follows
the object,whereas in English it usually appearsearlier and precedesthe
obiect, as in the examples below:

The present tense of the verb gi31 (/bud-en/, to be) is conjugated as follows. (When we list all the possible forms of a verb in a certain tense for
all persons,we say that we are conjugating that verb.)

6-

'E

*"-;;

**,.1:---"--!.*,,,,,,,.*..-.....-....,.,,-,,,,:--

r*l

c.li.l*l c-91,p-l

fhestf,lastl

.D

.J1r lJ cl.lt

;.t1.i

flebnem ramin ra did./

Shabnam saw Ramin.

.d*i i$,,r.
/men Sebnem hestem./
lrm Shabnam.

lilon r

--*-----^^---".-i

io
I
i

..jj

This is a very useful verb becausemany verbs in Farsi are created by

combining this verb (and a few other verbs likeJhis) with another word.
For example, the verb fo live inFarsi is OUS JS-,1'7"endegi krerdan/),
which, if translated literally, would mean to do living or to do life in
English.

cl.l: -i

/to ramin hesti./

You are Ramin.

.,',ul d+ Jl
/u jim est/
He is |im.

UsageNote: In spokenlanguage,the third personsingularf6r6 JS .rr

ajS ,r-o (/mi-kon-e/).Thesameis true of all
(/mi-kon-ed/) is pronounced
verbs,i.e., the suffix/-ad/ in writtenform turns into /-e/ in spokenform.
Alsonotethat when a word endsin the vowel/-e/, it is writtenwith e. This
ls notthe sameas the suffix4, which is the spokenform of the verbdr-,|.

..'r:jlb+l t/ma inja hestim./

We are here.

.+$-i OlJi Ji l.',.i'

/5oma der tehran hrestid./
You are in Tehran.

In Farsi, it is also possible to completely drop the subject of a sentence,

becausethe verb already carries information about the subject. For example, instead of saying:

. ri'i..,i [ElS Ji 141l

/anha dar kanada hrestend./
They are in Canada.

/mren drer tehran zende-gi mi-kon-em./

I live in Tehran.

VocabularyNote:Theword JJ (/dar/) meansin or at.

we can say:

.eK.r *Ss-l OlJi Jr rJ

.f'6.r #s-t cll-li-,1:

UsageNote:TheworOlJ (/ra/)in the first exampleis an objectmarker.We

w i l l t a l k a b o u tt h i s m a r k e rl a t e r .

/der tehran zende-gimi-kon-em./

I live in Tehran.

The verb.',,.r1 (/rest/,is). in spoken language turns into the suffix 4

tJ^ -e.^,lflesm-emen ramin-e/,My name is Ramin),as
V.h,".g.,4+lJ
opposed to.'t!Nl Cl*^l-,; Ll .e-,1 (/esm-e men ravmin est/, My name

Dropping the subject is quite common in Farsi.

is Ramin).

IG. REAI'IlIG

The present tense of verbs other than cJij (/bud-en/, to be) is a little
different. Like Uljr, the present stem of other verbs takes a suffix based
on person; unlike cJU, the gresent stem also takes the prefix cs' (/mill.,Fo, example,the verb OJ'F (/kerd-ren/, to do), with the present stem
cls (Aon/), has the following forms.

Read the following sentencesabout Shabnam. Try to get comfortable

with the way the words look. As mentioned at the beginning of the lesEon,when learning the Farsi alphabet, it helps to recognize words as a
whole, in addition to knowing how to put the letters together, to figure
out how to pronounce the words.

Thke a look at the present tense forms of the verb cli-lS (/kerd-ery', to do).

g!'UJ

TE
TNSE
T H EV E R B
i J . J S ( / k a r d - a n / , t o d o ) l N T H EP R E S E N

g.ofur3.r(.rp"f-).i*,j| #
t1*+.d-r^,,|
.dr..,ldU

(I) do

/mi-kon-rem/

(you)_lo(se,)

/mi-kon-i/

(he/shelit) does

/mi kon-ed/

(we) do

/rni;korr-im/

f*"lor d;ss.fui.l
'
t*"rt i", trr"lrrr"l

rs;
"'g;
jjs;

Hello. I am Shabnam.Ramin is my friend. fim is my husband's

frlend. My husbandis Mani.

F+;
',ir"

I I I . C U T T U RTEO P I C2

/mi-kon-id/
/mi-kon-end/

At the airports in Iran, it is quite common to seegroups of family membrrs or friends carrying flowers and waiting to greet their guests.Probrbly the most notable difference for a Western visitor on arrival is how

ri'it.r..c

does(sg.ftnl.l

rb

10!

dr .P-'

i1.o-F-'.i .dr..l g.e -FJ-

hron r

fD

women dress.According to the dress code enforced since the ry79Iqlamic revolution in Iran, women must fully cover their hair and bodies. Depending on their beliefs.and social class, women wearra range
of styles of clothing, from the traditional black sheet called -!$
(/dador/) to a shorter overall-called 3SL. (lmantol, from the French word
manteaul-together with a colorful scarf. You will probably find most
Iranians friendly and yet formal. Men often shake hands and sometimes
lightly kiss their male friends and relatives on the cheeks. Women do
the same with other women. Women don't typically shake hands with
men or kiss them in public. Some women, depending on their religious
beliefs, do shake hands with men, but usually only in a private setting.
People often introduce themselves by their last names. When introducing other people, individuals tend to say that person's title before his
or her last name. SaFng one's own title is unusual. You can learn more
about Iran and Iranian culture by visiting http://persia.org/.

(r)

L,,i dl.- -

(f)

' (o)

.5s; otJ(i
.tj

ea.Ir-r-.r

o-'

L-i .,1j1,.. .C.F 0^ -.ill

f0irls .,.o

(1)

i)^ ,,, .i, .+\ -+

(v)

.+F Jt+.r+-.ill
..Lit-ls, -c.r

C. Use the words in parenthesesto state individuals'names. The first one

is done for you as an example.
cr-,| ,pl;

,g")

g,o p*l s1. e.!nl_; glo f-'l (Cl+l:

(#,t*i)

\.
Vocabularyilote:3 (/va/) meansond.

or2345678910
A. Complete the following sentenceswith the correct present tense form
of the verb oJ-#.

t-sJ.tl,.1. . \

Look back at the first dialogue in this lesson. Ramin wants to know
when |im will arrive in Tehran. He asks,f.ti*,,;X^ OlJ6j 4+ .'$ (/key be
tehran mi-res-end|). Can you conjugate the verb g !"t by comparing
it to the verb gJ-.f discussed above?

olJi -,PL.6 .t
c.rl-1..1
Jr t4.li .f
ir" iti. tl .t
O.. db'JJ

ji

I arrive

we arrive--(t)-you arrive
they arrive

.o

(o)

you arrive

crf

he/she/it arrives

ti'oJ

li.ilS Jr l- .1
A]ISWERKEY
B. Complete the following dialogue using the words below. There are more
words in the list than required.

4r.F
t

.Y

(;u 6ou+l). t

The exercisesare enumerated using Hindi numerals, which are used in

Farsi. Unlike the alphabet, numerals go from left to right, iust like they
do in English. Here is a list to help you remember what they are:

't

.\

(d+ 6rl) .f

Exercises

oJ.lh
(Y)

pL.$ dt* !

dru_9J

!jl+
_.p lil-l.ri

(#-.;lc

('l)

-,-il1

ComprehensionPractice
A. r.

B.z.

C.3.

D.r.

.D

E. hello

(f)

LESSON

Exercises
A.
r'r,"f . f

$i*rA

tji'"t

ft$'*A '1

Jl .o

"1

qL? . f' .,*,,,J^ .f

+"4.1

'\

.j.^,O .o

liit=lri

Welcome,

t\\

!F.\

lt

Jlut

.V

C.

/ .4-it$ t^.$ f-l .Y

.d-,1 p'r.l.$Ge-l

/ .a..5 rl p-ll .f
.d$l

^J+ -ol .*.'l

1-ojl
/ .4^i+.i: Cr*"I-,r
d-,1 p.r'r'.i:Cl^l-,rLf-l

/ .4$l- Otfol.*l .1

.o

c!,,,1.,jU Otll fl

.|rr-,1 ,r.o . o

2A. UOCABUTARY
WARM-UP
lpesarl

suitcase

l(a-medanl, /demedun/

family

c
/xanevade/,/xunevade/ o.ll-9,r-gs o.llg-ls

.\

home, house

fxanef, fxunef

g.o . \

girl, daughter

ldoxterl

company

lEerketl

e-,J d

r'ro6,,,'t16,
v J ' . c v

4iJA sa.lli
'a

(#J

r-'-,1 art .Y

katl

where

kojal

For this section,you need to prepare and maintain a language journal. At the end of each lesson,you are instructed to perform an independent task and write the results in the iournal. These tasks are
deslgned to give you more exposure to Farsi as used in real-world
contexts,and completing them can be extremely rewarding and fun.

bag, briefcase,
purse, wallet

kifl

car, vehicle, machine

/maiin/

28.

Farsi

cisJ$

, i,(

ObuiL

|im has arrived in Tehran and Shabnam will be driving him home.
They have already met and are now walking toward Shabnam's car.
Listen to their conversation that is taking place on the way to the

OlJi ar efi,r+
fo-1A*l

ljim,be tehran xoi amad-i. hal-e xunevade-et :/Sebnem/

de-tor-e?/

l'

DIATOGUE

Drl1iJi-dL:, .cgr,oldF

'

}J5.J

-,11s
b3

work, job

I N D E P E N D E NC
THATLENGE

To start, take another look at the introduction to the Farsi alphabet,

and also visit http://www.omniglot.com/writing/persian.htm for an
alternative introduction to the alphabet. Then try writing a greeting
dialogue of your own using the words and phrasesyou learned in this
lesson.Seeif you can spell your own name in Farsi.

-*-l
14i

;,

boy, son

D.
ei--l G^ .t

In this lesson,we will learn about kinship terms in Farsi. We will also
learn more about possessiveconstructions.The other grammatical terms
that we cover are plurals of nouns and the object marker l; (lrall.

,.sl*i t rrg
.($b_l

.+F

a^i .UJ,i^.,r-tf

+:_XJi^

.f)

,Jt*l

:tl+

,',rcri

lxeyli mamnun. heme xub-end. xanum-em

xeyli be-het selam mi-res-un-e (mi-res-an-ad)
/

.&

:d+"

/doxter-et el'an de kar mi-kon-e (kar mikon-ed)/

:/Sebnem/

g .,s:: iJyl dJ|(+

:fi}+

/nikol el'an tu-ye ye Serket kar mi-kon-e./

:liiml

fdd+3

gjl f-r:t+

c+jjt'i.

:/Sabnem/

-Jq .{S c/ JIS Oli".lr"i a; _! Ol_l_r*

f6.r
JLS4" l.ii

:ir+

f suzan der ye drebir-estan kar mi-kon-e. peser-

:ljiml

:.$

"di;:5:;::;
/peser-em mi-r-e (mi-rev-ed) daneb-gah/

:/iebnem/

fd eoja_j Uitr-l

:fuj+

/esm-ebferhad-e, na-?l

:ljiml

gpl ,41 qrF.oJi

.,.,.i-. JIK+ (l_l) :_,,

:i$

fim:

Susan works at a'high school. What does your son

do?
My son goes to the university.

fim:

His name's Farhad, isn't it?

Shabnam:

Yeah. Well, here's the car. put your suitcase in the

back.

fim:

It's so heavy! I,ll put my briefcasein the back,too.

Very well. Let,sgo home.

Comprehension practice
A.What doesthis phrasemean?crJ.oi
LiF
r. thanks

cSJ.i.!

J' i,i

-,1.r
.l

olK,i:fr Jr .y

dsJ"i
* -1. ,I
.+iS.f _,,tS

.ol3.i:l.roJ (t' .Y

OE-,r*.).! +t . \
.6.r -iS

D. How does fim say /f's so heavylin Farsi?

*Jt iS .r
.+t eJlis:t^

.dq..+Lt_y.y

.4iJA eJj .f

.0ruiL *

,.lll .f

:ljiml

I4rS! J.l5 .t

.r.,r .s Jl+.+ . \

:i$

:/iebnem/

2C. UOCABUTARY
Remember that the words are arphabeticallyorganized
basedon the Far_
si alphabet and that you should read these tables from right
to left. Also
note that the irregular Farsi verbs are followed by their
piesent stems in
parentheses(seelesson4).

Shabnam:

Welcome to Tehran, fim. How's your family?

yeah

larel

|im:

Thanks a lot. Everybody's fine. My wife sends you

her warmest regards.

now

f'reI'anf

university

/daneS-gah/

to attend a university/
to go to a university

/danelgah racftaenf

Shabnam:

What does your daughter do now?

fim:

Nicole works at a company now.

Farsi

c.lE--r+.re5,;_;.t. \

:d+

.dJA (t"-ry) d-D .+F Jl+..^+

','j

3. very well

C. What does Shabnam's son do?

:/iebnem/

/de-qedr seng-in-e! kif-em ro hem mi-gozar

-am'eqab./

'ul

z. welcome

B. Where does fim's daughter work?

ro (ra)be-gozar'e.qa,b.f

/besiyar xob. be-r-im (be-rrev-im) xune./

=
=

Shabnam:

Shabnam.

JD

E. How does Shabnamsay Let,sgo homein Farsi?

/are. xob dige, in ham ma5in. demedun-et

.' . '-i-' rJfK cr^* JJ iS lrisi

. ! t

:il+^

/xanum-et de-tor-e?un koja-stf

cjl$.g+.iL

How about your wife? Where is she?

:ljiml

9(.1S.,. Jq 4jS G- JtS

+ Oyf cuiiS

.{iS (J-oJtS clsJj

Shabnam:

lessonz

oJl

ovl
olK.qf.r
iliit ol3;if.r
_.--_--*--+--i

i17

I
I

(-r-l)os-.r

to go (lrolis the present

stem)

lrreft-anl(lrol\

to send regards/
to say hello

/selam resand-ren/,
/selam resund-ren/

heavy

lsalng-inl

back

l'e,qa-bl
/kar kerd-acnl(lkonll

to work (/kon/ is
the present stem)
to put (lgozarl is
the present stem)

eg.rrl*^r.; p)-,
rJJrj-J 6\

o6i"
, .,-t-.

(O5) oi-F -.rts

(lgozarll (ttK)
fgozait-renf

0,1^ili<

lna,l
one, a

lyekl,lyel

4i
4r c r-5-r

2D. KEY PHRASES

eo)l-,yJilj
ortl-,;.pljA

niece, nephew (brother's

child, sister's child)

/berader zadef,
/xaher zadef

large, great, big, grand

lbozorgl

father

lpederl

grandfather

/peder bozorgf

father-inlaw (wife's
father), mother-in-law
(wife's mother)

/pedar znnf ,
fmader zenf

father-in-law (husband's
father), mother-in-law
(husband's mother)

/peder Soher/,
/mader Sohar/

,-,ltry-l*

cousin (mother's
brother's son, mother's
brother's daughter)

/pesar dayil,
/doxter dayil

s,r+l.t
h

cousin (mother's sister's

son, mother's sister's
daughter)

/peser xalef,
/doxter xale/

,+ll-,A

aunt (mother's sister)

lxalel

4lti

uncle (mother's brother)

ldayil

cs+h

woman, wife (infmll

lzenl

J')

aunt (father's sister)

f'errrrr'ef

t.t

6J-)+

J+i
..(-l:-l!
crj -liL ,ttj -t\

.;AJ-

,r;ll

JJLo

+ii.l

4Jta .;il'i

AtA

uncle (father's brother)

f'a,muf

-*

mother

lmaderl

;oL

grandmother

/mader bozorgf

grandchild

lnevel

spouse

/hemser/

.K-,1; -;.rL
o;1t

_;ir

Spelling
Note:ln mostcases,
the lettersl-ri are pronounced
/xa/,the letter-r
beingsilent.Forexample,the worO-}AlF (sister)is pronounced/xahar/.

2 E . C U T T U RTEO P I CI
FarsiKinshipTerms
As you can see in the vocabulary sections above,kinship terms in Farsi
are quite descriptive and detailed. Farsi speakersdistinguish between
relatives on the father's side and those on the mother's side. In particular, where English usesonly one word, cousin,to describea group of relatives, Farsi uses eight. You can see four of them in the previous section:
,r;lr -r.*d (/peser"dayi/), ,r;l: -Jiil fldoxter d,ayill,all-:, -r.+.r (/peser
xale/), and +JLi _Jii3 (/doxtar xale/). Now.trl to guesswhat these terms
mean: J^c-I.*-i flpeser'emu/), -fc ;iif
(/doxter'emu/), arc u+rr
(/peser'emme/), and 4-ee Jiii (/doxtar'emme/). Right! These are the
cousins on your father's side, whereas the first four terms refer to the
cousins on your mother's side. In-laws each have their own term, too.
For example, where English has the single word father-in-law, Farsi has
two, Oj Jld ilpeder zenfl and -rA:i Jld ilpeder Sohrer/),to refer to
wife's father and the husband's father, respectively. What do you think
(/barader zenll means? Yes,you guessedit. It means wife's
UJ Jllj
brother, a brother-inlaw. But be careful. Order matters. If you switch the
order of the words, the meaning changes.-,yJl-,,p
91 (lzaln berader/)
means brother's wife, a sister-in-law.
It should be mentioned that the use of the word c.tj to mean wife is
colloquial and informal. The more formal form is p-:li flxanom/), as
used in lesson r. Therefore, in all of the above expressions,Oj can be
replaced with r'JA.

2 F . c R A MM A R
Possessive
Construction
with Possessive
Endings
In lesson 1, we talked about the possessiveconstruction in Farsi. We
learned that Farsi speakers can say tF )+l
flpesar-e man/) for my
son or ii!.& ->A-fi(/5ohar-e Sebnem/) for Shabnam'shusband.There
is a shorter way to form possessiveconstructions in Farsi if the possessoris mentioned as a pronoun. Look at the following examples.
Lesson
z

o
n
o

JD

=
=.

them. There are, however, some exceptions,like child/children. We call

these exceptional nouns irregular. Farsi is similar. Most nouns can be
made plural by adding the suffix ta (A"D to them. Most nouns referring
to human beings .urr.-ulrobe made plural by adding the suffix gl ganl)
to them. The irregular plural forms in Farsi usually come from Arabic.

VD
EINGS
U S EO FP O S S E S SEIN
I

my son

tFi

/peser-em/

d,f

fpesar-ntf ,
/pesar et/

your (sg.) son

j(:

:z

r-+-l

*"

/ Ul

:ci

Look at the following examples of regular plurals'

i>

P L U R AFLO R M S
N O U NASN DT H E I R
SOME

:F

lll-)

his son/her son

/peser-re5/,
/pesrer ei/

our son

/peser emarr/

LJLJA+t

l
i

your (p/. or

/pesrer-etan/

v 4

,'rti r-.rr-r

il

sg.full.l son

1'

perAs you can see,in this construction, instead of using the complete
and
(/Soma/)'
L"l
(/ma/),
L
sl
(luh,
,on'ul pronouns c-F (lmenl), i 11to11,
directly
attach
which
versions,
shortened
their
uulng
1*.rrv""n"r, we are
endings and
to the ends of nouns. These short forms are called possessive
are listed separatelYbelow

.D
al

3
I

=
3

SINGULAR

PLU
RAL

7
D

OE.l't

/pesar-eSan/

their son,
his son/her
(sg.fml.l son

al

spouses

/hamser-ha/, ell-,P.ca
/hremseer-an/ Ol Ji-'r^A

boys,
sons

fpeser-haf,
/pesrer anI

,\Y*
OIY*

spouse

fha,msarl

;;

ip;';'l

,*d

;*laA

son

houses

lxane-haf

lA +.lli

houie

fxanef

a:U.

men

lrnard-hal,
/mard-an/

etl't;'o

man

lrrrerdl

a;^

bags

lkif-hal

tA dS

brs

k|f I

.is

mothers

frnada;r-haf,
frnadar-anf

cla_;lL
gl.;.tL

mother

lrnadarl

JJK

Definite

and Indefinite

UlJ;,r

-;

P O S S E S SEI N
VD
EINGS

SINGULAR

PLURAL
our

your
lpt. or
sg.fml.l

i
6Ob :
, c)-9^:
f-elrnanf
l-mrnl
tJ-il t 6OU
f-etanf,
"
l-etunl
cJF t 6cJH t

their,
his/her
(sg.fml)

l-eftanf,
/-e5un/

;";,;,.

,;.;;; ;.,,; ;;;

;,.;;,

2-

my

|arnl

your
(rg.)

l-a;tl,
l-etl

his/
her/it

'6'l-a:(|, cfi =
l-uil

." ;';';';

d.r - rcLl -

;;';;':;';';;

';;

s p e l l i n gi n e a c hc a s e .
Plurals

The word building is a singular noun that has a plural form, buildings,
typically
referring to more than one building. A noun is a word that
In
a
sentence.
of
subject
the
be
can
and
refers to a person,place,or thing
-s or -esto
suffix
the
adding
by
plural
made
be
can
English, most nouns

llouns 3n6 l-,; lral

A definite noun is a noun that is supposed to be known to both the

speaker and the hearer at the time of the conversation; an indefinite
noun isn't. For example,when a speakersays"'I met a man,"the speaker
is mentioning the man for the first time and therefore usesthe indefinite
article o before man, treatirrg man as an indefinite noun. The speaker
may then say,"Themanwas my old math teacher."This time, becausethe
speakerhas mentioned the man before, man is treated as a definite noun
and takes the definite article thebefore it. Farsi is similar. An indefinite
noun is followed by the indefinite suffix C9.For example, the word J-i
(lmnrdll means man, so if you want to say that a man came,you say:
..ul qgr-;,.
/merd-i amed./
A man came.
In written Farsi, definite nouns don't have any markers. In spoken
o;
(l ell'
language, a definite noun ends with the definite suffix
oJ1n
noieximple, in spoken and informal Farsi, the man would be
':-.2'
(/merd/)'
be
(/merd-e/), but in formal written Farsi, it would iust
'iherefore,
the sentence The man came in spoken Farsi would be:

1---Farsi

I r , 5 5 0 n2

121

.fe3l ol-,p
/merd-e umed./

=
o

(tl.) ,!.1'lr

n
o

S p e l l i n gN o t e :l f t h e w o r d b e f o r et h e w o r d , ' , . " f g p 6 l 5i n l , t h e n w e o n l y
write dr^1. Forexample,insteadof writing:

and in written language it would be:

..r.ol .r-.2o
/merd amed./
Recall that many /a/ sounds turn into lulbefore lml and /n/ in spoken Farsi.
If a noun is the obiect of a sentence (the person or thing that undergoes the action in the sentence), then it must be followed by the
object marker, t) (lrall.In written language,using the object marker,
l-1, after indefinite nouns is optional. In spoken language, l-1 is pronouncedJ) (lroll. Look at the following examples:

.e+ d sil-t csr.l.

JD

=
3

.,''",1 L +-p fr-,:.1 3l

/u duts-e xub-e ma est./
He's our good friend.
we write:
.CJ-IU HJs

fr^,,jJ

-91

and we say:
/u dust-e xub-e mast./

2 H . C U T T U RTEO P I C2

/merd-i ra/ro mi-bin-am./

I see a man.

As mentioned in Lesson r, it is important for Farsi speakersto use people's titles when speaking to or about them. The most common titles
are these:

.eJ# d l_,1ry
/merd ra mi-bin-em./
I see the man. (written)
JJ ori
/merd-e ro mi-bin-a-m.l
I see the man. (spoken)
.f+

/dabren/ (ldarll

to have

PronunciationNote:/-e/ turns into /-a/ before/ro/. For instance,in the

(/merd-e/) is pronounced/mard-a/ becauseit
lastexampleabove,o)-.,pc
l-,1(/ra/).
precedes

Pfof3ssor

losyall

Mr. Ms.,Mrs.,Miss

luqayel

Dr.,
_doctol
engineer

/doktoy'

ix11om e/

/mohendes/

--rti*f
- :'--:l
cgl,il .
,'"
t.t

-ts.

.'. -!

-r3s3

(.}ra:

2G. REAI'ITIG
Read the following passage about Shabnam, her husband, and their
friend )im. Are there any words that you don't recognize? Underline

:
.eJlJ-,;'a-e-ir .#./ #$j OlJi )J A.,',.*l r+.,irJ. -e-l
jl
)Jyl .''''"f .lL e 'la-e--e-,1i
e.F-r.cr*"i.t.1E-,-lJ c.s5+
:u-l-il Jl #+..',.r1 eJ+Jl .e-l ..r.,J
cs+ctl;l +r lrElSjI
.&*t-o -gF.rI;A

..',.uJJJl .JlS./ J$j

My name is Shabnam. I live in Tehran. I have a husband. My husband's name is Mani. Today one of my husband's old friends is
coming to Iran from Canada. His name is |im. fim lives in Toronto.
He is a very good friend of ours.

:
.

The most common titles are agtil Taqa-ye/,Mr.) and $s (xanom-ef ,

Ms.), which can be used before a-nyman's or woman's name. For example, if someone'slast name is -,lE (beharll,you can addressthat person
as Jh 6L!l yaqa-ye behar/) or Jh p.ils. flxanom-e behar/), depending
on whether that person is a man or a woman. .lE-l (/ostad/,professor,
master) is a title given to professors as well as to any skilled craftsperson or artist. Ui,rJlF (/mohendes/, engineer) is a title for people who
have an engineering degree, and JrlS.l fldoktor/, doctor) is for people
who have a doctorate degree.One can also use gl-51or iB bufote these
titles. For example, if Jkl iB nur a doctoral degree,you can refer to
her as Jk+ J3SJ p.rLr (/xanom-e doktor behar/, Dr. Ms. B_ahar),and if
Jk+ cgl3l is an engineer,you can call him-.1Q CJ,,\ieo .gtil yaqa-yemohandes behar/, Engineer Mr. Bahar).
It's also common in Farsi to address or refer to relatives by naming
their relationship to us. For example, one might refer to his or her uncle or aunt as ,r.rL -5r"c (/amu mani/, Uncle Mani) or irr-,i aJLs Txale
Sebnem/, Aunt Shabnam).

-__--%--

22i

Farsi

z
Lesson

ll yilrr Lililrr

rilrilt.ttil..

wr.ll ttl wrilll

lrl tr.lr.t lo sonleone

you

(ql- rJlK.4

love, you

r rrn \rrf tlrr.;x.rrtfn'rn.unr,rrrrrllolkrw it with the word c.lb fljanf. for

rfr\f ,rn(f ', Ob ./t- ()r ULF p$ ."., roughly be translated as d,earMani
,rrrrfrlrrrr Shtilnvtm,but it's not quite as formal as "dear" sounds in English. You usually use g$ in an informal conversation, not as the opening of a letter.

eglrns) .Y
sill

(.* .-r. e_.fAr) .r

Exercises
A. Use the short version of possessivepronouns in the following phrases.

.\

:0^ -Ol*

;t-1i.dlL- .f
;L -_Fi3 .o

:-f .-riL .1

coniugate the present tense form of theaerb q+a fldiden/, to see).Recalt ihit the present stem of the verb OliJ is L)# (/bini, see).Fill in the
blanks with the correct form of the verb. The first one is done for you'

le glr,^'r

ciSJ$

olr4+

.f+cr't-rn .\

_FY

\..-l

B. Fill in the blanks using the words given. There are more words in the list
than required. This is a vocabulary exercise,so you need to make sure
that your selectionsyield meaningful sentences.

ptlsK .r

rl .f

Ul .1

l-1
(.,til

A l I S T I I I E RK E Y

.'l

A.z.

ComprehensionPractice
B.3.

C.z.

E '3

D .r .

.Y

.r
.t

Exercises
A.

-iS

'!

_! f.J-t .1

C. For each of the items below, use the words in parenthesesto make two
sentences,one with a singular indefinite object on the line labeled lill
and one with a plural definite obiect on the line labeled $. Follow the
example.

rj,iif,iil- 91 Ui,!J.$L.Y fll+.1

gL-:ii.r.o
O1',,S-2{.1

OtiILr .f
c!_,!L .1

s.r

B.

rJlK d

.o

4" .1

Ol.r"c;.Y Lr gl.t"; . \

C.

'f+# c/ lJ csit''iL 'r.ill

.er# cr. l-,2b UrdL .e.l "l
.\
.qJ- eJlK c*l-tuil+.'-iJl
l't
gl4
.+
.qrit fJlK cr l-l

:(f+i.r^
.er# is+ lJ rr45 .sijl
.er# cr' lJ Ll LigS .tf

SiliGjl'

(e++.r 6dc"'iu)' \
(J

l-l .Y

ds-s.1

eei$)

.-ill

.D
n

JD
(J

,-i1l

;jl -UJ'.iL.\
:kJ --.r! .t

D.

tx# .,4 .1 +p*.f

Lessonz

.o

f*rr.r^ .

r+.r

.Y ci+ c/ .Y

=.
=

t
r'

LESSO

I N D E P E N D E NTH A I I E N G E

to
reading papsager,inthis lesson about Shabnam and her
l"ftl
the
fu-ily. Then take your language iournal and,try to write a sirnilar
paragraph in Farsi'about your own family. Be patient and creativ-e,
and try to include as marrf femily rnernbers as you c;ut in your paragraph. Alternatively, you may draw your family tree and write eaeh
persorCsname beside his or her relationship to you.

Wherels My Room?

In this lesson,we will learn some names of rooms, some basic obiects,
and colors. We also go over yes/no questions, demonstratives, and adfectives, and work a little with numbers.

3 A . U O C A B U T A RWYA R M - U P
bedroom

lotaqxabl

kitchen

f a6-pnz-xanef,
/a5-pez-xune/

there

lan-jal, lun-ial

here

lin-ial

After you, Here

you are.

/beferma-ydl,
fbefa,rma-yinl

how many

Ita':ndtal

bathroom

/hemmam/, /hemum/

restroom

/drest-5u-yi/

4jrij$l

c;l3A $Ef
6+:tijf..li

t+r:l ,t+rl
liiil

O#!-j,q,+l-Jfu

tr+
t'

upstairs, downstairs

/tabeqe-ye balal,
/tebaqe-ye payin/

pretty

lqa:ia:ngl

fit='l'ts'

ts+Jpii-i

ir#L/YU,.6 aiaL

.ft;ii

3 B. IDIAtoGUE
Shabnam and fim have arrived home. |im will stay at the Payamis's
house during his visit. Listen to their conversation as Shabnam shows
|im around the house.

.(-"J-*)

Lr 4iri * OJI.+Ji
O*Jt^-,1rr1.\.

/xob. in hrem xune-ye ma. befermayrn

(befermayid)./

:t$
:/Sebnem/

6El E S .(+rt.r) uriJlr,r5oi! cg+.,_r=

f (.r1l.t)o;l.r., ,lri.
/xune-ye qeireng-i dar-in (dar_id).
dend ta otaq xab dar-e (dar_ed)f

:d+
:liiml

.di*A Yl+ cs 4Et lA cJlJ: .!tjl .E e-,

:i$

/se ta. otaq xab-ha bala hest_en./

:/Sebnem/

fuc_rlr.,;cJ#!6+iJ"

:d+

/tebeqe-ye payin di dar-in/

:liiml

:t+"'

.a+ll++Ct^,,

/dest-e rast dest-bu-yi-e. inja hem hal

o salon-e pezir a-yi-ye.f

:/Sabnem/

fd.r-l+S 4iJi-;.,3'i
f al-prez-xune koia-st/

.t-.r:=jalj

Three. The bedrooms are upstairs.

fim:

What do you have downstairs?

Shabnam:

There is the restroom on the right. And here are the

living room and the reception room.

fim:

Where's the kitchen?

Shabnam:

On the left. And the dining room is in front.

fim:

Where's the bathroom?

Shabnam:

Upstairs, at the end of the corridor.

fim:

Where do I sleep?

Shabnam:

This room is yours.

|im:

It's a largeroom!

Shabnam:

Yes.It has a beautiful view, too. The window is on

that side.

=
-rD
rD
6

=
F

.i

1;.r1l .a*$J,ei-J ,',. olJ fr^.^r.l

J clA *

Shabnam:

CL- g -9l_r_,r
.15 gr^r.r

:lJ.':
:ljiml

:i$

/dest-e dap. ru-be-ruhem salon_e :/Sebnem/

nahar-xor-iye./
fC-l+S

t9.s
/hremmum koia-stf

.:-Al-,r-Fl ,Yt+6 +iJ"

/men koja mi-xab-a-m?l

Answerthe followingquestionsbasedthe abovedialogue.

A. Wherearethe bedrooms?

:tJ+
:liiml
:i$

Itebeqe-ye bala, ;rxer-e rah_ro.f :linbnemf

fe+lr- .,. l+3 ir

Comprehension Practice

?? g:rs.:.f

Cl+"!cS4i+t . Y

Yt+cs4i+t. \

B. When |im wants to know where he sleeps,what does he ask?

.,,"b3 gr .r
rele

9d-,t+S lL"- . Y fo_,11"1

qrl3i 6til E +

.I

.AlS

C. How does Shabnam say on the right?

:ljiml

J}.JJ

.T

r',r,,1_,;f.l,.,.lJ.y

e-s

frurJ

.\

.t

.g$t^.-i

-dt-

$L:l cJ"jf

:il+-

D. Where is the bathroom in Shabnam'shouse?

/in otaq mal-e Soma-st./ :/Sebnem/

tlSJ! clEl
/otaq-e bozorg-i-yelf

.4eJt U3l o+ .olll * a"t+;_,r

6 o_,4,^.tL

JIJJ .f

'aJ.S.
'l ,.

:liiml
.&

:-Sl-,; -r-l

rCl+"!cS4iil" . \
,'r,"f-,; dlr.rj

E. How does fim say that his room is large?

:$-

lbe.le. manzare-ye zlba-yi hem dar_e. :/Sabnem/

penjere un teref-e./

,Yq cs4fot .Y

1..
ci oJrla!.

!o;ll4t;;j

s
.l

.,Jt-.lElOJI.Y

!tS-r-rl-dul . \

Cr^{t-q.-i

3 c. UocABULARY
Shabnam:

Well, this is our house. After you.

room

lotaql

You have a pretty house. How many bedrooms does

it have?

.juf

|im:

end

laxerl

J.l

Lesson
3

tI i29

that
this

g3le gl

lanl, lunl

,'Ul

linl

v,

0 r-s,-lj

window

lpa-nierel

to have (ldarlis the

present stem)

/da5t-en/(ldarl\

(tlr) 6i,'ilr

you have

ldar-idl, ldar-inl

he/she/it has

lda;-a"dl,ldar-el

c.rUlr c q-;l-r
o_;lr, .:_;l.l

(on the) left

/dest-e dep/

i-.s f.t^.r.1

(on the) right

/dest-e rast/

'"'*lJ gJ^rJ

J " I

corridor

lrahrol

:-ral_.r

beautiful

lzibal

ui

reception room

/salon-epezir-a-yif

dining room

/salon-enahar
xorif , /otaq-e
nahar xori/

.s+l;\,Cl-

csJJiJLrLi,iEygll*,,

yours

/mal-e Soma/

\-.'i -dlL

view

fma,nzacref

';1JLL

hall,living room

lhall

dt^

Now concentrate on some additional key phrases related to the topic

of the lesson.

3 D . K E YP H R A S E S

30i
I

Ot4-,r\l

/aparteman/

6l;f
1+
"Fliq

stove

loj"ql

pillow

lbalell

blanket

lpetul

bed

ftextf , ftext-e xabf

mattress

/tosek/

.5::,,3

toilet

Itovaletl

cllj3

light,lamp

lbrasl

yard

lhnyall

Ll;4
l1+-

door

lderl

Farsi

chair

/sendeli/

kitchen cabinet

/kabinete abpaz xanef

furniture

flnvazern-emenzelf ,
/resas-e menzelf ,
/resas-e xane/

dishwasher

/ma5in-e zerf Suyi/

,-i-JrJi .gb!.it^

/maSin-e lebas Suyi/

sJJ.d;"'it
Or,Ll

washing machine

.clJn- -rjlj
4iti/dji. +81

sJJsheet

/malafe, melhrefe/

home, domicile

fmrcnzelf

table

lrrrizl

dining table

fmiz-e nahar xori/

+l3i

frrl

e,j.lii

4i1,t ,+iX
u.y
jt^
qe-l-lijaE

j;^

About the Persian Home

Iranians revere elders and guests.When going through a door, for example, they always stop and let guests or elders go through first. Men
also give way to women. The term that is equivalent to after you in Farsi
and is used in a situation like this is.tpJ-A
fbe-frerma-yid/). When
two people are entering a house or a room, you will probably often see
both of them stop and say +.t-J+ to the other. Elders also say this out of
politeness to younger persons.When entering a home with a guest, Iranians usually open the door for the guest and let their guest enter first.
Most Iranians cover the floors of their homes with hand-knotted Persian
rugs, which they like to keep very clean, so be prepared to take off your
shoes when entering an Iranian home. Iranians usually keep slippers
around for entering bathrooms and kitchens.
In most houses,people receivetheir guestsin a specialgreat room or area
called Cf;{
.Cl*
-,!El flotaq-e pezir-a1i/, reception roo1l),,r+l-l\
(lpazir-a-yif , re(/salon-e pezir-a-yif , reception hall), or simply (rflJi+
ception), where everybody sits on the nicest chairs in the house.This is
different from a living room, which is called dl+l+ -q!El flotaq-e neSimen/). The reception room is reserved for receiving guests, and the
living room is for the family' and casual gatherings. In some traditional
or rural places,everybody sits on the floor, which is usually covered with
hand-woven Persian rugs, too.

Jr
lcsson3

(D

Ji,-'
4ilij+,il g+ls

3 E . C U t T U R ET O P I C I

Itaeracfl

**--*-i--- i

/saxt-eman/

,-iJ$

side

apartment

gLii- t-

building

.D
6

=
F

o
o

3F.

GRAMMAR

Yesfllo Questions
Yes/no questions are those that require a yes or no answer. These
questions are the easiest to make in Farsi. In spoken language, you
can make a yes/no question by changing only the intonafion (melody) of the sentence.A statement in Farsi ends with a falling intonation (i.e.,you lower your pitch at the end of the sentence),but a yes/
no question ends with a rising intonation (i.e.,you end the sentence
with a higher tone). Look at the following examples:
a.jt-;,t&i
.d-,t;il
f alpez-xane inja-st./
Here is the kitchen.
fd.r.',,t+i;l 4ilAj:r,Si
f alpaz-xane inja-st?/
Is the kitchen here?

.d"^,Yl+ct 4i+t iJ^ -dtil

/otaq-e men trebeqe-ye bala-st./
My room is upstairs.
fd!,,}+

c, a-ilJa dF -6Ul
/otaq-e man tebeqe-ye bala-stf
Is my room upstairs?
In written or formal language,you should add the question particle,
l:J (layall, to the beginning of the sentencein addition to using the
rising intonation. Look at the following examples:
.&r1+1 t^.,i L9 a.Js
/xane-ye Somaanja-st./
Your house is there.

QuestionsUsingQuestionWords
Questionswith questionwords are thosethat cannot be answeredwith yes
or no.In English,most of thesequestionsstart with a word like what,who,
why, where, when, or how. Unlike English, question words in Farsi don't
have to come at the beginning of the sentence.They can appearwhere the
answer would appear in a statement,at the end of the sentence.

fd'.,I+S csJ3ijnU _Olt*,,

/salon-e nahar-xor-i koja-stI
Where is the dining room?

.c'-l++l csJJ:jAE _Ct^,,

/salon-e nahar-xor-i inja-st./
The dining room is here.
f,"''"t+S,r.r rrfi-.)
/dest-5u-yi koja-stf
Where is the restroom?
.4i-lJ f$rr ar.lE^ii-rJ61 .,',.u1 ("rvrlJ fr-r.l ,; c&i-rr
/dest-5u-yi dest-e rast est./ or /dest 5u-yi dest-e rast-e./
The restroom is on the right.
f

Ottor fc-r..,'*i ggl

/in di-st| or /in c"-ye?l
What is this?
jf +l
.r+_l_li'_,rLlEj+^ g,rl or .,',. g_.13s._,1b1-i
/in miz-e nahar-xor-i-st./or fin miz-e nahar-xor-i-ye./
This is the/a dining table.
fsl g;$3lor
f rii,ol 4+ 1.61l
/an-ha de hrest-end?l or /un-ha di-rend?/
What are they?

, rrf Jrt.

k :lor.J.ri*,rAJ.:.-

t6jt

fd!.,I-rii 1-.S g 4iLi. Lj

/aya xane-ye Soma anja-st?/
Is your house there?

/an-ha sendmli hast-end.l or lun-ha sendali-end./

They are chairs.

. l$."{ ;l_,pl La$

/5oma iran-i hest-id./
You are lranian.

/hal-e Soma de-tor est/ or /hal-e Soma (e-tor-e?l

llow are you?

f !t'"n al.xl 1..i tj

/aya Soma iran-i hest-id?/
Are you Iranian?
The only difference between these questions and the previous set of
questions is that the latter are formal and are used in writing.

?oJj$ L.,i -dlt or f ,',..,,,1

J,t'

t^^1,dL

.{+J- dJ. .(-l[s, or. cLr^"1c+ oS,dF dLr

/lraf-e mren xub est./ or lhal-e men xub-e./
l'm fine.

ldJectives
Arfjectives are words that modify nouns. They are words like big,
vnall, and round that help describe the properties of objects. In Engllsh, adjectivesprecedethe noun they modify. Farsi is the opposite.
l,ike possessiveadjectives,other adjectivesin Farsi follow the noun

hron 3

f
.D
rD

=
F

o
o

3
.{

object, Farsispeakerssaythe number and then mentionthe object. For

example,three tablesis Xrar (/se miz/). Noticethat, unlike in English,
y o u d o n ' t h a v et o p l u r a l i z e
t h e n o u n a f t e ra n u m b e rl a r g e trh a n o n e ;t h a t
is, you say:

they are modifying, and they are linked together and to the noun
with the vowel , (lell.For example, a large room in Farsi is

.3-,r: -dtll .!
/yek otaq-ebozorgf .
When the preceding word ends in a vowel (e.g.,+rlA lxanell,then l-el
appears as E (lyefi. For instance, a beautiful house in Farsi is
h_l .,g +lLi'.!
/yek xane-ye zibaf,

and
jd^ 4^'.r
lse rrlizl
three tables

and o beautiful big house is

t+j f_1r.(., 4j1A.!

/yek xane-ye bozorg-e zibal.

and not

The ordering of adiectives is not fixed in Farsi. Therefore, when

there is more than one adjective present, they can be ordered in a
number of different ways.

tA-;^ 4.,,
lsemiz-haf.
Often, after the numeral, Farsi speakersuse the word.lrl (/aded/) or ti
(ltafi as a counting unit for the object they are mentioning. For instance,

l{umeralsand Partitives
Like adjectives,numerals can modify nouns. For example, instead
of just talking about one table, we can mention two, three, or more
tables. In Farsi, numerals come at the beginning of a noun phrase,
iust like in English.
N U M B E ROS- I O
*****j

J+J*

f j

l".l

.'.''.'.''..''''''''...''':
t

Yi
' i

4.!r

**

lEeEl

d+rt

heftl

dri6

lha,xtl

,'.,'i6

lno}al

4.3

ldre}al

aJ

1i

-*--f**34i
i

\.

,
l

Note: Numeralsin Farsiare written from leftto right,just like in English;

therefore,to is written as \ .. When talking about more than one of any
Farsi

both mean three tableq but literally they could be translated as three
units of table. The word ti is informal, and JJs is more formal. The following is a summary of all this.

!,tjJ.5+
/yek ketab/
one/a book

r-rEJ E 3.t
/do ta ketab/
two books (infuLl

i-,"*i.

j ten
a, .
i.-****'

and

ur.liJ _9.t
/do ketab/
two books

five

eight
.
i rune

\r

ly"kl

slx

Ji.e JJe 4-\t

lse a,da,dmizl

jf. ti 4*^,
f se ta mizf

ldol

f
rD
.D
6

=
F

J*".5*
lyekrrrizl
one table

lsefrl

cr.tl$ J'{c aJ
/do aded ketab/
two books (frnl.)
Note::.ls (/edad/) is only usedfor non-livingobjectsand not for people,
a n i m a l so, r p l a n t s .

hsson3

o
o

Partitives are expressionsthat contain one of, two of, part of, some of, or
the like. In Farsi,they are constructed as follows:

=
-

3G. READtilG

.D
.D

Read the following passageabout Shabnam and Mani's house

PARTITIVES

4*,' J +irt 3t k l-.S +rl-: .S_,;hhj _c,4.,L: .! dt^ J

iS
UIl*^,,.,fl-.;g+C1*.',LJIAe.,+efi-,r.r;lJ c;lri1.3El
JJ^ .! .rX$A dJ-""!g; +irt -.2r4jlsjtr.il J crJFJLaLr
-d-r.t^-rjlJ .'''',+-,;yiJLaUCl^., -,rrl::
-csJJiJLaE
Y\ cs +lJa -;.: t-l +l:= cjEl .$3-,A .<j^i! .,J;i GrL^J i+$
.,+hj a; o-.;.LLeJ+-dEl .,',.r1:-Sl-,r.,pl -,2-rel4r.$3."A
.r;lr * -t!=.!
dL J i+^l .9 a1l-.r_2lr

part of

lbaxl-i ezl

a number of

fte'dad-i nzf

a few of

/dend ta rezf

two of

;;;;i
"

riiti"
"i*

one of

jl

15$.'lj*

jl u+

lqadr-i azl

il /ss\ E cJ
---jill.!

lkr:m-i ezl

jl

lli,viiil

li"*

ldo taazl

.r
l
*.
Jl (5-uts.+ i

--l\t1

"r^S
F.

Study the following examples:

.d-,'l+ll ta 6El jl .*
lyek-i ez otaq-hain-ja-st./
One of the rooms is here.
. rii..,{ Yl{ Lajr jl E 3.:
/do ta ez miz-habala hest-end./
TWo of the tables are upstairs.

.$i$A .3t:

jl E +
ta gt-o3-.;tr.i

/dend ta ez aparteman-habozorg hest-and./

Some (a number) of the apartments are large.
.eJ,r#./ lJ Ll Ul-ii[-, jl grlrri
/te'dad-i ez saxt-eman-hara mi-bin-im./
We see a few of the buildings.
.d!.1 .t+JU dlA jl ,r,lf+
/bex5-i ez xan-e tarik est./
Part of the house is dark.
VocabularyNote:e!-,18 (/tarik/)meansdork.

$:
x

=
n
o
o

Shabnam and Mani have a beautiful house. Their house has two
floors and three bedrooms. The restroom, living room, reception
room, dining room, and kitchen are downstairs. There is a large
dining table in the dining room. Shabnam and Mani's furniture
is very pretty. The bedrooms are upstairs. The bathroom is at the
end of the corridor. |im's room has a beautiful view. Shabnam and
Mani's house has a yard, too.

2
! H . C U T T U RTEO P T C
Architecture

in lran

There is archaeologicalevidence that architecture and urban planning

date back ten thousand years in Persia.Persians,who used mathematics
and geometry in architecture, had a great and widespread architectural
influence on the ancient world. The two original designers of the city
of Baghdad,for instance, were both Persian.Iran is among the top ten
nations in the world in terms of its number of ancient architectural sites
and has been labeled one of the "cradles of civilization" bv the United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

Exercises
A. Make questions using the question markers or question words given.
TWo are done for you as examples.
Examples:
9db'l+S .,.r Eii-J

:(l;S

e.r.r

"$i-.t)

f$."A l;4l Ltr61-:l(Lj) :(l+41 61^JUI)

:(1;S eta.rJrt. ) . \

-t36i
I

Farsi

Lesson
3

l"

:(l*-j.l .c-9-D-JtaUjJ^) . Y
:(r.5; su."l) .f

f
f

:(u+'tdl) 't

:(1;S eb ,.rlrA 6Ul) .o

:(t++l'rL".) .1
gll^^,
:(.r+l;+
-2.t,ta-,*^) .V

f
f

A ] I S W E RK E Y

=
-

fD

Comprehension practice

.D
6

A.r

B.3

C.z

D.z

E.r

o
o

Exercises

A.
f rii. o l.,-SlA Jl,.

9c!,I+irl r.s_)JiJnE_rr(t-,) .t

B. Change the second sentencein the example below using the phrase given in parentheses.The first one is done as an example.
Examples:

!o+ +ts1!.',.",,r.
OJI.f
fJlii

.-,,
iltr*fffii$

:('+i) . ' l
:(et+) . Y
:(#)

.r
.o

:(#)

.1

:(J.'t' )

f ri1.-{ c;l:*

gi . \
.dl- l+j _,381
.dul p5 -cj- t+j -citjl ui . Y

.d-,1 #

.dr^.'lp;; -dL Uj _j*. Oi .f

.'"'"'l l*+ -dl- $l+ -.;,'-OI .t
.d&il4.i.cJ- Jtl+-jJ^ OI .o
.d!,14^i-dt- 4fuS_j;.oOi .1
.C!.'t4^i.dt +td -t.:i.-

\.

r-rlt*,_! te;p. (l+D .V

B.

C. Write these numerals in words.

/t(

1.6-rjlor! ri'i,,,..r t4.ii . t

f$iaA l+S 14 r=rl-9icrtil .o

9dr.,I+-i;l d-- (LlD .l

:(til.,.) . t
:(H)

.\

Oi .V

C.

g{.o
D. How would you say these sentencesin Farsi?

oi.\ .

Jl{-:

.t

43 1

4+.'.f
, " ' . ? . i. I

j.Y
clii .v

'l

dJ
&s

1 Lrllrl

r. Two of the girls are here.

D.
. rii."{ l+ll LA-$.: jl E 3l . \
. rii."{ 4ig(lA J,',. jl g.:l.rri .y
tA 6El jl ti + .f
. ri'i."{ .!Ji

z. A number of the chairs are old.

3. A few of the rooms are dark.

.cr-l -i gt cit.l jl (J*i3+ . t

rii,,,'r
.(_l-,1 ta;g. jl E a*,,.o
.

4. Part of the building is new.

5. Three of the tables are large.

-t

,tl

Farsi

lnron 3

i39

LESSON
INDEPENDENT

What's He Doing?
In this lesson you will learn about daily routines, some verb forms, the
present progressive tense, and how to tell time. You will also learn a
little bit about Mani and how he spends his days. But first, let's warm
up a little.

4 A . U O C A B U T A RWYA R I { - U P
my dear

f'aziz-emf

What time is it?

/sa'et dend-ef

It's eight o'clock.

f sa'a-thaSt-e./

to make tea

/day dorost kerd-en/

p)u
!s ri-d!l-,
I

.4i.&i d6l^.'
f.jS
What are you doing? /de kar dar-imi-kon-i/
c/ 6Jlr JtS 4?
iJrJS c*']3 .gb
''F 4jts|.a
/sobh-anexord-an/ (-le) Ol

to have breakfast

UE
I B . I DI A T O G
It's the morning after fim has arrived in Tehran. Shabnam is in the kitchen as Mani walks in. Listen to them talking about fim and Farhad.

!-r*i+ e*
/sobhbe-xeyr!/

f'$i s;l*,, .#i,d;

sa'etdand-e/
/srelam,a,ziz-em.
fd.b't+3 p5 .eii6 crcl*.'
/sa'et hreSt-e.jim koja-st/

.(.r;$,;"cFlr.l_21.r) o-# r_;c-Flr o_;hi,r+

fd3 (r' 13Jh JIS 4+
-^---"t40i
I

Farsi

:i$
:/5ebnrem/
:clt.c

:lrr'anil
:i$
:/Sabnam/

:cct-

/jim dar-e (dar-ed) du5 mi-gir-e (mi-gir-ed).

de kar dar-i mi-kon-if

fcg-.1-l-./ .i3

.r" d-,,']3 cs$ p-2b

/dar-rem day dorost mi-kon-em. mi-xor-i/

(*t;=.r) el_na .6i:;,r:

.e; ei+ dLsri-

gYl

.r-;l-r)4'-s e.Sl

JIS4+ rby

:il+-

:dl:lmanil
.&

:d+-

:dl-

.e# : oi g3tl^^,
/sa'at-e deh o nim./

.fri+ * OJI
.(r"!" r_;lr) .r!^ o_,11.r
/5in hrem lim. dar-e mi-yad (mi-ay-ad)./

:lmanil
.&

:t.t+:/Sebnem
:crt-c
:lmanil

Here's fim. He's coming.

lD

tr2

Practice

Answer the following questions based on the dialogue that you just
heard.
A.At what time is the conversation between shabnam and Mani taking
place?

a# _roi gtil*^' .f

o.l9:iiL

,',.1i ti;l-

.Y

t.Sl .."f o-,1l_.r

p5.y
.+r-,1cf

cfi:r o_;lrd+ .1
.o-15 c+

.\

Good morning!

Mani:

Hello, my dear. What time is it?

Shabnam:

It's eight o'clock.Where's fim?

Mani:

fim is taking a shower. What are you doing?

Shabnam:

I'm making tea. Would you like some? (Ilr., Do you

eat?)

c9$ o_2hal+ .\
.4K .,- d"..,]3

c. what does Mani say when shabnam asks him if he wants some tea?

o rl.l .:Ll 'l I

.$j ;.sl -};

ci_lr o-,1!rp;; .y
o H5. /

"J*r

6+tiJYl .l

D.Where is Farhad?
.d!.1 4jt.i,jd.&l Ji.f

.e;#ii-r

.4-cl.^r 3ll .Y

Ji . \

E. When Shabnam sees|im coming, what does she say?

c9$ o-;1.:i"+ .r
.oJ c's'cs-c

.$^ o-2lrd+ .y

:/Sebnam/

Shabnam:

o_2be+ . \
.4!_,1
c+ .SlJ,^".

' { - c .U o c A B U t A R Y
tea

lhyl

to want (want)

fxast-enf(lxahl)
lxord-enl(lxorll

to eat (eatl (colloq.,

a/so to drink)
to have (present
progressive marker)
(have)

/dasran/(ldarl)

clock, watch

fsa'a-tf

morning

lsobhl
/sobhane/

Mani:

Not now, thanks. I want to have breakfast with fim.

breakfast

Shabnam:

What's Farhad doing?

dear

f'nzizf

Mani:

He's in the restroom. He's brushing his teeth.

toothbrush

/mesvak/

Farsi

='
Com prehension

:i$

/tu/, and it's a prepositionmeaning

l{ote:TheworOi hereis pronounced
i n t h a t i s u s e di n s p o k e nF a r s il.t i s s p e l l e dt h e s a m ea st h e s e c o n dp e r s o n
singularpronoun-ri (ttol, you), but they are two completelydifferent
words.

42

Shabnam:

OJ
-!

B. What is ]im doing?

o^""o

/de sa'eti kelas dar-e?/

At half past ten.

=
5

..r+ o-,1lr.q;-9''3'3-i33

fo_21.t
LJ")S
+
"rrU

Mani:

oq

:/Sebnem/

/tu dest-5u-yi-ye. dar-e (dar-ed) mesvak

mi-zen-e (mi-zen-ed)./

What time does he have class?

:/Sebnam/

lferhaddekar mi-kon-ef
.(S-l .r-.Sl

Shabnam:

.&

'J+ l+

fel'an ne, mremnun. mi-xa-m (mi-xah-am)

ba jim sobh-ane be-xor-em./

f+#.+

:lmanil

lcsson4

cab
("lri) dF-lF
(-l:-)

c.l.r-l-r-

(Jh) o$l-)

CtaL-

e*.4i1s+L

'j'--ts
.51 ...y.

ItlliTt r'-

lunch

JLaU

lnaharl

llD. KEY PHRASES

news

lexbarl

to wake up (/1t.,to rise

from sleep) (become)

f ez xab bolend
5od-en/ (/5o/)

to go to work

/(be) sar-e kar

reft-en/

to shave

/tera5-id-en/

television

Iteleviziyunl

to watch

/temaba kard-en/

to have tea, to drink tea

/day nuS-id-an/,
/day xord-en/

to take a bath

/hemmam kardacnf, fhnrnmam

gereft-ren/

dry

/xo5k/

to dry

/xo5k kerd-en/

to sleep

lxab-id-enl

to read (read)

fxand-a:nf (lxanl)

hand

ldestl

shower

/du5/

to take a shower

/du5 gereft-en/

newspaper

f rtznamef

dinner

l(taml

to have dinner

/Samxord-en/

night

lY;a"bl

JliI
slj +l:- -ll

(-d)o*

tp_t_rts-y(r)
OJT}"JJ
OrJSLil-I
O.r-l-F/O+ "-r,csb

o"3o.-,rSrL".5,1'3.
Or-,1S.S,fA
o+lF
(Ol:=)O$lF
d,!.,J

ci-lr
O"-F ,-F-1.
a-.Lij_l_l
li

/5ost-en/

to have breakfast

/sobhane xord-en/

face

ls;.na;tl

to shave (one's face)

/suret treraSid-en/

noon

lzohrl

afternoon

f'esrf

/mesvak kerd-ren/,
/mesvak za'.d-a;nf

OijlO-:_.F.Sl ..-^+

=
OJ

v!

to have lunch

/nahar xord-an/

UJJJs' -rlaU

to look, to watch

/negah kerd-an/

g.r;S otS;

(D
I

o.
oq

to drink

/nuSid-en/

gt*1.?ri

every day

fhr- ruzf

)il9

r - E . C U t T U R ET O P I CI
Affinity Expressions

o$li

to wash

to brush (one's teeth)

e*
c.r.:-l:i fB
I$
)?'
.*
CJ|J.'Ju.t

cJJ tJs 4it-+',a

6-si,'-.
O+$l-i d.r rJ*-a
-t+L

-6

Farsi is full of idioms expressingcontentment, or one's love or fondness

for another.We've already ,u"r i couple of those-i-lt+ (liunldear), as in
Ol+ i.d flSebnem jan/), and 3-r*f (leziz-nml, my dear/my darling).
If you're around Farsi speakersa lot, you probably.hear exgSessionslike
d.,i-l+;fi Tqoruan-et be-r-emfl ani pg tj,li ,Ol+j3 flqorban-e
e;
Soma be-r-am/). These expressions,if translated literally, mean something close to May I get sacrificed for you, which may sound a little extreme. These are very old expressions,and nobody really means them
that way. Their use, depending on the situation, has a wide range of
meanings, from a simple greeting to an expressionof deep love. If a person says.to an lcquaintance, at the beginning or end of a conversation,
ta-l -Ot+-lJ (/qorban-e Somabe-r-am/), and mixes it with the rest of
lJ:+
his or her greetings,the expression will simply serve the same purpose
as Nfce to see you does in English. But if a parent walks by his or her
child, who is doing 91 sayjng something cute, and says to the child in
(/qorbun-et be-r-em/), then that expression
a loving tone, p-)* ctJ-)l
servesthe same purpose as I love you does in English.
Another very common Farsi term is a+ a+ Ub*tt beh/). This is a general
term of contentment. If you walk into the kitchen and smell the appetizing scent of a home-cooked meal and you'fe hungry you might say 4i a{
(&ah beh/) or sometimes just a single ) (lbehll.If you go outside in
the morning and feel the fresh air, you're likely to do the same. If you see
someoneyou like and you are happy to seethat person, you will also say
t t, and so on. This term is very widely used to express that you like
what you see,hear, smell, touch, or taste.

ItF. GRAMIIAR
Uerb Forms
The Farsi verb comes in several forms indicating different tenses,aspects,
and moods.The tense of a verb corresponds to the time of the action (i.e.,
past, present, or future). The aspectof a verb refers to the completenessor
incompleteness of the action. For example,I am reading this book is in the

Lesson
4

+**--*,

iuu

progressiveospect,meaning that it refers to an action that is in progress,

whereas I have read this book is in the perfect aspect, meaning that it
refers to a completed action. I read the paper every day is in the habitual
aspectbecatseit refers to an action that habitually takes place' In this lesson we look at the present, past, and infinitival forms of verbs.
All verbs in Farsi have a stem, and all of the different verb forms are
made by adding plefixes and suffixes to the stem. For example, the
stem of jump is )t (lperll. You can change this stem into the past
tense by adding the suffix +- (/-id/) to it. (Note the resemblanceto the
English -ed.llumped in Farsi is then'tf-){ (/prer-id/).
In lesson r, we talked about the present tense. Let's look at it again. we
said that present habitual is made with c/ (l^"fi plus the present stem
of the verb (e.g.,j.lpa':rl,j.t-p) and the personalendings'
PL
RESENTTENSE
T H EV E R BO + J i ( / p a r - i d - a n / , t o j u m p ) l N T H EH A B I T U A
i****':-1**---:

j r i,r*p
L:""'-

ct4

/mi-per-em/

fl"i

you (sgJiump

;;p;;-t-

i t'"/tl"# iyryps

lmi-per-edl

6iti
' J;4 ase

/''itT^I:]*l

we iump

il4"-6ifi,*'

znd person
3rd person

rstperson

*S*""*
**.r+

znd person

lnri-pa;r-alnd,l $+.f

3rd person

/mi-par-id/

ttrey;ump

rst person

lruy-id,l

, rubbed

lmal-id I

i :

Farsi

.1rS
do
lkalrd,l
io-1.s-.T:::r**..,.............................................:...**-----**r^-::_:r::**
; eaid

lgoftl

dris

say

lkgg

', '*
--

'#_j

l-'**-----*--*J

_rff:ffi

!"JA-_*-__-"
**-T*i*t-*-'** |yy_

i"t ; i *"'

/per-id-en/
lxar-id-alnl

ldadt-anl
ldav-id-rlnl
lralft-alnl

ldard-alnl

PRESENT

++,iE*n

: gew

16ol

l6od-alnl

i"-l

ldav-id,l

gq

SOME
INFINITIVES

AND PASTVERBSTEMS
REGULARPRESENT

ii-- tatt

The infinitive form of the verb, like tg

iump or to do, is made with the
gasJ$ery of the verb plus the suffix ti (-anll.Therefore, to jumpwould
be u*J-r (/par-id-en/). Here is a list of the infinitive forms of the verbs
mentioned above.

As explained before, past verbs are made by adding the suffix J5 fl-id/) to
the end of the present stem in a manner similar to the English formation
of iumpedfrom jump. Also as in English and in other languages,Farsi has
a number of irregular verbs, which don't follow this nice and simple general rule. What's the past tense form of do in English? It's did, not doed.
In Farsi,too, the past tense of 03 (konl, do) is irregular. It's .t iS (lkerdl,
did). Here are some examples of regular and irregular verb stems.

"-/p-:l
--

-.

lx;erl

ldol

lgoft-anl

/mal-id-an/

J3
,

ri
63)

...JL

t1

I NF I NI T I V E

F
F

o.

IRRE6ULA
PR
RESEN
T DP A SV
AN
T E R BS T E M S

ut
E
e

=
o,

fD

It is interesting to see that all of these Farsi irregular verbs are also irregular in English.

it
6f
c

STEM
THEPAST

i -9::rlt' /**'-id-/

ilote: The pronunciationof JJ changesfrom /do/ in the presenttenseto

/dav/ in the past tense in formal language.ln colloquialspeech,
{3J
(/dev-id/) is pronounced/do-id/.

NJ

Jlote:In the vocabulary

listsand the glossary,
the presentstemsof irregular
verbsare providedin parentheses
besidethe infinitiveform of the verb
to that you know you are dealingwith an irregularverb and can learnits
presentstem form.

PRESEN
PR
T OGRESSIVE
As mentioned above, the progressive aspect refers to an action or processin progress.The present progressiveis used to talk about an action
that is in progress at the time of speaking. The present progressiye in
spoken Farsi is made with the present form of the auxiliary verb ,.F$lr
(/dait-ren/) plus the present habitual form of the main verb. Both the
auxiliary verb +i-&lr and the main verb inflect for tense and person. See
the following example:
eJJ- d eJlJ
y'dar-em mi-xor-em/
I am eating/I am having

THEVERB
oils c-,]i csL; (reaydorostkard-an/, to maketea)rN
T H EP R E S EPNRTO 6 R E S S I V E

.r- r-,1l.l
.r-o o-1lr I {Sf
/dar-ed mi-xor-ed/, f dar-emi-xor-e/
he/she/it is eating; he/she/it is having
oJF

eUF c5^ dJlr

/dar-im mi-xor-im/
we are eating/we are having
OJ 'F c/ UJJII /+-l-l- cf r;-.lb
/dar-id mi-xor-id/, /dar-in mi-xor-in/
yott (pl. or sg.fml.l are eating/you (p/. or sg.fml.) are having
S-,;b
O-l-l- d UJh /S-,r'9i.r/dar-end mi-xor-end/, /dar-ren mi-xor-en/
they (p/. or sg.fmll are eating/they (p/. or sg.fml.l are having
Notice that the vslf gJJJa means both to eat and to have,as in to have
breakfast or to have some tea.In the beginning dialogue of this lesson,
we hear Shabnam say

-.l5 .r

S*,ilce$ p;l.r

/dar-rem cay oorost ml-Kon-am./

I am making tea.
Let's conjugate the compound verb giJS d-.]'a (/dorost kerd-an/, to
make) with the object O\ (lUVl, tea). Recall that we can drop the subject in Farsi; therefore, all of the following forms are also complete sentencesin Farsi.

----t-**
L8
utii

f,

i
l

r I am making tea.

.',*JJ

lhy dar-am dorost

mi-kon-am./

-1 You (sg.)are

(D

fJlr cgb

o.
3

.$,r

gq

. . . . . . ....1. . \

,r-r cLru_2.tcSllJ cgb ,

/day dar-i dorost

mikon-i./

making tea.

; He/She is
: making tea.

fday dar-red dorost

mi-kon-ed.l, ltay
dar-e dorost
mi-kon-e./

:
i

ciJF c/ cgJlr
ldar-i mi-xor-i/
you are eating/you are having

=
-t

We are making

_'g
r'r."_.1J.t;l.tqrLr
o_;l.rqgtr / .S
.*
.4jS .,.

r,r.UJ

/day dar-im dorost

mi kon-im./

.Iea: You (pl.) are

making tea.

r'r.n;J

dJh cab

.ers.r

r',.rr_,;J
/day dar-id dorost
arr
-JUh Crl+
mi-kon-id.l, ltay daru-,rl.r19b/ .+ps
in dorosl lqi-kon in./
.d;iriS s- dru_;J

They are making

tea.

ftay dar-end dorost

mi-kon-and.l, ltay
dar-aen dorost mi
-kon-en./

t'r."_,;J .rr_;b
1.9L:

clJl.r13b /..ir( .r i
:
.c6 ar """-,;J

N o t e :I n t h i s s e n t e n c et ,h e o b j e c tm a y a l s oa p p e a rb e t w e e nt h e a u x i l i a r y
verb, o3.ih (/dait-en/), and the main verb,
oJJs.-'.,rJr (/dorostkerde n / ) , a s i n t h e f o l l o w i n ge x a m p l e :
llumbers

tr-2o

The numbers eleven through twenty in Farsi are as follows:

N U M B E Rr tS- r _ 1 -

elew-en

lya;z!,reh1

twelve

ldavazdahl-

thigggn
fourtegn
fifteen

1s,i,iiil
7t*ft"tJ*ft7

sixtggn

lV,arlzda;h.l
/Sanzdehl

sevp _tgen

/hefdahl

eighteen

lheidahl

nineteen

lnuzdre}l'l

t*u".y

i"inl-

ll

:ijrd
o.l_,1fri

1Y

oJ'S-

ii

;lik+

ltt
It

rlr\

\o

oi;1"i

\9

fret
oJ+t
;1jj
r-r..rt

\\/
t t

i
:

tA

'

tq

Yt

'---.-l

''''..,,.....
Farsi

hsson 4

-l*..-"

i4e

Telling Time

can say:

In this section,we are going to learn how to tell time in Farsi' In the first
dialogue of this lesson, we heard Shabnam and Mani talk about time'
We heard them say eight o'clock and half past ten. Let's now learn how
we can tell other times.

.e-+ _l oJ_,;ljJ."'e 111

fsa'at devazdeh o nim-e./

E
5

and you can write:

Exact hours areeasy.If it's one o'clock,you iust say:

.d-,1 #3oJ_,;l3JC.lc1.,,
/sa'et devazdeh o nim ast./

.4'Y d6t-,
fsa'etyek-e/

Quarteris $)
say:

or, in written language,You write:

.d-'l .!

c;L-

.qi r.!

ftob'l) in Farsi.Therefore, if it's a quarter after one, you

drtl.'^,

f sa'at yek o rob'-e.f

/sa'et yek ast./

and so on.

If it's two o'clock,you say:

If it's a quarter to one, you say:

.03.: dllt ^'

/sa'et do-e.l

/sa'et yek rob'be yek-e./

or you write:

and if it's a quarter to four, you say:

g;l*.,

.+r; + 6;l.!

d6l*,,

..',.',rl JJ
f sa'at do est./

crc,l*,,
.oJ14;.+ g].!
/sa'et yek rob'be dehar-e./

The same system is used until twelve o'clock, at which time you say:

and so on.

.4^ijlri &al.,.

Minute in Farsi is +ilsi (/deqiqe/). If it's ten after one, you say:

/sa'et devazdeh-e./
or you write:

.."r."14f$.1 oJ 3 el; .',e14.1

/sa'et yek o dah deqiqe ast./

.cul oijl3i d6l*,,

/sa'et devazdeh est'/

and if it's ten to one, you say:

Hatf inFarsi is p# (/nim/). If it's half past one, you should say:

.d-.,1 .5+ q +i$.t oJ clrcl*.'

fsa'et deh daqiqe be yek est./

.e.+ -1.! d-t-

and so on. Look at the following examples:

and you should write:

.C-'l .5+ d6t-,

f sa'etyek ast./
It's one o'clock.

/sa'at yek o nim-e./

.d-'l #J4dreLf sa'ntyek o nim ast./

If it's half past two, You say:
.+.+ -l j.: dsl^.r
f sa'etdo o nim-e./
and you write:
.C*l #j3Jdret-r
/sa'et'do va nim est./
You continue in the same way until half past twelve, at which time you

f# 3 oljl3.l d.rc1t,,
fsa'at devazdah o nim ast./
It's half past twelve.

.g-l

.Cr.,t E+i 3 -9.rd.lcL

/sa'et do vo rob'est./
It's a quarter after two.
4^r144
C-l*.r
.r'rr,,ul
e_1.!
yek
rob'be
se
ast./
/sa'et
It's a quarter to three.

lesson4

OJ
.t
6

rD
I
o.
f
oc|

t
.C!,,,14i$i oi 3 ar..",al*,1
/sa'et se vo deh deqiqe est./
It's ten after three.
.C-,1 _,rb q +i$,',...jt C.lct/sa'et bist deqiqe be dahar est./
It's twenty to four.
When you want to say something like at four o'clock or at half pastfive
in Farsi,you should say:

_lk- f-L_li
/der sa'et-e dehar/
at four o'clock

major Iranian cities that are inland are built on the edge of desertsnear
rivers. This dry climate has made water extremely important in the Iranian culture, more so than in European cultures. water symbolizes life.
That is why the English expression a rainy day doesnot translate well
into Farsi. Iranians would consider a rainy day a good day becauserain
produces an abundanceof water. The word for waierin Farsi is!J
1/ab/),
and you can seethe importance of water in the culture when you look all
of the words that are derived from r_ri. For exampl", j+l (ab_adfi refers
to a thriving and prosperous place, and the wor_d
19.rtrjiTut-ua-i/;*.urm
town or village. Another good example is
;hlal flab-ad-an-i/),which refers to civic development and prosperity. All of these words hint at how
significant water has been in persian history and culture.

or:

f# r ei g-l*.r -li
/der sa'ret-epenj o nim/
at half past five
The preposition -,yi in spoken language is optional.

Exercises
A. Make sentencesin the present progressivetense using the words in parentheses.The first one is done for you as an example.
Example:
.rJF

4G. READtItG

arr- 1.

ega)

uEj3_,1 cg,e) . l

cjf) . Y
:(cli-t-r- -.feE eL)
:(F-5.i:.r

rJA -drJJ'^a:l.lF .,. Jl+ di grlL- j _lsl>n

;U
.UJi .,- 4jl-:+L i$ l.,'J US cr cFlr e-r^il_.!,e l_l
jl + .i:_l ,+ JtS -j* a..: Sj s^ .51 0..,,.o
e41Lr.r*ojl &+
r-lh ;L d}l .rjlJA c/ 4-t jJJ J !j
.'. tuLi' +r.e_,;tS
,lr( ./ Lil-i OJ"TJJJ,

:(OJJS ,''.'JJ.9b

.-1ll) f
.

:(O+ri 6l-'t) . o
:(dliJ,bD . 1
:(Oi-l-l- eB ,.1 )

B. Ask what each person is doing by changing the last sentence,using the
words in parentheses.The first one is done for you as an example.

ExamPle:
9+i5:r JtS

.,Jrr Jts + -il

6-) f#.r
g_;l.rtai 01 f rJr(cr .:ul.: JIS 4t L...i

r_

1 1 H . C U T T U RTEO P I C2

52t

erf.: cl^ (oi-lF

:(d$lF

Readthe following paragraph about Mani's daily routine. How different

is it from vours?

Every day Mani wakes up at six o'clock. He shaves (his face),

.
takes a shower, and has breakfast with Shabnam. After breakfast,
he brushes (his teeth) and goes to work. After work, he comes
i
home and reads the newspaper. Right noq Mani is watching
television.
l

s. 4il.rlo

r_(l-)

(sD .,t
.Y

The Significance of Water in the lranian Culture

r---

Mostof Iran hasa dry climate.NorthernIran meetsthe CaspianSea,and

the southis borderedby the PersianGulf and the Arabian sea.These
two areasarehumid,but most of centralIran is arid.That is why most

r-

(iF) .t

(rl) .o

Farsi

lesson4

(e$) .r

t=
lo
l d

llI o
IE
lo

l='
ioq
i.{
i

L.i .o
..tr._lrcs. q_21.:
l.6,l'i.1
ri-;lr
.JIJJ,rr
.p-lJ= c/ lL& p;ll.: 6 .V

C. Write what time it is using the information provided in parentheses, as

in the example below.
Example:
.dr^.,l4i$i,',.,!,,

J .!

dri,l*^' (. \ :Y . )

B.

( ' \ " : Y ' ) .\

.1:\o).Y
\Y:..)
.o:fo)
(. A.o.)

f \-r< d

.f

.rt-;l.rt+ry frufu^ $-,11.:

-,fS bl .l

Jll fJtS .r.c .r_;1.:

JIS r= .:_21.r
JLSrl Jl .o

.o

c'

(.1;\Y) .1
( . |\ ' o o ) . v

.d-,1 # -9t*,, cGL* .

.c-'t 6li J uiri draL .
oijlJi d;L- .'
..",."1
4+
d.6L- .
.dr.,| r&i
e.t.!
..',."f4-l a++irll ai d.rtL .

D. Complete the following dialogue using the words listed below.

rrJri.r" (o) rls .r (1) p*(r)

.r (Y) OrL. (l )
"5
q'iS.r
(v) 'tS .r. (1)

4i$i o.r_,113.r
J J1-3; dlil*.^, .

.dl-l

.cr^,'loijl_ei4+4$i i

crirL^".

eptl" -eill

lilb

_(J

f_

lil.',- cPtl"-r-il|

a-e_;l.r
_115
-,-.ilf
,',.UJ gl$ p-1l.t-r-r

.-(D--+

o_,11.r_,fS#-Lill
f_4ils+.-

9_(Y)_

cil.: o-lll -r.,.r

-Lill

._(t)_
f_(v)_

e,+\ -qr

csJlr _;tSq -eill

r",.._,;J
cr$ p:h -+
o_;l.t_,fS #

._(1)_

ComprehensionPractice
B.z

C.r

-.Jl

cJiJ.t o_;ll -.,.

!-(".f
(-rT".i

A ] I S W E RK E Y

A.r

D.r

E,Z

Exercises

. I.ID
G{E
{ E P E ND E I IlT LCI |H' t LAL LL fIt E
l r L1
i;:1,--'

A.
.-lJi

cf a,oEj_l_f pJb rF . \

..]S cs- d:l

.l_;l-r3l .Y

.IJJJ= c/ JlnU 6-rh L .f

."+S .f ,',. "]'J 19b 19JlJJi . t

o,
t

.D
g

! rii'( cr' JtS l;

fr$s (r' Jls ,*r'. L/ ffrS cr' ppl.tJls L .Y

fiis d JISe= .r;1.:i+V tS,r.c .:_;l.r
JIS+ i,'.i .f
fiis cr' JIS ett. i,1./ faS cr' p.,;lrJtS gr .t

.f

-,:---lf

'

,hrrrO of fo,r, own daily routine and how it differs from Mani's.
, Write a pararaphin your languageiournal in Farsidescribingyour

dailyrll tr".

crq

i--l

I
I

University
Today,Farhad, Mani and Shabnam'sson, is at the university. This gives
us a chance to learn a few school-relatedterms. We will also learn how
to negate verbs and use simple past tense and prepositional phrases in
Farsi. Are you ready?

YA R M - U p
5 A . U O C A B U T A RW
to take (a course),
to pick up

/ber dadt-ren/

let's go

fbe-rav-imf,
lbe-r-iml

instead of it

lbeja-ya:El,
lbeja-51

semester, term

Iterml

Oj^tll;
d-l+ 6tCJ-t+

,-rtt+q ,r.$l+ +.,

?j

How about you?

Ito te-tor?l

to know (know)

/danest-an/(/dan/)

course,lesson

ldersl

Farsi language
and literature

f zeban o edabiyat-e farsi/

class

/kelas/

Me, too.

fmelnhem hamintor./

gJrt+ ri
(Ot) Oi^,il-:
(}Ji
(#Jti

$it#rl J Ol+j
1;r")$
.J-J"ir"A * Ct

58. DtAtOGUE
Farhad is waiting in a hallway at school for his classto begin. He is talking to an old classmateof his. Listen to them catching up.
f,r-CS cr. JIS +; l;j;l

!4j.i-.19cp)*'

/srelam, fere5teh! in-ja de kar mi-kon-if

:rtAj
:lferhadl

-f .+"i e*)$ .,;}nLir ..rleJ ep)-,

:4i^i-.19

Farhad:

Yeah.-Farsi language and literature. How about

you?

Fereshteh:

Me, too! Do you know who teachesit? (/it., Do you

know who its professoris?)

f6_;l.r gn)S
*
/salam, ferhad. men montzer_ekelas_em
hest-rem.to hem kelas dar-i?l
fJrAi

-f ..+_lLi t+lif : r_,rt+j.o_li

:fereEte/
:JAJS

fare.zaban o edabiyat_efars_i.to de_torfl

:lferhadl

f1$ giji-f

1.r.itl .r.).++r .,- lJJL_tr.A * cl.

lmen hem hamin_tor! mi_dun_i(mi_dan_i)
ostad_eb
kr_ye?l

4. ej d;l . (ptr.+)l:.r *"$ ,i

I6_;t.r,Jerrui
b
/ne, ne-mi-dun-em(ne_mi_dan_m).
in term
dige deders-ha-p dar_i?l

:lferhadl
:43eJ9
:fereSte/

919_21.r-,r
-;l-p

tl

&f

1.5+"16-o-1-rJr 4+ Lil+

,r*a!_1

.al

fne.,beja-b ye ders_e mohendes_i

ber_daSt_em./

t:+)

Fereshteh:

History mathematics,and English.How aboutyou?

Farhad:

I havehistory too. I don't have English this semester.

I took biology.

Fereshteh:

How about math? Don't you have math?

Farhad:

No, I took an engineering course instead.

Fereshteh:

Okay, the class is starting. Let's go in.

Farhad:

Yeah,let's go.

:lferhadl

ComprehensionPractice
Answer the questions based on the dialogue above.
A. How does Fereshtehtell Farhad that she'swaiting for her class?

t_s$ oJlruJS.y

di 1,t:-,lii o_;hg,)S 6+ri

.y c-x.(.s."^

fxob, kelas dar-e boru,mi_be (Ioru, mi_iev_ed).

be_r_imtu./
'P;-')t1to-21
f are,be_r_im.l

:45.i;

:tLA-,1s

:lferhadl

P iF .\

.aJ.d

B. What class are Fereshteh and Farhad waiting

:ffere{tef

. 'At"l

+)S - Jr:.r-;,p.r

.d.r.c

f riyazi de_tor? riyazi ne_dar_i/

.#f.j

:jAj

d$gj

fmen hem tarix dar-em. in term engelis_i

ne-dar_am. zist_ienas_ibar da5t]em./

Fereshteh:

:ie-p

ftarix, riyaziyat o engelisi. to de_tor?/

.efih_r'd"Li

No, I don't know. What other coursesdo you have

this semester?

:lfere{tef

lJJh rt .**;tfuJ J cil+,,:l+J,e,Jtj

.rJli,r*,Jfuf e-udjt .a_;f.r

g+_tE
* ir^

Farhad:

:{uS-.19

Farhad:

for?

g*,lE .r c#JU +t++rlJ Ol+j . \

Crt*.bl+J .f

C. What other academic subject do Farhad and Fereshtehhave in common

this semester?

6-)E .r

s-,U.i,',,,Uj.Y

,*jfut .t

D. What course has Farhad taken instead of math?

:43.i-.1r9

d^Jti
:lfereitef

:Jln-.,1rs

:lferhadl

Hi, Fereshteh! What are you doing

here?
Hi, Farhad. I'm waiting for my
class. Do you have
class,too?

,-'jful

.f

.t

c"""$A ,g,.'Jl .-f+ . \

5c. UocABULARY
literature

lednb-iyatl

drt#il

English

/engelis-i/

s-'Jfu!

history

Itarixl

other

ldigerl,ldigel

math

lriyazil

mathematics

lriyaziyatl

Farsi
Lesson5

l .

eSJu
a31r ,-;$r
,r..-!-,1
C.l+,':l+-l

a+
rD
G
5
fD
ttl

language, tongue

lze.banl

biology

/zist Senasi/

to begin

/Soru'5od-en/

natural sciences

/olum-e tabi'i/

Farsi, Persian

lfars-il

engineering

/mohendes-i/

too, also

lhacml

the same

/hemin-tor/

01+j

bachelor'sdegree

r,O-L";l
c#l+i-iS

/isans/, /kar5enas-i/

.,*,,ti.& d!l;j
.'.li

J$

teacher

/mo'rellem/

trigonometry

/mosellesat/

engineer

/mohrendes/

unit, credit unit

lvahedl

geometry

/hendese/

What university do
you go to?

/be kodam dane5gah mi- rev-id

(mi-rev-in)?/

I go to the University
of Tehran.

fmenbe daneSgah-e tehran mirav-em (mir-am)./

What's your major?

(/ir.,Studentof what
field are you?)

/daneSju-ye de re5teyi hest-idf

/de re5te-yi mixan-id?/

uijlr

What's your major?

(/ir.,What field do
you study?)

_n l'llr

I study engineering.

/man mohendesi
mi-xan-em./

u.'lrl' cJJ$

.r#it.t

(#Jti

dr$a
*
JJTiFi

5 t t . K E V P HR A S E S

vl

crIA
-t+l_r
4r,,1)tt

.r-ool5liih rlr5 a+
f(cr":J.r) t"-l-l
olK,illr 4r ,'r

ist e oljij
.(p-l cr)

ljabrl

geography

lioqrafiyal,
ljoqrafil

blackboard, chalkboard

/taxte siyah/

knowledge

ldaneil

grade school student

/daneS amuzf

university student

/dane5-ju/

college

/dane5-kede/

o.l'5,.i9l.r

university

/dane5-gah/

ot3.gl.l

office

ldalfta'rl

J-iii

doctorate

/doktora/

tJ33

About Higher EducationTerminologyin lran

field of study, major

lreitel

4i.,iJ

biologist

/zist Senas/

chemistry

lsimil

social sciences

/olum-e ejtema'i/

humanities (lit.,
human sciences)

/olum-e ensani/

master's degree

lfoq-elisans/,
/karSenasi-ye
er5red/

physics

lfizikl

library

/ketab-xane/

The first Persian university, which was also one of the first universities
in the world, was built during the Sassanidera in around AD z7t in
the ancient city of Jy"l.i qgrK (/gondi Sapur/,Gondi Shapur). However,
the first modern airi=Weitern-style higher education institute in Iran
was established in r85r. Before that, in the eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries, many people received higher education in Europe, especially
in France.The modern Iranian education system is largely based on the
French education system. Becauseof that, many Farsi education terms
are words that have been borrowed from French, for example, g'ort*J
(/isans/ bachelor's degree)and ll3Si fldoktora/, doctorate).Other such
words are ibr (/diplom/), which refers solely to a high school diploma,
and -! (ltezfi,which means thesis.Many other borrowed French words
were also used until recently, but they have been replaced with Farsi
(or borrowed Arabic) terms. For example, if someone failed a grade in
(frofuzef, f.rom
grade school thirty years ago, he or she became e;9]

-rii

o!- 4ii3
cfilr
jj"l

grtl$'"'"Hj
,J.ot.,i

cft4+! -?-b
.J*,,iJ-t E,
,cl-U -6js
$_ll -cr*"l+iJS
.l;j*,

4il+ljs

ID

drtifi:

algebra

jlJii,t$tr+

J
(D

csj+-l'if')
! ul'"t s9la-i'-i;
cgl aj.,i",
f+rl;= .f

'..E-.+e.
dr
.flfFd

5 E . C U t T U R ET O P T CI

-*-J-

-""-f

6oi
i

Farsi

Lesson5

i6r
I
!

*-

the French refus6,meaning rejectedl,but nowadays that person is said

to have become J:l-f (/merdud/, from Arabic, also meaning rejectedl.
You saw two such term substitutions in the vocabularv section above:
s*,U.SJlS (/kar-5enas-i/)and cl"L,;l flisans/) mean the same thing; the
first word is pure Farsi,and the second is from French. A similar example is .ui_;l -,r^,,tr.,i_,fSfkar-5enas-i-ye er5edfi and g'"rLal _q9g flfoq-e
lisans/), except that d:A isn't French; it's from an Arabic word meaning
above, so gr.,nL".J-JJg ir a degree above g,Jt+I.

If you know both the present stem and the past stem of a verb, then
switching betWeenpresent tense and past tense is easy.Recall that with
regular verbs, the past stem is made by adding the suffix + (/ idn to the
present stem; for example, .f (/per/) is the present stem of iump, and
its past stem is .tl-,r*(/p*"id/). As for irregular verbs, you will have to
learn both stems ot aiut"-by-case basis, such as J) (lrol, go) and d.li-,;

5F. GRAMMAR
Simple PastTense

.Sla-X .,-,t.i.i,,'', "lj Ui

(#l$,'',,Hj
Senas-i
ber daSt-em./
/zist
I took biology.
.jill.:

?'
(D
!1.

/mren zist Senas-iber-da5t-em./

I took biology.

.r3p$-!l rtay
/ferhad in-ia bud./
Farhad was here.

t+.r-l+l+ll Lii
/Soma in-fa bud-idf
You were here?

This ientence refers to a past event and is in the past tense becauseit
uses a verb with a past stem,,''.tll (ida3t/).Making past tenseverbs in
Farsi is simple. All we do is take the past stem of the verb and add the
appropriate person ending to it, the same person endings-that we use to
conjugate verbs in other tenses (i.e.,JL 6+ 6el ( - s(S tp-); the symbol
- is for no ending.
Let's seehow we can conjugatethe verb Uii-,; (lreft-enl,to go). Can you
tell what the past stem of this verb is? Yes,you just take away the infinitive marker ;1- (l-acnl)from the inffnitive form of the verb, and you're
done. The past stem of the verb ,#|l is d$_2 (lrr;ftl,went). And here's
how we conjugatethis verb in the simple past tense.
T H EV E R B
,#'S(/raft-an/,

(lreftl, went).
Can you now guess what the past tense of the verb gi9 (/bud-en/, to
be) is? It's J-li (pud1, was). Let's look at some examples of past tense
sentenceswith gl3'r and other verbs.

We talked about past and present stems of verbs in Lesson 4. Now we

will learn how to make sentencesin the simple past tense.This is a tense
that we use when we talk about events in the past. For example, in the
opening dialogue of this lesson,we heard Farhad say:

r+
r+
5
.D

t o g o ) l N T H ES I M P LP
EA S T T E N S E

4i.':,J
.$l3r .Ui,
xand./
fizik
ferebte
Fereshtehstudied physics.
llegation
Sentencesin Farsi can be made negative by adding the prefix t (lne-ll
o, ; (lltp-ll to the verb. j is used before the habitual marker 4 tl^fll:
as in IJJ ct' (/mi-rav-rlmf ,I go), which has the negated form p.-lJ cr+'r
(/ne-mi-rev-amf ,I don't go). i is used in other cases,such as eJ-) (/rafta:mf,Iwent), which becomesf,
flne-reft-rem/,I didn't go). Here are
the negative forms of the verbs OiJS flkerd-an/, to do) and r-ri-l3i.
(fxast-anf,to want) in the present and past tenses.
First, here are some examples in the simple present tense.

Iy:*
you (sg.)went
he/she/it went

^h2ft;eml
lraftil

\Mewent

fraftl
lraft-fiyl

you (pl. or sgl

lreft-idl

ful') w-9nt
they (pl. or
sg.fml.l went

iltJ

rst person

.#-l

znd person

C_
r_

n+"-l
+$J

2
=

c')

3rd person

D
-t

rst peyso-1
znd person

!t
7t

lraft-a;ndl

Jt'tiJ

3rd person

,i:3 u+
*lri u+ -n^1,

/ ne-mi-xah-em/
/ne-mi-kon
I don't do, I don't want
!+lJ= c# 6d3 cr.;
/ne-mi-kon-if , f ne-mi-xah-i/
you (sg.)don't do, you (sg.)don't want
e it'<,4;
"il:-,r-;
/ne-mi-kon- a.dl, I ne-mi-xah-ad/
he/she/it doesn't do, he/she/it doesn't want
----*-ff--

6z

Farsi

Lesson5

i6t
I
!

n*l-n *+ ,eis.-+

negation of crfih;g is r,rtj-r-'-; (/bar na-dait-en/, not to pick up),

and the negationof UrJS .,SS_,,is rJiJS: #S_,, (/zendegina-t<ardan/, notto live).

/ne-mi-kon-iml, I ne-mi-xah-im/
we don't do, we don't want

Note 4: ln English,if the subjectof the sentenceis a term like no one,

nobody,or no student,or if the verb is modified by a negativeadverb
like never,then the verb is not negated,as in nobodycomeor l neverget
stressed.
But in Farsi,the verb in a negativesentenceis alwaysnegated,
e v e ni f t h e s e n t e n c ce o n t a i n s u c hn e g a t i v e
words.

,r-oi c r..ri'( ,r4;

/ne-mi-kon -idl, I ne-mi-xah-id/
you (pl./sg.fr"U don't do, you \pl./sg fr"ll don't want
fglF

Sil:-,r*i
e ri-i'(.-n;
/ne-mi-kon -rendf, / ne-mi-xah -rendl
they don't do, they don't want

&lrrS,riJSi

/ne-kerd-re mf , f ne-xast-em/
I didn't do, I didn't want

T H EN E G A T I F
VO
ER M
OFTHE
VERB
t J i J ( I O U d - A N It ,O b C )I N T H EP R E S E N T
TENSE

cqgr_.;,5j
,FlJij
/na-kerd-i f , fnre-xast-if
you (sg.)didn't do, you didn't want
e.l-15j

/ne-kerd/, fnre-xasI"f
he/she/it didn't do, he/she/it didn't want
e6.l-15i
a$-lJrl
/ne-kerd-i mf , f nre-xast-im/
we didn't do, we didn't want
+$-lJFi.j , lJr-,,;Sj
/ne-kerd-i dl, I na-xast-idl
you (pl/sg.f*L) didn't do, you didn't want

rD

!1.

The present tense form of the verb clif (/bud -enf, to be) has an irregular negativeform. The forms
is) and,.,,.,i (Aest/, there
",."1(lestl,
is) when negatedboth becomecra;r (lnistl, isn't, there isn't). All of the
negative forms of the verb g.t_9'r
are listed in the table below.

Now, here are some examples in the past tense.

d!,1 .ij

f,
(D

r-u*ll d
I

rst person

(##

znd person

3rd person

I am not

/nist-em/

you (sg.) are not

lnist-il

he/she/it is not

/nist/

we ale not

/nist-im/

tlt

you (pl.or sg.

fml.) are not

f"irt ia7

$ qp

they are not,

he/she is not

/nist-end/

2
=

6r

}'

lst person
znd person
T'
F

\i-i,,rri

3rd person

{sg.fml)

rr-t..lyij

6$iJ5:
/nre-krerd-e ndf, f ne-xast-end/
they didn't do, they didn't want
Note r: The presentprogressive
tense doesn't have a negativeform. The
t r o g r e s s i vt e n s et a l < e tsh e s i m p l e
n e g a t i o no f a s e n t e n c e
i n t h e p r e s e np
presenttenseform. Forexample,the negationof 7S': d e-tta(/dar-am
m i - r e v - a m / , I ' m g o i n g )i s p J J g # ( / n e - m i - r e v - e m / ) .
N o t ez : T h en e g a t i o no f a n i n f i n i t i v ei s j u s t l i k et h e n e g a t i o no f o t h e r v e r b
forms. For example,the negation of d,iiiJ (/reft-an/, to go) ir O:i_r-,
(/na-raft an/, not to go).

Prepositional

Phrases

Prepositions are words that often denoteposition or direction in time or

space.In English, the words in, on, over,under, above,below,at, eround,
about, through, and across are all prepositions. There are also other
words that are prepositionsbut don't necessarilyrepresentposition or
direction in time or spacersuch as of,for, with, and by.
Here is a list of Farsi prepositions with example sentences.some of
them you have already encountered; others are new.

N o t e 3 : R e c a ltlh a t p h r a s avl e r b sa r e m a d e u p o f m o r e t h a n o n e w o r d the verb plus a particle-e.g.,a,j-,ilr; (/ber da5t-en/, to pick up) or
( / z e n d e - gki e r d * e n / , t o t i v e ) .U n l i l < p
e h r a s avt e r b si n E n g OUS Jl:
l i s h( e . g . ,t o c o m eu p ) ,t h e p a r t i c l ep r e c e d e s t hvee r bi n F a r s il.n t h e n e g a t i o n so f t h e s ev e r b s o
, n l y t h e v e r b a le l e m e n ti s n e g a t e d F
. o re x a m p l et,h e

Farsi

Lesson
5

+--*-*
l6l
I

.,.,s.r Js_r OlJd Ji ir

SOMECOMMONFARSIPREPOSITIONS

l*rl

from

hel
lbn'd,ezf

I
J,,

jou
outside
1
l:alle
1i

lpi6 nzl

lru-y.l

.LSJJ

lzir-el

)Di

lqabLezl

I beside

tL _"-*
_

.tJ .r ol3.iil.r jl .lA-.;s

fferhad ez daneS-gahmi-a-yed./
Farhad is coming (comes) from the university'

.d-,1j+^,.9Y! 1lA.!

/yek deraq bala-ye miz est./

There is a light over the desk.
r-*otK.i'il.r q eii-19
/fere5te be daneS-gahmi-rev-ed./
Fereshtehis going (goes)to the university.
.ij-l

q+ ol3"i'll.: jl &+ 4i.,1'J1!

.ijl,-7+ili
dane5-gahbe xane mi-rev-red./
rez
ferebte ba'd
Fereshtehgoeshome after school (/ir., university).
.r"t..rri Ulr)S -rJJJf+ #
/kes-i birun-e kelas'nist./
There is nobody outside the classroom.

.$;

d+:l
r# (.'b -jal-i -,11

='

rD
!!.

/u qebl ez nahar day ne-mi-nu5-red./

He/She does not drink tea before lunch.

ldarl

f--

.D

.r-,,,iJi.+ cab JlaU jl ,J$ -rl

Itu-yel

I before -

.r',.r1.,.lri. .Jfj Jbj _.iS

/kif-e ferhad zir-e sendeli rest./
Farhad'sbag is under the chair.

/birun-e/

urtder, belou'

.,',',!l ji. -6J) -f --. ES

/ketab-e to ru-ye miz est./
Your book is on the desk.

ftala-yel
i--*
i a after
f

fma-n der tehran zendegi mi-kon-em./

I live in Tehran.

.'''"'l JJ -JUS -.+,i,il.r.!

/yek daneS-ju kenar-eder rest./
There is a student beside the door.
.,'r."1 _,;3r!l-r,
-n".iil.: e!
dane5-ju
nezdik-e
drer est./
/yek
There is a student near the door.
As you can see,most Farsi prepositions are connectedto their following
noun phrase with the conjoining vowel l-el $ee Lesson 3). Some aren't,
however. The conjoining vowel has been added to the prepositions that
take it for your convenience.
lfumbers

2r-gg

The numbers 21 through gg arcquite easyto learn. All you need to do is

learn how to say 2c.,3c.,
. ,90, and then add the numbers r through
9 to them, just as you would in English. So let's do that.
NUMBER
2 0S- 9 0 l N T E N S
l-^**..-

i twenty

${tv
-{o.Iy.,.

/bist/

l"il

Y.

(JJ''l

cJ,q+
rtsi*

fiftv

/u piS ez nahar day ne-mi-nu5-ed/

He/She does not drink tea before lunch.

dt*{tf '

- &s$:al

1g-i f.K
Aetab-am tu-ye kif-em est./
My book is in my bag.
.d!,,1 -iS

/haStad/
lna;vredl

JJJ

f.

i
*-----r--*-*
i

tesson
5

iI 6 7
i

1-29
N U M B E R2S

;G
, -.twentY.two
twenty-three
; twenty-four
five
twenty-five
I] twenty

ii:*v-'ilI -il;tseven
i

i1 . :-y-::y:i*:

I twenty-nine

5 H . C U T T U RTEO P I C2

r+
d

5
rD

Y't

The Significance of Education Among lranians

Tbisto$j/

ol r drul
1 J

YI

/bist o se/

4.r.tJ C+#

YT

Education is extremely important to Iranians. More than eighty percent

of the Iranians over fifteen can read and write. There are more than two
hundred public universities and hundreds of private ones. Admission
to university requires taking a highly demanding national entrance examination, which almost all high school graduatestake. The exam is extremely competitive, so applicants spend months preparing for it. Only
the top five percent of all applicants get admitted to universities. Public
universities are extremely popular, and thus harder to get into, because
students at these universities pay no tuition. In exchange for the free
education, graduates of public universities are required to work inside
Iran for a period of time equal to the length of their free higher education. This is a measureto control the country's brain drain problem. For
sociopolitical reasons,however, the problem has escalated,and now according to the International Monetary Fund, Iran ranks highest in brain
drain among ninety countries measured.This is mainly becauseof the
country's inability to absorb and retain this highly qualified workforce.

;;;

;;;;;/

/bist o taltrarl

tT

-lb:

YT

t.ltr*!
ei J d
et

peni/
/bist o penii

/bisto 5e5/

lo
Y1

.. ,,!*i-":H

/bist o haft/

/bi" ohest/

cril I {+t4

YV

ddA J
"'"*H

YA

,t.
C-l

/bist o noh/

Y1

(-lltrl

5G. REAIDIIlG

Read this passageabout the Iranian school system'

ctl;l -li Ol-l-l^f ulilr

..iJJ d s+lqlsg a*,r-;r,e4+ dt-, i
a*,-)L{4r
cg
;l[-. a^.,Oi jl Jr+
Ji bl .-rrlJ .,- csr$lJ
q*,'JJo
-li Oti--r*j.$ilJA
cf cgrbJ cgLaryJr,r-r.t-oial-;cg
d^.,,.!
d1lj-1"i c.rU.r .olK-,iql.ljl uh J: ,c.^^l dll- a*., gl;l
.riilJi

(J"Ji,ratK;qtlui,Ji

-eh

Exercises
A. Turn these sentencesfrom simple present tense into simple past tense.
The first one is done for you as an example.

.!sj ,+ otK.iil.l4+rLa-,;s
rbj
.cdJ olK--iul.:4+

Ji
rjf3i

Studentsin Iran go to elementary school for five years.After that,

they go to middle school (llr.. guidange lchoot] fo-t three years.
They study many subjectsin middle school.High schoolin Iran is
three years,but before universiry studentsstudy at the pre- uni'
versity level for one yar.

lsall

elementary

/ebteda-yi/

guidance, advice

/rahnrema-yi/

,r.il-$l-,1

high school

/debirestan/

OE-.1*i

level

lsethl

. rii."{ gdS

pre-university

/pi5 dane5gah-i/

.#lF./ ut'l.l*i.L.1
.ig .r ftl:' # 3 .",ii +a\..,O^.o
e

5i^,rAfuLr _;.133.1

r+-n d q.v

. -rl$.il

.ratK.:ijll LJfr+i

ej^i;r.'l

J.l Ljr,J+.&il.t jl q9rl.re3.f

\t,

et;

(#lj.&,'',,.Jj

..rF cr sl++l:- jl .ii +et...ujl-.\

d..,,

year

Farsi

B. Turn these simple past tense sentences into the present progressive
tense (with C'i.,f,lr).The first one is done for you as an example.

9+_l_,r
or f+_t_,r
c/ t+S q_11.r
.r- +_2btJ

f+$J l+3
.d$lJi -;l;;

tesson5

L. \

='
o
h

--,rtSlJ r,iiJ6,pg. V
..1;S.S13,..*
61iU.f
4+l-. t
4iii
.dUS ol5j o!9+$':t e; Lc's'o

A]ISWER KEY

dr.&lK jr

C omprehensi on Practice
A.z

C.3

='
(D

D .t

g.

fsi"'ilK b3 lJ cr-:l-r.o;.1

B .r

Exercises
A.
.$l3i

exC. Negatethe following sentences.The first one is done for you as an

ample.
.$3.^,'AUrJS -,P gl-r,jq'.inlr
. ri1.,,.rig*)S _;r gl;.+"$lr

r_l_li c/ llJ ,',.?.-a

*al- e-)+. t
. ri1..i )Lr i-5.ij! $'r-,fl;r . Y

lcgrj

.rJS d-,,]3,.tb ir .;rllF.f

t 1i -J*,*i. t
.rl.,l3i d (#S
6.o
.er*l:- o.l9:61-,.,'

.f#lF

C.

,J eE ,',.1,'as3;[- f-,1+ . t
ri-i,,,.ri
Y! cgai+t l"tAJil-)+ .Y
.
.r;5: d-']3 csb (J.oJA|F .Y
.Jill3i c+ a*rg+1' 1"L! -'.'.oi . f
oi gilt*. iJ." .o
.f+l3-j

.fJ-

(lgoU,flower)cJK
..',.u1_,11.o
J-JL- d+ . \
'-5..+.Y
.d-,1 jf^ ,L9J)

vase)Ol$<
,',,.,,1(/gol-dan/,

l- . \
d-ll'r \-oor.Sle'i c/ 6-;l"r .,,d1
or..l-;lK ,r.o .l-21-r
j* -ltS lJ ui'i5 i+.i .Y
pj'ui
..r-2lKd j*^ -lt6 l-,rr&i$ .t-21.t

orf6-,11Kd crJlr li'( lJ d-rilr"or.1

tie-.;lK d b3 g;Jlr l-) r:.$lu=

.j)

.d!,,1alJ"

..tj's oa OE--r*i ) L;^ Lt orlJJAlJs .1

(J^ .V
.eJl$ dt$
D.

tl*.f

dS .t

Jr.o

jj

.t

ceY!.r

cJK.t

.-!':-l, .t

.!3.o

'$
Farsi

,r' ai;$

. l '

. r-i'( .r.o cSfJ,,,,*,l_;lr p_;"rLor lS ,r-o .:;1.r,-SlJ".* p-,;rL .Y

o!+ aiii a+L . t
or.6pS d o15ip;-,11.:
.AS .+ olSi o!- 4iii 4+g-,lb L
fr,r-gji d 4" +-,1h t-o.,i'or f+$-d cr {tl.t + 1-..i .o

AP

.d!,'l j+^

4i;!,9 .'\

a.rLr -.1r3r .1
A q-l V
. i J

D. Look at the diagram below and finish the sentencesthat follow using
the words given.

;J

'''"'ij

f.trl

ss3,i OE-*r 4+rt.ca-9o.tl-.;-.plJi.1

.p-lbo-t+l Cl".v

e!r)

s*,,ti.-i

.$! riri +l:- jl di +;1*.l dl- .Y

.si-r+g')S ; gta-n i:h jl sg.tl.t'i.Y
.dr3lri jlJni' L .',
.riJS et.ll' + r ddi *at^, ir.o.o

lesson5

i71

i
II
I

LESSON
I N D E P E N D E NC
TH A t L E N 6 E
In this activity, you are about to embark on your first Web surfing on
Persian sites. In the second culture topic of this lesson,you learned
that one of the oldest universities in the world was built by the Persians in Gondi Shapur. Now, you're going to visit a Farsi site and try
to find some information about this universiry'
First, go to http:/fa.wikipedia.org, On the upper left-hand side of
{-ill (/relef - yell, which points to an
the screen,you should see dt
alphabetical index of all of the Farsi documents on the site. Then,
locate the link l.r (/da/) in the index. This will show you all of the
documents that begin with l.r. In the dropdown menu toward the
top of the page ut d irt front of the phrase pU 691':i (lfaza-ye naml,
name space)select aJ-; (/rede/ portal) and click on J-9 { flbe-rev-ad/,
go). Now you will see a list of all of the Farsi documents starting with
l.r Try to locate the word le otf*liil.: (/dane5-gah-ha/, universities) and click on it. Under the letter r-i, you will find the phrase
;l (ferheng-estan-e gondi-5apur/, Gondi Shapour
J3l.Ufori< ;ltlK:l
Academy).Follow that link. Try to seeif you can recognizeanywords
there. Print out that page if you can, circle the words that you recognize, and write their meanings next to them. Keep the printout and
your notes in your language journal.

Jim Visitsa Museum.

In this lesson,you'll learn how to ask for directions. You'll also learn a
little about arts and crafts in Iran. The grammar points that we focus
on in this lesson are imperative sentences,comparative and superlative
adiectives,and ordinal numbers. Now let's warm up!

6 A . U o c A B U I A R YW A R M - u P
end

lentehal

first

f evvalf,lrevval-inl

on foot

lpiyadel

street

fxiyabanf,
lxiyabunl

far

ldurl

t#l
Orlil.,J31
ort+d
o}.F 6c)l+F
JJJ
,t

6t

O+a3J e;3J

second

f dovvornf,
/dowom-in/

carpet, rug

lfer!;l

museum

lmuzel

near

lna.-zdikl

.!l-r-,

no (fmll

lnn-xeyrl

J#

,-ii

o 'r-r

6 B. DTAIoGUE
bll

jl c.rl_tl-cij

e o)y.elt.a.

s ri.?,.r..,r

'5lf

fo-.13J
/bebexSid, xanum. muze-ye ferS-e rran &z
inja dur-e/
.4nlj 4i$i oi .rt+ .J+ii

:liiml
.14

:JJ)\nJ

/nre-xeyr. piyade deh daqiqe rah-e./ :frehgoza-rf

fl+rrf i>t ;j.r

'..llf
'1 ' '

-lrla

:ljiml

/de-tor mi-tun-em be-r-em un-ja|

.O-r.l+-clll cskSl E (t;y)

/ewel

.14

+J+ dil

;_,p:$_,1

be-rid (be-rav-id) ta enteha-ye in :frehgozerf

xiyabun./

:er+

.+A
.E

;_;Jln_,1

he'd,be-r-iddest-edap.ser-edow-omin :fra-hgozalrf
dest-erast./
dehar-rahbe-pid-in(be-pid-id)
:ljiml

/ser-e dend-omin dehar-rah|

.E

.ol-r-rk+
if"13

;_.pln_,1

/dow-omin dahar-rah./ :frahgozerl

:ft+
f-,;,A .g oJJ.l+'i.!r-.1r.r
.-F-,;lsG D)y
:liiml

fers nrezdik-trer-e
t"
fmuze-ye
ilt;Tli

.14

.o-f!r-,fi.,i-1'r I oE
6 e3.y,-$:.St}
gl_,;l Jr * JJ ta rl}
.(.r_;lr) o_;1.:

:JJ5

f muze-yefer5 nezdik-trer-e.bozorg-terin :fra,hgozal,rf

mejmu'e-ye ferS-ha ro hem der iran dar-e
(dar-ed)./

:d+
,ljiml

.OJr.c J*f.
/xeyli mmmnun./

Then, go left. At the secondintersection,turn right.

fim:

At which intersection?

Passerby:

The secondintersection.

fim:

Is the carpetmuseumcloseror the art museum?

Passerby:

The carpet museum is closer.It also has the largest

collectionof rugs in Iran.

|im:

Thanks a lot.

Passerby:

You're welcome.

:JJ)

OJ

=
6

.D
c

Comprehension Practice

Olr.l+i 19l.e$l.f cll-rll cFj c, oj-r .Y

B.Is the carpetmuseumfar from wherehe is?
d$.t o.to\

e.:gi.f
.aAl_,1

r.ll-;f -r.l c9 oj-r . \

qgk$l _,1ie-rgi .y .eelt c6t.r e# ,+l+.'t

C.Ul
4jlr.l+r

C.What doesthe passerbytell |im to do first to getto the museum?

r'r..J {_,p,Ll.Y

.r-,} r'r.-i +:

6k$l E +; r.!1.\
.O-9.l.t+..''"'lJ
+l
D.How does|im askat which intersectionhe hasto turn?

0J.+ -y.r

dll.t

ts tg oi-r.Y
fo-j!.r-,;i

fol_,1_,1$

l*.r!l jl oj_r. \
to_,13J

E.What doesthe passerbysayabout the carpetmuseumat the end of the

conversation?
ta ,-i.,;s a-ga-c r"c+"c+-6-,r:
gFy ,-soj-f . \
.oJl.r glJ.,rl JJ -9-,1
.DJJr l*-!l jl
cg oj3^. Y
"J$ "i-,;s
.4r.r$,'J5 ,-F.;oe o)y.Y

:frahgozerf

6 c. UocABUIARY
|im:

Excuse me, ma'am. Is the Iranian Carpet Museum

far from here?

Passerby:

No. It's a ten-minute walk (lit.,lt's ten minutes on

foot).

fim:

How can I get there?

Passerby:

First, go to the end of this street.

v!

.E

uialr;'

/xahe5 mi-kon-em./

Passerby:

A.Wheredoes|im want to go?

:i5

fol-,1'fu6Or'rb --r-,

.ig.r

Okay.

:liiml

lxob.l
ol_l_ll.6;iJJ^i3.t .?i fr^,,.rq-; e.rq
gs,i (Ul+r) tlt*t+
.,.....1J

fim:

then

hn'dl

to turn

/pid-id-ren/

to, until

Ital

can,to be able to

/tevan-est-en/

(ltavanll
lesson5

J+
/'6r.rl
.r
v

u
(Olrr) Ol-jl3:

which (in order)

,',r.O'.$1,

/dend-om-in/

intersection

/dehar-rah/

You're welcome. / Please.

/xaheS mi-kon-em./

Okay.

lxob.l

way, road

lrahl

passerby

lrnh-gozerf

at

lser-el

collection

/meimu'e/

art

lhonerl

vrt

ot_rtki
.iK - dtlF
.lJF

olJ

.t
4.c'J,.-

-#

f anteraef-e xiyabanf,
/in taref-e xiyabanf

expressway

fbozory-rahf

sSu

cul-de-sac,dead end

/bon-bast/

dr^+ i

boutique

lbutikl

mall

lpasail

iback, behind

/po5t/

,i'jL

Utl1l
ol..l-jr

.5.'634
il*,,tr

J . t

LJu.t

lpoU

road

ljaddel

traffic light

/deraq-e rahnama-yi/

straight

/mosteqim/

Lej'K

=
3

#fi..-

2.
OJ

u
(D
c

shop

lmeqazel

oj6

roundabout,circle

lmeydanl

hotel

lhotell

olrv
.Jla

=
c
3

.E

that side of the street/

this side of the street

lpiV

lgaleril

lUrn_.1

6D. KEy pHRAsEs

:'i:"'overpass

gallery

l,

"'l

e-'
'ib
sJt jalJ _t l-r'i

6 E . c u t r u R ET o P r cI
Arts and Crafts in Persia
Iran is a land rich in history literature, and arts and crafts. There have
been people living in the Iranian plateau since the Stone Age; however,
(/sielk/, Siarchaeologistsbelieve that the formation of a town in.t!alk) in central Iran around 4,5oo BC marks the beginnings of civilization
in that area. Citizens of this little town knew pottery and metalwork. In
the centuries that followed,Iran (Persia)came to play a major role in the
ancient world. The Persianswere the innovators of mail and of the banking system.The word check(a bank note) comesfrom the Farsi word al.l,
(liahl, king). Persiawas also among the first nations to employ a writing
system. Thousands of years of interaction with a variety of world cultures have provided Iranians with a great repertoire of modes of artistic
expression.Hand-knotted Persianrugs are known throughout the world.
Iran also has a wealth of other art forms, such as music, poetry calligraphy, painting, architecture,and many different kinds of crafts. For more
information, visit the website of the Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization at http ://iranmiras.ir.

6 F . G R A MM A R
lmperatives and the SubjunctiueMood

(street) line

/xet kebi/

right (odv.), fust

/dorost/

,r.is-Lj.
d*']i

in front of, opposite

fru-be-ru-yef

.GJ}J)

underpass

fzir-gozerf

city

li;ehrl

pedestrian

f aberepiyadel

store

foruS-gah/

side street, lane, alley

lkurr'l

kiosk

/kiyusk/, /dakke/

-rK+i
-d
oJLu
t.t

2J-'

ule

"tf.ir-1ii
4.r, S
4 J

45i..s.*,Jbs

An imperative sentenceis in essencean order or instruction. Imperatives

in English are made with the base form of the verb in sentenceswith no
subject (e.g.,Comel).In Farsi,imperative sentencesdo not have a subject
either, but the verb comes in a special imperative form. An imperative
verb in Farsi is made with the prefix ; (h"-h plus the present stem of the
verb. For example, recall that the present stem of the verb O$lJi (lxand-a:nf,to read) is rll-r- \lxanll; the imperative form of this verb will then
be gl .-+ (lbe-xanll.
PronunciationNote:Whenthe first vowel in the stem is /o/, e.g.,J) (lrol,
go),!h9 vowel in the prefixalsobecomes/o/. Forexample,the imperative
of i,iiiJ (/raft-an/, to go) is l1+ (/bo-ro/).
SpellingNote: lf the verb stem startswith the vowel /a/, then the prefix
turns into +l (/bi-/). Forexample,the presentstem of 6r,.11tamad-en/,

[esson6

i77
: r l
i
t

--"-.".'*'1

to come)is I (lat),so the imperativeform of this verbwill be h (lniy-at).

s ,h i c hc o n t a i nb o t ha p a r t i c l ea n d
G r a m m aN
r o t e :M a n yF a r spi h r a s a l v e r bw
(/ber daSt-en/,to take,to pickup)-especially
those
a verb-e.g.,Uri.,ilr..,14
startingwith the particleJ (/bar/), do not tal<ethe prefix+ (/be-/) in their
imperativeform. ln the caseof cli--il.r-,p(/bar dait-en/), for example,the
imperativeform is -,1l.l: (/bar dar/), becausethe presentstem of gj.,ilr
(/dait-an/) is -;ll (/dar/).
Here are some examples of verbs in their infinitival form (on the right)
with their present stem (in the middle) and their secondperson singular
imperative form (on the left).
ER M S
V E R BW
S I T HT H E I RP R E S E N
STT E MASN DI M P E R A T IFVO
SOME

turn

lbe-pif.l

sleep

/be xab/

1
-i *

G#d

rNFrNrTrvE
srrr'a
/pid-id-an/ O+t?++
/xab-id-an/
O+fF
'
'---")
"
/xan;d-an/

J}

/xan/ OIF
J)
lrol

-6*

lgul

i
i
,,.'',,''i

Negative imperatives use the prefix i (lnr.-ll before the present stem of
the verb instead of the prefix ; (lb"-ll.

.+-r#
I na-pp a-r.l, /ne-ppar-id./
Don't go. (s9.,pl.)
.l*-t.,
Ji
f na-r o.f , I na'-r ev-id. I
Don't say.(s9.,pl.)
t*
lnn-W./, lnre-gu-yid.l
Don't run. (s9.,p/.)

.*_lri
JJj
f ne-do.f , /na-dev-id./
Don't run. (s9.,p/.)

6:11-54

lra:t;-a:nl __ .tlAJ
gjdK
lgoft-nnl

Comparatives

and Superlatives

To addressone person in a formal setting or to addressmultiple people,

the plural form of the imperative is used.You can turn the above forms
into plural constructions by adding the second person plural ending S
(/-id/) to the end of them. Below you can seethe previous examplesalong
with their plural forms.

In Farsi, we make comparative adjectives by adding the suffix i

(l-terl\ to the adjective.Superlativesare made by adding the suffix UJy
(l-terinll. For example, the adjective -yt (ldurl, far) has the following comparative and superlative forms: ;F-;3.1 (/dur-terf farther) and
(/dur-terin/, farthest). Here are some examples.
clUj-ll.l

N DP L U R AI L
MPERATIVES
A C O M P A R I SOOFN
S I N G U L AAR

ADJECTIVES
WITH THEIRCOMPARATIVE
AND SUPERTATIVE
SOMEGRADABLE
FORMS

i /bepid-id/(written),

r'r.llJll
vt
.l

t.

-ll

e \s.llf
r q

..,/.

lbe-pitl

2IJI.J
lg,-.

i Pgg*i*/l:Pgkg"l
.
, /b*rev id/ (written),
t,
l$:dl(spoken)
, pe-xatrid/ (*ritten),
i -&e-xatFin/ (rp&._+J_
i &exan-id/ (written),
r /be-xan-in/(spoken)

&e-g"-ytn/ (spoken)

The above secondperson singular forms are used in informal settings.

he-g l

Gradableadjectives,adjectivesthat describegradableproperties, such as

big or quiet, can come in a comparative and a superlative form in addition to their baseform. For example,the adjective taII in English has the
comparative form taller and the superlative form tallest.

say

-.*."-+"-' "
78 i
I

.,,,-,, - , - . . , .

/xa-b/ +]F

:-1,*
/b":*.r"/ olJ*{

__r"11 ,
..so_ &"-r_:1*

lpil,l

t*.t"""1,

=.

4l
c)ll

&.gul

.J#-r"(j

SINGULAR ]
PRESENT

zno PERSON
IMPERATIVE

^**4,/

O#-&.+-6+

Farsi

rl;r; rr*-r+
dJ#lJ+ erltl*F+

*ir=,.,+;;;;

lborol
lbexabl

JJ

+f r-+
olJ+

j
i
, bad,worse,worst j
j
I

BASE i
SUPERLATTVE
i
I C0MPARATTVE
+;+
+ i
-,tj{ i
i
fibad-tarin/) ; (ftmd-tmr/) , (&ad/)
--{q :

i iJi;i"tt;ii'ir"'t;-I---;r:ru1
i long,longer,

i (ftoland-tarin/)

longest

dark, darker,

;.ili

i(/bolantrter/) j(/bolend/),

+-F .!-tl:
(/tarik-tarin/)

Lesson6

sg.
6
OJ

c
UT
(D
c

--.."-**-"**.
good,better,best
beautiful, more
beautiful, most
beautiful

ir-lj

::

.lF

ui*lTTl
"H-'.Ui
(lziba-tr;nnll

'.

c-1.
_5rr

9J:

(/oibtr.rfl

(/*"b/)

-l+;"-l

hj
(ziball

(ziba-terll

;,3;G;

short, shorter,
shortest

,-i oti 6

t......
l
1

l4uiatr-tei4

ftutahterin/)

-$$

G"t"hn

VocabularyNote r: Thereis another adjectivein Farsi,a; (/beh/),that

meansgood.Thisadjectiveis now somewhatdated, but its comparative
a n d s u p e r l a t i vfeo r m sa r e q u i t e c o m m o na n d a r e f r e q u e n t l yu s e da s t h e
comparative
and superlative
formsof r=.rF (/xub/,good),evenmorecommonlythan;F + A (/xub-tar/)and gl.;i ?F (/xub-tarint).theseforms
are jie; (/beh-tar/, better)and gg:lj++ (/beh-tarin/, best).
VocabufaryNote z: Theword rfu (/bi5/)meansveryot a lot, but,like 4;,
it is veryrarein today'sFarsi.lts comparative
and superlative
forms,-s4+
(/bii-tar/, more)and g,'r-rlit (/bi5-tarin/, most),however,areverywidely
used'.
(/-tarin/, -est), acSpellingNote:The suffixesJi (t-tert, -er) and i;fi
cordingto today'swriting standards,are written separated
from the main
adjective,as in ;F .!l>,,
and UJJF .!-:ji,
but you might still seepeople attachthesesuffixesto the adjective,as in -,!5.g.:-,p,r
and UUif+lJi.

twentieth

S O MF
EA R S
OIR D I N A
NLU M B E R S

:
,1
:------**-..I favva,lf
,lyekornli
!

t'

second

I third
ti

Farsi

ORDINAL

6cj3l

' -iq
----: --i-;

/dow-om/

lJr

l'"#'ry

elr

CAR?II.AL

-JJ

****:-*'

ei

"-- -t-:-': '-

oJ

dr:

I /bist-om/

f,i:ii

ffu I q.'+*+
twenty-secondi /bist o dow-om/

;5r,.

r'r,.,rr

(,

".-":i
aj-l .

. ("t..,rr

3J 3

r-r"rl.'

Noter: Sometimes
the suffix6;.J 1t-omin/)is usedinsteadof i (/om/)in
,O;.ol'Je4lj1, etc.).
more formal language(e.C.,O;^!
Notez: Whilethereis no differencebetweenthe meaningsof ordinalnumberswith j {f-oml) and thosewith 6"t,cl(/-omin/),there is a majordiffere n c ei n w h e r et h e y a p p e a ri n a n o u n p h r a s e .
Ordinals with i appear after the nouns they modify and are connected
to the noun with aiL:l U
Examples:
"h.
,J3l -Ot-r.!i (/xiyaban-e a'vva:lf,the first street)
(/ketab-e dow-om/, the second book)

Ordinals with O# appear before the nouns they modify, and no 4il-^:l
is used.Examples:
Ol-,.S .$1

Tewelin

xiyaban/, the first street)

.+US Cl-1J fldow-omin ketab/, the second book)

Farsi also has an interesting question word that is used to inguire about
the rank or position of something in a sequence.The word,.rti fldendom/), or iJJ'+
(/drend-omin/),can be roughly translated into English
as which, but the difference is that the answer to a question with t+,
, or iJJ^$, must be an ordinal number. In the dialogue, we heard the
pedestrian tell |im to turn right at the fourth intersection.

.,',*fJ gu'i l*a*+ olJ-rLGL

if^13 i
f im, who does not get the entire sentence,asks:

.{$l

lesson6

+
v!
o,
c

Note that the first three cardinal numbers don't follow the rule precisely.
The only completely irregular form is -!11flewaf, first), which is actually borrowed f5om Arabic. The word j!
t/y"t om/) is used but is not
very common. fJJ (/dow-om/, second)and p-l+ (/sew-om/, third) aren't
technically irregular. Usually,in Farsi,when a word ends in the vowel /o/
and we want to add a suffix starting with lolto it, we insert a /v/ between
the two /o/ vowels. Essentially,the same thing is happening here.

r,-

=
=
su

.D

,i

/ser-e dow-omin dehar-rah be-pid-iddest-e rast./

*.!

Jk+

l ' i !

ia*n-rt"f

tenth

6 t

T h e n u m b e r st h a t w e h a v e b e e n s t u d y i n gs o f a r ( i . e . ,t , 2 , 3 , 4 . . . ) a r e
called cardinal numbers. When you use terms like -79rsl,second, third,
fourth, etc.,to refer to the rank or position of something in a sequence,
you are using ordinal numbers. Ordinal numbers in Farsi are made by
simply adding the suffix i (l o ll to cardinal numbers, just asyou would
add the suffix -th (and -st,-nd, and -rdl to English cardinal numbers (e.g.,
fourbecomesfourthl. Here is a sample of cardinal numbers.

r ..5.ll

7i*"t;i;t

eJr lJta

Ordinal llumbers

.rk* i

/dahar-om/

fifth

.....,..-,,....
. :..-.....-.....,.....*...*...
.Ki3I
O*-1'',.fu-iii Ji.ftJi
(/qasang-tarin/)
(qariarllrg[)
Uqafang{ari)
I
-

pretty, prettier,
prettiest

foTth

I
=

9ol;-,faiO*.rb
"p

/ser-e dend-omin dehar-rahf

At which intersection?
and the passerbyanswers:
|

_, r. 1i+ :V \ o
/heft-sed o panzdeh/
seven hundred and fifteen
ol;L

Vr
t
o,

U _f .t^.a4-r;11 .
/noh-sed o neved/
nine hundred and ninetv

At

.ol_,1_;165
iLr^:r
/dow-omin dehar-rah./
The secondintersection.

(D
E

llumbers roo-r,ooo

6G. READITG

In the previous lessonswe learned how to count from r to 99 in Farsi.

To count to l,ooo, all we need now is to learn the multiples of roo. Here
they are:

Read this passageabout the Persianrug.

gl_;l -"i$
d * Jt!,-Si 4+.dr-,Si r.9lAdi
uuj:e _,11
.! ..rl;l Jr jlJ.J .d!,^,ljt#lt! Jti _O._Fd-,,]3 J3 .+J<

NUMBER
1 oSo - 1 , o o IoN H U N D R E D S

j orruh,rndr"d
: two hundred

l;.;;;;"d,;;

lsa,d,l,/yek-sed/

1l;^^+ 6 ttca.o1.a.!

i"l+

ei..o
rtt'..r 6l
tJ'

l!5uls;tl
/si-sed/

t. .
Or r

/dahar-sad/

S.-_lk+

h""dr;d
Ii**--n r"
- *-,

lpan-sa,dl

!-itr

is;i-;;q1 .

i!:::;*"t;

iheft-sred/

eight hundred
-:*--_-nine hundred

/;h-#di

;; th;;;,,J

fhezarf,lyek-hezarl

i_

-^,..'o

:i::i

/ha5t-sed/

Y..
1..

1r"* n-J;;;
I six hundred

\..

-;- \.+t*

&&

r'. rii

V;.

r-,^i.?,i

A..

,:i .--ilr- T;; ..l

Jtj,6+

,;lji

\ .. .

r'r.i.d , ol;i

; t oA
penjah
o
hebt/
o
/dehar-sed
four hundred and fifty-eight
_l J.-Jte

r'ri{ , \. .i,$il . V
/Se5-sed o heft/
six hundred and seven

6 D)_tn..",*l s+jJi ..l,vi .;li

world

ldonyal

1+3

rug

lqaril

Jr-{

people

/merdom/

to weave

(hufll
lbaft-renl

The numbers in between the multiples of loo are made by connecting the above numbers to the smaller numbers with -r (lol, and).
. ! _ 1 , ' , , . . Jj l1^ - 5 g
;\ Y\
/yek-sedobist oyekl
one hundred and twenty-one

1-fiji

The Iranian carpet is among the best carpets in the world. Carpets
are also called rugs. The art of making rugs is rug weaving. Rug
weaving is a very old art in Iran. The Carpet Museum of Iran has a
very large collection of beautiful rugs. The people of many Iranian
cities weave rugs.

;-*[r

.tl;l

ta_2(.,tAJE jl <_l_x
ceLa6i jl ,.sl"a_f3r .r-11.:
rJl_JHl
.rrsl+./ Jti

riY
(.iq) ,.;liq

6 H . c u t r u R ET o P r c2
Farsi Script and Calligraphy
Like English and other languages,Farsi script has many different typefaces. The word for script in Farsi is l-= (lxettl\, which also means
llner.\lgscript typeface commonly used in books like this one is called
e.*'t '#S (/xett-e nesx/), which is based on a certain Arabic script
lL-- flxett-e kuf-i/). During the early post-Islamic periods
called j-6
of Iran, a new Farsi script was developed and severalother scripts were
lesson6

designed afterwards.Becausethe development of these scripts predated

printing technology,people had to write books by hand, and the most
popular books to write were the Koran and literary works. It was common to try to make these books as visually pleasing as possible,and this
gave rise to the art of modern calligraphy in lran. TWo of the most common scripts used in Persian calligraphy nowadays are q!trej-j lL (/xett-e naste'liq,/) and 43-5r,i l}':. (lxett-e 5ekrest-e/).The most
prominent characteristicof these scripts is that they mostly use curves
rather than straight lines. The sharp teeth of letters like cJ" and ci are
also avoided; instead, the teeth are smoothed out as curves. You can
learn more about Persian calligraphy and see some samples by visiting
http://www.persianpaintings.com/caligra.html and the Rumi Gallery
website at http ://rumigallery.com/.

C. Use the correct ordinal form of the number given in parentheses.

(!

.r=r+ *r^,,i t+lJ+='

.iu; l_.,r.s
.rs +

"J#r
.,',."1-(A)

gr")S-tr -l-lt:a 4i.$JAJ rtAj.\

(OjliJ) ojLi- .Jr^r- B.Y

V*l.l .-

(pt) ._(+:..,,.^"r;
(fmt. and,nesativel

ry)S-l.t . o
(Oi-F) d-,]3 cab.l

tJl

+
o
o)

E
tn
rD
e

D. Write out these numbers.

:(111;.l
:(Y'lA) . Y

: ( Y\ 1 ; .r
:(\Y\1).2
: ( 4 .1 ) o
A ] I S W E RK E Y
ComprehensionPractice
A.z

B.3

C.r

D.3

E.r

Exercises
A.
d-r.J .\

l-,1ett3S.V

(infml and,negativel. -lLi$lr;r.r)

ri'tj.tj

s-o .Y
rr,-l).Y

:-i 't

But beforeyou start,

B.Usethe correctform of the adjectivein parentheses.
takea look at a coupleof usefulwords.

rrir,?.i r O

+o.',

(yek-il,one)c5*

Jl$j.V

(/asar-ehoner-i/, works of art, artisticworks).SJii -Jii

(-. F)

d!,1-_

.,.! Oi -,1fc;tiS a;t . \

B.

(+F) r.l*l .Y
ES
.dr*^,|dlar.Es +l s.,.
jl
4S;n
itJ.AJi
(;rl)
.Cr*lt- .f
.OFt
.d!^,1..r-2lrl-; Ls-;u .:BI ts a-c-F."''"1-($4)

-^-*--i--Bh;
I

=
=

(tJsJ) ojU. r..r*^,

-r E. t

(infml.l

.d-,bll

.Y

(r).r. .r

-Otr.F.cskllJi &

(l diruzl, yesterday) j-l-l'l

(,il--ii)

.\

(Y) dH.it^. t

iF

A. Complete the following sentencesusing the correct form of the verb in

parentheses.But first, here are two words that you will need to know.

(OjliJ) ot(.^i:|.:a; j-r-tr .rLrY. \

.+

.rs e-l! -cI- +ili _(o)

Exercises

(kn, ruzf , everyday) j-U)

ll-l-lb

cea.ll.:

j;.r
#Jj 3:\.t

((-l:)

.eit< irrl . t
j;^ oi jl -u' ..ll .o

(.*S)

L qedt'r

_,ri .+.i or Jj(+ . \

U''. r-.rJr o, U,iji# .Y

-fs4 .o
Oj-.;lj.r.;.:'!.1

.1

1",Farsi

Lesson6

I'u

LESSO

C.
dt
ly'I

,''r.o5 Y
O.lrl .f
6t

-P-9J. r

f3.ii .o
c -l .rF J .r1 a^l .l
o l i i J r - . J . ". Y

"ij3l

dr^,rr;J .Y
"ij3r.l 3
_9dr^,r5.1J JIJA ,-f* . {
+ 1, r1 r' r' i .o

DE I I TC H A L t E6l ' E
l
I NDE P E N

In this lesson,you will learn about making travel arrangements.We also

study counting units, the future tense and nationalities. But first, let's
warm up with some new words and phrases.

7 A . U O C A B U T A RWYA R M - U P
agency
if possible

Visit the website of Golestan Palace {http ://wwur,golestanpalace.ir/),

an old palacethat was converted into a museum. Click on the link entitled Ll ne-;,o;. (which, as you should know, mean-s collections).Yo1
will seea list of the names of the locations in the palace.Visit some of
the locations and print out pictures of them for your langrlage lgiilnal
if you can. Also write down the name of each location. Then look at
the English version of the site and try to visit the samelocations on
the English version.See if you can find out what some of the location
names mean in English, and write those down in your journal, too.

#ljl

laLansl
momken est/,
f aegaer
/regemomken-e/

agent,responsible

/mas'uf

travel, trip

/mosaferetf , f saefarf

week

lhnftel

oS';'3t
d!.1 O$1

J-(l

d-9n I J:#
-r'[" ,cry,l..,'l
4ii-t

7B . DIALOGUE
Mani is calling a travel agent to book a flight for |im and himself. He is
planning to take |im to Esfahan,one of the most ancient cities of Iran.
Listen to Mani's telephone conversationwith the travel agent.
Oiit -l+ .Ui A

--fu

-.j;n-l*

-L,jp'llji .jl

:gl,iljl

1J$*

'(+!Jj.,J
fe,lo. al,ans-e mosaferati-ye sefrer-e xo5. :/mes'ul-e ai.ansf
beferma-yin (beferma-yid)./

-p iil3i.t"

.(+$Lli.) i,S\$ 4i*-i' .tB eL

,"!l,,lJ
.# :l;; Ok_i.-j sgl_,;r

/srelam xanom. xeste nebaSin (nebaiid).

mi-xast-em do ta belit bera-ye esfehan

rezervkon-rem./
f.,+Jtj 4+ -g;l;+
fbara-yedetarix-if
_.__..t
I

86l
a

Farsi

:cll-

:lmanil

:gl"lljl -,J:'..,".o
:/mes'ul-eai,ansf

LESSO

C.
d\

ilrr.

,'u^l5 Y
v ,

idllA t .Y
'lJJ

'l

#.li.o
D.
a-i -l rF J .:i.a 4-i . \

"ij3r

oLif J r', l.o .Y

'"'"'JJJ .Y
"ij3.l r
.t
3 dr.rr.jJ J )l$.q
'i'ti
a-3 3 ri
.o

I N D E P E N D E NC
THAttENGE
..i',.
Visit th website of Golestan Palace (http://wwwgolestanpalacg.ir/),
an old palacethat was converted into amuseum. Click 1l the link_entitled te e-cq.+. (which, as you should know, means collections).You
will seea list of the names of the locations in the palace.Visit some of
the locations and print out pictures of them for your languageiournal
if you can. Also write down the name of each location. Then look at
the English version of the site and try to visit the samelocations on
the English version. Seeif you can find out what some of the location
,ru*"r"*"un in English, and write those down in your journal, too'

In this lesson,you will learn about making travel arrangements.We also

study counting units, the future tense and nationalities. But first, let's
warm up with some new words and phrases.

7 A . U O C A B U T A RWYA R M - U P
agency

.trlji

lai.ansl

if possible

momken est/,
f acgacr
/ege momken-e/

agent,responsible

/mes'ul/

travel,trip

/mosaferatl,lsefrerl

week

lheftel

a:;A

a3l t

d!^1 O5-: J3l

dJn
j-

I J:#
,cl_,fl.-1
4ii-{

7F . DtAtOGUE
Mani is calling a travel agent to book a flight for fim and himself. He is
planning to take fim to Esfahan,one of the most ancient cities of Iran.
Listen to Mani's telephone conversation with the travel agent.

.dF .-fu _"jy.t "^ -u.,ilji .JI

i1rr-J^-,;s;

.(-"J-A)

:u,tljl -ct3j,^.,-

f e.lo. ai,ans-emosaferetiye sefer-e xo5. :/mes'ul-e al.ansf

befarma-yin (beferma-yid)./

3r ,:-,16./

.(+$U) dSl+ 4i.*i .CE eL

cr;! ti
.# sl;s cJWi.-Jigl_.,;r;

/selam xanom. xmste neba5in (nebaSid).

mi-xast-rem do ta belit bera-ye esfehan

'j1"I;

;H

:dt
:fmanil

:ddrjr
.a-r33*,.

fbara-yedetarix-if :/mes'ul-eaY.ansf
-.-.....-..-.,...t
I

86i
I

Farsi

.o..irj.S 4iiA 19 ++-,,,_lb -,Slt

:clL
:lmanil

fb er a-ye dehar-5enbe-ye hefte-ye ayende./

fJH$.#-i+,J+

:d'ifjl .dsl,,-

tirI :/mas'ul-eai,ansf
fye.'nibist-om-e
l(t
.4jf-:
+* e,a:,
:clL"
:lmanil

fba,le, bist-om ege momken-e./

*

-l r'rv!,, .r'r,,,ri l+ fj!r+# C9lJ* .dti!ii.

fDJ .ti

:dljl

Mani:
Travel agent:

That is the twentieth of Tir?

Mani:

Yes, the twentieth, if possible.

e^i_l-* .olJ *

_9r'r..d,r5{

/bist o yek-om dir-e. nuzdeh-om de-tor?

ia hastf
4jtji+iJA
64Ii
Ofr-S s4 J+ ,r.S .45-.1 $i_l-*

r(+._F.r:)

fbale, xo5bext-anenuzdeh-om momken-e.key

ber mi-gerd-in (ber mi-gard-id)|

:lmanil

:d,ilji Uq""
:/mes'ul-e af.ansf

.,,,.i-( i*.Al3i_,+ 4r-'i

:c/l'

fjom'eber xah-im gebt/

f+;q. O:i*,,| e,,, A J_L-tt

:lmanil
:dljl

,cj-r:*,,^

/besiyarxob, esm-etundiyef :/mes'ul-eai,ansf

.u*)[(fr fi;+ J dh -.,jl-.
:cJ'
/mani-ye peyami ve iim daglas./
f0l-i
c/.l+S c,1")<lr cal-ii

:(J,,'iljl .,J_lj*

laqa-yedaglaskoia-yi hest-enf

:/mes'ul-eai,ansf

.,r;1.:lJlS
lkanada-yi.l

:lmanil

:clt'
:lmanil

Travel agent:

Hello! Pleasant Trip Travel Agency. How can I help

you?

Mani:

Hello, ma'am. I want to reserve two tickets for

Esfahan.

Travel agent:

For what date?

:
rraver
asent
.ffi;
#:::HiTl';;:"tr"T*T:i[i":*::f#:

AJ

{--.

AJ

first?
Mani:

No, the twenty-first is too late. How about the

nineteenth? Are there any seats available? (/ir', Is
there room?)

Travel agent:

Yes, fortunately, the nineteenth is possible. When

are you coming back?

Mani:

We will return on Friday.

Travel agent:

Very well. What are your names?

Mani:

Mani Payami and |im Douglas.

Travel agent:

Where is Mr. Douglasfrom?

Mani:

He's Canadian.

-,J-l'*"^

:cfL

o,
:f

q9.
gq

/mote'ssefane, bera-ye bist-om ia nist. bist o :/mes'ul-eai,ansf

yek-om de-tor-e/
!.",."i h t-l4

For the Wednesday of next week.

SpellingNote:The letteri (calledojtA /hemze/)and its capitalform,U,

s t a n df o r t h e s o u n d/ ' / i n t h e m i d d l ea n d a t t h e e n d o f t h e w o r d s ,r e s p e c when this sound(/'/) is followedby the vowel lu/, it may
tively.However,
be written as -1.NewerFarsiwriting standardsrequirethe use of 3 before
j.that is why the word fot ogent
the vowel /o/, and older standardsused
J.,',,.c
(/mas'ul/).
Thesamesoundwhen
has two spellings-cJ Jj'-"'aanOcl
followed by the vowel /e/ comesIn this form: l. We saw this in the word
4il4rt$ (/mote'assef-ane/, unfortunately).
Usagel{ote: You may have noticedthat an Englishtranslationis not provided for the expression+$l+ 4:-j. (/xaste ne-ba5-id/). That'sbecause
would be greetTheclosest
thereis no goodtranslationfor this expression.
(/xaste/) means
ings, which isn't really that close.The adjective{.'ri
form
(/na-ba5-id/)
subjunctive
negative
the
is
tired, and the verb +$!l
of the verbOJ} (/bud-en/, to be),inflectedfor the secondpersonplural.
Thisverb literallymeansmoy you not be.The literalmeaningof the whole
expressionis then Mayyou not be tired.lhis is a form of greetingverycomwith someonewho's working.
monly usedwhen initiatinga conversation
It's closeto the Englishexpressionmorepowerto your elbowin meaning
is quite rareand is never
but is differentin usage.The Englishexpression
usedas a greeting.

:
Lesson
7

!
Com prehension

Practice

A. How many tickets does Mani want to reserve?

4-r.Y
Jl .T

cst,r.'\

B. Where does Mani plan to go?

jlJ$

oki.al .Y

.Y

.t

-lr-l-i

C. Why can't he leave on the twentieth?

.'''"$ OlJd -,1r3l .Y

.olr #^{# .Y

.r',.

,,:i [5

. \

=
q9.

/pul dad-en/

Url.r cjjl

:t
qa
Ot

taxi

/taksii

holidays, vacation

fte.'tllatl

15+,,su
cDt*tri

to make a phone call

/telefon kerd-an/,
/telefon zr"d-r-nf

tour

Iturl

check

Ir.ekl

to give

/dad-en/

to see

/did-en/

to visit

/did-en kerd-en/

tomorrow

lfacrdal

train

lqetarl

fare

lkerayel

ship

/kebti/

excursion

/gerd-ebi

month

lmahl

place to stay,
accommodations

/mehrell-e eqamet/

traveler

/mosafer/

to take a trip, to travel

/mosaferet kerd-an/,
/mosaferet reft-en/

/pa:s feerda/

money

lp"U

to pay

D. Can he leave on the twenty-first?

OI dl-

.Jij,j

.f

j:_,r

. ij-t*:.r

J .",..,Jt.JJij

.4ll . \

.Y

.o;r i!

E. What day of the week will Mani return?

r+t i++ .

4.*^- .y

4rLiJk;

.\

7c. UocABUIARY
future, next

layar-ndel

hello
(for telephone
conversations)

lr-lol

for

lbara-yel

ticket

lbelitl

date

Itarixl

fortunately

/xo5-bext-ane/

to reserve

frezewkerd-en/

unfortunately

/mote'assef-anef

week

lheftel

next week

/hefte-ye ayende/

o.t,r-l,i

JI
-tsll
J."L / d+l;
.
zl

t,
llJ

I E J

. . 1' .
l
+lt rrrr.n

.
qs

oiJs r)))
4iutt$
4iii
o.rf'rj.9 agi

7D. KEY PHRASES

bus

cost

lhr,zinel

airplane

lheva-peymaf

OJ

-{
'

6l: t OiJs O.rJ;

)-f

gil"r

o+r
Oi-rS O+.1
l.>i
Jt-L!
4+lJs

.j^trs
t-SljK
oL

d;13! .tS;
Ji- l-;

I ,jr-;Sc,-+S
cFs-)

4+Ja
l^r-rl
..A
*.i
r

7 E . C U t T U R ET O P I CI
t}i'}f

/oto-bus/

weekend

f axar-eheftel

to stay

/eqamet kerd-an/

to pay

/pardaxt kmrd-en/

flight

fparvazf

to fly

fpewaz kerd-en/

t___Farsi

90 i
i

l.:"1.t+
cJa

the day after tomorrow

43rA J'ri
oiJs

dJ..t!l

OrJS eilr_.4

:ls4
oiJs tl:e

The Persian Calendar

Iranians use an ancient calendar that marks the beginning of the year
on the first day of spring. The idea is that the rebirth of nature is also the
start of a new year. The calendar is very orderly in terms of the number
of days in each month-the first six months of the year eachhave thirtyone days; the next five months have thirty days, and the last month has
twenty-nine days, except on leap years,when it has thirty days. Seasons
Lesson
Z

t****
le1

change every three months, which means the beginnings of the first,
fourth, seventh,and tenth months coincide with the beginning of a new
season,so you won't have to keep reminding yourself what the official
seasonis all the time.
Even though the calendar itself is ancient, the number of the year
in the calendar was adjusted after the advent of Islam to the year
when prophet Muhammad migrated from Mecca to Medina (the
Hijral.In order to find out what year it is in the Persian calendar,
you need to subtracl 6zz from the Common Era year if it is before
March zoth, and after March zoth, you should subtract 6zr. For example, from fanuary 1st to March 2oth,2oo7, it is the year 1385 in
Iran, and from March ztst to December 3tst, zoo7, it is the year
r386. You can convert dates from any common calendar to another
at http ://www.calendarhome.com/converter/.

(IMAH-HAt,M0NTHS)tt ol,e

lA d,ai
(tFlEsr-HAr,
sEAsoNs)

iii;.";;;i"7j ar-2e; .i
",''i.,c,iuf
.Y
i7"'Jiuur'"it1,

giuaeirarlt,rp'i"gj
Jh

..

I Monday
;-

(/mordad/) rlr-,f .o

(/tabestan/,summer) OE.!r-.U

/do-5enbe/ t

-*-:

I frresday

/se-5renbe/

i Wednesday

/Cahar-5enbe/

' Thursday
:
, Friday

/panj-5enbe/

'

' ..' b
cr-^J'JJ

-----r"

nl-'L *
4+;iJt{+

"i

i
i

li"*;"i

i"

Counting units are also used in English with mass nouns (nouns that
don't have a plural form, e.g.,water or sandl.For example,in English we
have expressions like o glassof milk or a cup of coffee, and not, typically,
amilkor a coffee.Farsi uses counting units with all nouns. The counting
unit E is used with count nouns (those that do have a plural form), and
other words describing the container are used with many mass nouns.

(l a z e tl l -,Pr.1
'
Udevflcei ' lI

11t :l]

(/zemestan/,
winter)OE"rj

(/esfand/) \t-i'"i .\ Y

;
I
.....t

The first day of the week, and also the first workday, is Saturday,and
the last day of the week, the weekend, is Friday. Here is a list of the
days of the week.

Here are some examples of count nouns used without any counting
units and with E and lii>.
(/do belit/)c+l+ j.)
(/do ta belit/),'u1,.I j3
(/do edred belit/)d,g!
two tickets
(/se maSin/)CSl-

Farsi

1-----

written language.

(/Sahrivar/) -.13p-X-,,i
.1

-*--l
e2i

/yek-srenbe/

; lunday
;

4$

/5enbe/

In the dialogue,when Mani wants to refer to two tickets,he doesn't iust

say dr;! jl (/do belit/); he says ''ul,J E 3.1 (/do ta belit/). The word E
(/ta/) here is not a preposition meaning until or to; it is a counting word
that means unit or number. Even though it is correct to say '" lll -9.:fldo
belit/), it is more common, especiallyin spoken language,to use a counting unit after numbers greater than one (and sometimeseven with one).
In informal spoken language,the most common counting unit is E, but
in written or more formal language,several others are used depending
on the type of noun that is counted. Another common counting unit is
.:rL (/redred/,number). This counting unit is used in both spoken and

.f

( l t i r 1 \ . $. t
-.

(&ehm*"/)

: Saturday

Counting Units

T H EP E R S I ACNA L E N D A R

q,

7 F . G R A MM A R

Below is the list of months and seasonsin the Persian calendar.

(/xordad, jljJ'i

DAYS
OFTHEWEEK
i;
:i

lesson7

n*,,

.:.rc a"r

=
.
3
gq
o,
-l

=.

6+JJ d cetJJ ,r.c cJ3_,1

(f s6J) d ?J) d
-i
mi-r
av
df
, f mi-r ev-im/, /mi-rav-id/, /mi-rev/mi-rev-em/, f
f , /mi-rev-e
a:,ndl

(/se redad madin/) Orr.it.oJJe 4-e,

three cars

(/dahar ta otad) 6Ul U Jt+"

sc

-.fa;

four rooms

Future Tense
The future tense is most often used to refer to future events.In English,
we make future tense sentencesby using the modal auxiliary verb will
and the baseform of the main verb, e.g.,I will get a haircut tomorrow.We
also use the expression fo be going fo for this purpose, .$.,I'm going to
get a haircut tomorrow. In spoken English, we even use the simple present tense or the present progressivetense to refer to future events,as in,
I'm getting a haircut tomorrow, or, I'm out of town tomorrow.
In Farsi, the proper future tense is almost exclusively used in writing'
In spoken Farsi, the simple present tense is the more common tense
used to refer to future events.We make the proper future tense by using
the present stem of the verb Oj-,15 (/xast-an/)-i.e., ol-5A(/xah/)-itflected for person and number, plus the past stem of the main verb with
no inflection. For example, let's coniugate the verb r.tji-,; (lrqfy-enl, t9
go) in the future tense. Recall that the past stem of the verb g3-,1 is dri-,;
(lraftll.
T H EV E R B
'Sj

( / r a f t - e n / , t o g o ) l N T H EF U T U RTEE N S E

I will go

y*ou(sg.)will go
,

o,

5
ga
cu

-{
=.

Noter: Just like other verbs,the auxiliaryand main verbstogethercome

after the object. For example,in the sentence$lF fnlJi gllJI L,1l(/
m e n d a r s x a h - a m x a n d / ,l w i l l s t u d y 1l i.t . , l w i l l r e a dl e s s o n st)h, e o b j e c t
is c.t"-li (/ders/, lesson),and it precedesthe verbal group JllJi fnlF
( / x a h - a m x a n d / ,w i l l s t u d y ) .

(/dahar otaq/)1.!El _,,k+

(/dahar edad otad).!til

-=
q9.

rr_U cf

(/se ta maSin/) gtr'i,L U a-.,'

/xah-rem rreftl

N o t ez : l f t h e v e r bi s a p h r a s a l v e r(bi . e . ,a v e r bw i t h a p a r t i c l e )s,u c ha st h e
Farsiverb(,j'i31;^(/ber geit-en/, to return)or uri.ifr; (/bar daSt-en/,
to pick up, to tal<e),then the auxiliaryverb ol3i (/xah/)can comeeither
(/ber xah-im gait/)
beforeorafter the particlei.g., 5s16
"'$-( F*alJi;l;
and dr$Sj e+AlF (/xah-im bar gait/) are correctfor Wewilt return.The
(/xah-im bar geit/) is, however,moreoften usedin
f616,',$-(:'Cpl:=
f o r m a ll a n g u a g e
a n d i n w r i t i n gt h a n i n i n f o r m asl p e e c h .
N o t e3 : W h e nu s i n ga d v e r b si n a s e n t e n c ei t, i s c o m m o nt o p l a c et h e a d verb either immediatelyafter the subjector at the very beginningof the
sentence,as in the examplesbelow.
.,.,.?,'( enl3i-,,;; lr-rr al
frna,n frerda ber xah-rem ge5t./
I will return tomorrow.
.,',,i'( eil .j. + d" cl-rJi
fferda, men ber xah-em geit./
Tomorrow, I will return.
To negate a future tense sentence,you only need to negatethe auxiliary
ol-lA,not the main verb, as in the examplesbelow.
l.-,1oi.r"
.c.ri_,lplJij
/men ferda nre-xah-em ra-ft.l
I won't go tomorrow.
.,',,1-( rjll3sr_.p 4-r-cs.-JJJ |*1l
f anhraruz-e jom'e ber ne-xah-end geSt.i
They won't return on Friday.

he/she/it Yqil g,:_

{xan-t::nl
/xah ed rattl

we will

/xah-im reftl

you (pL or sg.

ful.l will go

/;;h-iA.;i't

they (pl. or sg.

ful.l will go

i;;h-;; lin/

As mentioned above,in spoken language,we can simply use the present

habitual form to refer to future events,as in:

llationalities
Words that refer to people's nationalities and places of origin or residence are extremely easyto make in Farsi.All you need to do is add the
suffix tS V-ill to the place name. For example, ii someone is from OIJ#
(ltehranl,Tehran), then that person is.jl Xi lltehran-il,Tehrani). Here
are some other examples.
(/alman-i/, German)1,ilJi ? (lalmanl. Germany) 6Lli
(/su'ed-i/,Swedish) cg$J* e flsu'ed7, Sweden)$--l(/niyu yorhi/ from New York) ,-F-,r:*-l+ e flniyu yorly',New York) .5-,1y,-l+
i

Farsi

lesson7

ioE
I

iI
I

..{i

(/esfehan-i/, Esfahani),jjl-d,al

flesfrehan/,Esfahan)Oki^al

N o t et : l f t h e p l a c en a m e e n d s i n a v o w e l s o u n do t h e rt h a n l i l a n d l e l ,
then the suffixc9 (/-i/) becomescsl (/-yi/) or, accordingto oldergrammar
standards,
sl (/-'i/). Lookat the examplesthat follow.
(/amrika-yi/,American) cfJs+yl

flamrika/, America) 5+-rl

plcnlc

/ piknik/

celebration

ljreinl

time

f ze.manf

to begin

/5oru'5od-en/

,-srig5rr
rr

Oi;
.l

'.

ohJ
.'.r

t b

U.r*l tJ-tst

(/kanada-yi/, Canadian) cr;hl-ilS - fkanada/, Canada) l$lS

? (lperul, Peru)J.l*r
(lperu'yil, Peruvian)dJli

child

/kudek/

.si-6

to name, to call

/nam-id-en/

u.Jr.rJ

L-,| e flespania/, Spain)tJ,L!,,|

(/espania-yi/,Spanish)G/,1n,
(ftongo-yi/, Congolesel,r.,t"jK:3 e (/kongo/, Congo) -ft3

Persian New Year

(lit., new dayl

Note z: lf the placename ends in the vowel /i/, then the suffixL9 (l-il)
b e c o m eds I ( t - a y i t )o r , a c c o r d i n tgo o l d e rs t a n d a r d s , . r - i(L/ - a ' i / ) ,a s i n
the examplesbelow.
(l malezi-ayi/, M alaysia" ),r+!-j!

(/endonezi-ayi/,Indonesian) c;!>-lSI
(f endonezif , I ndonesia) cS)_r$l

7G. READtItG
The following passageis about the Persian New Year.

.-- .- |

-tJJ-9r

-Oi+ cl$l;l
,J5 -0.s|.! j-r-l-tr ..i.13.r )r)j l-2-r. -cjl^^,
,cJl^^,
i-l-,rt-.rJ:l-,rrJ d!"1 c/J$
d ?:fi,t-ll.l-,r-l-l-i -dJlcsi+
jfurtl O+r q OLj cll -rr dy .""u1 jrJ \ I j-r-.rv -O.i+ .13'6
i
gJFl*,;' a+l+
i .f$ .S+ q a.cAejr -,JL -*i-ll- -)J) 'l*)r..JJJ .,cll -,lrdisi-6 .I':'t,q
J. J: s-l-l ,r-e;a-.,.;r,"a+-,1-l-loi
i
.,',.L-( Sil_,5:4*,,JJo

{ 4-oAcjl^.r--l-l-l Ol-i-,,ki

i
i
l
i
i
i

.
Iranians call their New Year's celebrati on Noruz (lnoruzll. Noruz is l
I
a very old celebration and begins on the first day of the year-that
is, Farvardin r. Noruz celebrations take thirteen days. During this
time, people visit each other or Bo on trips. On the thirteenth day,
everyone goes on a picnic. Children do not go to school on these
thirteen days, but on the fourteenth day, everyone returns (/if., wiil l
return) to school.

Farsi

lhemel

each other,
one another

/yek-diger/

c9.
J

oq
OJ
-.1

'

)J)9

4-qA

l4s;

EO P r C2
7 H . C U L T U RT

(/ferans-evi/, French) sgjr-^rl-.p e (/feranse/, France) 4*if;rJ

Noruz

all, everyone

\l malezi/, Malaysia) c.9-Lle

N o t e3 : l f t h e p l a c en a m ee n d si n t h e v o w e l/ e / ,t h e n t h e / e / i s d e l e t e da n d
t h e s u f f i x6 ( t - i t ) b e c o m e6sy U - a v i l ) . S e et h e e x a m p l eb e l o w .

lno-ruzf

o,
f

The Persian llew Year

The biggest Persian celebration is Noruz, which you read a little about
in the preceding passage.Becauseit is an ancient celebration,Noruz has
a lot of mythology around it, and no one exactly knows when and how
it started. However, it is now one of the most important celebrations
in western Asia. Noruz has always been celebratedat the beginning of
spring, and in Iran and Afghanistan it marks the official beginning of a
new year. At Noruz, people set a special symbolic table, called +* dlii
(/haft sin/, the seven ss), with seven items, the name of each of which
starts with the letter cJ" (cJJ-') Each item symbolizes something. This
setting also includes a bowl of water, symbolizing light, and a fishbowl
containing a goldfish. There is often a Koran or a book of poetry present,
depending on the religious beliefs of the family celebrating.
There are two other celebrationsin Iran that occur closeto Noruz and are
considered parts of, or at least very close to, the same ancient tradition.
The first one is called L9)_y +i*_,rb
/drehar_benbesur_i/).The word
)-9A (lsurl) in Farsi means banquet,feast, or festival. 6)y
++-._lb
is a celebration that happens on the eve of the last wednesday of the
Persian year (i.e., mid-March). During Lg)-t-)+$-lb,
p"opi" make
bonfires and jump over them. They play games,and children sometimes
dress up and engage in an activity similar to the Halloween tradition
of trick-or-treating. The second celebration that is close to Noruz, and
was mentioned in the preceding passage,is called Jt ! oJ rJ-r (lsizde
be derf , outdoor thirteen). This celebration happens on the thirteenth
day of the month of Farvadin, +;ls$
(/farverdinf ,the first month of
the Persiancalendar).The idea behind it is that people should leavethe
house on the thirteenth day of the year to take bad luck away from the
Lesson
7

II
I

lI

house.This custom has now turned into a national picnic day when people will have a picnic pretty much anywhere a little grass can be found.
Another important and old Persian celebration called h[ -I.d fl5eb-e
yalda/) happens at the winter solstice. On this night, families gather
together, play games,and eat a lot of pomegranates,nuts, watermelon,
and fish. They try to stay up as long as they can and have fun. For more
information about Noruz and other Persian celebrations, visit http.ll
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noruz.

Olj.$!

:(lmekzikl,Mexico).!54

qq
oq

OJ
-.1

=.

;l.tLtS

:(lh,endl,India)lrA
:(/holend/,

Exercises

:cr+lful.,Y
:(/pakestan/,pakistan)

fi 6llnnd) ri-l't

I
a

A ] I S W E RK E Y

A. Fill in the blanks using the words given.

rlrA

o$J

ri.Alj3.

cllr_l_r-.;s
.frf_F.-r.ES

t^.$

4- its

.\
t- . y

.#JJ ,r- 6lai^al o+-.9L

f.gl_n ct' ,"!li ..o + _
.,',,,,1_
cJt^,lEL tJJiJ-r
r'r"''rj
j-l-,r-,r'rWl
.:''x'<i& ,

.f
. t,

Comprehensionpractice
A.z

B.3

E.3

A.
.lr,rl_6 .o

.rl.rA . {,

t^.$.f

o-$ul
.Y

til

B.
.&iJ rAl:s olK.iih e+ ll-.;s.rb_,f . \
fei_,, rialJi rj.ei.-l ) Ols:++
eS J srl- .y
61.,''.i,1.1
o+i
_fj U .f
#lrii
#.+_tU
.r',.?.13_,p
i$lJi.j cs_JLi"+-t -e> U
..r^i .utj,i t++l a+e+ -c.,rt,.. tj
*$ .f
.JllJ. *l-n )Jl,l lt cr_,1.r
dJJl.o

.r3_.1.r.cr olK.illr a+ l"ry .:Ll;i . \

.d-.ll: (+.x

D.z

Exercises

.o

B.Write the properfuture tenseof thesesentences.

fr,_l_l ,r- Uki^-l )

C.r

e+ J ."1L .Y
r5-,ji D$J -fJi U .Y

cSlsla;

(/amed-en/,to come:Or"D .rri .+ l++l e+i -o;1*., U ;+-i . t

.-fF (e )J;'lrl lt ty-,;.tOil .o
C.
C.Write the correcttenseof the verb for thesesentences.

tts c/ or {5

(orJS) i,FIt .l ilji ! j:_,r;.r L . \

(rJ3J) a."Jro a+ l.ly fJr,; . Y
''lli E e.,,orrrJcs +iil .-r
(O+F).SJy.*ltr-sl-x
.f
f_(uiJJ-)
f_(or_Js)

Pl-n .f

.r_rJc/ or.d.ri_,pllJA.y
drJS .l
tii( ,r-cor.l_,f rolji
.o
*_l:i s^ .t

D.

(5s+5-.{

L*i .2
_,;teU.jeL a+ _l_r_l-,;a
d;l-ll .!i atss ; o.rirjel- l<Jl .o

GjU,SL .f
ca$lA .V

."*"tfuf .V

,"+t!>"1.l

crJrA .1

.r;hl-rlS .o

D.Write the nationalityof a personfrom eachof the followingcountries.

:15+yl . \

-*-t**e8i
i

Farsi

Lesson
7

^-*--t--i: ot r o
i

LESSON
I N D E P E N D E NC
TH A T L E N G E
Imagine that you are planning a trip to or around lran. Visit
http:1/www.hotelbooking.ir/ and start searching for a hotel. Under the

ff;ilT::f"?YJJJ:;
.f;Y'-n'#'K":t'tSft
l:lTfl
Print out yorrr hotel search results for your language iournal if you
can. Then pick a few hotels that you like and start circling the words
that you can recognize in their descriptions. Finally, selectyour favorite hotel description and try to look up some of the unknowrx words
in the onliire dictionary http://www.farsidic.com/. On this website,
you will see a virtual Farsi keyboard that ailows you to enter Falsi
text. Bookmark this website; you will find it very useful'

In this lesson we will learn about shopping for clothes,store types, and
prices. We will also learn about subjunctives and first person imperatives, as well as the past habitual tense and object clitics.

8 A . U o c A B U I A R Yw A R M - u p
Does it fit me?

,
/be men mi-ay-a,d?f
/be-hem mi-yadf

to wear (clothes)

/puS-id-en/

to shop

/xer-id kard-an/

color

lra'ngl

to think

/fekr krerd-en/

suit (/it., coat

and trousers)

/kot o Selvar/

, f.Il cs^ c.1*4+

f.!" C'H
o+$-l*

OiJs +J3
3i3
oiJs Jrj
JIJ*.', '"'(

8B. DTAIoGUE
Mani and Shabnam are out shopping. Mani wants to go to his favorite
boutique to buy a suit. Listen to his conversationwith Shabnam,who is
being a little playful today.
.fg

+Jr

.f

djl4,lFn

aS Cul .rfrA_5qrgal

/in butik-i est ke hemiSe auz-alixer-id

mi-kon-rem./

jl -il 45 riJS .,- Jfj 4,i;.e dJ. fd!,,,l++l

.cgUS c/

+J.:

o_,yti- .,l;

:i$

O_ll

/in-ja-st? men hamiSe fekr mi-kerd-em ke

to ez un yek-i maqaze xer-id mi-krerd-i./

fj

:cll:lmanil

e-,1; .p td Lrr:l c:ll'ri+A 6;" .+:

/na. men hid-veqtun-iane.mi-rem.be-r-imtufl

:/Sebnam/

:clL^
:lmanil
{

b+l 4s (#1.

"#)

ii.,irr

:i$

(J.qiiF.dJl+
34
.r.r,,,-{ .S-r3.

/berim. m&n ne-mi-dun-est-em (ne-mi-danest-em) ke in-ia butik hest./

:/Sebnem/

'""( i.;l

:cJU

4..) lt-

ir

f1*

,fi
fo-2 &+ o-,11

f(.,J+
:lmanil

beh-em mi-a-d
/in kot o Selvar-e de-tor-e?
(be men mi-aY-ed)?/

.$

.,.64

/are' xeYli qe5eng-e be-xar-e5'/

iift

:di-

.4<jiii!.J$' .o-.;i

gLri.l c^ -r-l.*

:/5rebnem/

:du

+l Jl$

be-kon-rem'/
fbe-gozarin yek-i ro hem emtehan
jl'1^3'"r'e c4'3
.(t'-F -i 4't)
.,-Fb j-,j;fK+
"'

:fmanil

lnn,beh-et ne-mi-a-d(be to ne-mi-ay-ed)'

ser-e ia-5./
be-gozar-eb

:/Sebnem/

. l

:tr+-

:lmanil

-l
5

Mani:

But you always liked the blue color.

=
rD

Shabnam:

I like the blue color, but I don't like blue suit at all.

Mani:

You mean I shouldn't wear it?

(D

6'
f!

Shabnam:

No, don't wear it. That red one was much better.
').^-ol
(test-ant, at all), which is a borrowed
SpellingNote: The word
w o r d f r o mA r a b i ch, a sa n u n e x p e c t epdr o n u n c i a t i o n
A.l t h o u g hi t i s s p e l l e d
w i t h L ( / a / ) ,t h e / a / i s p r o n o u n c e/da n / . T h ed i a c r i t i lc w h e n p l a c e do v e r
I signalsthis pronunciation.In everyday
writing, however,the diacritic1,
l i k e o t h e rd i a c r i t i c sd,o e sn o t t y p i c a l l ys h o wu p .
Com prehension

Practice

Now answer the following questions based on the dialogue.

ojti-

.5..ri.g .Y

.Y

otK;r_;3 . t

B. What color is the suit that Mani tries on first?

.&

+i/,. .Y

ccl .Y

J+-F.\

C. What does Shabnam say about the blue suit?

:/Sebnem/

.rj 6J

..:l;.ci ,

.l, .r

',re

,l . Y

.Jjri

O:l .d.,sJ# 641

.rg jje+ (.J+ ";,,+

xeyliO"l-j5.;
un qermez-e
f nn,n*-pu5-e5.

:du

D. How does Shabnam tell Mani, Don'twear it?

:lmanil

.y'*

.l

:d+*
:/Sebnem/

Mani:

This is the boutique that I always shop at'

Shabnam:

Is it here? I always thought that you shopped at that

other store.

Mani:

No. I never go there. Should we go in?

Shabnam:

Let's go. I didn't know there was a boutique here'

Mani:

How's this suit? Does it fit me?

Shabnam:

Yeah. [t's reallY PrettY. BuY it.

.4fu3i sl*i, .l

dA

.CgJh dr^.r-9.1

f ya-'nine-Pu5-em-e5f

Farsl

No, that doesn't suit you. Put it back (/ir., Put it back
at its place).

:tt+-

.p-2lri d.ur3J'),..o1

102

Shabnam:

:cll-

ai..js-?
'
.+j .ll-ili r di5 Jl ,e-,;lj.9-r.

fu[!i$l

Let me try this one, too.

A. At what type of store does Mani usually shop for clothes?

drrr-9J.tt JJ-,;4^l*"A -f J-l

.,.,j,,1,11
daSt-i'/
/vali to hemiSe rang-e abi dust

abidustu* *::ffi*:::ii:]J:::*)
/reng-e

a
o

Mani:

.lirt'i-1p .Y

ciic .f

,iierj
v . J C

E. What does Shabnam say about blue suits?

.,1l -_,rl:ftr,','(
')r-ol .f
.eJlrj .',*JJ

.Jl-9Lir,','( .t
.:!.g .f a+;J

,Jl9fr , '""( .l

4fu.{l .rt$.+j

8c. UocABUIARY
blue

labil

dJ

boutique

/butiki

yellow

lzerdl

l-,rj

green

lsebzl

J+.*t

white

/sefid/

lir"'

Lesson8

.f"r331

1'to3

black

lsiyahl

o!-

trousers,pants

l(r.lvarl

JlJft

grey

ftusif,/xakestrer-i/ crJi-'fli,s+"Jt

red

f qermezf

,"8

brown

lqehveil

o .d
c-91

coat

kotl

always

/hemiSe/

never

/hid-veqt/

/in boluz-ha bist

der-sad texfif
dar-end./

How much is this?

/in dend-e/

Are these clothes

on sale?

/in lebas-ha hreraj

hast-and (herajend)/

raincoat

fbaran-if , fbarun-il

child

lbe(tel

blouse

lboluzl

winter coat

lpaltol

boot

/putin/

shirt

fpirahenf ,
lpirhenl

discount

Itexfifl

.D

-.1

6rl.:6iely.r

;'

l-lu.r- ffi,tl lJ
3-,1U.-olr631
9"irrr
\ '..

=l

=
fD

8 E . c U L T U RTEo p t c I

d$J#A

d!r# t"jA
Oll
, :Ui:.-l r-.
Ji
..tr_;|.:
forj..s.,'ul
tv.

Cl> te .r$ ul
f(r!rlJ-)$i."A

.t-r-i+ ,crl-A
"?+
iJ+
rlt
..!lJ

J Q

dr#ri
ilAJil clel-;;
, ijii-i
.Jf t_l+

sock, stocking

liurabl

skirt

ldama-nl

percent

lder-sedl

slipper

ldem-pa-yil

,"JFl

jacket

/kapSen/

,'"iris

shoe

lkafsl

(.Jifi

hat, cap

/kolah/

o)3

some, a little

lknm-il

./S

Farsi

/mi-tevan-a-ml
an damen ra bebin-em|, /mi-tunem un damen ro
be-bin-amI

cr!'J

dJs

il l.:
t-'

Jl

lranian

Currency

The official Iranian currency is the rial (cJ!_;)

lriyall. At this time, each
American dollar can buy about nine thousand rials. In everyday
conversatior, however,people don't use the term cJt;-),r"ty often. Instead,
Farsi
speakersusually use the term gLSj
fltuman/ or, colloquially, /tomen/),
which refers to ten rials. so you might hear peopl" ,uy, io, example,
that
an American dollar is uLJl r-. g-r (/noh-sed tuman/, nine hundred
tumans), as opposed to ci+_,rJl-)l d ynoh heza'iyuil,nine thousand
rials). The term oLy is gradually coming into use in official language
as well.

8 F . G R A MM A R
The Subjunctiye Mood
In Lesson6 we talked about imperatives. We learned that imperatives
in
Farsi are inflected for second person singular and plural and that
they
are made by adding the prefix ; (h4 to the present stem of the
verb
(e.g.,cliii lbe-binl for Look!), and in the case of second person plural,
we also add the second person plural ending (/ idfi to the ste--".g.,
-rr
tii*rtrl
/be-bin-idf, Look (you,p/.)/ sentencesthat are inflected like this are
said to be in the imperative mood.
In Farsi,the subjunctive mood, which refers to hypothetical situations,
is
very close to the imperative mood in its form. English uses the subjunctive in limited contexts. For example, when you say something like,
The
judge demanded that he stay in prison, you are using
the veib stayin
the subjunctive mood (note that you are not saying . .-. that he stays
...,
which shows that the verb is not in the declarative mood).
In Farsi, subjunctives are used in a variety of contexts: in conditional
sentences(Lessonrr), in embeddedclausesand with modal auxiliaries
(Lessonr3), and in first person imperatives (this lesson).The subjunctive mood in Farsi is simply made with the prefix ; (h*h plus the pres_
ent stem of the verb plus thesesubjectendings:
.r{,+,pr,i

[*
1 0 4i

llebasl

Can I look at that skirt?

q2
o
q

4.&;"-l

8 D . K E YP H R A S E S
These blouses
are twenty percent
off.

\
clothes

s L S( ;

1,l-il, l-red1,
l-iml,l-idl,l-nndl

Lesson
8

: 1o5
i

f#j+

As an example,let's seethe verb d1+l (/did-renf, to see)with the present

stem U# (lbi"l, see)conjugatedin the subjunctive mood.

lb,e-binildl
/be-bin-end/

; SINGULAR

tY
*
r'r-ijiri

-{

6'
f!
+

.#j; cr"$.lt'^t

t-ijiri

3
(D

/be mani telefon be-zan-im./

Let's phone Mani.

./besin-ftm/ #,r:tperson
:tt, 'zndPerson
1 /be--bin-i/
, fte-bin-ed/

o
rD

/be mani telefon be-zan-im?f

Shall we phone Mani?

I V0E0 D
T H EV E R B
O + J ( / d i d - a n / , t o s e e )l N T H ES U B J U N C TM

llyR$
fte-bin-im/

u'i! G.,1^q

Past Habitual
The past habitual tense is used to talk about events that used to happen
habitually in the past but no longer occur. In English, simple past tense
verbs and the modal idiom used to are used for this purpose. For example, when passing by a school you might hear your friend say,I went
to school here when I was a kid, or,I used to go to school here when I was
a kid. Your friend is referring to a past habitual event.

i 3rd person

Look especiallyat the first person singular and plural. The first person
subjunctive in Farsi is used for first person imperatives; thus, the verbs
p# (/be bin-em/) and p.ill*i (/be-bin-im/) can be translated to Let me
see/I should see and Let us seeftVeshould see,respectively.

In Farsi, the past habitual is just like the simple present except that the
verb is in its past form. That is, we make past habitual verbs by adding
the habitual prefix cf (lrnr-ll to the beginning of the past stem of the
verb. of course,subject endings also need to be added based on person
and number. Here is the coniugation of the verb g{Jri
(/xer-id-ren/,to
buy) in the past habitual tense.

PronunciationNote: lf the first vowel in the verb stem is /o/, then the
't
p r e f i x+ ( / b e - / )s o m e t i m e bs e c o m e s ( / b o - / ) i n c o l l o q u i alla n g u a g eF. o r
example,the imperativeform of the verb O3-1 (/raft-en/, to go) is pron o u n c e da sJ ; ( / b o - r o / ,6 o ! ) a n d n o t ( / b e - r o / )T. h i sp h e n o m e n o ins l e s s
speech.
f r e q u e n itn e d u c a t e d
GrammarNote: In the caseof phrasalverbs,as in Oi.$l.r-.,p(lUar Oa5ten/, to pickup, to ta[e), the prefixt is not used-e.g.,,+-,1lrl (/ber darim/) and not 6-,11.!-){ (/ber be-dar-im/).

THEVERBO+JA
I used to buy

In the opening dialogue of this lesson,we hear Mani and Slabnam say
(/be-r-im/), which is the spoken form of the.verb dJ-ti (/be-rrevS)
im/). When you use this verb as a question, as in :S.)| fbe-r-im/), you
are saying Shall we go? And when you say it as a response,as in fi')i
(/be-r-im/),you are saying Let's go. Now here are some more examples:

you (sg.)used

to buy

f,+-l-.ll-+ JLAU
/nahar be-xor-imf
Shall we have lunch?
.CJJ-ls+ JLaU
/nahar be-xor-im./
Let's have lunch.

(/xer d an/, to buy) tN THEPAST

HABTTUAL
TENSE

/mi-xar-id-aoml
/mi-xer-id-i/

(t'

rst person

Cr+Js (r'

znd person

6)

il p".,o.

e+-lr

;;;

he/she/it used
to buy

l-i**. iil

we used to buy

/mi xer id-im/

dliF

you (pl. or sg.

fnl.) used to buy

/mi-xar-id-id/

f"l.!_.;.s ar-c

znd person

they (pl. or sg.

fnl.) used to buy

/mixar-id-alnd,l

.$.:;_,1r..r,r.c

3rd person

gc

z,

rst person
T'

EJ
f#tr.+ c-r.
/ketab be-xan-im/
Shall we read a book?

.f#lri+ uti5

Here are some sample sentencesin the past habitual.

*
*

/ketab be-xan-im./
Let'sread a book.

.f"J
,r-c ar_;J.o ! e-,1+ L 4ii^i
dF
/men hremi5e ba peder-em be medrese mi-reft-em./
I always went/used to go to school with my father.

to6,

Farsi

LessonB

1*107
I

TqF'
.$tl c/ l;al ) _l_s_l-'^ tdl
f an-hahrer ruz be inja mi-amed-end./
They came/usedto come here every day.

endingin a sentencefor emphasis,e.g.,

cl-) ;L
(/manirar naarir.o-,i.r.
did-am-ei/). This is roughryequivarentto saying,
Mani, r hoven,t seen
him.

$r.l oi , -o Ll +1,/badde-ha mi-dev-id- a'nd.l

The children ran/used to run.

Here are some examplesof sentencescontaining object

endings.

.uli+ ts-

Object Endings on Uerbs

/mi-bin-em-eb./
I seeit.

. . J \ J

Farsiverbs carry a lot of information. We know that verbs in Farsi are inflected for person using subject endings, as in p-i-91 c/ (/mi-nevis-am/,
I write-from cli.&;/nevebt-en/, to write) with the present stem rli-#
(/nevis/). This allows us to drop the subject of the sentence if it is
known.
You can also use object endings for known objects and do away with
object pronouns. For example, in the opening dialogue of this lessonwe
heard Shabnam tell Mani,

i1

]
t

.:
,I

il

dri#

(instead
of d + l-,,ui)

{
J?

/ne-pu5-e5./
Don't wear it.
As you can see,sometimes a single Farsi verb carries as much information as a sentencedoes-for example, the verb
c# (instead of p'J$ o*r,r^r l-2 OI iJ )
"Fr+$:*
/ne-mi-pu5-id-em-e5./
I didn't use to wear it.

.JLa-,;s+r gt-$rc.:l.l
/dad-em-eian be farhad./
I gave them to Farhad.
))^ L9J) cJU+g,,ifK
/gozabt-im-eianruy-e miz./
We put them on the table.
f ez-a.3 did-en kerd-im./
We visited it. (lit.,We did visiting from it.)

.,Ji^+J-rf

i,
nJt

/ne-xar-id-em-ei/
I didn't buy it.

tL

8G. READIIG
Read this ad for a clothing manufacturer.
i

The table below lists the obiect endings of Farsi.

.lll .:.,-,1.,.r1+lti
crtl;-rr<{ +lj 9rr c,+;rtjt *ft Hjl fiH
$iYJr,-r.-.rIS
o:Ui,

cfr; ;d*fJ:.,.$
..,-$-*
i+rs r jJ+ e+rLjj +:tr! -.rni+ ,&ir, cf ,jF: k-,iA

ETN D I N G S
OBJEC

il

l-emanl
I etanl

OLe

liiAil

ot+

Ol4

Lreml,|eml

--

l-*tl, l-e:tl

t-'.lt,
l ;;t

(?
?
c+ t,cr-

",1-;.,r

first
second
third

GrammarNote:Theseobjectendingscan alsobe attachedto prepositions.

Forexample,O 4+ (/be man/, to me) can be changedto 6;6; (/beh-em/,
t o m e ) . I n t h e d i a l o g u ey, o u h e a r dM a n i a s kS h a b n a mf,a ! ^ e * + ( / b e h e m m i - y a d ? / )T. h i sl i t e r a l l ym e a n sD o e si t c o m et o m e ?w h i c h i s a n i d i o m
for Doesit fit me?
UsageNotet: Asin the restof the course,wheretherearetwo formsin the
table above,the first form (with /e/) is formal.
UsageNote z: lt is also possibleto name both the objectand the object

cllJdJi di..r c#+ r,.,..1 ir-""!t iyr^-:;b

1o8
i

Farsi

.^$;;

'd-rlr
r
.
.
E
O
L
f
. c & l i J U J i\ o r
A.... jl t--cgta_JlliJcrSgl.c$
.ri'i.,,dOt--il o r r r .E y. . . . jl Lsgta gr"l.l
Arian Clothing
clothing"isone of the oldestclothing manufacturersin Iran.
1..i""
This companyproducesmen,sand women,sclothes.O";;;;d;;
include-suits(/ir.,iacketand trousers),skirt suits (/ir.,jacket
and
skirt), shirts, dresses,and iackets.The prices of our products
are
low, and we have severalboutiquesin Tehran.
The prices of our suits are from go,oooto 15o,ooo
tumans.our
skirts are from 2o,oooto 5o,oootumans.

*-t----**
LessonB

.D

-{
;'
n
r+
=
.D

.#rJS O+r djl

;l

'{i

cf
o

manufacturer,
producer

/tolid kon-ende/

to manufacture, to
produce

/tolid krerd-en/

5 ri'i'< 5!;

Exerclses

v|

several

/dendini

to include

/5amelbud-an/

product, products

/mahsuf,
/mahsulat/

dirs +l-i

(pr)r_((-F!i<Ji)

0i+

(O+>) l-1gel;; cll. t

(dili-r) oJr. 4+l.t-;i. o

('g ) t-

,cJ or.a-.o

(pt)t-

&YJr,-..

(O+) l-,1c-.ES.l

('g').-

c.rl:+&Li

The way Iranians dress has changed dramatically and frequently i" jltg
last two centuries. During the Qajar (-lt-. E lqaiarll and Pahlavi (cr;&
/prehlevi/) dynasties (the last two monarchic regimes before rhe ry79
revolution), the country underwent a remarkable modernization period.
During this time, Western education and values gradually became a
sign of social status.Peopledressedmore and more like Europeans,and
many women stopped wearing the traditional Islamic veil (albeit many
by force during Reza Shah Pahlavi'sreign, ry25-t94rl.

B. Use the correct form of the verb in parenthesesin the following sentences.

(Orj) csl or# Ci^ .e-r str c;fis . \

(O+>) Cref*.!
,clt OJJ'"ij-r-tr Y
"iJil;-+

(cis-r) .s-A q $j L ,+,i.'i.K-cJt-,.f

(Or_t)0i$ L.,i a+p+ f.y . t

(J$lF) crJr.JS s" .o

C. Turn the objects of verbs and objects of prepositions in these sentences
into object pronouns. The first one is done as an example.

Since the ry79 revolution, however, the government has been trying to
replace Western values with traditional Islamic ones. This clash of ideals has created a wide range of opinions among individuals about what
people should wear. For example, wearing a tie may be considered a
sign of etiquette, elegance,and professionalism by modernists, but it
might be regarded as a sign of blind submission to Western values by
fundamentalists. Wearing jeans and T-shirts may be viewed similarly.
Younger, more liberal people like to dress in jeans and T-shirts, while
traditionalists avoid that.

.pih .;L

Nowadays,many men wear a shirt, a pair of long pants, and, if it's cold,
a sports jacket.Government officials wear suits, but they don't wear ties.
Wearing short-sleevedshirts by men is frowned on by the government,
but many men do it anyway.

.elilJi.

e.pl-,1Ll r-r.tiS
'd#

61'"it'il:

l++l -,1l4 lJ ,',oJ(.\

.P+.ll-l -rl.Y
,',.,r1Ll-)
"F*l+l.Y

.o-,14
irsllk l 4+.t

cs- lJ a.cl.t-,;3-; . o

D. Fill in the blanks using the following words.

ul3i

Women, by law, have to cover all their bodies and hair. Liberal and
younger women wear tight and short manteaustogether with jeans and
colorful scarves.Women who work for the government have to wear
loose and long manteaus, and they must cover their hair with larger
scaryesrcalled 4rii1 (frrrrcqnr-'ef), that fit around the face. More traditional women *"u. iu.g" ttact sheets called -!l; Ttudor/) and only
show their faces.You can learn more about such cultural issues athttp:ll
www. cultureofi ran.com.

,.lJ"-U

-is

;r,ai

G.itK

J.rl.r.c

dlt

-,rl:li +l . Y

.r

rbj
.d!,1 ei+,i
jl
; ot5.-,litl.l &ia iret* Jl . t

,',.?,-(

sj3,r,.i

qal o.JA ,',c1,^r1,'r.tl . o

J q o
Y a

.dts
Lesson8

oE++
JJJJ+S . \

.,',..f dil.- 91-

Farsi

-{

' '
eli A: drtL-.'!
Olji 4+(J'i+JUq. Y

(pI).-(Oi-l:')

What Do lranians Typically Wear?

I
t

o
rD

A. Use the subjunctive form of the verb in these sentences.

8 H . c u t r u R ET o P l c 2

110i

jl lJ t'iiS

f!

a+

=
(D

A I I S W E RK E Y

SSO

ComprehensionPractice
B .r

A.z

E.3

D.

C.z

Exercises

J i m i n a P e r s i a nR e s t a u r a n t

A.
dJJ.O

eJ-+.f

e++.f

eri:.Y

dJJ+.\

B.

ifF

cy'.o

.rj raljri, .1

#-,, .* .f

.ri:*l . t

+-F .Y

C.

.oJ+oslJrrtii+ . f

.Uil-1i.f

.",i,-o.1.1
.Y .lrrJl

"FJl$.\

.rf,.-Slri

.Jt6.1

JIS .o

$lJA.f

OE6;.Y

ip.^fi.\

Make a list of **u articles of clothing that haven't been listed in

this lesson. Try to look them up in the online Farsi dictionary vvww
farsidic.com. Write the words and the Farsi equivalents:that you find
in your language iournal. Another online dictionary you can use can
be found at-www.aryarrpo,rr..o*. This is also a very good dicti'onary
that you might want to bookmark.

Farsi

9 A . U O C A B U T A RWYA R M - U P

i5ro .o

D.
*^'*.Y

In this lesson, you will learn about persian food and restaurants.you
will also learn to expresslikes and dislikes, as well as the equivalents of
both . . . and and neither . . . nor constructions in Farsi. Finally, you will
also learn how to use the subiunctive mood with the auxiliary verb rj-S
(l(ayedl, may).

to recommend

/pi5nehad krerd-en/

a (usually) meat
sauce served over
steamed rice

lxorell

fesenjan (a sauce
made with chicken
or beef, crushed
walnuts, and
pomegranate paste,
served over rice)

/xore5-e fesenjan/

a drink made with

yogurt, water, salt,
and sometimes
dried mint

ld"ql

salad

lsaladl

OIJS lta;.^iA
cFr->

ubir,4 -cF"t_l-

tr'

JYL.r

How about you?

/5oma de-tor|

!r^L-L^',.?.

a rice dish with dill

and broad beans,
often served with
beef

/Bevid baqela/

).i.11l"_yi

food

lqnzal

lii

yogurt

lmastl

Cl^lU

specialoccasion

/monasebet-e xass/

uroti f{,-l.i

ESSON

A ] I S W E RK E Y

ComprehensionPractice
B .r

A.z

E.3

D.

C.z

Exercises

Jim

A.
djj

.o

e J S + .{

eJ-l-lrr+. t

eri:.\

fi ;+ + .f

B.
fllF

rj .uljrL .l

(4.o

#:

.f

.f

+Ji

JX'"A . \

.Y

C.
.O-.11
il.l3 gtia;

.Uil-,lX .f

.si-qr

.Y

.bll

"FJl4

.rt,.-Slf

c/

.\

JIS .o

.ulyA .t

-,,1'*.f

OE44.Y

Oi!,".i,.i . \

I N D E P E N D E NC
TH A L L E N 6 E
Make a list of some articles of clothing that haven't been listed in
this lesson. Try to look them up in the online Farsi dictionary www.
farsidic.com. Write the words and the Farsi equivalents that you find
in your language journal. Another online dictionary you can use can
This is also a very good dictionary
be found ui*."ryunpour.com.
that you might want to bookmark.

_--.--.. I.-..........

'nzi
I

i
I

Farsi

In this lesson, you will learn about persian food and restaurants. you
will also learn to expresslikes and dislikes, as well as the equivalents of
both . . . and and neither . . . nor constructions in Farsi. rinilly, you will
also learn how to use the subjunctive mood with the auxiliaryveru rr.Li
(litaya"dl,may).

9 A . U O C A B U T A RWYA R M - U P

.o

D.

,,.llis .1

a P e r s i a nR e s t a u r a n t

to recommend

/piSnehad kerd-en/

a (usually) meat
sauce served over
steamed rice

lxorell

fesenian (a sauce
made with chicken
or beef crushed
walnuts, and
pomegranate paste,
served over rice)

/xored-e fesenian/

a drink made with

yogurt, water, salt,
and sometimes
dried mint

ld"ql

salad

lsaladl

How about you?

/5oma lr_tor?l

a rice dish with dill

and broad beans,
often served with
beef

/5evidbaqela/

food

lqazal

yogurt

lmastl

special occasion

/monasebet-exass/

OIJS lta:-4
ci",r-n

OLrird-cF.,r-n

i-r'

JYl*,,
frtL-Loli

Xt++_#

lin
,',uuL
1;roti g++.U:

Listen to their conversashabnam has taken |im to a Persianrestaurant'

menu'
tion as they choose food from the

iJ#J+.b+l $j \^^i I,rtLXi -cll-l-f--2

ziyad inia mi-ya/de resturan-e qaSeng-i! Soma

in (miYa-id)|

.b.lA Lrta d+r"Li. ^9li

J+

.+l lUj

monasebetI ziyadne. bi5ter bera-ye

ha-Ye xass'/

l\;fu,r;lr;9

'+r

mi-kon-if
/xob, de qeza-yipi5-nehad
.ni. ;\:-;;

U*l3l Ul+i,"g .,-F-l-l'ji'Jf

ewelin pi5/elbette xoreS-efesenian

nehad-e men-e'/

r4r (u"i-i) di
.o-;1.:3.r-,13
*

"i-1l,

.drif

:ljiml

d,;J+ J';L

.l

''.lS

:d+-

.t

fdJlJ d.tr.r3J JJ-S

:/Sebnem/

:liiml

/nu5-id-ren-i di mi-xa-hiI
f'tr-;l': f-lr b4l
.pJlJ ,"'"'J: '.rl+;. L:J c,t

f &ramen

'\ , '

hem serd-em-e. be-rim un teref

be-5in-im (be-ne5in-im)./

:lllml

[im:

What a pretty restaurant! Do you come here often?

Shabnam:

Not often. Mostly for special occasions.

fim:

Okay, what (food) do You recommend?

Shabnam:

Fesenjan is my first recommendation, of course'

fim:

What's in it?

Shabnam:

It's a sort of sauce with meat. It also has walnuts in

it. Do you like walnuts?

fim:

Of course. What are You having?

Shabnam:

I may have shevid baqela.

fim:

That's good too. I like both walnuts and broad

beans.

Shabnam:

What drink would You like?

|im:

Do they have duqhere? I like duq very much'

:liiml

Shabnam:

They must. I also want salad. How about you? Do

you want salad or Yogurt?

fim:

I want neither salad nor Yogurt.

Shabnam:

I'm cold here. Aren't You cold?

. i

:tt+:/Sebnem/
't-15'
.l r.

)im:
Lesson9

Farsl

'lLs

.$

:eri-

.rrJs

fu+l-n t/ cf .r+$-il

:/5rebnam/

.(lltl'xi'i)

:#+

:/Sebnem/
/men SayedSevidbaqelabe-xor-em'/
'tl}
. \, .
pa .p-,llr,','r:l )[i! * iJ- .4+F # OJ
baqela dust dar/un hem xub-e. men hem
em, hem gerdu'/

:liiml
.*
:t'+-

:/Sebnem/

Ll a.,,$-r-rJF t

/elbettel Somadi mi-xor-if

.pJ++ )!la 'rr.-Yi' +Le iF

.D
ttr
r+
OJ
c
o,
:t

't.ls'

O:l d-x .a,.ci-.,1'*"

rA iF .l-l+

:ljiml

:d+-

:/Sebnem/

/men ne salad mi-xah-em, ne mast'/

'r
!' ' ".ti d.l;-.p.',r1--i .a-i-)'^" b4l i
nist?/
/men inia serd-em-e. Soma serd-et

10
(D

9.
CU
5

.dr-,|^ +r cp l-9n' .r- .:YL 4r iJ.

:iSebnam/

:lliml

fcgJ3- cr^ c+ l^i^i !45+11

mi-xam
/hetmen dar-end. mn salad hem
(mi-xah-em)' Soma de-tor?salad ya mast
mi-xah-in (mi-xah-id) ?/

.&

'^lS

clJ

:t'+"'

t1+*l:- c+)

:e'+-

di-Ye/
/tu-5(tu-Ye5)

hem
/Yek iur xor-e5-eba guSt'tu-S
gerdu dar-e.gerdu dust dar-if

.(*t-n
'

5'
.&

L{.s'
.f) el:- c/ * rYL- '-'- .rrlb
i1r,Al:= .f dr*rl,cl; r)t- f-,, 4 C

:eJ+

f(+u4)

f#.+

:/iim

/inja duq darand?men duq xt'ylitltrstdar

am./

9 B. DIAIOGUE

t,a.:l!
"":_

too,Let'sgo sit on

otherside
l_|e

**+*--*.ii 1 1 5

UsageNote: The word l- ft.erafi here means yes,but the difference

betweenl;p and al.r(lUetei)ii tnat lJF is usedas a response
to a negative
q u e s t i o nN
. o t i c et h a t S h a b n a ma s k sJ i m ,
!r'r,,$i g)!
1-'$
/5oma serd-et nist|
Aren't you cold?
This is a negative question, to which |im responds,
.AJ.p,' 3t cfo el->
f(era, men hem serd-em-e./
Yes,I'm cold, too.

cool (not warm)

lxonekl

hot

lduql

napkin

/dest-maf

to like

/dust da5t-en/

restaurant

/resturan/

sandwich

/sandevid/

cold

lserdl

J}

ol.l.f-;
C;$l*,.

lEayredl

lJ"t i

dill

/5evid/

+d

spoon

lqaiod

Comprehension

knife

lkardl

walnut

lger&tl

warm

lgerml

meat

lgu(;tl

glass

flivanl

fish

lmahil

chicken, hen

lmorql

L-n

fruit

lmivel

UJ,A

soft drink

/nu5-id-en-i/

Practice

ci*;nl.rl _cglf .t
crl.s. rgtA

liii

-.,1rl.l

B. What food does Shabnam recommend to |im?

Xl+ +_ry.Y

-cF::- .r
Ot+i,.,g

JYI*,,

C. Which one of these items is in fesenjan?

dl$U

rrJs

.f

D. How does |im ask what's in fesenjan?

fu+

fc.g_,;ji .,- c+ .f

E. Which of the following does |im like?

Xt++ 6rri rA .r

lbaqelal

plate

lboiqabl

JJ.6
-,
EF
dr^tJ
olril
,31-

.+i*'?'-r

pD. KEYPHRASES

"F-l.t

,u!.y

broad bean

dlit-{
l-,;ls

fs9_;1.:
!+ . \

rr-f . \

cook

lai-pnzl

Are you ready to order?

/amadehest-id
sefareSbe-dehid?1,famadehastin sefareSbe-d-idI

9c. uocABUIARY

recommendation

/pi5-nehad/

yes (answer to a
negative question)

l&ral

)jl+

Ita,ngall

certainly

lha-trn-a,nl

rii"'-t git'i

,f+a+
"i_tti*"

U$-'A oJLI
fq"rl UiJU^,

/be-bax5-id,dest- rs+J-$3-i 5 rJ'ii'-.r-r

5u-yi koja-st?f, fbe- ccf*&ig efcr^.,L.S
bax5-in,drest-5u- !d-,l+S ,r.rjr$i-.t
yi koia-stf

rice

lberenil

$ti.ii

.k;fu
l_r+

jFi^i1

Excuse me, where's

the restroom?

waiter, waitress

fork

Farsi

='
rU
E
rD

:?.

,lr.j,,ilr C&rJJ

perhaps, maybe, may

crs*A+l .1"

dul.,,i

If Shabnam had asked,f4$P

L .i flioma serd-et-ef, Are you cold?),
a positive question, then |im would have answered with +I+ (iuete/).

A. How often does Shabnam come to this restaurant?

tl.

q,

:'

F
(D
g
o,
c
o
f
d

Now answer the following questions based on the dialogue you iust
practiced.

'n6i

.5ri:.

,iK+
Li'Lesson9

/pi5 xedmat/,
fgarsonf

e..H
sdj,o.:-i,. v . l , ti.r.r

UJ",,JK

What appetizer would

you like?

/pi5 qeza di meyl

dar-id/, lpii qeza
di meyl dar-inf

a dish made with

steamed rice, beef
kabob, and often
grilled tomatoes

/delo kebab/

How many people

are you?, Party of
how many?

/dend neferid?l,ldrend
nefrer-inI

What would you like?

/di meyl dar-idf

dessert

ldeserl

chef

lser al-pezl

to order

/sefareS dad-en/

to take an order

/sefareS gereft-en/

main course

fqeza-ye eslif

Can you bring

the bill, please?

/momken est
lotfen suret
hesab ra bi-yavaridf, /momken-e
lotfan suret hesab
ro biar-idf

Can you bring the

menu, please?

/momken est
lotfen suret qe.za
ra bi-yaver-id?f ,
/momken-e lotfen
suret-e qe,zaro
bi-ar-idf

I'll have a chelo-kabob

and a soda.

/men yek delokebab mi-xor-rem

ba yek nu5abe./

bread

lnanl

ice

lvr.-*l

trdS""s

their elders and gueststoo, but they rriay do so differently. This also applies
to etiquette at the dining table.When they want to sit at a dining table to eat,
Iranians usually wait for the oldest person in the group or for any gueststo
(/be-ferma-id/, after you).
sit first. You might hear a lot of q;LA

fcJiJl.r,J,.o.+
,-rt-r3
"LJ

/4i

Except for restaurantswhere the food comesin portions, the food is usually set in the middle of the table in large dishes, and everyone serves
himself or herself the desired amount. Here, again, everyone waits for
the oldest person or the gueststo serve their food and start.

3
5'
OJ
E
.D

:3.
q,
f
F
.D
r+
Ot
c
o,
J

When people compliment the person who has made the food, that person
usually responds by sayng, OL+ -s$jlr (/nu5-ejan/), which can roughly be
translated as bon appdtit.If you want to thank the person who has made
(/mersi/, thanks) or OJi^ (''l*i
the food, you can use the usual tdy
(/*eyli memnun/, much appreciated). You can also use the more formal
I am ^thankfulI Alternaterm for thanking, ?:-#'1t3t
flmoto5ekk
"rEryt/,
tively, you can.m" ih" very common idiom 4j5i .:-,1iL& fi^'!J (/dest-e
Somaderd nekon-e/). This idiom literally means May your hand not hurt,
but it is just another way of sayrng thank you. This way, you are wishing
someone well who has just done something for you. The expression is
most suitable in the context of manual work, but it's by no means limited
to such a situation. You can use the term in almost all situations.

fq_;l.r,Jy u+
j+lt
eT
JhlJ:t_t*,

gil.r ,j.,;ti.*,,
c#-S ci.lti+
,J^-l -calt;
[iXl ,",,,.t05,(-3'r c^.a

I J JrJ c-i."r

4jl;

P F . G R A MM A R

cf.u r J:r
oJJ

..

[il.'l

d.t;-o.o

ExpressingLikesand Dislikes

f+:l+ 3_,y
c-r.
t ";

To say that they like or dislike something, Farsi speakersoften use the verb
rJi.i'|.1,',, t J (/dust dabt-en/).This is a phrasalverb; that is, it is made up
of a noun plus a "light" verb (seelesson r). The noun part i5 dr*l3J (/dust/
friend, fondness), and the verb part is OSll flda5t-en/, to have). ,ii,,ilr
is an irregular verb, and the present stem of this verb is -.1l.l(ldarl, have).
Therefore, O;til.: r'r. rJJ literally means to have a fondnessfor. This verb
does not appear in the habitual or progressiveforms, but it can come in all
other tenses.Here are two examples of the verb 0i^ll.: dru-9J, conjugated
for all personsand for the present and past tenses.

ffi,',."1 aJS-l-,1ls fi_l_l4if-L.f .t*-l:h

l.r; gi_13H-tiLl
f+-,,h l-l
,rt.l3

^l - .S-r,'i.o

J . l - o v

.t; ltJF

cr'

T H EV E R B , . . l ' i , r, i' rl ..t, . J J( / d u s td a i t - a n / , t o l i k e ) l N T H EP R E S E N T T E N S E

.4r.t.i3,t

Ju

I like rice.

*t

/man bereni
dust dar-em./

g*
.p-,ll.t,-,"'-lJ er-,,14

i-^-

it

t
9 E . C U T T U RTEO P T C
P er s ian T ab l e Ma n n e rs
Youlearnedearlierthat Persiansarevery particularabouthow they show
respecttowardeldersandguests.Peopleof othernations,of course,respect

I
t'".::
"*oul:g]
1

Farsi

rice,

d.u.'r3rq*t
dustd11i/
:.9J1.
ftg_berenj

He/She/It likes
1'
i
rice.

/u berenj dust
dar-ad./

We like rice.

/ma bereni
dust dar-im./

-----'-t^-I

r r8|

S"

Lesson9

.tlJ r*,."jJ er

.d:lr

r'r..,JJ

e:

,
rt .
L

.tra r rlJ ,',v! J qJ zrj r,r [.o.ri

\ : J .

You (p/. or sg.

f*I.l like rice.

/5oma berenj
dust dar-id./

They (pl. or sg.

f^l.l like rice.

/an-haberenjdust .Jj[

ilri

e:

I liked rice.

fmelnbereni
da5t-rem./
$3st

.ij.,il.t r*r..,JJ AUj r.1.c

You (sg.)liked rice.

/to bereni
dust daSt-i./

..j,el.r.",.Ut eJ .lr

He/She/It liked
rice.

/u bereni
d u s t d a i i .I

.Cdlr

We liked rice.

/ma bereni dust

daSt-im./

l.^
.e$.'Xlr r'r.,,JeJ e.r-.;;
'r'
\i'

r'ru' JeJ 25l-.1;

e J ' J Jl

/5oma bereni
dust daSt-id./

.!i.th

in"y (pI. or sg.

fml) liked rice.

/un-nr bereni
dust daSt- a:nd.l

'. ri;i.113i'r..JJ
J FJ_.;;
\: r 1.6;l

r'r.',JJ

eJ

L-&

To negateCfil.: r'r' "JJ, as with all other verbs, we only add the negative
prefix : (lna-ll to the verb. For example, to say I dtdn't like rice, you say
r'r."3J
O^ (/men berenj dust na-dait-em/).
#l.j
ej
There are two other commonly used terms to express likes and dislikes, namely, uil
. . . jl (lnt .. . xob amed-en/, to like) and
dF
dJJ-l .+ . . . 1l (lez. . . bed amed-en/, to dislike, to hate). The best
way to explain these terms is through examples:

*--t_1 2 0|

jl

.'
='
J

OJ
(D

!1.

.+l .r Cr+e:

OJ

Jl rr

(D

*
-

OJ

dr-,L jl Jl
.r"Ff+bed-eb mi-aY-ad'/
mast
ez
fr
He/She/It hates yogurt.
.lj

.+l .r O14+X14-11L"

You (pl. or sg.frnl.l

liked rice.

ej

In order to expressdislikes,one can either negateOJ.l g'iF

or use O!"1 +
-,;1,as in the fbllowing examples:
fmen ez berenj bed-em mi-aY-ed'/
I hate rice.

T H EV E R B
O i , , i l . tr ' r . U J ( / d u s td a i t - a n / , t o l i k e ) t N T H EP A S T T E N S E

..rj cr #r-

(which means nice or Pleasantl.

Jl rJ^

fma ez baqla bred-emanmi-aY-ad./

We hate broad beans.

Doubleil . .. i3 llna . . . naf) and

(fhem . . . heml) Constructions

r" .. r"

"hem/)
Thedouble4-j . . . aj(/ne... ne/) andpa . . . *(&-rn.
constructions in Farsi are equivalent to neither . . . nor and both . . . and
in English, respectively.For example, we heard fim say in the dialogue
that he liked both walnuts and broad beans; he said
cp-,ll'r dru3J )!! e-l .l^
.JUS i
/mren hem baqela dust dar-am, hem gerdu./
I like both broad beans and walnuts.
We also heard him say that he wanted neither salad nor yogurt; he said
.dr.,,,t-ed eelyi i; r)lt,. 4.l O^
/men ne saladmi-xam, ne mast./
I want neither salad nor Yogurt.
As in English neither. . . nor construction,the verb usedwith a 4j . . . 4j
construction is not negated' Look at the examplesbelow:

..s+-tr pa dr.$lr-.p.r*:l+J aAaj.$-,;o

/mren ez berenjxoS-em mi-ay-ed./

I like rice.

/fere5te hem riyazi bar daSthem fizik'/

Fereshtehtook both math and physics.

.+l .r- Ury.,Ui dr-,l- jt Jl

fu ez mast xo5-e5mi-ay-red./
He/She/It likes yogurt.

.jlJ#i 4+fA siiJ Uki^-l 4+* d+ -l r.:rL

.+l .+ Ol-#F )!l+ jl l-

.+-J9 d p r$lF c/ c#Jti p H

/mani vre jim hem be esfehan raft-and, hem be Siraz'f

Mani and |im went to both Esfahan and Shiraz.

fma ez baqela xo5-emanmi-ay-ed./

We like broad beans.

/5oma hem farsi mi-xan-id hem mi-nevis-id./

You both read and write Farsi.

As you can see,the expression 6-J,ol dF

. . . jl is used to express
likes, just like Oi-,ilr'*'',rJJ. ttre difference is that we have to use the
,|ti ,OLs cgi' edr ,i-after
personal endings-Ol4
the word dF

.OU+l riUF

.i!S 4j e$ , e+

/jim vre Sebnem nre kebab xord-end ne nan./

|im and Shabnam had neither kabob nor bread'
I

Farsi

Lesson9

| 121
II

=
.l.p +r .rrq_p ,-.tiS +: k l
/an-ha ne ketab xer-id-end na-.qa..za.f
They bought neither books nor food.
.lt .'rL +i 6{.t l_; p5 +i L
/ma ne jim ra did-im ne mani ra./
We saw neither fim nor Mani.

9 G. READII|G

='

rice'
The following passageis a simple recipe for cooking Persian-style

2.

CU

Fi# e>t th
:p;Y ")13-

(jt3 rr crl-x cu\+ii rJ) e.x

Usingi$J (l5ayedr, niV, might)

/u Sayad kebab be-xor-ed./

He/She/It may eat kabob.
r-tl;S qLi L

.dJJs+
/ma Sayad kebab be-xor-im./
We may eat kabob.

.'r-+U

.D
r+
cu
E
o,
:l
r+

,-i-l+4+,J.i E 6-,llK cr^6l+16il1)

ory\u*.r;"f
,g-o+r.r

;;"':*T.* 3r::

How to Cook Rice

Ingredients:

l
Rice (two cups, for two PeoPIe)
Oil (two tablespoons)
Salt (two teaspoons)
Before cooking the rice, we first rinse it'

.*-rA +l$ +1,$l-.S

Then we put it in a medium pot yith- water' We put the pot "i :l]"
stoveuntil the water starts to boil. After a few minutes, we put the
lid on. Ten to fifteen minutes later, the rice is ready.Bon app6tit.

/5oma Sayed kebab be-xor-id./

You (p/. or sg.fml.l may eat kabob.

material, materials

/madde/, /mevadd/

.$JJi+ +!S +t i Le.l

necessary required

flazeml

cup

lfenjanl

person

lna:ferl

/an-ha Sayed kabab be-xor-end./

They may eat kabob.

.d^isc/ sJ l-; 6i qJjl,ej -_03+jl,J*, j

q.ril'. '?ri
d.y.-l:t
4^tr.l-i
.drli3
*W*,e
' "lf
Y i

.fJJ-+,-r. !6 -tJ.i O.
fman Sayed kebab be-xor-em./
I may eat kabob.

.UJi+ r.pLS.r;t-&
_el

(.gJr=t.i 6lili rr) arerJ

(c-s-rAb -dlil'i 3':) Jl-''i

The word.uJ.i liSayad/) is a modal auxiliary verb that means maybe,

perhaps,may, or might.It is used before the verb, and when it is present, the verb comes in the subjunctive mood (seeLesson8). This modal
auxiliary isn't inflected for tense or person; only the main verb is. Look
at these examples:

.1.9JJr+ qJtS qLi -i

/to Sayed kebab be-xor-i./
You (sg.)may eat kabob.

o)
'9
rD

tablespoon (/it.,
meal-eating sPoon)

/qa5oq-e qaza-xor-if

teaspoon (Iit., teadrinking spoon)

/qaSoq-e daY-xor-i/

to rinse

/ab ke5-id-en/

cooking pot

lqablnmel

medium

/motevesset/

ready prepared

lamadel

Lesson9

3l3neoiL
TJY
obii

_#
gJrilr-;

.6lit!

caJr!"b -6:ili

'-J
u-+ss
4^-lr.13
t

]"-l,t o

o.rLi

C. Answer these questions with double t'

structions.

2
$ H . C U T T U RTEO P T C
Persian Food

t'andt

. ..

4jcon-

(* . . . p) f'-r*" ! +;b r.lrusJLe-t- u !i . \

Persian food is heavily rice-based.Most dishes consist of a rich sauce

called.4-$
(xor-e5)served on a bed of steamed white long-grain rice.
The gF-)JF almost always contains red meat or chicken togelher with
vegetables.Fesenjan(Ot+-'l;, which was mentioned in the opening dialogue of this lesson,is very popular, especiallyamong westerners. There
are also some dishes in which meat and vegetablesare mixed directly
into the rice, and therefore, no cF-t_li is served with them. The most
popular Persianside dishes are plain yogurt, bread, and fresh vegetables.
The blend of fresh vegetablesthat Persianshave alongside theii food is
called ui-rF
(sabzi xord-en/, lit., eating.r"j"t"bl"r)
tjjand consists of red and green basil, radish, green onions, leek, mint, tarragon,
and sometimes pennyroyal. It tastesgreat and is very healthy.

(4i . . . 4j) f4jtiJ.ES+1! .:i_l_,r

g. 4*,.,Jroa.1t.61lLi .t
f6lai^-l Jr ! rrs ."","<$j jlJ#i Jr pl,r.i!i .Y
(4i . . .4i)

l+ +lJi cr' +US t^^i l+l .t

. *) fa-Lij_e_,;
{) tj* 6rJ ! d!.,14jE j*ii -p l.re l-rj .o

(*
(4i

D. Fill in the blanks using the following words.

.rJl-rs 6;:riLo)3
?-;<
f+ltn
.UF Ul+j-i,cF_,rF
L9IJHudJd.&. \
'fo-,1.ljJJ,.lL.Y
.p;'l; o: l'tri

JLIU

Exercises
A. change the last sentenceusing the cue words given. start with this sentence:
. rrj.r

.e-l-l-

r-J+ _

un$ ci. _)r-i jl i,uJ+i

.JJ+-

s-. CJ^.l-c

l+ ,-f" .f

.fa OE S cSl1^rJ.i Jl . t
"^
,J#.4LiK .gl:,.rfi .o

A T S W E RK E Y
-tl-1fS.",.oJJ

.\"

.t i

.T

.tll cf

Ul*n+ . t
l _ .o

rj.r

Ol^iF
d-,)ll

,',.uJJ

Practice
Comprehension
A.z

A.

B. Turn these sentencesin various tenses into subjunctive constructions

with Jr-1..i.

.\

a1ld
.+$i_,ro_,11i-o

.y

-rollii;l a; u" 19altiJ*i

.y
$rJS d,l^Ef cjil ;.l la1t t
.

Farsi

D.z

E.3

.J_.;lJ.",...rJ x^rl OiJ#i . \

r'r.rrJJ
.s-;l.f
-;ur.:.:ley J OJJ#i .\l
dur3J
.s-.;l-rr
-;ul .:ley J O"rJ+e.f
.lj .r- rJl.i+ -,1*Jjl Jtaj J OJJrti . t
L .o
.rj cf OL+ -.;-r.l-,11
.+l .f

B'

_.nr:.l,lrr,r4tfut U .o

1[,4

C .r

Exercises

.V

.r_l_li,e Ly.:_;f.l .jL

B.3

lesson9

L .1
dJHJ- -.1r-,.1
-,11
t'r'"-9J
.d;llr
-,p,r.tL .V

+l.l uiL .\
.rU-,11o_,fi.o4+ +Li l-"^i .Y
l+ll
a; rt"Li oa G a.lti_;r-+ .f
.+b
.rll5+ dl.ot5l cjie _! r,"U l.61l. t
.riJlrj
,s+Jlful rj-^i L . o
..:-136;ty

C.

LESSO
or.oJJ^ * e-,11.r'r."JJ crJ+-r * dJ .'!
.o_*^ * d_,ll.l ,',.uJ cgJ+-r 6a L
.4ilir.lS a1 a, .rr:_,1,=a a-u;Jo ! 4j l.6.ll . Y

.6lai--l Jr +r $( .,^ J.r_l jlJ$ Jr +.ri+& .f

o, a-l"j:J * ilJs d c,;tjS* iJ^ .{
.a-Uj:t * #lJi .,- stis pl t+.lLi..!,siJJ +.rl.:s .o
.-EaL;J)+l ,',.,r1

D.
D)S.t

dlii.f

,sj:-rs @:.lit-

.\

.\
_,1taU
e-6.o

In this lesson you will learn the names of major body parts. You will
also learn about visiting a doctor and expressing pains and some illnesses. The grammar points that we will cover in this lesson include the present perfect tense, using subjunctives after the verb
dJi$lJA (/xast-en/, to want), and asking questions with how much
and how many.

I OA. UOCABUTARY
WARM.UP
INDEPENDENT CHALTENGE
body
Visit wmry.aghaghi.com. Click on the c*j-f*
tub. (,-"s1*"
/ser-grm-i/ means entertainmenr.)Then click on the link entitled
crj$f J *:-J fldestur-e ai.-paez-if
, recipe).You will see a list of types
of food. Click on cfi_,1_l=and then on Ul+i$i cfi_l_l-. Print out the
recipe for your language journal. Read through it and highlight the
words that you know. See how much of the recipe you can follow
Also try printing out some of the the pizza recipes and seeif you can
follow those.Write down in your journal the meanings of any words
you look up.

to go away (said
of a problem), to
get resolved

,ltenl
lbeda,nf
/ber teref 5od-en/

.trlrtt
Oii.i-rt

fever

Ita"bl

,.J

medicine

ldarul

JJIJ

pain, ache

lderdl

to cough

/sorfe kerd-an/

pill

lqorsl

throat

lga-luf

r-F
OiJS 4!Ji*
,.
L)--lJl

J3

to use, to take

/mesref

kerd-en/

What seems to be
the problem? (lit.,
What is your
problem?)

/moSkel-etan di-st|,
/moSkel-etun di-ye|

OlJs rj;A
f,',.*.-,'rljl(*!a
I4.r=-,O-J35.i:

I O B. DIATOGUE
.J3s3 piti sp\
/selam, xanom doktor./
tz6:
i

Farsi

:.fU
:frr.anif

t+r; ur$t*t^ .dq -6til 'p)-'

,_tsi

/selam, aqa-ye peyami. mo5kel-etun li,-ye?l

:/doktor/

ei-,- ll -ls-t^l
femruzez sobhteb o gelu derd dar-em./
+cJ*) iJrtis.,' f" 4i!
S(+IS cr
.p-,llr.:-,ri
-# ttl3

/sorfehem mi-kon-in(mi-kon-id)fl

.p_;t.r.r_,;i
cf ,)r.# .J5
l"eylikam.

*f(+l o.r_.fr-i_

veli ten derd dar-em./

-a) +rJS .i't;

.,+JJlr

/daru-yi mesref kerd-id (kerd-e-'id)/

I 'i:i
*.(pl o.: r:i)
q=i3.o--f
dJJ-;
lfe,qerqors-eteb bor xord-em (xord-e-am)./

*f(+l

.l;.r-l-r-F-rall r+
".r-.r-F)

/dend ta qors xord-id (xord-e-'id)?/

.4: fr-L^'

.,,5g

lyeki. sa'et-e noh./

f(+$l)

J.l+?

i$l.rc'ii

/deqedr teb daSt-in (da5t-id)|

.4+Ji#J,'''tiA

Jc#

/si o haSt o nim da-raje.l

jt+
rl:= cr .rirI (+$ jt+) d#S :J OfLr.t
:i+x :s ct-j-F 6-,3
/dehan-etun ro baz-konin (baz kon-id) Iotfren.
mi-xa-m tu-ye gelu-tun ro be-bin-em./

:cCl'

Hello, Doctor (/ft., Madam Doctor).

Doctor:

Hello, Mr. Payami. What seems to be the problem?

(/it., What's your problem?)

|im:

IVe had a fever and sore throat

morning.

Doctor:

Do you cough, too?

fim:

Very little. But I have a bodY ache.

Doctor:

Have you taken any medicine?

fim:

Ive only taken fever medication. (lit.,I have only

eaten fever-cutting Pills. )

Doctor:

How many pills have you taken (/if., eaten)?

fim:

One. At nine o'clock.

Doctor:

How much fever did you have?

fim:

Thirty-eight and a half degrees.

Doctor:

Open your mouth please. I want to look inside your

throat.

)im:

Ahhhhh.

Doctor:

Yeah. Your throat is a little red. Do you have a runny

nose, too?

|im:

I had last night. But today it's gone.

:frrranif

,_r:isi
:/doktor/

:du
:fmanil

,_r33
:/doktor/
:clL
:fmanil
:Jjsi
:/doktor/

:du
:lrnanil
:Jjs3
:/doktor/

:du
:fmanil

:J:js3
:/doktor/

.llllll

:cCL

f aaaaaa.f

:lmanil

..j+-x ./s .! rdrfJS

,.,r#,crl-!ri

fim:

:Js3

today since

GrammarNote:Noticethe differencebetweenthe spokenand the written

form of theverbsg.l-,,[ ei-,;.-o"o3n6gJ r A. ln spokenFarsi'exceptforthe
of
third personsingular,thereis no distinctionbetweenthe pronunciation
perfect
present
pronunciation
its
of
the
verb
and
the simplepastform of a
1l +
J,rJ-)F Utj
form. lt is for this reasonthat you hearthe doctorsay
when she wants to learn how many pills Mani has taken.You will learn
aboutthe written form of the presentperfecttensein this lesson.
usage Note r: The verb oi_l_li (/xord-en/, to eat) is also used in the
contextof taking medication.For example,to tokepills is Oi-l-lt cr ls
(/qorsxord-an/), and to takemedicineis gi-,1-9A3-)1-:(/daruxord-an/).
Usagel{ote z: lran usesthe metricsystem.5o when Manisaysthirty-eight
s e l s i u sw' h i c h
a n d a h a l fd e g r e e sh,e m e a n st h i r t y - e i g hat n d a h a l fd e g r e eC
is about tot degreesFahrenheit.Normalbody temperatureis 37 degrees
Celsius.

/are
Eeru-tun
ff'lr# JTliiT;
.or,i'Li'JS >+ ):yl

J-l ,;3.&t: q+,i,i.)

/di5eb da5t-em, vreli emruzber

teref

5od-e./

:/doktor/

:clt^
:fmanif

(/bar teref 5od-an/, to get

Usage Note 3: The verb O'-f;.i'p)
going
is usedwhen we want to talk aboutsomethingunpleasant
resolved)
say
to
wants
lvlani
When
example,
For
problem
resolved.
being
away or a
(lUer
r-i-l$:
or1i,
he
says
anymore,
nose
runny
a
have
he
doesn't
that
taref 5od-e/,it's gone).
to
Lesson

=
=.

OJ

g:
r|

I
Usage Note 4: The question fq; g3il5,,1'^, op its written variant,
f,",,,!? rjj5.,i,. (/moikel-etan rist?/), literally means Whot is your
problem?but it doesnot havethe condescending
tone that this question
has in English.ln the contextof a doctor'svisit and said with the right
tone, it is equivalenttoWhotseemsto be the problem?
Practice

Comprehension

Now answer the following questions based on the dialogue you just
practiced.
A. What is Mani complaining about most?

+i-,1*, .Y

-LFi-rrj.f
"r"r1

qj _, .r;.r 3l( .l

tooth

.Y

qj -rF

tl .5J

.".; -i

o.l-.15j 19JlS . \

mouth

,ld,rhenl
f<la:hanf

thigh

/ran c 1la/

knee

f zanul

tongue, language

f zebanf, lzebunl

forearm

f sa'edf

shin

lsaq-epal

head

lsa-rl

chest, breast

lsinel

thumb

llr'stl

stomach, abdomen

/5ekem/

.t+t+-utJJjl . \
fgs_;l.t pi

:::''"''".,

.4+r- O-ilj<

.y

# o;it( .t
..fJ

E. When did Mani have a runny nose?

,.i.?'.13.\

JJJJJ.T

g+.- j:-rl

.\

TOC. UOCABUTARY
elbow

larnnjlor farenil

finger

/engoSt/

toe

/engoSt-e pa/

arm

lbazul

buttocks

fbasa,nf

nose

lbinil

foot

lpul

heel

/pa5ne-ye pa/

eye

l(elml,l t&ml

hand

ldestl

.'i

eJl

c*3jt
tr dr^X5il
J}

F!

gl
6

.t .

_ft )

u-H.;,Jl+j
J9l.-

!-ou

t
4+t-r
r'r, ','ul

#
!+s

6_s

le El
t,2.t

tv.J -C.o
! _G. 6(

/mod-edast/,
lrnol-epal

hair

l^ul

past, last

lp'il

.rh

huppy

/xo5-haf

flower shop

/gol foru5-i/

IOD.

h -t-'l-r

wrist, ankle

D. What does the doctor say after she looks inside Mani's throat?

f,.g.,il.r q$ J-\t .f

rJAi cgtAi

lkef-e pal

C. How does the doctor ask if Mani has a cough, too?

f0rtisc/ * +t-*.r +r-,t-r-07..,{.:B .Y

oJ
-j

B. What has he done about his fever?

.o r;il9r

O:rri rgl.li

/cla'rrrlirn/,/rlaendun/

cJt*ri
.+-l-tt.JK

KEY PHRASES

You should take this

pill three times a day.

lrez in qors ruz-i Ls)J) F1s

,.ij;^+t+
sebar bayed
mesref kon-id./

Where's the
emergency room?

furi.anskoia-stI

patient

lbimarl

ill

lmnrizl

hospital

/bimar-estan/

#l jl

_rl+c^,,

.+$

fd!,1+3 cplj_,r:l
Jl'#
gA)^

i t l
g t .

!
! cs+*!

*'
ffi
,-,.,,i

nurse

/perestar/

physician

lpezebkl

ophthalmologist

Lesson
to

/de5m pezeSk/

. tr
r rur,rt

v 4

t
!t-41,J

Jtf""J*
6.ij'i
ab.*--44(.T

| 1' J1 1I
|

for that person. It is also common to take a food item that is believed to
b9 Sogd for the patient. When greeting a sick person, people often say
D.r.i+ l.t'i flxoda bad nede/), which Iiterally means May God notgive
you bad. This is basically a way of saying I'm sorry to hear about your illness.If, on the other hand, the person who is being visited has given birth,
it is common to congratulate the person by saying.SJl+l
"a;-,_,;jj -aS
(/qedem-e no-rres-id-emobarrek/), which can roughly be translated as
May the newborn be blessed.

gll-

.p;l.r glai

I feel nauseous.

/halet-e
tehewo'dar-em./

I don't feel well.

/hal-em xub n-ist./

My wife's foot hurts.

/xanom-am pa
dard dar-e./

pharmacy

/daru-xane/

tuLr3-;1.:

pharmacist

fdaru-sazf

jL*3-11.t

to hurt

/derd kerd-en/

dentist

/dandan peze5k/

6 . i ' r r424
, ' t l JVl J

Present Perfect

I have a headache.

/ser dard
dar-em./

.1-ll.l .l-li;l*.^'

My head hurts.

/ser-em derd
mi-kon-e./

common cold

/serma xord-egi/

to burn

/suxt-en/

The present perfect tense is used in English and Farsi to refer to an action or a situation that started at some point in the past and continues to
the present or the effects of which are still relevant at the present time.
For example, your friend asks you to go see a movie with her, but you
saw that movie only last night and it's still quite fresh in your mind, so
you say,Ive already seen that movie. You say have already seen because
the event occurred in the past and its effect (the fact that you still remember the movie vividly) still exists.

My husband is sick.

/5oher-em
hal-ei ba,d-e.l

to sneeze

/etse kerd-an/

Where does it hurt?

/koja-yetan derd
mi-kon-adf

.,'r,.ui q,rF dl.-

.o_;l.r-r_,;ih f"lLr

IOF.

gi-.f r-,f

.4-dS,r.:-)i p!
4.1

d)_,t_l-

l-{}
dji.J*,

.o;r i-fr,J-ls. alA-t

(lower) backache

fka-mr-r derd/

sore throat

/gelu derdl

doctor's office

/metebb-e doktor/

to examine

/mo'ayene
kerd-en/

I d like to fill this

prescription.

/mi-xah-em in
nosxe ra be-pid-em./

Farsi is almost exactly like English in this respect.Farsi speakersuse the

present perfect in the same situations as English speakersdo-that is,
when they want to talk about events that occurred in the past but the
effects of which persist at the present time. They also form the present
perfect similarly to the way English speakersdo. The present perfect in
Farsi is made with the past participle of the verb plus the normal subject
endings. However,with the exception of the third person singular, there
is no auxiliary verb. In the third person singular, the verb is followed by
the auxiliary .',..,1(/est/, is).

OiJS 4-^"Xc
c+ :-,1iOEr.,t+3
f l-i'(

Ur ).c3
.l:13
JSsi ii!-

The past participle form of the verb is made with the past stem of the verb
plus the suffix L Unh. Let's look at some examplesof past participles:

O1J5 4jJ"1r:

S O M EE X A M P L O
ES
FT H EP R E S E N
S T E MP, A S S
T T E MA, N DP A S P
TARTICIPLE
F O R MO
SFV E R B S

+l *l-q

.-i#

GRAMMAR

l-)4-su-r
I

I O E . C U T T U RTEO P T C
I
Uisiting Sick Family Membersor Friends
When somebody is sick, it is common practice for family and
friends to go visit that person either in the hospital or at home. This
is called OiJ5 dii$
fleyadet kerd-en/, to visit an ill person) or
! ilb" reyadet-e kesi raft-en/). people who go
Ci:A'5"*;S tliF
visit a sick person usually buy a bouquet of flowers or a box of sweets

nnsrPARTtctpLE
I-'::**T*'!''"'
',

',
f

',

PAST
STEM

.
Y1n1'-"1'-go"";:fJ ii;;;lrl,;i;;";l&il
:

(lgoft-el,said) ...1a'(

: (a*il,ru""y"+r:
(/xorr&e/,eaten) oJ.13s.

(/goft/, said)cd3

i
(ldidl,saw)qr f

*t'-

(lxordl, ate).1_;3;

PRESENT
STEM

r
us"t,;;tij<

:
(hilal,see)Ll#

ti#iLiiri;5 i

Let's now look at some examples of present perfect sentences.

Lesson
ro

(i,ot,s'yr;i

O"rll-c.&

.pl o$l3A l-,1,-rS OI cl

fma'n an ketab ra xand-e-em./
I have read that book.

.{l ot.r l-,1#

.qgl o-rrl_eAl_2r-r1iS ij -i
/to an ketab ra xand-e-i./
You (sg.) have read that book.

.61 ol-13A llJ L

/ma Sam xord-e-im./
We have had dinner.

..',."1 oslF l-.1r-r1:Sgi 3l

/u an ketab ra xand-e est./
He/She has read that book.

Uerbs after #^"11. (lxast-enr, to want)

.61 osl3i l_2ciis OI t/ma an ketab ra xand-e-im./

We have read that book.

l_.r+ES Oi 1..'l
.ql o.:jl_5A
/5oma an ketab ra xand-e-id./
You (p/. or sg.fml.l have read that book.
..$l o.$l;A l-; c-r.L:S di l-6.il
/an-ha an ketab ra xand-e-end./
They have read that book.
As you can see, we are using the same subiect endings, ? l-aeml,
LS l-il, -,d 1-im1,4l-idl, and.ri l-a:ndl,with the verb in the present
perfect, except that in the case of the third person singular, we are
also using the verb."'.J (/est/). The use of the verb,",."l with the
third person singular in the present perfect tense is obligatory only
in written Farsi; in the spoken language it is hardly ever used. Therefore, in spoken language you will hear
.oJ.t3,r JJ r_.ltis t l:l :l
/u un ketab ro xund-e./
He/She has read that book.
as opposed to
..',..1 o.rrlji lJ ,-rajSUI 3l
/u an ketab ra xand-e ast./
He/She has read that book.
Here are some other examples of present perfect:
.pf or-13A Vj.!
dF
frr'enyek qors xord-e-am./
I have taken one pill.
..",*l oJ-F cJ+.: ojJi. jl -rl
fu ez muze did-en kerd-e est./
He has visited the museum.

-j

/5oma in film ra did-e-id./

You have seen this movie.

o
at

In English, the verb that appears after the verb want cones as an
infinitive, e.g., I want to go or She wants to see. Farsi is a little different. In Farsi]the verb thit appears after the verb Oi-lF
flxast-en/,
to want) comes in the subjunctive form and ig also inflected for per(/mixah-rem
son. For example, I want io gowillbe TJlfolf..f
be-rrev-rem/), and He wants to go will be r:-ti ulJi
c/ (/mi-xahed be-rev-ed/). Let's see the phrase want to go conjugated for all
persons.
gp L,j-'lJA (/xast-en/, to want) wtfn A sEcoND
VERB
CoNJUGAT|0N

;;;";;";;

/mi-xah-rem
be-rrev-am/

you (sg.J'want
t0 go,-,"

/mi-xah-i
be-rav-i/

he/she/it rMants
to go

/mi-xah-ad
be-rev-ad/

w.ewant to go

/mi-xah-im
be-rav-rm/

y""lpl

/mi-xah-id be
-rav-id/

.;; +'* Lt'

'

'i
"* fa.l

want to go

they (pl.* sg.fml.l

; wEult to go

/mi-xah-end
rev-rend/

GJt

-a

r+rF

ii-a$G;
er> e^irr;
.fr--l--Xr+ll:= i+
be-

$-.-.;;1 $-AlF

gc

i''''-''''''''''''''''''''
Here are some more examples:
.llJii.+ l-;,;ES g;l S.elj+ c/ terf
/anha mi-xah-end in ketab ra be-xer-end.l
They want to buy this book.
c,.o iaJ-i
G+-l*J ulJi
riyazi
bar dar-ed./
/ferhad mi-xah-ed
Farhad wants to take math.
..t-,;ll;

to
Lesson

i13s

.fit+*# l-l -FS'' frlal3i s-o 1/ma mi-xah-im doktor ra be-bin-im'/

We want to see the doctor.
.rl3-.1p+jlJ#i q $alJi cr^ cft^ J i$
be-rev-end'/
/Sebnem ve mani mi-xah-end be Siraz
Shabnam and Mani want to go to Shiraz'
t..-i l-,ri
fr;-,1j4 pt i gYl rJalF./
be-xor-id?f
/aya Soma mi-xah-id el'an 5am
Do you want to have dinner now?
apIf the sentence is in the past tense, the main verb (i'e'' Oi-'l3A)
its
subiunctive
in
remains
verb
second
fttu
pears in the past tense.
tense
io.*. Here are the same examples as above, turned into past
constructions.
tr-r"'lJi c/ bl
.$JA+ l-.1r-iiS UJI
/anha mi-xast-end in ketab ra be-xer-end'l
They wanted to buY this book.
cr' lLly
..1-.1l:-.p,r;l;-,1 rl*l3r
dar-ed'/
bar
/ferhad mi-xast riyazi
math.
take
to
wanted
Farhad

.fi}+t#l-l -.F'#-t:=

.,' L

/ma mi-xast-im doktor ra be-bin-im'/

We wanted to see the doctor.
.t -l-,11jlJ+l4+ $3-,lJA d c#t- J #
be-rrev-end'/
/Sebnem ve mani mi-xast-end be Siraz
Shiraz'
to
to
go
Shabnam and Mani wanted

fr;-,13q pl',i gYl +$-lF ./ 1.^$Li

be-xot-ild?l
/aya Soma mi-xast-id rel'an 5am
Did you want to have dinner now?

and lJ 'r(1
Questionswith ."q+ (lEeqadrf , how much)
(lEand taf, how manY)
\ii and E
are used to inquire about the quantities of mass
J
+
ask
nouns and count nouns' ,erp"ciit ely' That is, we use -,pi; to
sand,
much
how
water,
much
how
in
as
mass,
a
of
about the quantity
things
or how *uih air, andwe use E + to ask about the quantity of
how
or
cars'
many
how
that can be counted, as in how many books,
many pills.
nouns
The difference between English and Farsi here is that in Farsi,
\tq (l(andtal,
E
with
used
when
even
fo.ms
appear in their singular
forms
nf* -uny), wherJas in English, nouns come in their plural
with how many. Let's look at some examples:
136i

Farsi

fcsr)i LF_#LI +
/dend ta qors xord-if
How many pills did you take'/

=
=.

OJ

9.
,-l

.ei-,r.i 1FJS r!
/yek qors xord-am./
I took one pill.

f.r+elF.,-.Jli.ii E +
/dend ta boSqab mi-xah-idf
How many plates do you (p/.) want?
-r. ti^ii ti q^.,
.i+AlJi.r/se ta bo5qab mi-xah-im./
We want three plates.

fg-.;s.Clrl;* ti + dU

/mani dand ta pirahen xer-idf

How many shirts did Mani buy?

.+-,1s.
Clrl;* E 3.:;L
/mani do ta pirahen xer-id./
Mani bought two shirts.

f,*r._,11.:
eD JJi+ U
/ma deqedr berenj dar-im|
How much rice do we have?

.d-,rlrej

iS.!

t-

/ma yek kilu berenj dar-im./

We have a kilo of rice.

fc.g_)J=.'. cgb J+
/deqedr day mi-xor-i/
How much tea do you have?

.eJri cr' crb Ob+r.5g

/yek fenjan day mi-xor-em./
I have a cup of tea.

9#,,ilr Ol_,r!J+ tk+ _li

/der brehar deqedr baran dabt-im/
How much rain did we have in the spring?

.r*filr Ol-rl+t,l+i i{+ Ji

/drer behar xeyli baran daSt-im./
We had a lot of rain in the spring.
In written or formal language, we only use $, and not E $". Counting units other than E are also used with rs. ps1 example, you can
say ULIIE*JJ jl J:t3 .1+ {/drend nafer ez dust-an-eman/, how
.:rs l+ (/dend 'eded qa5od, how
many of our friends) and Sti
many spoons).
Lesson
to

i137

loG.

READIIlG

Read the following excerpt from an information sheet about cold and
flu.

ff+j6+r,! aq.$lFuj*

,rttll

Social Security Organization. You can learn more about lran's healthcare
system by visiting the website of the F<xrdand Drug Department of the
Ministry of Health and Medical Education at http://www.fdo.ir/.

/hengam/

to rest

/esterahat krerda-nl

fluid, fluids

fmaye'f, fmaye'atf

fruit juice

/ab-e mive/

fresh

Itazel

A. Turn these sentencesinto present perfect constructions.

.',.XlU OlJil.!

.r

$lJS &-.;st"^..Uf-

.t

.#r* (t' -1r-clt+l.-! cl

,r- .re6:.il1. ,_i;* rtA-,;slrJ .1

!++-r-c-r.LiSE+t^.&.V

UxasLad), * in the o<ample.

fLgl aiiJ glai.-l

+r

fJ'E Cnl-l= tt'

9.1-,1sl-,1.-*ll Ui ej+,i, . \

etK+
OiJS ,"i-lJj-rJ
drlr-r-J-r,g;U
oJJ^ i+i

961o.$f;A l_r_r:yl a +"V)sS .o

.l*

oJu

Pharmaciesin Iran are mn slightly differently from those in North America. First, there are no aisleswhere you can pick over-the-counterdrugs. All
drugs are kept behind the counter, and you need a prescription for most.
The other difference is that drugs do not have trade names.They are all recognized by their generic names. So if you need a painkiller, you should ask
for acetaminophen or ibuprofen, and not Tylenolru or AdvilrM' Drugs are
generally not too expensivein Iran unless they are imports. Sometimes,imported and rare drugs can only be purchased in a handful of governmentrun pharmacies. People who have medical and drug insurance through
their employers do not pay for medical servicesor prescription drugs. Selfemployed individuals can also insure themselves through the country's
Farsi

! Hi

B. Answer thesequestionsusing the verb ctj-,lF

C. Usel-: + (lf.endll or Jq fldeqedr/)to form questionsbasedon the

sentences
given,asin the example.

.*lF (r' erJOlC.5*

Pharmacies in lran

138i

u;l- . t

r-,;l.tCi+.i . Y
.r._,1c+.Sl q.^".o
.eJJ-* o-,lLi-oJr L

frilji

I O H . C U T T U RTEO P I C2

--".-----1I -.----"

Exercises

What should we do during a cold?

during, at the time

5
6

'"i-l 'i-,1 4ili Ji rrrr!lrr-,l3sL-*

-efu
.9qj-- $--r-.1- J rr*fu
gji#l-i
d .fi$J+ oj.j^ FJ ! ,sb e,-rJprrll3F.t".dJ+
$j +S A .e!fo o.rlrl-l i + csb u-J:i jl + -ct$ -i>t:
cslr f^ 'jE +q,Jj1- J or-j...fUjA'1 ,et
.JSJ-r_;_nL*
t;F
.r.& ulji u3A glJl.s. j-U e* ! :r -ll rr-+ .J-i3..ra

During a cold, we must rest at home and drink a lot of fluids. We

can drink water, tea, or fruit iuice. To relieve fever, we can use
fever pills. But we must not take too many pills. Freshfruits and
veget;bles are very good for colds, too. We will feel better after
two or three days.

OJ
f.

r-lJ J.li1

f#l:-.j.

.ei+F o-5$-il'63': . \
.riJS cJ- q rta;fu.! .f

I
f

.t-,1
e.tlF +E it""rr

to fall (said of rain or snow)

snow
to
Lesson

jl -)ri 4t.'4+ .f

lbar-id-nnl
lberfl

ol;!
U}

---+-*
13e
I

il

I
D. Fill in the blanks in the following text using the words provided.

_O+r

Oli_,rt-*

DJi.

l+$

)_

! il.

C.

9++-n"_X,_,r$+
.\

d.ri*;,

#-lr=.f
a+p-,E-3r jl .,5; _(\

=
,',.-f

JU-*

fcsrJs dt- e; -:lai-;; (ll)

+
frj -al3A ib e:ti*:r jl Jri $* q
9,',*l o.r_,,9
gq.r .ejK G) + _,11
$a_j
9t"_,,1+
.i: _,r$ cji.."^J JJ

erJh qeaiiA

._(f)_
el:r+O. f-,rr r-,1.i$_r_(Y)_
d3:l usl: _(t)_,r"
sJ-r-n,B;r1j:+
3l .p{F _(1)_
rl csll uLl,} a+._(o)_
.r:i dlJrr
,rl** 0.^ _(v)_

.Y
.f
.t
.o

-j

.)

D.

jl

i-t+ o^.1

, ' , . " .1f

OE*_IL+ .\

+rl+r ..l

o-l,l.c .1

t+J.l'o

-o+r.v
A ] I S W E RK E Y
I N D E P E N D E NC
T HATLENGE

Comprehension
Practice
A .r

B.z

C.3

D.r

E.z

Exercises
A.

.(d-,1) qi.&l.l-1a
Olr;l .!

uil- .\

.(d*,1) oJ_,;,-Slj*nc i*.t .Y

L .\"
.p;l o.lg ojE- -,1.1

a.1l4.lt . f
..rrl o.:_.fc.rlt*" .!5o*$4
.el
-r, .cr1+1.! Cr .o
f(c!,|) o.rrl_9A,r.rt5l.S'it.l
uh .Lny lrJ .1
fql
t^.$ .V
"q_,6 +US +
.\
o...yi.+ l_,,,-*bl gl .u13,-."" #
.r + $lri ,elt.r$
OIi$
gl-.134--l
lre
l-n
or .fiJJsi
-l.l n$
c/ l- .Y
.pJJJ.+l.te a;el-lScf Ol-r-i-J Jr U
or..rrr5+dl.otll cjb _l.r$AlF d l.61l.f
cjil Jr la.ll
.rl${ dr"otilrlAlJi
"+
.:-l
drrl
o..$
*lJi d )Jyl .t
.iS+ *t:- Gi drrlJri-l _,1:yl
or.pl + lS ls-t^l cSn.,l5Ssl*lr
d .o
.ilJ+ eAl3i ,-'.ll )J;l,l cr 4-tijJJ

Here are the beginning lines of a food safety and health note. The
note-hassomewhat been simplified, but it still contains severalwords
that have not been introduced yet. Read this passageand try to guess
the meanings of the unknown words. Then, visit wwrv.farsidic.com
and double-check your guesses.Record the words in your language
journal.

r''ii!-

-,! .J-.;h L Cs)*,

-;J,r-qe+ U,iii s;hi

Jl3,c.*,.tlj*

C+lrr_l

..t3,i .f cJ-fts b .S_rL# jl rsj+4 CU _,eJ* csars l+

.J.$L o$jJI L Crd., gglJ+$lJi d rf!. Lll o.:L.,,=.tt" iJJl q 4-.-il
lJ '.i -OU-i
.+3*i; fr,l c.54+{: jl
"l+-I
.f#J*t [ {- U3J .,J *i,i-i jl rri lJ !- OE*i
jf^i J +,J& crll a+ l_2la , ;-J. g 4-cA
.+i!
t4.

Lesson
ro

g:rEt3p, .crt_lj,l. Jr.:i

-;t tJ +rtaj*ii,td
.+_,rl.lotSj -,;j.r

................................4.....-....-..-.....-

i 1t+t

LESSON

11
P ar l i a m e n t ar y E l e c t i o n s
This lesson covers the basic vocabulary about computers, mass media,
and elections. The grammatical structures that we discuss in this lesson are conditional sentences,the past progressive tense, and embedded
clausesin reporting constructions using the subordinating coniunction

eS(/k"4.
I I A . U O C A B U T A RWYA R M - U P
parliamentary
elections

/entexabat-e
mejles/

economic plans

/bername-ha-ye

,J4+{ t:rl+lA}!
6lt -,SJ .6te +.Li_,p

eqtesad-i/
because
last night

/di-5ab/

to vote

lre'y dad-en/

that (subordinating
conjunctionl

k"l

It's obvious.

/me'lum-e./

I don't know.

fma-n xeber
ne-dar-em./

result

lnetiiel

to enter

/vared 5od-en/

IIB.

u-F

ltonl

';'-$UJ
6ib 6l_,1

4s
.'" Jl;

.lJ[i

-;rr

iF

4i+\31
g.r-i r_;lj

DIATOGUE

Shabnamand Farhadare discussingthe latestparliamentaryelections.

f,gr_F .t5; JJ Jt5I ,..-.!J e.rby
ffarhad, diSab exbar ro negahkardif

:i$
:/Sabnam/

-!

+L!.iil .5 4+",3i45 (ihr) -if

9-2-:t+ s+r

:JLaj

fna,,te-tor?f

:lfa.:rhadl
.1.

:d+"'

e-,le. ut'

.J-$ ij+

g,*!+-

ke netii
/mi-xast-em be-dun-em (be-dan-em)
e-ye entexabat-e meiles di Sod'/

:lEa-bna,ml

(jl) {t J:,t?ls. ji;.ir

;-,l3.irA
" -."^l,J^
.i;'.J*r ;(.4) 4.r'+ui,]+/men xebar ne-dar-em, veli ege (eger)
hoseyni vared-e meiles be-Se(be-5ev-ed)
xeyli xub mi-5e./

f lJ+

:JLt-,1s

/don diruz da5t-emtu-ye internet mi-xund-em

(mi-xand-em)ke hoseynibername-ha-ye
eqtesad-i-yexub-i dar-e.f

.&

:e+-

:lferhadl

.&

tqerl.: 61-s t;:'x+ ;

/to be-hebre'y dad-if
.a-:lt/me'lum-e./

&
I .r**- +(l (r-e-r ./) i c+ cJt-,s:=c,l*+
..it.t.9i-,1
,i;'"*fa ir^ oS(e&)

I don't know, lrrrt it will be really good if Hosseini

gets into the parrliarrtt'rtt.

Shabnam:

whv?

Farhad:

Because I was reading on the internet yesterday that

he had very good economic plans.

:t'+:/Sabnem/
:JLA-,1e
:lferhadl

:i$

=
3
rD

a+
o,
rTl
@
n
d.

Shabnam:

Did you vote for him?

Farhad:

It's obvious.

Shabnam:

Then you'll be happy if I tell you that I voted for

him, too.

Farhad:

Are vou serious?! How nice!

:lferhadl

Itera?l :/Sebnem/
:rb-}9
c/ e.rjrAl cs1ji3..il. JrJir tJ3;
qgLl e-U; .,+',,s. 45 (e$lJir5-)
.o-;l.l,r.r3'..-Lrrl*.ojlJ

fSF

Farhad:

UsageNote r: The word J-:ltr+i (/te-tort) literallymeanshow, but in this

context it means Why do you osk?A similar expressionis $:,^ J-.t+
(/ee-tormegar/),or,initsspokenform,45_oJ4(/te-tormege/).

UsageNote2.TheexpressionrJlf.#c,(/manxebar
na-dar-em/) literallymeansI hoveno news(-)+ is the singularform of
_,fAl, meaning news\,and it can be usedjust like t hove no ideo or t hove
no clue.
UsageNote3: Thestemsof the verbsg-ii(/iod-an/, to become)and,j.ii3
(/goft-an/, to say,to tell) get reducedto-cF(il anO3 (/g/)in spokenl2ng-uage.
(/mi-iav-i/, you become)anOp-tJ5# (/UeThat'swhy, insteadof 6-#*zc
gu-yem/, I shouldtell), Shabnamsays,e .r- (/mi-5-i/) anOj(+ (/be-gem/).

Comprehension

Practice

Now answer these questions based on the dialogue you just practiced.
A.Why does Shabnam ask Farhad if he watched the news?

be/pes xo5-hal mi-5i (mi-5ev-i) ege be-het

re'y
be-heb
hem
men
ke
(be-gu-yem)
grem
dad-em./

:/Sebnem/

!-.-ri !f(*+f ./) ,F d cri+

:lLa;s

/jeddi mi-gi (mi-guY-i)?! de xub!/

:lferhadl

Shabnam:

Farhad, did you watch the news last night?

Farhad:

No, whY?

Shabnam:

I wanted to know what the parliamentary election

sults were.

.*_,r1+r.lfJi

i-i;

l-r;+ !i eS .r-il+ .ile

csic U3;

.\

.{-r! ral3i Ol-,r\l.:-;'s$ aS.ul+ .lal3i c/ uJi .Y

.l*., q ,J"J+- +Ltiiil g; 4+i3iaS .ljl,,i ul1li c/ c.l-:p.l
B. What does Farhad think about the election results?

.r3-,Sc/ c;F AA. cr-i.fu ,J"J+- ;-,113

.jrt.,,- -Ft . t
..:3-i .,- r;.J,l.i ,r-i,,i'+ ,J..J+.-;-,1l-9
.crt"L -,,3t .V
c.l'*.&+
,J"J+- ;-;13.jrr'',-= -,3t .f
..:j.,,i ,r+ cJul* .r..rL
C.What type of plans does Hosseinihave?
ei3s. ,6 -;f\
9F
tiF

-6$-,--i!l

-6.:1,'-,:!!
J (-, iiA

sgLl a-lj.,p . \
qgLl a-ol-r_.p. Y
crLA a-UJ+ .Y

""t--1b4i
i

Farsi

D. How does Farhad know about Hosseini's good plans?

drlAI
Jl .f
.,.,."1oJ.rlJA

.'"''"1 s-93 Jlrrl

JJ .Y

to look
a-cL_.p_1-.1J
. , " , . " 1o s l l i

IIC.

fJ.r

c;"r+.Y

program, plan
to ask
post, mail

/internet/

9a--9Ju . \

lpalyalr'l

to watch

/temaSakerd-en/

republic

/iomhur-i/

to speak

lherf za..d-a.-nf

government

ldolatl

head, boss, chief

frer-'Lsf

radio

lradiyol

leader
to count

4-U-.14
O'l+-.}i

/entexab-at-e riyasete jomhuri/

to e-mail

limeyl za"d-renf

e-mail

limeyll,/post-e
elekteronik/

OiJs.iijj!
t

!J..rHJ

*rl

ttl

9JlJrr

CgJJ&J+
Oi-t cj++l
46di*,.J1

6+-r-r5)!
iriJs jl+

president (of a country)

fra-.'is'ejomhur/

vote, ballot

lre'yl

medium (media)

fresan-ef(/resane-ha/)

(ta 4jl*"J) 4jl*',J

cl+-l

to take part, to participate

/Serket kerd-ren/

OijS dlS_Jrl,

:+:l-,t

city

j+-t

liehrl

mayor

/Sehr-dar/

ballot box

/sanduq-ern'yl

computer

/kampiyuter/,
frayanef

government official
(officials)

/meqam-e doleti/,
(/mreqam-at-e
doleti/)

official (n.), (officials)

fmeqamf ,
(/meqam-at/)

website

lvebsaytl

Oij.i-;
,"ilJ.t

ui-;j
o-++l

box, chest

/sendud

6JJl-4

to send

/ferest-ad-en/

OiE--1;

OiJS '''-J-''

lfeksl, fnema-brerf

-,11t^l ,U.'(i

candidate

/kandida/, fnamzedf

rj^U ctq.rr\S

who

k"l (kill,lr.ekesil

,rJ.(;)

to listen

/gubdad-enl,lgui
kerd-en/

oiJS/uih d-6

magazine (magazines)

4J-1/meielle/ (/maialle- 6ta4l-.-)

ha, meiallat/)
($[+.^

lmaqalel

presidential elections

ar.
o

lder sedl

to talk

article, essay

/entexab kard-en/

rTl
fD
n

percent

oiJs Lelj
(.9J.(A

/sohbet kerd-en/

/morur kerd-en/

to elect, to select

Ol'.$ +tilj

fbazka-rd-a-nf

/5en-id-an/

to review

.D

to open

C#

to hear

fax

/entexab Sod-en/

*r.-t

lre,h-berl
/Semord-en/

to get elected, to
get selected

,",riJj+l

/post/

message

fbernarr.ef
/pors-id-en/

E
a,

I I D. KEY PHRASES

VOCABULARY

internet

O.Js't(j

OJ

E. How does Farhad ask Shabnam if she is serious?

!+e.r

/negah krcrd-an/

os

O1JS )J-t^
4lli;

IIE.

t''

JJ

J . ; .c#--s
csl't

-l4-i
-,;l:_X-.i
cSl'l -Gst-.
dU-l ei3g#ls

.+j3.:.et-i.
.;13.1t!l-U.)
(sltL)

rtL

d.,l*.,, -. .l

C U T T U RTEO P I CI

The lranian

Gouernment

, Iran has had an Islamic theocraticgovernment sincethe country's rg79

revolution. The head of state is 4-tis ;J
flvaliyye faqihl, Supreme
Leader),who is appointed by rJt<ji
i flrnailes-exebre-gan/,As;h
Lesson
tt

sembly of Experts).The members of O\<J+i. ,J+^ are electedthrough

public ballot. The job of a;ii iJ: ir to coordinate the three main branches of the state-the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The
president, J-.(A
Ly$j (/re'is-e jomhur/), is the head of the executive
branch of the government and !s elected by public vote. The legislative
whose members are elected
branch is the parliament 1rJ*Tmajles/),
by public vote. The head of the judiciary, however, is appointed by the
Supreme Leader,who also appoints six members of another assembly,
called O!#S
OIS-fi flSura-yenegeh-ban/, the Guardian Council). The
job of the Guardian Council is to approve all of the bills passedby the
parliament, as well as all of the candidatesfor public elections.

.E
OJ

/dadt mi-xand/

we were reading

/daSt-im mi-xandiml

irt;J6:;r.

you (pl. or sg.fml.l

were reading

/da5t-id mi-xand-id/

+$lJi

they (pI.or sg.frnl.l

were reading

/da5t-end mixand-and/

In lesson4, we talked about the present progressivetense.We learned that

the present progressiveis typically used to refer to an action that is in progressat the presenttime, e.g.,I am reading this book now.The past progressivetenseis similar to the presentprogressivein the sensethat it refersto an
action in progress.The only difference is that the action was in progressat
some point in the past,e.g.,I was reading a magazine yesterdayafiernoon.
In Farsi,we learnedthat the pres,entprogressiveis made with the present tense of the auxiliary verb i-ifilJ fldabt-en/) plus the present form
of the main verb, as in the following example.

OJ

cs- 'Ji'$|.)

rTl
(D

sii3o

*-.,fj..if.

.J_JIS,r.c,'i.,-1 e.ir,3'
! ,",.?,f3iAj
dabt
ba
Sebnem
sohbet mi-kerd./
/ferhad
Farhad was talking with Shabnam.
r-i_.;l-r ri-1.113j.l1-i J iAJ-i
..i.j,rr
/ferhad o Sabnem dabt-end herf mi-zed-end./
Farhad and Shabnam were speaking.

.#;

.r^ 4ltii.5g di.&tl U

/ma dabt-im yek meqale mi-nevebt-im./

We were writing an article.

With this knowledgein mind, forming the past progressiveis very easy.
Instead of the present form of the verb 0i'Slr and the main verb, we use
the past form, as in the example below.

.'- LJ'"f-i dL" 4+ f^ill

/da5t-em be mani feks mi-ferest-ad-em./
I was sending a fax to Mani.

.eJ,lJ- .'- 4l+^ i:,,3,1.:

Conditional

The following is the verb J$lJi

gressive.

(/xan-d-en/) conjugated for past pro-

( / x a n - d - a n / ,t o r e a d )t N T H EP A S P
T R 0 6 R E S ST| V
EE
NSE

I was reading

/da5t-am mi
xand-rem/

y;; i;;.i;;,;

la"li-i*i-*u"J-i/

f$lJi,".

i:,,i,lr

Jstr-J.,:;'j

.fiti--,;s

Sentences

Conditional sentences are those sentences that contain a clause that

starts with f or unless.we call this clausethe fclause. conditional sentences come in a variety of types depending on their meaning and the
tensesof their clauses.The most basic type of conditional sentenceis
the kind that talks about a possible situation in the present or at a future
time, as in, It'll be very good if he gets into the parliament.
In Farsi, conditional sentencesof this type have their fclauses in the
subjunctive mood and their main clausesin the simple present tense.
Look at this example:
,.:-r-,!;,j,1+.." ;:ls -#l
.JF .,rc Li.F.J$
f a;ga;rvared-emajels be-bev-ed, xeyli xub mi-5ev-ed./
If he gets into the parliament,it'll be very good.

----i-

Farsi

/dar-em mejalle mi-xan-em./

I'm reading a magazine.

/da5t-em majalle mi-xand-em./

I was reading a magazine.

148i

.D
f

..rril.r .f OIS ri-i.xl3 l4ii

lanha dabt-end re'y mi-dad-end./
They were voting (casting their votes).

,r. aJ-. p;l.r

reading

=
OJ

Here are some more examples:

Past Progressiue

T H EV E R B
o$lji

$lJi

Note: As with the presentprogressive,

the past progressive
is most comm o n l yu s e di n s p o k e nl a n g u a g e
a n d n o t i n w r i t t e nl a n g u a g e .

1IF. GRAMMAR

.ilF

.,,c ,''..l'lJ

he/shewas reading

Lesson
rr

t-*-^1r49

The following is another example,conjugatedfor all persons.

c/ l1 jl e 7s'-,+ a. Jro 4+ -Sl
legrer be medrese be-rev-em, u ra mi-bin-em./
If I go to school,I'll seehim/her.

.l-+

4*,lJJ.4+ Jl
.G,J# c/ l-1 jl sag_11'_Sr4
f acgerbe medrese be-rev-i, u ra mi-bin-i./
If you (sg.)go to school,you'll seehim/her.

.ii

a-=L-J+a +Lliiil

q9\g:

d a.rt+ p-.r^,13s
,r-

/mi-xast-em be-dan-am ke natiic yt,r'rrlcxabat-emejles de 5od./

I wanted to know what the resultso1'theparliamentaryelectionswere.
In Farsi when we need to place a clause inside a larger clause as we
report someone'sspeech,we can use the subordinating conjunction aS
(/ke/) to connect the subordinated clause to the main clause. Here are
some examples:

.rii i),]j d; 4s-&;u

/be mani be-gu ke men telefon zrcd-a-m.f

Tell Mani that I phoned.

.#ll+ c/ l1 3l c6S-84*,,JJo 4+ -Sl

f augr',rbe mredresebe-rev-im, u ra mi-bin-im./
If we go to school,we'll seehim/her.

45
.o:l.r .9i_.1,j+-,s 4+ i$
i6 d -6j
/fekr mi-kon-em ke Sebnem be hoseyni re'y dad-e./
I think that Shabnamhas voted for Hosseini.

.+1.l1;cf l-2 3f c.rr;-.;,;4*,,J1^ 4+ -Sl

legr'r be medrese be-rev-id, u ra mi-bin-id./
If you (pl. or sg.fmll go to school,you'll seehim/her.

f exbar goft ke ferda baran mi-a-yred./

The news said that it is raining tomorrow.

usagel{ote:lt is commonfor the if clauseto appearfirst in Farsi.ln a more

formalstyle,the r/-clausecan alsocomelast. Example:

Read the following newspaper report about parliamentary elections.

jl
.JF,rcJ-,i_;S e.:-iii+ l-,1_,ps ggl #
Sabnam
in
xebar
ra
be-5enev-ad,
xo5-hal
mi-5ev-ed./
la;gr-r
If Shabnam hears this (news),she'll get happy.
.r-d cf ,-iJFt j C,l 4."to 619J + l_Set
&l -Sl
f a,gar in qors ra be-xor-i,etse-et ber taref mi-5av-ed./
If you take this pill, your sneezewill go away.
6eJJ;,r gJil,.,,,- 4+ -Sl
.J-q-^i d
+-F
be
mosaferat
be-rev-im, xub mi-5ev-ed./
lacga-r
If we take a trip, it will be good.
Embedded

Clauses with

+S (tket, thatl

rTl
.D
n
al.

o
6

As in English, using the subordinating conjunction in the above context

is optional.

Here are some more examples of conditional sentences.

-St

+
o,

l.ejl
. rii..,d li ijl ,.,.?,r grc,l*,,aS
inja hest-and./
/anha goft-end ke sa'ret-ehabt"$K
They said that they'd be here at 8:oo. (lit.,They said that they are here
at 8:oo.)

TIG. READIlIG

.*r cr- :l ! l_,rl*-l fh ,r.,j# CfJ3;U

h_f eScK ,ts.t

.+l .f .-tl_.rl+

4*,,JJo 4+ -61
.lJj
er* .+ l-,r :l
/u ra mi-bin-em agrer be medrese be-rev-em./
I'll seehim/her if I go to school.

le.gr-r mani telefon be-zen-ed, payam-e Somara be u mi-dah-em./

If Mani calls,I will give him your message.

OJ

..r++ cf l_2jl cl3.p 4*rJJ. ! -Sl

laugal be medrese be-rev-ed, u ra mi-bin-ed./
If he/she goesto school,he/she will seehim/her.

q -Sl
r.uj-; a-ur-;J.o
."Lt# c* l:jl
f a.gr.'rbe medrese be-rev-end, u ra mi-bin-end./
If they go to school,they'll seehim/her.

'0
a

..jils dr.SJri rrJ+- !iL!.iil Ji cgru -dy ,ai.&.r3 q9+iii

jf r'; .$rJS jtr a.u.,.ijr)J) )rll ,Sllc;la g1r,'i.
C:r +l-tl
orl:..gi_,;rj.;. ;.oJr rEil 45 r-j e9t-,Ll cgjJ -.JiJl^_i
U$l+.i )_,tt_1.:*lij J-,;h cgJl;..,; cSLl cSlJ ,,+J..,s45 +-F .r+ drLG.o
a-lr: .,4$r -.98i aS
G^ 4-J ta +rL_2 J e3-;-o..r-..,i;
"I+_6
..tr-.;ftcCF -igrL-iil qgla
Last week many people participated in the parliamentary elections. Governmentofficials opened the ballot boxes on Monday.
After counting the votes,it was clear that seventypercentof the
peoplehad voted.officials saythat Hosseinihas a lot of votesand
that he may enter the parliament. Peopleand the media all say
that Mr. Hosseinihas very good economicplans.

In the opening dialogue of this lesson,shabnam tells Farhad that she

wanted to know what the election results were. She says,
---*--l
1 5 oi

Farsi

Lesson
tt

1*- I t st
I

IIH.

qfpJ} oJJ^'^+b+l jl J:ti>> :tJ-j uit^ .\

(.eJJ,r. Llki.-l q l.r-;iipv "''i( &J#i .Y
(f . d # u"3all) :+-+ U^ OI .f

C U T T U R ET O P I C 2

Uoting in lran
Any Iranian citizen, male or female, over the age of fifteen can vote in
Iran. In order to vote, voters need to take their birth certificate to a ballot
station near their residenceand cast their vote in a ballot box. Iranian
birth certificatesare little booklets with multiple pages,a couple of pages
of which are reserved for election stamps. When people vote, they get
a stamp in their birth certificate to record that they have voted. The
Iranian parliament and the president are elected every four years. The
president can hold office for up to two terms. Elections at the municipal
level are also held in Iran.

(.Jj

rD
a+
OJ

Pl:-

l.ly;

',",i(

rD
at
d.

p.r.sJr$^a .o

"ps

.p.:l.rLrlJ el_lia; &

4-i.5- rJ--

(O1J5 '',-.,-i ; OJiJJJ. -;.:,r+lgr

OJ

D. Match the sentencesin the first column with those in the second column to form a dialogue. You will need to rearrange the lines in both
columns.

A. Complete the sentencesbelow using the past progressive form of the

verb in parentheses.

U jl rtAJi . t
.,^ b3 ! l; e-eU+l> :.r+--,1g

(f.\g*y

j,

Exercises

!
q,

--

^rlz

f6.rl.: 6lJ .,S a4 -f .'\

.-ill

laj-i .q,

JJ JirU !+.ii.l 3ri c.jL .Y

fLerJS
"F-6

.J$K: j$it*.t+. .L.t

i{i;.-,l;-;.r-l

.\

. .9 +;;ii d ,'l.r+ p.r"t:= G^ .t

r:s G+ ceJ.c++g;!-;
+LiAiil

fJA,o-,;i.c!

(Oi-t' O+r) oki^-l jl Jrre++r)+J . Y

(d)-^,9)oltL'l; ir .r

(ustF) c!.rl + uil- t

(O.t-l:-) -1taEL

.o

A ] I S W E RK E Y
ComprehensionPractice

B. Complete the following sentencesusing the correct forms of the verbs in

parentheses.Remember that in conditional sentencesreferring to possible situations in the present or at a future time, the verb in the fclause
is in the subiunctive mood, and the verb in the then-clauseis in the present tense.

(dIK) ;l r ,

(..,+t;l-2aLU st .\

(Os) cJt.',$ri.+L ,

1cr-l) ,J+^ 4+-rl-61 -r

l-,l-,r!al; -St .r
(or$
"i-6)

(o+S; l-1+gii e

(og) u,:+-r 6-(Osu;

A.3

B .r

C.z

D.3

E.z

Exerclses
A.
.r-F af ,','J-''

l_lS cf g.r;.r Cr,il.t .Y

$lJi .',c ,",'il.t . {

#;,"-

Ol-j+-Jrj td -St .t

eiJ-,1-lt,r.'
\-:-$.r.c .. . .t-l;

+-# d...

$,Lor.t

Turn these sentencesinto reported speechconstructions with aS (/t

"/),
as in the example.

*i-S:l'rl-l a+*l-P si u'> :cK #

$l3i .,- 45cri< p;^t
.ra+ d-6 :+rl_,1a;

,",,Ll.1
.\

ii,$l.r.Y
o
d3"il'l .

.Y

6*i'.icr'...

s-l5.r

r
o

(.*+

C.

Fa

oj_r ! \'+l jl J-lLi 45 r+-Ji uil- .\

--+

--___f.__-15zl
i

.r:j

Lesson
tt

lrsr

-l
.J, d Uki^al e+l.ly 4! ,',i( &J#i .Y
.rrj .r
cr-*-fl 45 ti*-,11r-JFe
Oi .f
"5
.firr^.,.F.,. t+S ! l-,lerE OJI45 f;-Ji U jl rtaJi . {
4! ,',i( p;; .l*.{.a .o
.r-.f .ul-5i ,jll l.l-,1o

LESSON

12
Mailing a Package

fJJtn

.o-;-i..:.,

-*-::*-^----

i -

.nKi

Jl5I .;',r?!J.i-r

'.

't;;rL-r$-i:;

i"- --*:;

i-.fitJJr etJi,q6,*..iti

In your language journal, write about the last time you or somgone
you know voted. Try to use as many of the words you learned in this
lesson as possible
l

In this lesson,you will learn some common terms used at post offices
and banks. You will also learn to use the polite past construction, as
well as the passive and middle voices. But first, let's practice a few new
words.

I 2 A . U O C A B U T A RWYA R M . U P
6ih o'f;l

to let, to allow

leiazedad-an/

extra,addition

lezafel

express

/eksperes/

package

lbest-el

insurance

lbimel

local,domestic

/daxeli/

to last,to take (time)

/tul keS-id-en/

employee,clerk

/kar-mand/

gram (o.o353
ounces)

lgereml

e>

weight

lvaznf

,li:

4d-.:!
, t l4'1.4"<l

4L*+
4..#

.Jil'r
cl-l'?''<d:t
.LJS
z 4 l

I2B. DIATOGUE
.ij.tl-!^J9+.r-+ Jrt
a+#--ti*

:'"''"!+^-lts

fna;f.a:-ebe d. be-ferma-yin./ :ft.ar-mande post/

:i$
.EI ,pL
JJ li-i OJI#-lJ..t"
.jlJ$

/selam, aqa.mi-xast-Emin beste ro be-ferest-

r(+usc*i-r)or.,s
*;t::fl

:/Sabnam/

:,'''"i+.-lK

!
/besiyarxob.vezn-e5kard-in (vezn-ei :/kar-mend-e post/
krerd-id)f
({

.or'.?.-i O)J

fna-,vezn na-5od-e./
erl-H",SJ3il5

'''"'.Ur J iS.5.;
9d.f
o.tE-;i

:l(a-.bna,mf
:'''"'i li"-lK

tJ" '#"Sl (, 4+JA .49-"i" +(t ,+!

fbr-.le,rege momken-e. hezine-ye eksperes

de-qedr-eI
O+AIA fn 4^# +Kt .OU; oJ 3 ,",...*UJ4rLu
.4..i (s- l-iL:l Ot^j ,$q .(+el_n+)

:'+'i
:/Sebnem/

/mi-5-e devist o deh tuman. ege bime hem :/kar-mend-e post/

be-xah-in (be-xah-id),penjah tuman ezafe
mi-5-e./
d3t) 4,i'5 .r" jA
f(-y.)
ar;

Jq
jlJ$

*
., r,,.JipjY e.g ,+:
4++i; d (S .r^

/ne, bime lazem nist. de-qedr tul mi-ke5-e

(mike5-ed) ke breste be biraz be-res-e

:is
:lia-.bnr-mf

d3t

j_l_f a* E 3.r .Jil.l

_,_l*_l+."Sl

.ciri-JA

c/ g,"J*."S| .q.i

/xub-e. eksperes mi-ferest-em-eb./

.4.i .,- Ot-jl

lJ 3.',.,rr_rJ .,r,.i._,;tu4r

/besiyar xob. devist o deh tuman mi-be./

:,.,,"'o.t
li._lK

:fl$
:/Sebnem/
:t-tr''oJ l-.-,rK

:/Sebnem/

.OJj4. .,l+t
xeyli
mamnun . xo da-hafez.
I
I

Shabnam:

Farsi

No, insurance isn't necessary.How long will it take

for the package to get to Shiraz?

Shabnam:

Postal employee: Local express takes two to three days.

Good. I'll send it express.

Shabnam:

Postal employee: Very well. It'll be two hundred and ten tumans.
There you go. Here's three hundred tumans.

Thank you very much. Good-bye.

Shabnam:

ComprehensionPractice
Now answer these questions based on the dialogue you just practiced.
A. How does the postal employee call on the next person in line?

p;.r

:'''"'i$-,,ts

4!,+.f+ .f

:l(a'.bnalml

9Ft!.+.\

r.J*.Y

+1+5rfu .\

C. How much does the packageweigh?

eJs'1+i .r

:/kar-mend-e post/

:i$

.,i jij.Y

B. What is Shabnam sending to Shiraz?

rJS 'i 3 '''"'UJ.Y

r JS.!
p,# c43.

D. How much does insurance on the packagecost?

J..,.,,.,JJ.Y
,'tLo oLtr-r
"i

ts6i

Yes,if possible.What's the costof express(post)?

Postal employee: It's two hundred and ten tumans. If you want
insurancetoo, it'll be fifty tumans extra.

V J

---*-1--

No, it hasn't been weighed.

Postal employee: It's a kilo and two hundred grams. Is it to be sent

express?

:/kar-mend-e post/

/be-ferma-yin. in hem si-sad tuman./

.Ji!_L*lii,

OJ
gq
fD

Sr

Postal employee: Very well. Have you weighed it?

Postal employee: Good-bye.

:fl$

/neved tuman beqiye-ye pul-etun./

Ot

Hello, sir. I d like to send this package to Shiraz.

Shabnam:

:/kar-mand-e post/

.Ot--i \-, .r.,,eA i.,1,,lf

.irrl""t-,+
.Oyl* seqti Ot--f r-lj

gq

Postal employee: Ninety tumans is your change.

.4.is
/eksperes-edaxel-i do ta se ruz tul mi-ke5-e./

Postal employee:The next person.How can I help you?

Shabnam:

(be-res-ed)/

3
g.

!
OJ
11

Shabnam:
:,.,."'i li"_lK

:,3",i li.-,K

lxoda-hafez.f :/kar-mande post/

.n

:e.t+-

/yek kilu o devist gerem-e. eksperes ferest-ad-e :/kar-mend-e post/

mi-5-e/
fo_l$

.ljL-lii

Lesson
tz

cJ!-,;dr-';3r. Y

Ol--f ol++

E.How longdoesit takefor a package

to getto Shirazby express
mail?
dreL^,.,3t E .S-r.Y

j:-,r +- E :J. Y

4j{A JJ U ,-5.J . \

I2C. UOCABUTARY
water

158j

,-rl

l"bl

cg*;.li

qq

/eskenas/

international

/beyn-ol-melrel-i/

post office

/post-xane/

surface mail

/post-e za'rnin-if

,+j

fr.-i

airmail

/post-e ha;va-yil

, -ll J a

r ' r . . . tr

Uta

to open an account

/hesab baz kerd-an/

to open a savings account

/hesab-e pes endaz

baz kard-en/

,lnelan-il
fadresf

province

lostanl

. . | t,' I
LJ' "l

bank

lbankl

6jl+

electricity

herql

c3r

envelope

/paket-e name/

stamp

Itembrl

-)+4J

to open a checking
account

/hesab-e iaribaz
kerd-en/

check

lrekl

d-:

to stand in line

/der saf istad-en/

coin

/sekke/

account

lhesabl

savings account

pes-endaz/
/h.esab-e

checking account

/hesab-ejari/

a,oLl,'i(Lr

9L"rilsl , r-,J-*=

J V e - .

cgJb Ft">
t.

foreign, international

lxarej-il

checkbook

/deste dek/

village

lrustal

ground, earth,land

lzeminl

rtlA!

surface (adj., as in
surface mail)

f zemin-il

cs+i^J

line, queue

lsafl

mailbox

/senduq-e post/

,',,'1 ,io\i-.-

P. O. box

/senduq-e post-i/

,-lrir-l

c'+J'.r
e5-i

4i*i

E-:-,r

gs;
"ll+Jl
dLi, ,',.,.1

OrJS jt+ +t"+

J

il$l ,v t*r. r ,-.rtl=

2'

oiJs j!
L,;
19Jb e-r.

oiJs j!

l ' v J

\ t

-,1J
45*^

.Jj -,Ji+l-E

water bill

lqebz-e abl

electricity bill

lqebz-eberql

telephone bill

lqebz-etelefon/

gas bill

lqebz-egazl

bill

lqabzl,/suret
hesab/

OjF -Oz$
jK .olo,G
g.1-l-,o,:.rG
i-r.L,';

bank teller

/kar-mend-e bank/

.-Sjt{ lL-,rK

coins or small bills

(/1r.,small money)

/pul-e xord/

large bills (/ir.,

large money)

/pul-e doroSt/

price

lqeymetl

What's the price of this?

/qeymret-e in
deqedr-e/

-,Jb;3

$i

t.

Jls'

r i-.

' i'

OIU*JI

v 6 J

-U-l,l

* btl
'.J$JJ

i
-tJ}

- . '

rQoJl-r.a
1 ' v J

sender

/ferest-ende/

5 ri'i. u;1

postal code

/kod-epost-i/

, 1,,: r5
\t

country

lkelva,rl

JJ.Jl:>

receiver

lgir-endel

oItJ*S

letter

lnarrrel

air (adj., as in airmail)

lhreva-yil

Farsi

q'1*15*,!

banknote

address

./tij

I2D. KEYPHRASES

,tr-

,i

fo ,r-t - ,'gl.',-^, i
J

-l

V0

'

.2

'ba

a/

4-oU
rsJlJ-{

I 2 E . C U T T U RTEO P I CI
lranian Coins and Banknotes
Currently, the smallest Iranian coin is the five-rial coin. Coins with
larger denominations are lo, 50, roo, and z5o rials. Banknotes start
at 1oo rials (ro tumans) and go up in these denominations: 2oo, 5oo,
r,ooo, 2,ooo,5,ooo, 1o,ooo,and zo,ooo rials. You can seethese coins and

tz
Lesson

CU
E
o,
,'l
o,
qq
rD

t
banknotes at http ://www.iranchamber.com/geography/iranian_currency
/iranian_currency.php.You can also see some Iranian stamps on the Iranian Post Company website at http://wwwpost.ir/.

I 2 F . G R A MM A R

/ma dend so'al dadt-im./

We had a few questions.

In English, speakerssometimes use the past tense as a form of social

distancing or politeness,as in Did you have a question?as opposed to
Do you have a question?or I wanted to ask you somethingas opposed to
I want to askyou something.The past tense in these examples does not
refer to past events; rather, it has an extralinguistic function. It helps the
speakerto not sound too forward or blunt.
The same thing happens in Farsi as well. Speakersoften use the past
tense for politeness or social distancing. For example, Shabnam in the
opening dialogue of this lesson tells the postal employee,

4+C--,;q JJ 45"ar-l*li-l_n.r

/mi-xast-em in beste ro be-ferest-em be 6iraz.f

I d like (Lit.,I wanted) to send this packageto Shiraz.
This sentenceis in the past tense,but it refers to the present time. She
wants to send the package now not yesterday. We call this use of the past
tense the polite past.
Here are some more examples of using the polite past.

.fis _ll+csJl+ej*,e.!

#-lr=.r

/mi-xast-em yek hesab-ejaribaz kon-en./

I d like (Lit.,I wanted) to open a checking account.
UsageNote: With some commonverbs like gi-.,$ (/kard-en/), we can
form without addingthe prefixi (/be-/).Thisis espemakea subjunctive
ciallytrue in spokenlanguage.Forexample,herewe have-iS (lkon-em/)
insteadot6,Jfu (/be-kon-am/).0f coursersayingifu is not wrong.

.ilib dlj'.,'.!
/yek so'al daSt-em./
I had a question.
SpellingNote:TheletterJ is usedfor the /'/ soundafteran /o/ vowel,as in
,Jl3L (/so'al/,question)in the aboveexample.

.#-J+

The use of the polite past isn't limited to first person singular.You can
use it with all persons and numbers.

.#,,,ilrcjl_l-+ U

Polite Past

.jlJ$

e i t h a v e r b( a si n t h e s e c o n de x a m p l ei)s f o r m a l
t h a t e n d i n g t h es e n t e n c w
a n d m o r ec o m m o ni n w r i t t e nl a n g u a g e .

ji-,lF
Oki.al a+l-,1a-ol-icJ",rl

.,-

/mi-xast-remin name ra be esfahan be-ferest-em./

I d like (Lit.,l wanted) to send this letter to Esfahan.

f !l;it l: Cy +$-l3i .'^ t^3

/5oma mi-xast-id mn ra be-bin-id?i
Did you want to see me?

..rt'S,:r'iC c!,,,lJ5 .,- 4i."+ tl J+ fJ+

/peder-em dend ta brestemi-xast post kon-ed./

My father wanted to mail a few packages.
r a t w e c a n m a k en e wv e r b sf r o m m a n yn o u n sb y a d d i n g
N o r e :R e m e m b et h
light verbs like g'i-i ec.ti-l-l= ,Oij ,OJj to the nouns (lessonr). The
verb gi-,;S a..-i (tpostkard-an/) then means to mail.
Passive Uoice (Present Tense)
Voice is a grammatical term that refers to the relationship between the
action or the state expressedby the verb and its arguments (subject,obiect, etc.).All of the sentencesthat we have used in this book up to this
point have been in the active voice, which means the syntactic subiects
of these sentences(the noun phrasesbeginning the sentences)have also
been the logical subjects of those sentences(the person or thing that
performed or caused the action) and that the syntactic obiects of the
sentenceshave also been the logical objects (the person or thing upon
which the action took place).For example,[ohn saw Mary is in the active
voice becauselohn (the syntactic subject of the sentence)is also the logical subiect (it is the person that does the seeing) and Mary (the syntactic
object of the sentence)is also the logical object (the person being seen).
There are, however, sentencesin most languages,including English and
Farsi,in which the syntactic subject of the sentenceis the logical object,
as in Mary was seen by lohn.In such sentencesthe logical subject is
either missing or mentioned in a prepositional phrase with by, as in our
example (".g., by lohn). Such sentencesare in the passive voice. If you
look at English passive sentencesa little more carefully, you will notice
that in all of them there is a form of the auxiliary verb fo be followed
by the past participle of a transitive verb, as in was seen,is written, will
be eaten,etc. A transitive verb is a verb that requires the presenceof an
object.

UsageNote:Recallthat orderof phrasesis fairlyfree in Farsi,so

+-,1q Uki^-l a+l-,1+-"UrJ,'ilf-,,t+ cy' and

Justremember
Uki"-l 4+e.t--)+l-,1a-EOil C-lJi ,=-careidentical.

The passivevoice in Farsi is similar. We make passivesentencesin Farsi

by using the past participial form of a transitive verb followed by the
verb gili inflected for tense,person, and number.

----lFarsi

160
|

12
Lesson

3
g.

oe
tu
E'
o,
n

OJ
gq
rD

T
The past participial form of verbs is made with the past stem of the verb
followed by the suffix L Vnh.For example, the past participle of the
verb g{J (/did-en/, to see) is o{J (ldid-el, seen). We talked about the
past participial form of verbs in lesson ro. Here is the verb gJJJ conjugated in the present tense passivevoice for all persons.
T H EV E R B
HTA B I T U A
TE
L NSE,
O + l ( / d i d - e n / , t o s e e )l N T H EP R E S E N
P A S S I VVEO I C E

I am seen

/did e mi 5ev-em/

you (sg.) are seen

/did-e mi-5av-i/

he/she/it is seen

/did-e mi-5av-ad/

we are seen

/did-e mi5av-im/

yi" 1pi. is.fuii.1 /did-emi-#v-id/

are seen"i
they (pl. or sg.fml.)

/did-e miSev-end/

lF rs'o+r i
c9-d cr' o+r .
td./
-o-{r,
f.-J*i cs4:)"Jtti

$F.",.c

oJ,rJ

M I D D LVEO I C E
t

.t- O_lj 4l^-+

/beste vmzn 5od./
The package got weighed.

.$'r*i jq b c3:,i-.
/senduq-h a baz 5od-end./
The boxes got open.

)
.t- &-,, *"
/miz reng 5od./
Thetablegot plinted:
.$JArr cs^ dJ-,^t 1.0a-t:
/name-ha post mi-Srev-and./
The letters get mailed.

.r-d

.rJ-i .4 ciill-.;1 .sjt+ l.-lK

b a-t-r

J^'."F cJ*

.$-1,i.r-" o.:-/aj crl-LL Y-^";3ta .gl-)

f r e.'y-ha teves sot-e maqam-at Semord-e mi-5ev-and./
The votes are counted by the officials.
/qanun tevessot-e mejles neveSt-emi-5av-ed./
Law is written by the parliament.

**^*t'rtzi

ti

Farsi

a:.y,3Ll.s,ijl

/entexab-at Soru' miSev-red./

The elections begin.

/name-ha tvessot-e Sebnem ferest-ad-emi-5ev-end.r

The letters are sent by Shabnam.
/pul tevessot-e kar-mend-e bank perdaxt mi-5ev-ed./
Money is paid by the bank teller.

if

=
='
OJ

Middle voice is form between a('tivt'ancl passivevoice in function. In

active voice, the syntacticsubjet:tis the logical subjectas well, and the
verb is in its active form. In passivevoice,the syntactic subject is the
logical object, and the verb is in the passiveform (i.e.,past participle
plus g.t$). In middle voice, the verb looks like an active verb (no past
participle), but the syntactic subject of the sentenceis the logical object.
Here are some sentencesin the active voice together with their middle
voice versions.

D+J :

Passivevoice is used for a variety of reasons, the most important of

which are (i) that the logical subject of the sentence is unknown (e.9.,
The bag was stolen, when we don't know who stole the bag) or (ii)
that the logical subject of the sentence is not relevant to the message
or is obvious (e.g.,The bookwill be published in April, when what we
care about most is the book itself and not the publisher). There are
times that we do mention the logical subject but only in a by-phrase
(e.g., The roads are taken care of by the city\. The preposition that
is used in Farsi in the place of by in passive sentences ir J^'."F
(/tavessot-e/). Here are some examples of passive sentences with
by-phrases.

.$Jpi ,r-oorli--,yi p"l.r,&

tr-3j

Mi ddl e U oi ce

0q
OJ
OJ
-r
OJ
gq
o

ACTIVE
VOICE

..1_f c,p:l_t4L*+ #
/5rebnam breste ra vazrr krerd./
Sha-bnam werghed the package.
l-; I't .3r ''t-' di-ti.q
..i1JS jl{
/maqam-at sanduqha ra baz kard-a;nd.l
Officials opened the boxes,

, .rJSS-t l-.,i.Jl

/manl mrz ra rang Kard./

Mani painted the table.

.afs .+ C.r.'r lJ Ll q-U L

l^u name-ha ra post

mi-kon-im./
We mail the letters.

l-) drti-iiil

di-tL

.$6 u^ arfi

/maqam-at entexab-at
ra Soru'mi-kon-and./

"""ffJ?J"'.*Tr

Notice that in all of the above examples,the verb is a phrasal one. A

phrasal verb is a multi-word verb. For example, in English verbs like
look out, call up, go on, and lock up are consideredphrasal verbs because
they are made up of a verbal element, namely, Iook,call, go, andlock, and
another word. Farsi phrasal verbs are typically made with an adjective
or noun and the verb 6i,5 in the active voice or the verb gi'.l in the
middle voice. But, as mentioned before, there is no past participle as
there is in the caseof the passivevoice.Middle voice is very common in
Farsi,even more common than the passive.

Lesson
rz

i163

I2G.

READING

The following is a simplified excerpt from a bank brochure about opening an account.

-..--."-.-j

jt+
gt-,.r.q.iJs
"JJl+
.S+45cs,l .-,1Y,J]l ,,Ft, e.rl-^"=
.S+ .Oi-lS -2l;.csU
.r--,rlSjl+l:, .r l-.1 1.ll .+$Si cu,ljA_,;i-p;*
ey
.Sjt++l.f1^,,lji+_1K.fu ! l-,1a-,;s.+-1;(4Jiit-r cet^
.sjl+ .Lp13j!.'-f t-.,j,(!,lF_,rJ a_,ri.Sjl+ -t.1.rr#
_jS .! L-i +.,_lrF g+ cL:"oJla +t+ -d .j*,'-ot+
1Sll Cr-,rlS
..Ul_ll+lJ, .,- L3.13-,,,i,rr orlr Ji! +
jK U Olij .,c3; .,..-rj
orl,ii-l
-,-u"r'!csl.r-,;;
.+t'S

1rl
liir
ii

i
)
l
:
.:
:
:

Iran's secondlargest city is ri ,j,- o (/rrrir'5heed/,

Mashad).Mashad is the
most religiously significant city ol I ran, as it is where the Shiites'eighth
imam is buried. It is estimated th:rt twelve million pilgrims visit Mashad wery year. g\-.1^ol flesfehan/, Esfahan,also spelled Isfahan) and
JU.J!t (l\irazl, Shiraz) are arguably the cultural capitals of Iran. Esfahan
has been designateda World Heritagecity by UNESCO.The city is even
older than Persia itself, and today a great many historical sites are still
standing for visitors to enjoy. Shiraz is also older than the Persian Empire. Both cities have been capitals of the country at some point during
their history and they house the tombs of many prominent literary, scientific, philosophical, and religious figures.

Exercises
A. Rewrite these sentencesin the polite past tense,as in the example.

.d-llr r.Jl-l-'$.. L

.#^:,bdl3- + l-

Opening a Bank Account

rii

To open a bank account, you first need to fill out an application

form. You can get this form from bank tellers. Take the form and
an identification card to the bank. At the bank, your application
form is signed by the head of the bank or the accounts officer, and
a bank card is given to you. You can use this card to pay water,
electricity, telephone, or gas bills.

i
i
i
l

rllL

form

lforml

application

/der-xast/

full

lporl

to fill

/por kerd-en/

to get

lgereft-enl (l1oh

signature

f emza'f

eL^:."]

card

lkartl

d.l-,rlS

f_
.

Oi.&l.l JIS .,.."5 L is an idiom for fo want to seesomeoneor to want

to talk to someone.

l
'

r.r-ri
r-,
..s,,,r
.l
"i,,}j.HiiT
f+1lr
l-o.,i
_jS.r-h crEI!
.o

r-tl
Cr^r,l_rS-,;r

.elJ#lJ W eol_n .r- . \

*f q_;l.rJtS dr t+ f
.

B. Turn these active sentencesinto passiveconstructions.

-r.:- cf lJ OC.'iL dl-

oi-rs-r+
(J$ cfi-S

SL.r

JE t" .+l;l jl cs!^+ .Y

.r1l.r di

lJ lA +3.,*rUJI ..j-^"S.f

.J-,,_J+
- cJl*l^'-\b _ll. f
cf lS la o_9,-gl ,r.J
C.Turn theseactivesentences
into middlevoiceconstructions.
.UF

I2H.

C U T T U R ET O P I C 2

ri-i'( ,r- er.LiXl lJ

ij+A

Major lranian Cities

1 6 h' l i
l

Farsi

aiy

.o

.'\

rJS jt+ lt cD[S Jr .,."S .Y

.r15 ul3i,"ri-f3; l_,,+l -cJa.jU .f
..jiJS \.il^i l-,1e-ct-r; JI aiJ^ . t

Iran has severallarge cities, each of which has a certain historical and
cultural significance.Tehran, the capital and by far the largest city, is
the busiest one of all. It is the second most populous city in the Middle
East,after Cairo. In addition to being the seatof the government, Tehran
is also the center of most of the socioeconomicactivitv in the countrv.

-_-_''''''''''''''.',.'.'.........................'''.''.'''''
,

.\

. ri-i'( ./ +l,,l lJ lA iJ,Alll gil l.eJI.o

Lesson
tz

=
='

cu

OJ

t-}
gcl
rD

D. Fill in the blanks using the words given.

CSlt_.4
p.l-lr=.f
ctj:

4i!i. ,',. ,.',

3

4-cLi

(tr.,.!t

.' ii.

J+-J

gq

tet s go.'online and learn a Iittle bit more about

shiraz. visit
under the languageswitlu o,*
artictes,
i::l^/.wierlfoo.:t8..u1d,
nnd s*UU and click. on it. Then, under
a3lc,
..*-L 3 .,.,,..al-r_-,;

_(Y )_ .s+ _( I )_ ir^ ,rii. jrJ r+

:.f,-[]r* :
-(,)-illd:;lt e-tY,de Ci"r

.fijs _(V)_

C.r

D.r

you shouldbe'ableto find grr_;1i

119,1 OlJ*.rl
Fars]-Ut th: w;i this is *i,"r" Farsiactually.";;;;.
lfar,sl,

vouwilr'"" " ii'io'r;;i;;j''

tii|;:;'ff[i1:1ntffiprovince'

are lookilg
the article ,borrt shiraz,let,sseeif you
I"Y^.h::you
'can
fi1d thl answerb the":fbllowing questions:
1o
'
What is the population,ofShiraz?

E,Z

Exercises
A.

B.

OJ
oEl
.D

l"-y."*Fr..*/relatedsearches),r"
(/osta1he/,p-rovrnces),

practice
Comprehenslon
8.3

OJ
!
OJ
n

(i'H.illiffiJl?Tf
l"iqE*."'1,'f,,d
#l$:t1.:'":o'"fr
j:'ffil:rr,:1rr"h#;::T-

.'-'<

A ] I S W E RK E Y

A,Z

=
ru
='

I . NDE P E lD{ E N TC H A t t E1 G
{E

!a

.pqg l-; t-l p.r-t-+ g.o .l

f !..i1. JL( (j'o l+ . y
.pi,,il.r_jScrh 6tii t; .f
cAl.rJB
lt d.$ Orl#*lri s^ .t
.i6
f !r.r13jS .rh .9Uil+l^^i . o
..re.i s- 4i-,1i (;U I*3j) i,St- .l
..rj-e cr' dil-, (t^ sjlJdl jl cs_j+.+t .-i) Jti .y
..r9-,i,r. +iil.r; ("."S J"-;) lA 4-:.+ i.Hl.f
.$,,i (r" 'ff-,i (Jl l--9ll) cjl_l* $; . t
..t3-i sr oJ rF ("."S I.,.1)

among lra-

l'l

uio., r""i fo, th" words,i*Jk+

'

,''.i'

ru#$., e,'H.JJs.ILl
;, . eujro&i

scpcrir

f{ow ftir is shiraz from Tehian?

, llintl Look for the word-;r.c_gJ$

ffkilu_metr/,kilometer).
.
,Recordthesefacts'aboutsriiryi-d royl ranguageiournar.you might

ip"iolto*the'linktJ 'x1{,1{*iI
,,,wa1t

16iilil5jr,

,ind print out a picture of it for you, lo,rrnal, too.

persepoiis)
' -Y-svrv{ry/

la o3g.o
i1i .o

C.

..r_e-i.r-olJ-lil (f.y !*g) s+rs .l

.l.i _A (.r;S,L_j)
grDls Ji .Y
utri
dal.r_.4
..rli
.,J -.J* .f
(,.+U l*;)

..r!,,i
- *;,[?f;,i*;-;

D.

dLi,.,*1

::

\
.',i.fj

1]
J4.

UJJ .

-i------.............I

;t67

I
I

LESSON

First
In this lesson, you'll learn words and phrases related to iobs and the
office environment. You will also learn to use subordinate clauseswith
when. Manner adverbs and the use of the modal verb Jr]..r (lbayed,l,
must) are other grammar topics that we cover here. Are you ready for
some vocabulary warm-up?

| 3 A . U O C A B U T A RWVA R M - U P
enthusiasm

leltiyagl

international affairs

/omur-e beynol-melef

part, section,
department

lbexsl

How do you do?

/xo5-veqt-a-m?l

only

lfa,qaltl

managing director

/modir amef

leave of absence

/morxes-i/

secretary

/mon5i/

to show

/ne5an dad-en/

when

lvauqtil

l3B.

.l , ll
rv aQt$ll

dtljl a

s_t^f
,Jiri

f#FrI :i-i

&tc _;.r-"

e;^i
'dLJ.
grl.r gl.,,$j

,Fj

I,|AtOGUE

Mani's company has hired a new employee named.p+^

l_*r,$(/5iva
milani/, Shiva Milani). She is a foreign affairs manager and it is her first
day on the job. Mani is greeting her. Listen to their conversation.

_X.r.crl;j

-sjL u .e)t^,,9u$J^.p.3ti.
crsJpi.dbte
.tl-i

:clL

/xanom-e milani? salam. men mani-ye

peyami modir amel-e Serket hest-am./

.#-r-,'
/xo5-veqt-a:rnl

.(*t.+

ir" .(+r-"1),-rp"tui cr L *ts-s 4{

otjii)ri.+ o-dj ,i-f+,- rJo-iJ$i

/be Serket-e ma xoS amed-in (amed-id).

man dafter-etun ro be-hetun ne5un mi-dem (ne5an mi-deh-em)./

E $+ 4lrll .r# Jr.f .,Ji+ . .. rri;

C$

:lmanil

How do you do'/

Mani:

Welcome to our company. I will show you to your

office.

Shiva:

Thank you very much. How many employees does the

International Affairs Department have?

Mani:

Six. Your secretary is Ms. Didari.

Shiva:

Does this department have only one secretary?

Mani:

Yes, but when Ms. Didari is on leave, Mr. Nuri works in

her place (/fr., must work in her place).

Shiva:

Very good.

Mani:

Here you are. Here's your office. We were awaitingyour

arrival with enthusiasm.

Shiva:

Thank you. So was I.

:lJ$
:llival

..iu
:frrranil

:lJ$
:lilval

melel dand ta kar-mand dar-ef

l^ii,,r.l'i^ .Jj-: rfi'.i

:cCU

/5eb nefer. monSi-ye Soma xanom-e

didari hest-en./

:lmanil

.,:r3-i6Jl+r.#tr

fo-2l.r,rrl't tu I'i'i

.liii

UCI

/in bexb feqret ye monli dar-e?l

.o".rJ- 6Jl+r.#lr
.,J3,4li
"$r
4+
r+t+
eui.*e
qglil
6)J
OJ{f ,ctt+
.($is Jts) Oi3 Jls
fbele,veli veqti xanom-edidari morxes-i
hast-en, aqa-yenuri bayed be iay-e iSun kar
kon-en (kar kon-end)./

.eJrj

til$

:liival
:clU

:c/t.c

-,J:-ii'o

/motbakker-em. men hem hemin-tor./

Now answer the following questions based on the dialogue you just
practiced.
A.What does Mani do at the company?

-'Hrc ciL

:lmanil

.p[.^,.r

Farsi

.u3i;

.,lri..Y

i:!-.i_n .l

c. How many employeesdoes the International Affairs Department have?

$.-,115
c$i .r

$^jS ui$.y

rt^_ltSA+ . I

D.who is the permanent secretary of the International Affairs Department?

.p+. -.:Li..r

L9)y c;tli.Y

cgJl+r .#Li. .'l

E. How does Shiva say So was I?

:lJ$

+ cs Jl++

:l1ival

Ms. Milani? Hello. I am Mani Payami, the managing

director of the company.

-------"i

rzo!
j

'Y

B. what does shiva saywhen Mani,",':::*"f"

:liival

.Jrt+i # iF.el531

practice

:lmanil

/besiyar xob.l
;y_;]

Comprehension

.t'r..,1 dSJr.i J.l LlJJl cJ# JJ^f ..1;J. ciL . \

.t'r.-f IJH^i .,r..i.ji.ouit-" .Y

:ll$

/befrerma-yin. in hem defter-e Soma. ma ba

eitiyaq montezer-e vorud-e Soma bud-im./

Mani:

:lJ$

.r-.rJr Jl+.+

t^ .t..i J3i C.t +l -O*L*

ret4.i!1+

f!
g

to-;|.:rL-,fS E
lxeylim&mnun.. . baxS-eomur-ebeyn-ol-

Shiva:

Lesson13

.f

.JJ"LIFA

eA il-

.Y

.iJ.""l-J+.l

I
OJ
o,
+

=
-

| 3 c . u o c A BtUA n Y
bureau, office

to fire, to get fired

o-;l{

ledarel

market, bazaar

fbazarf

archive

lbayganil

file

lpa;wacndel

to do (a task/job),
to get done

/eniam dad-en/,
/enjam 5od-en/

calmly

"J3."1+
orl-l-fi

/ba aram-e5/

carefully

lba deqqetl

+.i u

hurriedly

lba aja-lel

4.L+.eL

slowly, quietly,
softly, gently

fbe aram-if

.rf_,ri e+

Jljl+

folder

/pube/

to decide

/tesmim gereft-an/

holiday, vacation

ftae'tilf, fte'til-atf

meeting

lia,lr,sel

to answer

ljevab dad-en/

accountant

/hesab-dar/

-,;l.tr.l.";,

among

/der miyan-e/

machine

/dest-gah/

.r-i+^-li
olK.Li

again

ldobarel

organization

f sazemanf

occupation,occupations

l(;oqll,/mebaqef

person

ka"sl

binder

/kelasor/

applicant,applicants
director,principal
deputy,assistant
to hold, to keep

fmotaqazif ,
fmoteqazi-yanl
lmodirl
fmo'avenf
/negeh-dar-i
kerd-en/

to teach

lyad dad-enl

to learn

/yad gereft-en/

Jc

tfiS r*"-'l
dJ*t'-i

r,Lltj
4^-q

/(be) morxasi
reft-en/

Ms. Didari is late today.

/xanom-edidari
em-ruzdir
kerd-e./

Ms. Milani is at a
meeting now.

/xanom-emilani
al'an der ielese
hest-end./

to be out of order

fxerab bud-en/

to be in order, to be
in working condition

/dorost bud-an/

to fix, to get fixed

/dorost kard-en/,
/dorost 5od-an/

fax machine

/dest-gah-efeks/

copy machine

/dast-gah-ekopi/

workday

fruz-ekar-i/

working hour

/sa'et-e kar-i/

at work

lser-ekarf

hastily

leiul-anel

gilr r.,.llJ,;.

o_,f-r.3.:
Ol-jLdiLii^ r,cli-,i
(J"s
JJ-X
e.r':tiJa
Ut+^-1^i3.

;-r-

tud
iJiJS 6_,11.+,(j
cJih i+

O3-6.t*

| 3 D . K E Y p HR A S E S
to go on leave

,OrJSAIJ:iJ
ur.i el>j

f exrajkard-en/,
lexrai5od-en)/

to get a leave, to
grant a leave

/morxasi gereft-en/,
/morxasi
dad-an/

enthusiastically

/moStaq-ane/

customer, client

/moStari/

to interview, to
get interviewed

/mosahebekerden/, /mosahebe
5od-en/

I d like to apply for

a position.

/mi-xast-remberaye kar der xast

kon-em./

OjiJ *.;._.;r:1+r.;

Lesson13

euilr pl-jl
Or-i 6l+l
ci+l-i t+
ctil t+

sgJl-.rrlp'liL.
j_t-rl
.o.l_;S-.,1g.1
OYf 1,fli^ #U,
. ri1*i 4.^,r1l'Ji
rJij 9lJ,A
Cr-.]3
61i_rrr
,OrJS dt^]3
Or:i cr"]3
Un5-i rKii
.r*6 etKii
csjs J_r_)
19JLSfrcl*,.,
JLS-t*.,
4jyJF;

,oJASc._*
CJJIJ

(Jra..:J,-c

4juLi*t:
6 ji'31'^
,dJUS4sL-l
g$

a1;l-a.

ii*lF .,-.,. )E -ell

.p.A.',.,rlJAJJ

f!
g

'.+
I
o,
OJ

=
o
-

l
T O P I CI
l3E. CUtTURE
llames of Some Professions
In English, several suffixes are used to create names for professions or
occupations. Some of these are -er, as in painter and driver, and -isf, as
in artist and pianisf. Persian also has such agent suffixes. Some of them
are describedbelow.
is used in many names of occupations,such ut ;$,.''-^(/meslv-Sntll
(lkar-gerll. -F* is a craftsper6*rll, -S ":-# (lkrne-gerl), and -,,3-,,1S
son who makes dishes and pots from copper (W lmes/),a coppersmith.
(oj16), a
-6 r-i$ is a craftsperson who makes clay or ceramic vases
[otte-r. And -6_lK is a laborer, someone who does work,(-jS 4arl). A
(lam;'
variant of thTsiuffix, ;1K 1l garll, is used in the word JKjJ^l
The
to
teach).
stem
of
is
present
the
flamuxt-en/,
Oiij^l
Su./). JJ^l
word ,K i *i, then, means teacher.Another common word for teacher
which has been borrowed from Arabic.
i" Jl-(ilo'aellemfi,
The suffix -;1.: fl-darfi, which comes from the present stem of the verb
fketab-dar/),
Oiilr
flda5t-en/, to have), is used in words like;l.utiJ
;l.rr.l."; (/hesab-dar/),Jl-t o-,;tl /meqaze-dar/), and -;lr +rl-= flxaneday').-,;l.tJjSis a librarian (a person who takes care of books). Recallthat
grf,..sr means account; therefore,-)l-tJ-^"s'is aperson who takes care of
accounts, an accountant. Also recall that ojLia means shop; therefore,
refers to a person who takes care of a shop, a shopkeeper.Can
_;lr o_,;Li-o
you guess what -.;lf 4jLi means? 4!ls, means house, home; therefore,
_;l.l +rl- is a person who takes care of the home, a homemaker.
The suffix .:i-^ (/mrend/) refers to possession; therefore, rra.&jl.t
(/dane5-mend/)is someonewho possessesgijl.l \ldanell,knowledge), a
scientist or scholar,and $-cJ'iA (/honrer-mend/) is someonewho possessesart, an artist. This suffix isn't exclusively used for professions,
though. For example,the word aL;lS (lniyaz-ma;nd/)refers to a person
who has -1$ lTniyazfl, a need The word, then, means needy. Another
example is the word JL 4-il-c (/elaqe-mend/), which refers to a person who has a.l)s (leIaqel, interest). The word $^ d).e, then, means
interested.
There are many other more specific suffixes, as well. For example, the
suffix n Vjul),which comes from the present stem of the verb ar.i*.+
(fiost-en/, to search),is used in words like c+.i+l.t (/dane5-iu/,university
student) and 3s. iil flhoner-ju/, art student). See if you can find other
examples of such suffixes in the Farsi words you know and learn.

l3F.

:!

GRAMMAR

I
OJ

Temporal Clauseswith (aS)

(tuaqt-i (ke[ when)
"Sj

o,
+

We have already seen adverbs of time used in Farsi sentences.For example:

lry la:l
.rJS $AlrA O$ oj_r _11

/anha frerda Ez muze did-en xah-end kerd./

They will visit the muEeum tomorrow
lU
In the sentencesabove, the words j-l-l.l (diruzl, yesterday)
"rrd
tomorrow)
are
adverbs
of
time.
We
can
also
have
larger
units,
\lfrerdal,
phrasesor even clauses,that are used to refer to the time when an event
takes place. Clausesexpressing time can be introduced by siL il"*qr
i/) or aS ,tS (l"nqt-i ke/). These expressions both mean when and, are
used just as we use when in English. Look at these examples:

(.'Jl+r itr 45.5jlr

.

rii(

.'a

/veqt-i ke xanom-e didar-i morxas-i hrest-end, aqay-e nuri be ja-ye iban

kar mi-kon-end./
When Ms. Didari is on leave,Mr. Nuri works in her place.

.p.rl.r
_ele+lt -il eli ,p.r$l-r rtA-,;s

ra be u dad-rem./
/veqt-i ferhad ra did-rem, peyam-e to"Sr
When I saw Farhad,I gave him your message.
When-clausestypically appear at the beginning of the sentence,as in the
above examples.
If the clause refers to a counterfactual situation, a situation that doesn't
hold, or a situation that has not happened at the time of utterance,then
the verb in the clause takes the subjunctive mood. Look at these examples:

..ll.rplsi

+lt

l-1-f. eh 5$-l+c'it4."Jr

/vaqt_l manl bly-a-yct, peyam-e to ra be u xah-rem dad./

When Mani arrives, I will give him your message.
oJJ. q ll^i
.+l*l cs- crr"hj Jl+.+ crk=$-,;s 6+Jj
"$j mi-bin-id./
/vaqri Somabe muze be-rav-id, ferS-ha-ye besyar ziba-yt
When you go to the museum, you (will) seevery beautiful rugs.
Note that in the first example of this section, 6Jl+J
itf ,FJ
$3.r$ .,..al,-.;'l (when Ms. Didari is on leave), we have used the declarative mood of the verb, gj^r,A, as opposed to its subjunctive mood, Jiil+.
This is possible becausewe are talking about a general rule and not a
Lesson
t3

*ii

1t,::

il'
I'
t

..i

otgl.,,,iil.rtu _,13_,HJ
O.c
/man diruz be daneS-gahrreft-am./
I went to the university yesterday.
.isJ

_jSOLfolcrl+ a; G)9 6tii e$3-^r;:i'

=
o

single occurrence.Look at these examples:

(/ba c$tiyaq/,with eagerness)d$.&J!

.*J cf _ll ! l_,rLa el+ 6er# d l_,,.+t" ,,.r!_l

/veqt-i mani ra mi-bin-em, peyam-ha ra be u mi-deh-em./
When I seeMani,I give him the messages.

.*r.r:l

(/ba deqqet/, with care)dii;

Here are some examples containing a prepositional phrase expressing

manner.

The first example refers to a general rule, a habitual event: I give Mani
the messageswhenever I see him. The second example, on the other
hand, may or may not refer to a habitual event; it can refer to a single
event.

..r3aljg.i ;ss's.'t3L

In English, adverbs are created by adding the suffix -ly to adjectives

\careful + carefully, beautiful + beautfully, etc.l. In Farsi, many adverbs
are createdby adding the suffix arL (/-ane/)to the end of adjectives.Here
are some examples:
(/moitaq-ane/, eagerly) 4jEE-il

e- flmoitaq/, eager) 6tl*i':

(/ajul-ane/, hastily) a.lY .+c, ? (lalfi'l, hasty) dJ+

(/semim-an{, in a friendly manner) 4iLrlL..

e (/semim-i/, friendly) 4;.^

.il$J l+ u;l-

'.
.tJS cr+l_l\ L ;l ,',i ql

! jl

/u ba sremimi-yyet Ez mapazir-ayikerd./
He/She received us with friendliness.

The Modat rJ+ flbayadf, mustl

In lesson 9, /ou were introduced to the modal auxiliary,Lr.L&
flBayed/,
may).You learned that the verb that follows this modal auxiliary must
come in the subjunctive mood, as in
.J_f;; r..L$ _ll
/u Sayad be-rev-ed./
He may go.

Look at some examplesusing these adverbs:

.r3r lJ*,S;:_t': jL3L+:l-lEiL;L

.$1SJtS Otfof crL;.4++l+ cgJ-e.19tEi

has been dropped before

/mani mo5taq-anemontazer-e vorud-e Sivabud./

Mani was eagerly awaiting Shiva's arrival.
.$,iJ'l +.lY_n.c l_; Ll a-l-i lx;l
/anha name-ha ra ejul-ane neveSt-end./
They wrote the letters hastily.

+:Q.-.r_JS.r+l_,rt! L _21

3l

/u semim-ane Ez ma pezir-ayi kard./

He/She receivedus in a friendly manner.
In many cases,however, Farsi speakersuse a prepositional phrase instead of an adverb. Typically these prepositional phrases contain the
preposition \ (h"1, with) followed by a noun describing manner. Look
at these examples:

=
-

fmani ba ebtiyaq montezer-e vorud-e Sivabud./

Mani was awaiting Shiva'sarrival with eagerness.
. \','i,l,j 4L-;. t+ f-) la 4-tj kji
fanha name-ha ra ba rejele neve5t-end./
They wrote the letters with haste.

In this lesson,we look at another modal verb: li!

Vbay-adl,must). This
modal verb grammatically behavesexactly 11Ls,ril.i; that is, it precedes
the verb, and the verb comes in the subjunctive mood. Here are some
examples:

Note that in the last example,the c9 in c#

+.rLis added.

a,
+

l-r

/vaqt-i mani ra be-bin-rem, peyam-ha ra be u mideh-em./

When I seeMani, I will give him the messages.

Expressionsof manner are those optional phrases in sentencesthat describe the manner in which an event occurs.In English, as in Farsi,these
can be adverbs (e.g.,carefullyl or prepositional phrases (e.g.,with care).

+
I
OJ

(lba ajelel, with haste){t+;

L
-,o
(/ba samimi-yyeLf,with friendliness),',"*tl
t+

! lt l.Ad+ 6iJ# lJ dL,;tlr

Expressingl{anner

f!
6

laqa-yenuri bayed be ja-ye i5an kar kon-end./

Mr. Nuri must work in his/her place.

.r#lA c.'i.rl+ fJ 4l1i- c*f +l+tlmabayad in meqale ra ba deqqret be-xan-im./

We must read this article carefully.
_,11S
;,*^' +1 g.rcl^., .rr.! gl.ria_1tS
/kar-mand-an bayed sa'et-e noh srer-ekar bab-end./
Employees must be at work at nine o'clock.
.Ji-itJ

+rLr +r .l-,j +1+ , .,-.?.ol L

emSeb
bayed zud be xane be-rev-im./
/ma
We have to go home early tonight.
.lJJj

-**4
176i
,

Farsi

Lesson13

I trzl zr
I

t
-ol:G t

/be onvan r'/

l3G. REAIDtItG
The following is a simple letter of job offer. Read it and try to guessthe
meaning of any unknown words.

Jl-f-l 1.gJlajdrS_JFi
\ Y ojJ

,.{# Ot-,.!i ,glJd :dJJ

(;+) dr$!+

fpa.zir <>ltitnf

to accept (accept)

(lp:r'zirll

f!

Ef
llJ
oj
r+

to recognize

/Senaxten/ (/5enas/) (,rt+l;

title

f onvanf

applicant
(applicants)

lmotreqazil
(/moteqazi-an/)

Ati',i

Olri'
,";ti:l

(oFti::;

\ \/1/Ao :6-.28
,c/)d^ lr$ il.s
4$J<fit4.a! JlJi-l f6-l- 6 e-1fu 1""'i q Jt-^l:= l+ rr!
dS-JFi-dllJl aJ#-JJ^I .,Ji.i --;rc .OlJio q l-,1G 4J ''''"1
cJt+.-Ej:.

(.'La oSJJ'.i 6 a-rads-jFi

-cll.Xro . r-i'( alrii.,.l

Ol+":tiil .O!r -,1.lL.,i c; o$JJi J frJS )Jy cr-fu ! l-1

l-,r_lK ;ta;fu OJIl.o.,i45 f,$."A -,rl-lr;^fL .r-i 4iifj.$ dJJj<+
Ur. Jliil l+ I Jt_,uJ#
#.f,A-d.tS_*a+t^^i 13_,1_9
l;
epl_F=l

./h.rt'
&L" ;r"

l3H.

Tehran Grand Bazaar

Tehran Grand Bazaar is the pulsating heart of the city, located in the
southeastTehran, an area that has been settled for thousands of years.
A bazaar is usually a covered marketplace.Tehran's Grand Bazaar is an
immense maze of old arcades,all together covering about 6.2 miles (ro
kilometers). Most of the standing buildings in the Bazaar date back to
the nineteenth century; however, the concept of a bazaar has a much
older history. Similar constructions in Iran have been claimed to date
back to as early as 4ooo BCE.The current bazaar in Tehran itself seems
to have emergedduring the Islamic period.
The arcadesin Tehran Grand Bazaarhouse hundreds of shops specializing in trading anything you can think of, from the traditional rugs,
jewelry, silk, and precious metals to today's high-tech products. Because
it is a very important aspectof lran's economy,history, and culture, Tehran Grand Bazaaris something you should definitely seeor at least know
about.

ostovar Trading company

Address:rz PeykAve.,Tehran
Date:Sept.2,2006
Ms. ShivaMilani,
With pleasure,I must tell you that Ostovar Company has decided
to employ you as the company's Foreign Affairs Manager. The
companydirectorsreviewedall the applicants'filescarefully,and
your file was recognizedas the best.We hope that you acceptthis
offer, and we are eagerlyawaiting your arrival at the company.
With regards,

Exercises
A. Answer these questions using when-clausesand the information provided in the parentheses.The first one is done for you as an example.

(S.1 a.rLi ,'',.o.ra+-,1-9;Ji.rJJ$) f.-f ar.-i l-,1a-ob,# ,*-l$

4.iLi.,'',,,.t
a+_l:jf OJJ+i,,.l!_l
.fJS,-',t l-,1a-t,rc,',i_,1

il:HT1*".,",
respect

/ehteram/

to employ (to get

employed)

/estexdam kardan (5od-en)/

hopeful

lomid-varf

C U t T U R ET O P T C2

(d{< rLa-,;s!) fr_r5 c-,jl

l-,1*#

elK:-r ,rJ -rb_;i . \

flK .+ -.rlScsJl+r ..,ti -(J'b 4+#

rlJFs!

G)J.etil .Y

(.:-, c/ ('.as.-,;lc 4+ cgJl+r its)

OI-JSaltri''r!

(os)

tl-l.t+.f
*1.---*

Farsi

lessont3

i ttg

ljS OJI.J ri .r
(il+ lt eu) frlr.ral_5Acrt 4+l_;c-r.
(.:,'iplrrt..,l Jlri-f g'S.1r-_2r)fr-"i OlJi aa,J

(.i-F:

D. Rearrangethese sentencesto form a dialogue.

JIS jl rl+) fc.tJ e$lri jlJ$ 4+.-S L o

fdj

j&. ! -,4
(ci^l-li l-r.)f-:-.f,'rr-,4 1-9
(c'I. t+) tstri

6Jl+r its .\

is- l-) 4lti^ JA

eJ+$. Y

(41+- t+) tc.'1, ur-;g 4jti jl J .t? dh

(.r-l:l !) f.t , .,- +ll^ +r '-ltt

6Lll .l

.$a.l .* eb"f crlr !

',yi c/
r$l
.eK .r. d.t-,;sl*" jlJ$

A.3

B'

l_,1
cJt-&JSa-ol . \
b-jS &l .Y
cgr-r-f+
C.

D.

Farsi

B .r

C.z

D .r

E.z

.r-f cr-,-1.:l-,1*# el3i:*.:,l ,iK rtA-.;oa; ,J:

-r9l+ ) csl3r (.,Ei c.r_r_)
c/ (casJa 4+6Jl+r fE,J_r
.rrS .,- JtS (rj'41)
..tll ;llji :f ! l-,1,-r.ES 4rl e,:*r l_,r.+L #:

.\
.Y
3l

.f
a+
..r^i
lJ+i
..ui 9l;6:
.,ji: .1
alrri."l Jl'-l frS-.;*,,Jr
jtJ$
L
e
.uJJ
.c$_; rpl:{
JK _rteJ* J: .o

.dJJ d Jljl+ 4++-F csll l.t-f L . f

1 B Oi
I

.4+lJ-:. .r$ e13S-'r. o

drtlS,9;K;t -,J"S a+l* .1

Exercises

rl .o

e+ o * lL 1.l .l

=
o

ComprehensionPractice

.:Ll_f . t

C. Change these sentencesby adding the modal $.! and using the correct
form of the main verb.

,/l

OJ
+

A]ISWERKEY

A'

(4it-iti^t^) fc.liJ,.,lfiii_er _O+r q _;A

r+
(f
o,

.l;$ cril-Jr LrJlqr cgtil J-r;r To-,f43.r

.\
r.?ri
.o pl4l elr ! _lK aS sl+ .rr.1+
cS:l+r O-l? .Y
.r_,rS_jS 4l+.c l+ .,J5 J; epib .,- .f
.it -r+dl.ll .,&e+oi+:r rr"! 1.r,..t

lr$ .1

B. Answer these questions using the adverbs or prepositional phrasesprovided.

fl

.J-$ ,',.,-. g;-li,i^ l+

l+ csJl+Jits .\
"F^l-j
.$lJi cf l_,rqlti^ c$r ! # .Y
+rt.i, jl 4l+.c ! .rh sgLil.Y
.&i_,1O_r_u+
.J_rJcs^+iLi a+.fl_,rl q Jay .1
.dJ-; ,rfi*y.: O+r 4+a.rliE$^ Jl .o

.r.iA+ p\.il crsr l+ $+ lJ rJt-$JtS4.oA. \

.$j,i plail g-rji r.,"!Ll_,,lSOJI.Y
.iS cryt "^ jlJ$ ! r,! o.$.rjoL U .Y
.errj Jlj! q +-,1s cslt q! l.r;i L . {
..r91,;r'r, "-,;J+! l.iil &l Fl l-:,r"6,91Ki-r .o
.a4lJ: ,ro6 e13S-r. o
.l_.$ olj^,Jr LrJhir cgEIj_r;l fo_.f.r.j.:
.\

i--*-181
I

..1_,rS
_jS4l+t t+
J3 ,pll .,- .f
"J5
l"l+,rt .1
o-,[.r.3J
.#-ri ir.ll
"fu
fu"lj.# ir.li 6;$at-,JJ q l* .1
or,inC+l crlr t+JtS45 sl+ +l+6Jl+r O:e .Y

LESSON

Concert!

Le t ' s
I}IDEPEilDEilT
CHALTENGE
Imaginethatyouareapplyingfor a job at llfi-rl

q,JL?j fs-d

Fill out this iob application form. What are the words,that y.ou don't
know? Can you guess wtrat they mean? If y.,it can't, feel freb to look
them up at http ://www.farsidic.com.

::il-f

Jl-f-l .g_rH g6-d

-jS Cr.,'l-9i-,rr
eJ

In this lesson, we will learn how to talk about recreation activities. We

will also learn about where-clauses,the emphatic use of as (/ke/), and
some useful adjective forms.

WARM-UP
| llA. UOCABUTARY
'),.oI
at all

le.slrenl

theater

fte'atrf

recently

Itaze-gil

hall

Italarl

to mention
something, to talk
about something

/herf-e diz-i
ra zed-aunf

noise

/ser o seda/

cinema, the movies

/sinama/, /sinema/

to be interested in,
to be fond of

lelaqe da5t-en/

soccer

/futbaf

deaf

/na-5en-eva/

tlt

.e;tr
' ;,rl+

'u {5i-,

'

:a\,-.:

f-{;ls -;tS lg tuJFj &

&:

.+$-Jr L,glJ+ar r-1ffi,9

;o.l"i Cr-l3iJr

rr"
-d-llr*

oi.! jl ..,3.s+ tiLI

lltB.

Jt#
4

"FiE
JYE
clij

lt 19;;;r-r

lrr'

i -,1'^.t

U-'1.,.
O,i.,ib4il.c
c}"i.-ls
lJir'iU

DIAIOGUE

.!-

The Payami family is planning on taki.ng |im out this weekend. Shabnam has called fim to ask him where he would like to go. Listen to their
conversation as they decide what to do.

u*Xtr eJ+r-rtiit+#-il ,r- .-1.iig ejJl

'
f.3

{'t'-

/elo, be-baxS-id. mi-tun-em ba aqa-ye

jim daglas sohbet kon-emf
r8,

Frnl

.t

:er+:/Sebnem/

.dHt-A.r.j*.t

riri

/xod-em hest-em. be-ferma-in./

os++rij&j.ri,-l

-i;.ppp-,,

'rLs,
. t

d .

:ljiml
:fl$

.sJl. r'r."3J a.j=

.,,.lS -,1lS

Ul
jim.
Sebnem
hest-rem.
za'ng
zacd
/selam,

-em be-pors-amke in jom'e dust dar-if:Iij

9O+S JIS 4" g|JalF ,r- 1^^i .-Jr

(l#

:/Sebnem

.Jillj d-.;a! t"^-iJ,,dj t+(#U.r)

-fl.j 4+* .,l*i .ri3p Li1- J;U d u,"

.fJlrl tile
/men ke taze-gi sinama bud-rem. xeyli hem
be te'atr relaqe ne-dar-em./

.Jt+-9s
i9 +i-r-l^,,l,
.,,,+i
9(Js.r

/xob. mosabeqe-ye futbal de-tor? futbal

negah mi-kon-if

ji -crb il .0'i

JJ dJJ3
rl;."t #J=

6 +i11** Fils
1[.-l be 31*,,

/herf-e mosabeqe-yevrerze5-i ro na-2ren. ez iaye por ser o seda eslen xoS-em ne-mi-yad./

4,4

+l Ol_ri -d3ii
Ji.,SJf e.j*l_,y
fl-ri.Jl ei;l; c+lJi.r-o .o;ll di 'e.'t'<

/rasti, orkestr-e semfoni-ye tehran in jom'e

konsert dar-e. mixah-i be-r-im un-ja?l
g-,;h Cr r+:3 l;'(

.,*,.,,ri Ut!

)l.gj,$#

:d+

l-.1 cFA

184i

Farsi

jl j_l_,rlr d ,r+1+ OJ.A ,gri-J

JYtj
.p;.f.,,i

(D

-!
6

6)
o
+

'..1S
.l r.

flS

o,
t-l
o
f

:lilml

.\
.D

.&

:fl|*

.dr.'i3; r3a lj*r'iU d .,J: O-uc! aS cr-lK

r+

'tls

-.,j-'i^-,'
.b O-* d;l; !d" b !a: cs o-,f-o'-i
noh! ali-ye;tj"t,
/semfoniye Somare-ye
il

:ljiml

:ljiml
.!.

Jl;^a

:d+-

/besiyar xob. xoda-hafez.I

:lle.bna-ml

..Li.t=lii.+F

:ttt-

t-lii
.li.-i-

:/Sebnam/

lxoda-hafez.l

'tL:L

:liiml

:d+
Shabnam:

:ljiml
.&

:c+:/Sebnem/
'.J.S,
'\ r '

:ljiml

Hello? Excuse me. Can I speak with

Douglas?

Mr. Iim

|im:

This is he (/ir., I am myself). What can I do for you?

Shabnam:

Hi, fim. This is Shabnam (lit., I am Shabnam)' I

called to ask you what you'd like to do this Friday.

fim:

I don't know. What do you want to do?

Shabnam:

We can either go to the movies or go to the theater.

fim:

I was at the movies recently, and I'm not very fond

of the theater.

Shabnam:

Well. How about a soccer game? Do you watch

soccer?

. i

:et+|im:

Don't mention sports matches. I don't like noisy

places at all.

Shabnam:

By the way, Tehran's symphony orchestra has a

concert this Friday. Do you want us to go there?

fim:

That's not a bad suggestion. Where are they having

the concert?

:ljiml

Shabnam:

Vahdat Hall, the same place that we passed by

yesterday.

:i$

)im:

Which symphony are they performing?

Shabnam:

The work that Beethoven wrote when he was deaf.

:l6a,bna,ml

:#+

f(s_;l.r)
/pi5-nehad-e bad-i nist. koja konsert
dar-en (dar-end)|

) OISc+ l>l:-r .,j .i;

/kodam semfoni ro ejra mi-kon-en (mikon-rend)|

. !

e+j.r

/mi-tun-im (mi-tevan-im) ya be-r-im sinema

ya be-r-im te'atr.f

't3j .j$-d f J:t+

t( rr-r'<./ lll

hemun ja-yi ktr di ruz ez :/Sebnem/

jelo-Srartl Sod-im./

ikar-i ke betoven veqti na-ben-ava bud neveSt./ :/Sebnem/

9+pS_jSg t$t_n .r

/ne-mi-dun-em. Soma mi-xah-in id de kar

kon-in (mi-xah-id de kar kon-id)|

/talar-e vhdet,

t4
Lesson

"t
Symphony number 9! That's great! Let's just go
there.

fim:
Shabnam:

Very well. Good-bye.

fim:

Good-bye.

UsageNote: The verb qlLA

(/be-ferma-id/), which we have seen
before,is used in a variety of situations.In the initiation stage of a
telephoneconversation,
this expression
is usedto invitethe other person
to speak.

cooking

la{pnz-il

to stand, to stop

/ist-ad-enI (listll

to take

/bord-en/ \herl)

park

lparkl

to watch

/temaSakerd-an/

place

hal
ltizl

.S rL
J . c

SpellingNotez: Theword ")L.ol is pronounced(/aslan/). The diacritic

1
i s u s e di n m a n y w o r d so f A r a b i co r i g i na n d i s p r o n o u n c e /de n / . l t i s o f t e n
usedas a suffixthat createsadverbsfrom adjectives.

by the way

lrcst-il

quiet

/saket/

symphony

/semfoni/

,riJrgt-"

traditional

/sonnret-i/

c#

busy, crowded, noisy

/5oluq/

CH

swimming

lSenal

to swim

/5enakerd-en/

film, movie

lfiiml

Now answer these questions based on the dialogue you

iust practiced.
A.what plans did fim have for Friday before he talked to shabnam?

,',,"lJA c.f _ll.Y

.J:j _,;ilS4+

d-,lJi (r' Jl . \
.r_U t-L e;

B. How would you say Let's go to the moviesin Farsi?

Ltr,,
.pi_5a

Lil- rrj .\

C.Why doesn'tfim like sportsmatches?

.',..JJ cJ .\
6le 4n1,.* Jl .f _ J ;-" jl O e .Y
.J_;ll ,',.,r.t l-1.Jj_,r_l .r.,jar- ,fisl
lr,,o
4jtA
.J.^l,l+
_;.r.:_,11i
D.When doesTehranSymphonyOrchestrahavea concert?
j:-r.l .l
orrrJc-gqr^--.f
4ri'

d.1;l. \

E. How does|im askwhich symphonythey aregoingto play?

lJ Gi3i^..,li< .Y lJ dli"^,, llS .Y
fiJfs .,- lJ+l
fiJ6 .,- lJ,+l

q{rl-s'

d-,lJ
d+51-,
o8.l

Practice

L^iJ,o+.r .Y
.t'l|rj 4-6);

'lJS

lxelva;tf

J:u irr .r

a.l
(D

OiJS l,il^i

not busy or crowded,

secluded

ol gU+ Jl .f
.,',,i|r.: 4ri=

GI
o
+
o
o,
a-'l
o
f

(r)oir

thing

ell

(c-'Jl) OiE-Jl

spellingNoter: Recallthat the letterj (calledojr"i /hamze/)standsfor

the sound /'/, which meansthat the woro _.,;i15j
is pronounced/te'atr/,
meaningtheoter.Thisword has been borrowedfrom Frenchth6atre.

Comprehension

lfD

,r#l

tcpS.r

JIS a; .,t

l'i

l!
I

&
t

r r t

oiJs uii

concert

/konsert/

{.r !-'iS

report

lgozar-ell

,i.lt#

match

/mosabeqe/

4iJt','-

music

/musiqi/

'.5i1-J^

successful

/moveffeq/

$-h

painter

lneqqaSl

uit-ij

painting

/neqqaS-i/

:3"

/nema-ye5-name/

sport, exercise

fverueif

lhemanl

s,iuii
4-oE.-ir..Ui

ol^i
i.

U))J

l 1 1 . C .U O C A B U T A R Y

l4D.
orchestra

/orkestr/

cook

lal-pezl

.- rT
LJ.rrl

to perform

/ejra kerd-en/

number

/Somare/

rB6

Farsi

K E Y P HR A S E S

Ji+SJf

t4
Lesson

.JrJS l-.;p.!
o-,!-1i

f--1187
I

fe* q3-,1-r-,2.t

Where should we
go today?

/emruz koja
be-r-imf

What should we
do this week?

/in hefte de kar ffrgs JIS Cii

kon-im?/

What movie should

we go see this week?
(/1t.,What movie
should we go to?)

/in hafte te film-i

ro be-r-imf

Let's go see the movie . . .

/be-r-imfilm-e.../

Farhang Cinema has

a good movie.

/sinema ferheng
film-e xub-i dar-e./

Vahdat Hall is showing

a good play (/it., has
put a good play).

/talar-e vehdet
nemaye5-nameye xub-i gozait-e.f

There's a good match/

game this week.

/in hafte yek

mosabeqe-ye xub
hest./

,,^l;i +; a:ii
fp*:

4f
-lJ

fD

UI
GT
o
d

o
o,
o

=
n

o
!:

The Iranian film industry has greatly improved in the last few years
with the production of many internationally acclaimed movies. You
can learn more about Iranian movies and see some samplesby visiting
http ://www. i ranianmovies. com/.

IJIF.6RAMMAR
Adverbial Glauseswith 6 .r+b (|ia-yi ketf, where)
Recall that we can use adverbs of place (like $-!l lin-ial, here, or l4jl
6J) f ru-ye mizf , on the
lan-ial, therel or prepositional phrases (like -)*^
to specify where an
the
rooml
outside
otad,
table,or qltil UJJ#&irun-e
with a simple
described
be
place
cannot
a
Sometimes
place.
took
action
adverb or a prepositional phrase, and we need a whole clause. Look at
these examples:
ltr.

J -t'r.l, -,;li

I saw him there.

ltr.

J -t^r, #

I saw him outside the room.

noisy

/por ser o seda/

not noisy, with little noise

/ke-

spectator

/tema5a-ger/

(orchestra) conductor

/reh-ber-e
orkestr/

reporter

fxeber-negarf

to encourage, to
urge, to applaud

/teSviq kerd-en/

end

lpayanl

player (of a musical

instrument), players

,
fnaevaz-rendef
OtKljlf

ser o seda/

cr;l

becue,but they may also go to a restaurant for lunch. It is common for

locals in small suburban towns to allow travelers to enioy their gardens
for a charge.Owners of such gardens often set up severallarge wooden
flatbeds for families to set up their picnics. They are a traditional substitute for picnic tables.Peoplewho don't like the outdoors or would rather
spend the day in the city may chooseto watch a soccergame or a movie,
go shopping, or iust enioy a quiet day at home.

_r3uw
Ji*SJf -r+)
JqJ+3
oiJs &9i.:
Ot"!
eosjljj

f na.vaz-rende-gan/

I saw him where that man is sta

In the first example, the place expression is simply an adverb; in the
second example, the place expression is a prepositional phrase; and in
the third, the place expressionis a whole clause(wherethat man is stand'
ing now).
In Farsi, such clausesare made with 4S cf"b ,JI I 43 sJb (lia-yikel,
examples:
lan ja-yike/, the/that place that, where). Lobk at these

.pqr l+ii l-,l-el

/u ra an-ja did-em./
I saw him there.

lJ 3l
.p"+.1
.rEl -O-l-tr'tt

l4E.

C U T T U RTE0 P I CI

Weekend Actitivies

**"-+.1 8 8t

The workweek in Iran is from Saturday (4+Li) to Thursday

(4+i-i eFrJ Iran has a one-day weekend on Friday 1er*;1, when
many pdople go hiking or go on a picnic. People who live in large cities
like Tehran may take a day trip in the country and enjoy some time with
family and friends playing games on a riverside. Often they set up a barFarsi

/u ra birun-e otaq did-em./

I saw him outside the room'

Oi lJ -rl
.pr;i o.:U-tl r:F Oi eSG/,1+.
/u ra an ja-yi ke an merd ist-ad-e did-em/
I saw him where that man is standing.
In these sentences,the underlined parts also function as place expressions. The category of the first place adiunct is adverb, the category of
Lessont4

189

the second one is a prepositional phrase, and that of the third one is a
clause.As you can see,a where-clausecomes in the same place as other
place expressions:just before the main verb in the sentence.of course,
it is also possible to mention the place expression first and then say the
main clause,as in these examples:
.,"*-r l; Jl [rlJ
lan-ja u ra did-em./
I saw him there.

l-1Jl 6til -rJJJdi

.p.r+.r
/birun-e otaq u ra did-em./
I saw him outside the room.

.pq.r l-l _elolti-';l r_X OI aS,r.rS OI

lan ja-yi ke an merd ist-ad-eu ra did-em./
I saw him where that man is standing.
In these sentences,the speakerplaces more emphasis on the place. It's
like saying, There,I saw him (not here).

(D

/heman ja-yi ke di-ruz ez ielo-Srad 5od-im./

The same place where we passedby yesterday'

/mi-xah-em be-rev-em ja-yi ke saket ba5-ed./

I want to go where it is quiet.

/mabin-e por srer o seda/

noisy car

you are not referring to any specific place. Any quiet place will do. But
if you say:

Iti

n
rD
r+

l,r.

J -tsr cd --r+-**^K
/kampiyuter-e bi ser o seda/
noiselesscomputer
Other examples of adjectiveswith 4 and f

are:

_rtSa/ _,;ts
# lJts.l1

f por karf , /kett karl, lbi karI

hardworking,slacker,unemployed

.dJ"l j:_,r;.1 L 45 Cr..l *J;

O,,ll
lin ja-yi ast ke ma di-ruz amed-im./
This is the place where we came yesterday.

f por barf, /k-- barl, lbibarl

fruitful, with few results,with no results

In the dialogue,we hear Shabnam say,

-l -t*,, f cJ;di+
/bedde-ye krem ser o seda/
quiet child

Sometimes,for emphasis,Farsi speakersuse the word Ol;

(fhnmanl,
same) before many kinds of phrases,including place expressions.Look
at these examples:

.dJ^l JJJ;J L" 45 Cr-,f ,rj;

OLa +l
/in haman ja-yi est ke ma di-ruz amed-im./
This is the same place where we came yesterday.

o
o,
,-r
o

I'r J -^A-O*.$l-

you are referring to a specific place that you and your hearer know
about.

Using ti (tpotl, full), # flr*lnr, little), and

st/-oJ+l (rbi, bedun-dl, withoutl to Make Adjectives
often.rr" ! Uporl,plenty,full),# (lkn^l,little), and
Farsispeakers

d.+"1.=eJ-.;p
.r,.it+d-6t^,,
*l:-.+

ul e:: eAl_l-.+

GI
o

It is also common to put the place expressionat the end of the sentence,
after the main verb. You just saw that in the above examples.This way
the verb isn't separatedfrom the rest of the sentence,which makes the
sentenceeasierto produce and understand.

qS
The difference betwee" d
.15 and
d"t+ gl is that 45 .rr,!r gl is
definite (refers to a known place),but 41, ,.-rl.s. is not necessarilydefinite-that is, it doesn't have to refer to a spilihi place (although it may).
For example,if you say:

/mi-xah-em be-rev-am an ja-yi ke saket bud./

I want to go where it was quiet.

-t
(,

Similarly, fim says,b Ola dJ+ (Let'sfust go there). He could have simply said, h,il aU (Let's go ihere), but with OL^A,his sentenceis more
emphatic. He wants to go to that very same place.

c;/ ,USJ'r (bedun-el,lbi-/,without, -less)beforea noun phra;e to make adiectives. For example, the compound noun phrase l9a j -t*" (/ser o seda/)
means noisq andlJ=ra J -t.r.lr ttUW: ser o seda/)means noisyor,literally,
of noise.Similarly,lJi- J -)-lll - (A** ser o seda/)meanswithlittle
full
"nois",and
ltr.
: -t*,' ,a
-UJ+ flbedune sar o seda/)and ltr'
J t
(/bi s6r o sedy') mean without noiseor noiseless.look at these examples:

..ry crSL d.+5

-^-i
1eo
i

el$ s-.1,-fr$ -ll ::-,Xr aS,r+b OL"l

_Aa/_!# t*:t

Note:-,fumeansloodor result.
cl,olii-l ,r; / cr-lii*t
ld;tii-!
i
{
,/k** esteqamet/,
/bi esteqamet/
/por esteqametf
(strong),with little strength(weak),with
with much strength/stamina
no strength
i
!

Farsi

14
Lesson

! 1cl1
t ' a '

I
I

Here are some more examples of the use of emphatic 45'

rD

enerLif,lbi enerlil
fpor enerLif,A**
full of energy,with little energy,with no energy

_;l- l+ rAl_9,r 3-o

/mi-xah-em ba mani sohbet kon-em./
I want to speakwith Mani.

cl
o
a+
o
OJ
a-t
o

Itote: ciilj

.,",..$bll 45 .,jl.^ -

note: dj,clij-rj

meansstrength or stomina.

6jjt e I csjit ?$I Le3tt A

r.un,

cc.r?,e I ah

energy.

'J / a-;+

/por darb-if , fkem (.erb-if , lbi (erb-il

full of fat (fatty), will little fat, with no fat (fat-free)
Note: cC-.,1r1'
meansfat.

EmphaticeS 0neD
The word aS (4"4 in Farsi has many different uses.You learned earlier
that it is sometimes used as a subordinating conjunction, as in reported
speechconstructions.

.$!

-jS -,.^.,.i1- 45 iS c/ Jfi

_rj$, ,',.,-.

ii

.D

/mani ke inja nist./

But Mani isn't here.

..s-,r! dj -

/be-r-impark.l
Let'sgo to the Park.
.drs.5-A #-,U 45 \- /ma ke taze-gipark bud-im./
But we'verecentlYbeento the Park.
l4G.

REAIDIIlG

fekr mi-kon-em ke mani sar-e kar baS-ed./

I think that Mani is at work.
We have also seen this use of aS in many constructions, including
6 .1.l; (li^-yike/, where), discussedabove.
We have also seen aS used in other constructions. For example, in the
dialogue,fim says,

.prja Li;-r #-iU 45 O^

/men ke taze-gisinema bud-em./
I was at the movies recently.
In spoken Farsi, sometimes qS is used after a noun phrase or a pronoun for emphasisor for focusing the person or thing to which the noun
phrase refers to as opposed to another. For example, the sentenceaS g.
pl-ga La-r
can be more exactly translated to As for me, I have
"SiE
recently been
to the movies,which implies that the speakerdoesn't wish
to go to the movies again,but other people might.

.;)tI -2r 4i.Si< r$ 615: .,j .ia^,,J+-SJI

i1l .,*,.?,lt a-tj:6r-:
+r+ ..i+'-l .-!-! Ji-SJl
Jqd.r-,| ol iS * s # Jt*ll-,r
"i-.,IS
p
o-,f-o'$
e
.,: 'i^-^, Of .sj'U-,;a
-r-fij,Ki9i.ry-rJJJ$:+

''r-t rJir]3ul^:
o-ys g+lcL JIK;J+3
t;t-,*';-.1q-,,.
'
a-Lil
.O1-''ljl r*+ 4#i
.rr.il.:a-ol.:lgKs-,;li .,!Jfi !
' , i'i!J g-9,S
.d-.i^^,, 'i*,SJlcslJ+.<J.,11,#]il.1[1

.u irlJi

Consider another example. A child asks her father if she can take his
wallet with her to school.The father says:

Tehran Symphony Orchestra had a performance at Vahdat Hall

last nieht. The Orchestrahas started its work this year with a new
conduftor, and its first performancewas Beethoven'sSymphony
was very successful
no. g. According to our-reporter,,the-concert
and the audienie continued applauding the players for minutes
'after the end of the concert.Last night's concertwas a great successfor the Tehran Symphony Orchestra.

.G j+ 4.i .,^i aS _l-,1..r:l

/un ro ke ne-mi-S-ebe-ber-i.f
That, you can't take.

to continue

/edame dad-an/

The sentencealso implies, You know you can't take that. But the father
may continue by saying:

new

lired\dl

number

/Somare/

.t9-l# cf-f cr JJ' !< &l JJ

success

fmovreffaq-iyya-tl

+r+
l rt
oJ\-6Jl
. 4.4.. t

/veli in kif ro mi-tun-i be-ber-i./

But vou can take this wallet.
Farsi

gil.r arlr!

C+9,9J'-o

-t**--*
t4
Lesson

1e3
1

u
l4H.

C U T T U R ET O P T C2

B. Rewrite thesesentencesusing adjt't:tivesformed with LJJ!./cC ,#

as in the example.

PersianMusicalInstruments
Music is an integral part of the culture of any country and Iran is no exception. In fact, many of Iran's greatest poets were musicians, too. Iran
has severalnative traditional musical instruments. There are also some
instruments commonly used in classicalIranian music that are shared
by other cultures, as well. Some of Iran's most common musical instruments are JU \ltarl,tar), JE e (/r" tar/, setar), 'J$l /tanbur/, tanbur),
and lje (l'udl, ud). These are all stringed instruments played with picks
or fingers, like the guitar. The word 1V ltarljust means string. -)-1i+
(/santur/, santur or santour) is anothervery common instrument. J ijJ.l
(meaning one hundred stringsl is also known as the Persiandulcimer. It
actually has seventy-two strings and is played with two light hammers.
cl (lneyl, ney) is a wind instrument made from bamboo (the word c#
means strawl,and Lii (l deff l,daf),,-143 /tonbrek/, tonbak), and o;l;l.t
(l dayerel,tambourine)are some percussiopinstruments. Stringed instruments played with bows are also ,rr"d. C},-f (lviyolonl,violin) is very
common in classicalIranian music. Another more exotic stringed instrument i, 4sJoLcS Gg"tg" ee/, kamancheh). The word ul-3 l/keman/)
means bow, and 4.s.ltjs means little bow. To see pictures of some of
these instruments and hear what they sound like, visit thesewebsites:

,-i

.D
-l
G)
o
+
o
OJ

lt. _l -r- O$L +l

..:-,;l.tr
.,'r.rl r. J -1.,r.+ CSL" cll

a-\

o
:f

rD

.Ul$ j5 .r_,;-gl .'t

.r1l.l pS lr. : _.pot5S-i9;l .Y

:=

.$S G- JtS .,l+i ilU. U"rl.Y

..',.lli 4+jti ,il+r L c; a.-L . t
.o

" uii_9.c
...,,?,1.1,
.J+i,ff*S

C. Answer these questions with the emphatic 45, using the words in the
parentheses,as in the example.

(.s*.il-il.*)

.r-l+ l'l +LiSi.uli-l:=.+

.cg-H dl-f .,ii 45 lJ ,-iljS Uil ($l 4iiJ) .p.S,*,.,-'a dh caEI! i-t:- ,,- . \
ljJi Jjtl)

www.dejkam.com/music/iran_traditionafinstruments

,'i.":r .Y
f6-.r-:r.+(lpitzal,pizzal
l># c;_,rl.r
(prl or_,;jrs.

vvvvw.santur.com

(r:ls i:+^K) f*#-S l-,rr..r

-r.J+.Jl
.r

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_music

Exercises

(e:ls ,',''31) fc.s-J3-.,4 d

A. Combine these pairs of sentencesinto single complex sentencesusing

where-clauses.Follow the example.

.orE-r;l1^:.I ry gi .pq.r.J+ l-l _ll

.orE^.glry ,.J aSp+.1.,r5 l_,r:l
.dr3r; $il _13;r .dJF frn h'jl 0,c . \
l.-:J .C-_l_l
.J.,iL CrSt^.r
d crr"L}t- .Y
."','.nrJJ
.r3adrSL l.=ij ..r_;1.:
l-1.,.r5 Jl .f
j
.dK (J^ 4+ .aor l-:J cl .{

ji

crhe . t

.(pl oqrl l: jl_t$) fs91h,',,.rJr l; _llrrrS.o

D.Complete the following sentencesusing the words provided.

.S_r OlJSLit-i lr.

_r1*,, lJ+l 4^l.l&J; c94+L^"^

.$rJS d rgJJ.iSl-; gLfu-,119i

l,it-i
.Jt$js
.drJS
.5* 4SK q9a3ir

.19+ l.,'+l j_l_l*r _i .d-,t+ rj-A Uil .o

1,#

-d3i^^,, OIJ# c,.r .i^..,, Jn-SJl .f

cSo_,;t"o.,i

.r_.f
f3it

U rr3r$!
,'l;i Jrr JI .t
-1-****
i

Farsi

Lesson
t4

|195
i
I

It

.Cl.S.f

Ll't-i

L .o
_.!t-r3-,1.t

(D

a
g

INDEPENDENC
T HALTENGE
A ] I S W E RK E Y

The only way to master a language is to get exposedto it, and some
of the best ways to get exposedto a languagein natural situations,besides actually being in the country in which it is spoken, are to watch
movies, listen to music, and read in that language.you are invited to
visit the BBC Persian website at http://www.bbc-co.uk/persian/.

ComprehensionPractice
A.3

B .I

C.z

D .r

E.z

| ,

Exercises
A.

or.piU j-U.t d eUr- lS .,.l.l* dr . \

j_l_x.ra5,r+l+r.1
.er_l_li l.l! 6,;.t_9
gSLaS p._lJcr- cC.L+t .y
or.$L
.dJJ 6g,^JSl, cSl*., 6 .-.t+ U
or.J4 CrSL*tS r;l.l ,'l*JJ f_,,.J+ Ui :! .Y
.l_;l.t ,',uJJ .tja d.rSl^.'aS l-,1sit+ cli :l
o..,rii< cJ. a; ji 45 +.1 .r*t+ OI ,_l . t
.fo-,l *$ u" 4+Ji 45 cc.l+ Oi cl
j:;.r
.ce+
ri 45 tul a.L1 6Lr g;f .o

C.

..trl di; lS .rh ielii . \

45 t- . Y
.61 or_l_li t>*
"5_,,U
.tJl$ -r-l*t K aS 1.l .f

,rs*'i:;f
if,IIil.j
D.

t g 6i

Farsi

.t
Op_g^

lJ+l .f

c94il.t"^ .y

Also look for links that say f r . - (/seda/, sound) and _5gJ13(vidiyol,
video), and listen to real-life Farsi. Do this often to g"i'";"a to naturally occurring speechin Farsi.

.,','ulJtS -,,1g
prti ggf .f
..l3; Jt+-.;| L cs r,l+ . t
.J31,-Tile ;4 O *t< .o

.o

This is one of the most informative and up-to-date websites in Farsi.

on rhe home page of the site, click on
flferheng
Jii
J .(iaJ-i
va honer/, culture and art). Here you ci.t.eid newsind editoriali
about arts and entertainment. surf this site and try to find a short
article that interests you. Print it out for your language journal and
read it, trFrng ,o g.r"r, the meanings of unkno*n"*o?a,
i".f.r"g
".
them up.

.,-'.,r1
_,flS
c+ Uic OI . \
olSj*.1
..,,.,.1,r.J-)- S
i.;;f.y

+,ctiir.Ll

G)
o

OtJSLit-t . t

Lesson
rk

cu
r-)
o
J

n
rD
:-+

T
LESSON

In this lesson,you will learn some words related to the outdoors. You
will also learn about reflexive pronouns, as well as exclamatory and impersonal sentences.Are you ready for some vocabulary warm-up?

YA R M - U P
| 5 A . U O C A B U L A RW
height

f ertef.a'f

sky

/aseman/

to climb

lbalareft-enf

what

lr,6l

tired

lxestel

I don't think so.

/fekr ne-kon-am./

foot (measurement
unitl

lfutl

d,Ji

peak,summit

lqollel

4Jl

mountain

k"hl

(a pieceof) cloud

flrekke ebr/

tlrill
Ol-+i
O3J Yl+
, -s

\r

s4s
t

4i.*i

'tfu Jri

tat*

'.F
-.;pl451

| 5 B. DIAtOCUE
This is the last week of ]im's visit to lran, and he is on a daylong hiking
trip with the Payami family on the mountains in northern Tehran. Listen to him talk to Shabnam about their surroundings.

f+6i-{E )r)a*

jt-rl

femntzderuz-eqeSengi-ye!/
e.i s.i o{.r g3,c..ri.19-i * }1 4}(-1 .! .o-li
.(._f ,r.cr o.!.:)

:tJ+
:liilnl
.$

:er+*

/are
vek'*ooi:H,f
il*i'ji;
il,::nJfr

fim:

Then we can't clirrrb it today. (Lit., Then it's not

possible to climb it today.)

Shabnam:

I don't think so.

:ljiml

fim:

I'll climb this rock instead.

:i+l

Shabnam:

Get down. You'll exhaust yourself.

fim:

Okay.

:/Sebnem/

to+ sL g:Sdr:l .e-,1

'a.ls'

/esm-eun kuh-ebolend ti-ye?l

.cf_.L,rl
_! 4I3 i1,_f$l+4l .s3Li E-9S
/kuh-e damavend. un bolend-terin qoll-e
der iran-e./

foll.l Stsi_l! J$f f,.,';-.

la-ja-bldeqadr ertefa' dar-e?l
oJrA

t#Jfi

.f+-,1k+

J J-a.'i;i J Jl}
i
.C.l3o.t_,-_,;tai _l _,rljl

lpeni hezar o 5e5-sed o dehar metr. teqriben hej-dah hezar o dehar sed fut./

.&sJ Yt+,jjl (.-*

"#)

.i5; Jtu

.Yr+e,*.f;:ffi1
/be ja5az in saxre mi-r-em bala.l
..,.lS.f

:frJ+
:liiml

:i$

JJ d35':i, .irrr""!l+

='
=.

ocl
-l

greatinterest
UsageNote r: Theterm( r r i . (tajab,)is usedto express
in or surprise
aboutsomething
thathasjustbeensaid.
UsageNote z: In the abovedialogue,
whenJimwantsto knowthe heightof Mt.
Damavand,
heasks:
fo_;l.r

t$-1l Jrl;
/de qedr ertefa' dar-e?l
:/bebnem/

* (+ )r;,ll u4

/pas emruz ne-mi-5-e (ne-mi-bevred)

ez-eS bala reft./

4i.*i

:/Sebnem/

'rLf

:ljiml

:i$

/.abnt
:ljiml
:i$

hi-yapayrn.xod-etro xrestemi-kon-i./ :/Xebnem/

,.ffi

:d+

lr,-im.l

:liiml

which literally means, How much height does it haveT When you
want to know about the measurable properties of things, such as
height, weight, length, and temperature, this is how you form your
questions. For example, to ask about the weight of something, you
say:
foll.r clj_l;$
/de qedr vazn dar-e?f
How heavy is it? (/ir., How much weight does it have?)
(rEaimr)is usedto express
Usage Note 3: $i'
a promise
or commitment.
lt is a
common
andpolitewayto agreeto do something
youto do.
thatsomeone
hasasked
Comprehension

Practice

Now answer these questions based on the dialogue you just practiced.
A.What type of day is it today?

.fu.**5)il

.Y

.+l-,rl+-JJJ . \

etl ._tss.\

B. What is the name of the highest peak in lran?

zooi

fim:

What a nice day it is today!

shabnam:

Yeah. There isn't a single cloud in the sky. (rir., Not

even a single cloud is seen in the sky.)

fim:

What's the name of that tall mountain?

Shabnam:

Mt. Damavand. It's the highest peak in Iran.

fim:

Interesting! How high is it?

Shabnam:

Five thousand,
six hundred
four
meters;
approximately eighteen thousand, four hundred
feet.

Farsi

.lI CtUsl+ .f

$jt-i eJs.lf

$a*'9JS .\

C. How does )im ask about the height of the mountain?

fo$\ J+

.r

fo_;l.roJr Jq.Y

fo_;l.rtf-,;l J.li; .\

D.What does|im try to do insteadof climbingMt. Damavand?

.l:-.11Y! o-F.^- jl dr^,,lJA .,- .\
jl dr^,'lJi .,- .\l
.r:j )!':S
4i."i.
d-,lJi .,- .f
..tyi+
E.What doesfim saywhen agreeingto climb down the rock?
Lesson
15

: 201

p"li.t

a'^i'l+.\"

', $

Jl+^+.'t

HJ

fvesilf

vast

5
:f

oa

{=.

| 5 D. KEYPHRASES

lrc.

UocABULARY

easy

Olt,,l

lasanl

bush

lbutel

wilderness

lbiyabanl

to climb down

/payin rreft-an/

to go on a picnic

/pik nik raft-en/

hill

Itnppel

lawn, grass
meadow

l(r.manl
f (rlma-n-zarf

to lie down

f derazke5-id-en/

tree

lderaxtl

valley

lderrel

field

ldeitl

to walk

/rah reft-an/

river

lrudl,/rud-xane/

to fall down

f zemin xord-en/

hard, difficult

lsaxtl

stone, rock

lsa;ngl

desert

lsr-hral

deep

la-miql

arja

+:l-,1 Clr""!

Which route should

we take?

/ez kodam
mesir be-ravrm?f , fez kodam
mesir be-r-imf

This path is hard/easY.

/in mesir
sext/asan ast./

OliJ.f$.fu

o+
Jtji+
ir+Fis JIJ;
G-,rl

otr
Cr.&l
Oiit'l-.,
4Js.J-9-; eJ3-,1

Os-l-l- U"j

lfe :t-J
,fa;-r-.,11
-r*..* pljS jl

9e-* ;,J-,*elrs jl

Jt,..,.-dil
.,',...1gLI/, ",:.'.',
l;-l l.-i +

with bad weather

hnd ab o hava/

with good weather

/xo5 ab o heva/

to be located

f qerar dabt-en/

to score a goal

lgol za;d-a-nl

be careful

/moraqeb ba5/

be careful

/movazeb ba5/

It's clear/cloudy.

/hava saf/ebri est./

lF
.''''rl (.,J+1/'-il.^.o

It's warm/cold.

/heva gnrml

.dr^''l tj*,.lf-i3lfi

l-ll :,-'tj dJi.

Ci^&|.:Jl-;+

oij d3
"F!.+Fli
.-F!.+Fli

serd est./
recreational sPort

fvarze|-emoreffeh/ e'-,

.r-ilj:

,t.i.''.

.fu,

l5E.

C U t r u R ET O P I CI

lt.;
,Lti-o

vo

oij es

/qedem zacd-a'nf

mountain

k"hl

mountaineer

/kuh nrevrerd/

mountaineering

/kuh nevrerd-i/

to go mountaineering/
hiking

/kuh navrerd-i
krerd-ren/

to walk/drive around

/gerdeSkard-en/

path

lmes\rl

to take a shortcut

/miyan bor zaud-ar-nf

lill;;

lab o heva/

o\-,.b

to stroll

Farsi

weather, climate

ojs
.l-,r:, o3S

csr-lF oS
OiJS csr-J3joF
O1J5 ul,t-F
J*^"-

The GeograPhY of lran

is
Iran has an area of greater than r.6 million square kilometers and
main
two
The
world.
in
the
countries
mountainous
one of the most
(t]i.rrt,Alborz)
ana u'^fl ) \lzagtosl'
jJill
mountain chains fi;;;,
Zagros),run from east to west and from northwest to southeast,respectively. These mountains almost surround the Iranian Central Plateau,
ferwhich contains two large and uninhabited deserts.TWo expansesof
north,
the
in
and
Gulf,
Persian
the
by
southwest,
in
the
lie
lowland
tile
cliby the caspian sea. This geography has afforded Iran a very diverse
the
by
plains
coastal
the
cold,
are
mate. fhe irigh mountaini in the north
Caspian Sea are mild, the Central Plateau is hot and dry, and the south
an
is htt and humid. Tehran borders the Alborz mountains to the north,
capital'
the
in
ideal destination for hiking and picnics for the people

oi; i olr

--^-*t----*
t5
Lesson

203

l5F. GRAMMAR

.fJ3+ e3-n Lgli lJ cicL- +l eel:- d A

Reflexive Pronouns

/man mi-xah-em in sa'retra bara-ye xod-am be-xer-em./

I want to buy this watch for myself.

Reflexive pronouns are used when an object is the same as the subject.
For example,who do you seewhen you look straight into a mirror? Usually yourself. Words like myself, yourself, etc. are the English reflexive
pronouns. Farsi has the following six reflexive pronouns.

.e+{#.,^ e4l _li l-1gL;j*

=
5'

oq

=.

/ma xod-eman ra der ayene mi-bin-im./

We seeourselvesin the mirror.

ExclamatorySentences
R E F L E X IPVR
EO N O U INNSF A R S I

nryself

rJJr

/xod-am/

yourself

lxod-atl

himself/herself/itself

/xod-e5/

ourselves

/xod-eman/

Juj:r

yourselves,

/xod-etan/

.tr1r.

yourselflsg.ful.l

-];"d-;W

themselves, ,
himself/herself/

glJ

os,

afiir+

oLij;

itself !tg.fut.l

Sentencesused to expresssurprise or great interest about something are

called exclamatory sentences.English sentenceslike What a nice day ! or
It is such afast car!are exclamatory.
Farsi exclamatory sentencesare just like regular declarative sentences,
(lejebll, as in the following exbut they start with I
Ud"/) or,-jr3
amples.
t+K.i-i-i ic r4-:,
f (e ruz-e qeSeng-i-ye!/
. * 4 J J

What a nice day it is!

!tui,Lo -Ot-#l
/de aseman-e saf-i-ye!/
What a clear sky it is!

!4J$I1 e3S,,,-;'.
As you can see, these pronouns are made with the word .:F /xod/,
self) and the possessivesuffixes a fl-rem/|, c3. (l-etl), d (l-nill, tl4
(l-emanll,Ul4 il-etan/), and OL& il-eian/).
Pronunciationl'lote: Recallthat the possessive
suffixesCi (l-ett) anOd
ds (/-et/) and ctl (/-e5/),respectively,
(/-e5/) are pronounced
in spoken
l an g u a g e .
In the opening dialogue of this lesson,when |im says that he wants to
climb a rock instead of Mt. Damavand, Shabnam iokingly tells him,

."$

.,^ 45;i J-; crtF

.iJ--"! h

/biya payin. xod-et ro xaste mi-kon-i./

Get down. You'll exhaust yourself.
Here are some more examples of the use of reflexive pronouns.
l-.1c1ii:= j_l_,r*r ;l
.l_,f .,"Aj
/u di-ruz xod-e5 ra zexm-i kerd./
He/She iniured himself/herself yesterday.

.cr+t d l-2dri3r ,.,js ot3j.+i _1._FI

f r-ga-r drer ab negah kon-i, xod-at ra mi-bin-i./
If you look in the water, you will seeyourself.

I aja-b kuh-e bolrend-i-ye!/

It is such a tall mountain!
!4:$1,ceLg o)J,.,-;-.
I aia-b derre-ye emiq-i-ye !/
It is such a deep valley!
Note that, just like in English, you can drop the verb in the sentence.So
all of the following expressionsare also possible in Farsi.
!,rKl-{I
JJJ 4?
f (e ruz-e qeSeng-i!/
Wha.t a nice day!

!15!t^- -Ol-+l
/de aseman-esaf-i!/
What a clear sky!

lcgrJ.li ers dls

laja"b kuh-e bolend-i!/
Such a tall mountain!
L9 1J,.,-i.'.
f,j
I aja-b derre-ye amiq-i !/
Such a deep valley!
J

t5
Lesson

i 205
I

V
It is also possible to explicitly mention the topic of your sentencein tht'
beginning, before b or 9+e. But if you do that, then you must use tht'
verb in the sentence,as in the following examples.

.r_F Ol-f .,^r lJ JtS Orl

f1fj-fi

JJJ a; JrJ^l
femrtz de ruz-e qeieng-i-ye!/
What a nice day it is today!

.+S-9l+i OlC,'r.1{ csj-rJ Jr.l+

!r-x jL

As you can see,these sentencesdo not have a subject, and their verb is
not inflected for any person.

-dl-r"l _,r_l_,r*r

f di-ruz de aseman-esaf-i bud!/

What a clear sky there was yesterday!

!q$li erS++;

$j-i

/damavend ajab kuh-e bolend-i-ye !/

Damavand is such a tall mountain!
gl
!4$J^e (.9oJi,.i+'.
lan reja-bderre-ye emiq-iye!/
Such a deep valley that is!

/in kar ra ne-mi-tevan kerd./

This (lob) can't be done./ One cannot do this (iob).

gq

-{
='

lbayad ruz-i hadt livan ab nu5-id./

One should drink eight glassesof water a day.

Reflexive pronouns in impersonal sentences appear as Jll (/xod/, self,

oneself),without the possessivesuffixes,as in the following examples.

.f+'"r#C.J ,.lll -,1.rl-,1OErJi +l-f .+

/mi-tevan-id xod-etan ra der in ayene be-bin-id./
You can seeyourself in this mirror.

.+r 4!j r.ltl -r.l l-,1U. c.rl-fcf

/mi-tevan xod ra der in ayene did./
One can seeoneself in this mirror.

I mpersonalConstruction
Certain sentencesin Farsi do not refer to a particular person as the subject. They mention a general fact. Such sentencesare called impersonal.
For example,instead of saying:

| 5c. READiltG
Read this passageabout Mt. Damavand.

.dr-)i !!
lbayed be-rev-im./
We must go.
which is very direct, we can, in a more indirect manner, say:
.d.i: rr"l+
lbayadra-ft.l
One must go.
Or instead of directly saying:

..,5q.fl-f

clly cf dt - cSIAJ_r_)
_,;J..',."1 cll_ll 6 eJ! dJi-ltJi! rr3L.t
jllA L9 D5 rfor-rr.rrjL.l 9-6 .{J
eA dJlJi -,rl f-,r.rrjL.r
al!
t+ .gJei .rr3L.r (.,
.drl'J",!-).r ..r:l.r )l-p cJlJsjL .gE-f -).r
,',.uf
qJ
J
-,
cr+..$ .,J,ti. Jd.5.1 S-rUi ;e.i, ..:;l.r J:+l fU 0LA
a; d.,-.;sl* Cll OE ^r.ti -,1.lcSr!-.1p.:-;a ..1-,11.:
,r5:3 6lJa
.Jr:J ,r.c .tr_9L.:
-tr.^,r.J:

,r^r l-) JIS itl

,dr."l :rjLt

Cr4l! jl CtreJY! q9l_.14

_,1g*.-o.ljLi
4^A jl dJ.r+
.,',."1Aj

/in kar ra ne-mi-trevan-i be-kon-i./

You can't do this (job).
you can say in a more indirect manner:

.r_F Ol-f ,r^r l_,1

JtS O"rl
/in kar ra ne-mi-trevankerd./
One can't do this (job).
Look at more example sentences.

Damavand is the highest peak in Iran. Damavand can be seen even

from Tehran on cleir days. Mt. Damavand is located in Mazandaran Province near Haraz valley. Under Mt. Damavand there is a
town with the same name. The town of Damavand is a very old
town and has a cool climate. Many people travel to Damavand in
the summer. There are sixteen routes for climbing Mt. Damavand,
but the southern route is the most beautiful one.

.dri_.; Y! s_9L.:6 ali jl lli,r^r

_13;^l
f emruz ne-mi-5ev-ed az qolle-ye demavand bala reft./
One cannot climb Mt. Damavand today.
-----i------i

zo 6j
I

Farsi

t5
Lesson

1---207
I

-t
l5H.

D.Fill in the blanksusingthe wordsJrrovitlt'tl.

rliiJ
cSLaojS
4j,$i<
,jL"^,,I

C U T T U R ET O P T C2

Sports in lran

a+6+ ! .rh

_(\)_

Like citizens of any other country, most Iranians are avid sports fans.
The most favorite sport in Iran is soccer.It is not unusual to seechildren
playing mini soccerin the streets after school.The Iranian national soccer team is among the best in Asia, and some Iranian soccerplayers play
in major European leagues.Iran is also among the world elites in wrestling and weightlifting. The martial arts are also very popular in Iran
becauseof their low costs and great individual benefits. Among highly
popular recreationalsports,one can mention skiing, cycling, hiking, and
climbing. By law, women in Iran are allowed to practice sports only in
closed stadiums and without the presenceof men.

$i11;

6 ortetr _('r)_

lr^ .-(D-

_(f)-,J$

Lil.^JrJ

='
=.
E

gq
-l

OIJ{rdL.'i

16:-,j?;l':"1
"il?'-;
A]ISWERKEY
ComprehensionPractice
A.3

B.z

C.r

D.r

E.z

Exercises
Exercises

A. Fill in the blanks with the correct reflexive pronoun.

..,S.+

.fts-6
.iA+ LF-6

l_)

.dl+ q+lr^ . \

A.

jl u6e +

U sojSqeY\ .\

cF.t:i . a

,.s-ij

Cgl'r. a4 p;lS ,".,'rJJ O.r

.$ij ..J<-.+
J:j

-ri.^,^OI jl rr"t4aS cri(

hl

O[.$IJA.f

B.

4+.J- .A

.*-! c+ Ol-! j-r-tl't . \

..''.ul,Ji-.,,,-jlls,j+-9s .Y

!d*,1 cdfJa J sJ ,jF

C.

."'"'l J-rle-6 &l .f

.',.,,1rs--rlJA
J sJ dF 19|;.1++l .d

..,5q ,r5*.1 lJ- .,.i Oti.^r.EJJ .A

-'..'-^-t
208 i

Farsi

g;l+.++e/++ t++t .a

.l_.f ,r5^,,1.-d ..+ OE^ltl: JJ .A

D.
Ol--l .A

LiL^- .f

.riii: .f

.eirj ir.Il""!
#l-f .# b+l jl .\

.d.i5+&1ol*,- .:rjL: q +t+ .Y

.cgJq.r+'jE +l++j+- +! .f
.Lsrj t++l jl dl-f .,ii .f

srJA .\

.6i_.1cl."l Ot-f c/.i l+il jl . \

.l_.f r:;il."^ "rr_9L.:4+
+! .\
.UF "jtj t!b+j+- +! .r
.&i_,1
b+l jl ,jl-i u# .r

.r-.1l.r
,rS."ti 6lJA Olr.h OJI.l

C. Turn these sentencesinto impersonals.

6Lr3S .Y

c-rrc/es j_l_1.:. \
!+_j+ .f .+l_,r1+
!d!,^,1
,s.it-, ,-fi-lSs,; ,i. /!, .Jt :.-f .Y
!l_21.:
,js.i: i9f3o c;;c,/as Ol-,,.bd;;l .f
ldr*,,l,j-:l o3S,..i./ Oil .f

B. Rewrite these sentencesas exclamatory sentences.

d-n .Y

sgte o-5S.Y

a3.,.iK. t
tiiilt.?

INDEPENDENC
T HATLENGE
Pick a map of a national or state park and label the landmarks and
locations on the map with Farsi words.

r5
Lesson

i209

Farsi-Engl sh Glossary
.

Words are ordered according to the Farsi alphabet (seepagesxiv).

'

Verbs are given in their infinitive form'

Nouns are given in their singular form.

An irregular present tense stem of a verb is given in parentheses

after the infinitive form'

An irregular plural form of a noun is given in parenthesesafter the

singular form of the noun.

Alternative pronunciations of the same word are separated by a

comma and uppea. within a single set of forward slashes.The formal
pronunciation precedesthe informal pronunciation'

T A TI F I I ' T
tl

n.

labl

water

u+i,S+l

v.

/ab ke5-id-ren/

to rinse

oj;.o 9;l

n.

/ab-emive/

fruit juice

labanl

eighth month of the

Persian calendar

adi.

labil

blue

n.

/aparteman/

apartment

Fl

n.

f axerl

end

4$i J-rl
(}JJ

n.

f axer-ehefte/

weekend

n.

ladresl

address

Jll

n.

lazerl

ninth month of the

persian calendar

di-,Jn.
dj
OLi-1l.1

P-l-)l rPl-;l

f aram,arum/

calm

n.

/aram-e5/

calmness,peace

n.

larenil

elbow

larel

yeah

laLansl

agency

/asan,asun/

easy

n.

lai-pezl

cook

n.

f aSpez-xanef

kitchen

caJr;ul

n.

lai-pez-il

cooking

l-ii

n.

laqul

sir, mister

adj.

laqa-yel

Mr.

lamadel

ready,prepared

lamed-enl(lall

to come

oi!4lj
.'7

eJ'

oJi inter.

ttrljl
O_ri ,OL*i adi.
n.

.' *T
Urrl
J i

4jti.sl
.-

ri

t9EI
o.rLI

adj.

(Do.,J v.
l4-ri

n.

lamrlkal

America

JlSiyl

n.

f amuz-garl

teacher

ol

art.

lanl

that

6i

pro.

la",l

he, she,it

li t:l el-rJj

adv.

f ania,unja/

there

pro.

lan}:.al

they

oJ-tj

n.

layr,ndel

future, next

4jj

n.

layenel

mirror

t.ell

OrJSClJi.!

lexraj kard-an/

to fire (an employee)

lexrai 5od-an/

to get fired

ledarel

office

/edame dad-en/

to continue

ladebiyatl

literature

/ordibeheSt/

secondmonth of the
Persiancalendar

/orkestr/

orchestra

letl

of, from, since

f ezxab bolend
5od-en/

to wake up

/espaniya/

Spain

n.

/ostad/

professor

OE-f n.
OIJS ,l rri..,l v.

/ostan/

province

/estexdam kerda'nl

to employ

/estexdam Sod-en/

to get employed

/esterahet kerda,nl

to rest

/esfend/

twelfth month of the

Persiancalendar

/eskenas/

banknote

lesml

name

/eStiyaq/

enthusiasm

lacsla'nl

at all

lezaf.el

extra, addition

/eqamet kerd-en/

to stay

n.

/eqtesad/

economy

adi.

/eqtesad-i/

economic

ur..l--uS1 n.

/eksperes/

express

4<1,j31

adv.

f e,ga,r, egef

if

inter.

lelol

hello (telephone)

adv'

femruzf

today

.l$ Gl-r=J v.
o-.1lr!n .
gil": a-lr!

Ji.+SJf n.
jl p.
.-Jlr'r jl v.
irS $l;
L!iL!,,|
r

JE-f

UJ,i pl rli, ri v.
,",--l tj*l v.

oiJs

' ri -i ,,,1
n.

Lipls*l!

rl *{

dut

n.

,.rlJA 6El n.
u,-q-ff n.
g:1.:o_.f;l v.
,-!t+f n.
rl.ljsl n.
Jl+=l n.
_'*_

----"-i_"-_-_--_

212i
I

')*ol

lotaql

room

lotaqxabl

bedroom

/otobus/

bus

fejaze dad-an/

to let, to allow

lojaql

stove

fehteramf

respect

lexbarl

news

n.

adv.

d-:! n.
orJs c;13! v.
JLarS!
cAi-4riiJ

JI
)J-rt

Farsi

*$f

L9rjt'i{r

elementary

n.

r-l n'

IAI IET I'I

lebteda-yil

v.

sll#iI n.
,' ,.?-e
rli.l_,;fn.

rl

cs+l+l adj'

v.

ry
6lossa

-Tt
o,
a

!1.
I
m
:f

q9_
J

n.

el.:.j

)vl
rrl

f emza'f

signature

n.

lomurl

affairs

n.

lomidl

hope

-,1f:*r^f adj.

ovl adv.
cJJ-i elEjij
OIJS.JlalJ
,

lJlJr

t.l

r rl

V.

IBT

/omid-var/
f a,l'anf

:::".'

/entexab 5od-en/

to get elected,
to get selected

v.

/entexab krerd-ren/

to elect,to select

n.

fentexabatf

elections

lentehal

end

/renjam dad-en/

to do (a task/job)

lenjam 5od-en/

to get done (a task/

$,; n.
oilr C+l
O.3 el+:I v.

(J

l+ p.

h4

with

fbaran,barun/

rain

/baran-i,baruni/

raincoat

lbar-id-enl

to fall (rain or snow)

v.

fbazknrd-enf

to open

n.

fbazarf

market, bazaar

n.

lbantl

arm

+-l+ n.
(.il') O3t+ v.

lbasenl

buttocks

lbaf-t-anl(h^fll

to weave

)l-!.l+ n'

lbaqelal

broad bean

.cg)t+ p.

lbala-yel

over

O_rtt+ ,Ol_j+ n.
a:_j+ ,Cl_j+ n.

o+_Av.
orjs j!
Jljl+
JJt+

iob)
C1.ifjl
li f$iftl

n.
n.

U4rlfuJ n.
,r*,ilfuJ
OilSl ,,JiI

lnngoitl

,-mI+n.

lbaleil

pillow

/engobt-epa/

toe

.sjl+

lbankl

bank

/engelis/

England

lbaya,dl

must

lbayganil

archive

/bebaxSid,
bebexSin./

Pardon me,
Excuseme.

n., adj. /engelis-i/

Jl pro.
num.

l+i adv.

English

l"l

he,she,it

fevvalf,lrevvalinl

first

layul

questionparticle

+l+ aux.
.t4

LI"ql

n.

litatiyal

UJJJI cgljl

n.

/iran, irun/

OiLL+l v.

/ist-ad-en/(/ist/)

to stand

/i5an,ibun/

he, she (fml.l

limeytl

e-mail

uij

n.

4+tl

".
lHl art.
'''r"Al
n.
I i iil adv.

n.

lbetrr-l

child

,Jij.+

n.

lbax(tl

part, section,department

/bex5-id-en/

to excuse,to forgive

lba,da-nl

body

g1*.X--t v.

Iran
Iranian

dJ/Jl

^?+

Italy

c.,.Sf;l n.,adj. firani,iruni/

OJ4l ,OUU pro.

n.
d\r+
OHrr,ii.#6r.t'i..i.r., idiom

(yes/no)

d:_ll
(c-,il)

finger

n.

/imeyl zacd-alnf

to e-mail

linl

this

/internet/

internet

linjal

here

irq n'
v.
o$i -t';L;

/ber tarref 5od-en/ to go away, to get

resolved

n.

lberaderl

brother

n.

fberader zadef

niece,nephew
(brother's child)

p.

lbera-yel

for

v.

/ber dabt-en/

to take (a course),to
pick up

OJ-x

v.

lbord-enl (ha-rll

to take

uI

n.

hr-rfl

snow

Jil-li
o.tlj -,!l;
.csll
CS,ilt;

(t)
Glossary

-Tl
o)
g.
I
m
:5
qg

-t

19.H n.

herql

electricity

4-E-.1'; n.

fbarnamef

program, plan

3:t

adi.

lbozorgl

large, great, big,

grand

n.

fbozorg-rahf

expressway

lbezudil

soon

lbest-el

package

/besiyarxob/

very well, all right

lboiqabl

plate

ha'dl

then, next

"l_6_l!

csJ_rj adv.
4l^+ n.
c+a jl*+ inter.
n.
+tfii
&+ adi.

jl r'+ p.
fbe'd nzl
,+l-J+ idiom /befermayid,
cl+"t--P:
befermayin./
.ili adi.
/bolend/

4:
JA
dr*+i

q p.

.ol-d'+ p.
-s-r'-,1,.1

fu

to

/be onvan-e/

as

/be morxasireft
-a-nl

to go on leave

n.

lbeharl

spring

n.

4j31

n'

lbutel

bush

n.

/butik/

boutique

v.

lbud-enl(/hest,
mst/)

to be

lbosnil

Bosnia

e,-,.u-rr)gi3,r

(d-,1
tri*-ri

n.

t_rd+ ,Ol+1+ n.

eleventh month of
the Persian calendar

n.

lbinil

nose

hn.
ur! n.

lpal
lpadardl

foot,leg
pain in the leg/foot

.S r atL

n.

lpurV

park

jl*,!

n.

lpasai.l

mall

n'

/pa5ne-yepa/

heel

/pakat-ename/

envelope

/pakestan/

Pakistan

lpaltol

winter coat

lpanzdehl

fifteen

c!n
num.

i--Jt{

num. /pan-sred/

five hundred

or+! n.

lpayanl

end

j#b n'

lpayizl

fall

/payin raft-enf

to go down, to climb
down

n'

lpautul

blanket

\"

lpoxt-renl(lpa-rll

to cook

Jfd

n'

lpedarl

father

'-5J-!! J+

n.

/pedar bozorgf

grandfather

n.

fpeder znnf

father-inlaw (wife's
father)

n.

/peder Soher/

father-in-law
(husband'sfather)

fpeztu-oft-renf
(lpeztrll

to aicept

lpotl

plenty, full

/por kerd-ren/

to fill

LtsU U#H V.
Jri
. ' : .

(tFd/

. ' o .

.Frli

oi lt
-p-r -,t

fbiyaban,biyabun/ wilderness

lbistl

international

'i-!!

.UJ)# p.
lbirun-el
,-,.,U|num.

/beyn-ol-melel-i/

IPI

.'.1'

Jh
iFd

..(-Sg

adi.

(J
t

cul-de-sac,dead end

hel

lbehmanl

insurance

,"ll+ll gru
.*t+

ticket

v.

03J

lbimel

n.
Olj^,,S-t1

blouse

adi.,n. /bon-best/

n.

4^*l

tall

lboluzl

-Tl
o,
9.
I
m
5

hospital

4-U (':jsL
n.
't

n.

patient, ill

/bimar-estan/

\ Le 4j'iL

yes

lbimarl

n.

After you, Here you

are.

lbalel

lbelitl

,-lE-;L*

after

inter.

L,ll+ e,"ul.., n.

n.

Jl'#

(++) o3!+ v.

outside
-}i

twenty

al

OiJS -.1r* v.
6lossary

q9_

OiJS csl.r;

v.

JU-J".r n.

/perdaxt kerd-en/

to pay

fparastarf

nurse

t-l{--l+

v.

/pors-id-en/

to ask

Jli

n.

lperul

Peru

_ll:sl

n.

lpawazl

flight

v.

fpewaz kerd-en/

to fly

n.

/prervende/

file

lper-id-a'nl

to jump

lpezeikl

physician

adv.

/pas ferda/

day after tomorrow

n.

lpostl

post, mail

/post-e elekteronik/

e-mail

n.

/post-xane/

post office

n'

/post-e za',min-if

ground mail

v.

/post kerd-an/

to mail

n.

/post-e heva-yil

airmail

OiJS tl::l
ori-l-li

O+-E v.
,.5....ijd n.
l.r-,r,1*
*t

\Jr*i

g!"i n.

.f+rjfJ!
..t.
qJ'r.f,

*
J.r-J

a t

-t.*i

t#J

OiJs cl^";
l - r t

crj'Ja +t

n.

lpeserl

boy, son

,4ll _.p,; n.

/peser dayi/

cousin (mother's
brother's son)

e-co _l+

/peser'emme/

cousin (father's
sister'sson)

J*i

J^e -}'t
dEYt

n.
n.
n'

u^.t p.
t,
ui n.
.

Farsi

/po5t/

back, behind
bridge, overpass

num.

lpenjahl

fifty

lpenierel

window

/peni-Senbe/

Thursday

lpr:trinl

boot

lpuiel

folder

n.

iJ#4 n.
+&-5gn'
218i

cousin (mother's
sister'sson)

lp"V
num. lpr-nil

"l++
o \++ n.
agJi+

cousin (father's
brother's son)

/peser xale/

t)

e!

.***|*-

/pesar'emu/

v.

O-+$*
cJ*
l-r-

/Pu5-id-en/

n.
n'

-.J*

c.tS'-li .1.J* n.
gils qJig v.
oJl;; adv.
C#

n.

eJ* n.
v.
,'r'r-.r+*
v.4'
n.

Cral;*

,-F# adi'
jl ,Jh

to wear (clothes)

lP"V

money

/Pul-exord/

coins, small bills

/Pul-edorobt/

large bills

/Pul dad-en/

to pay
on foot

lPeYaml

message

lPul

curve

/Pid-id-en/

to turn

/pirahen/

shirt

lpr6ezl

p.

dane6gah-i/
sAlS,.iUlJ Ui,ti adi.,n. ipi5
i.ei,,i# n.
/Pi5-nehad/

OiJ5 $4j,if.i v.
.fS ..(+i n.

v.

ti{:'f+.s+i

past, last
before
pre-universitY
recommendation,
suggestion

/piSnehad kerd-en/

to recommend

/piknik/

prcnlc

/piknik reft-nnf

to 8o on a Prcnrc

IT,

fJ

-131.ij n.
E P'
UJI*+U egE.ai5

n.

&-1tr n'
adi.
.!-1tr
adv.
#;U
oJU adi.

five

Glossary

fte'attf

theater

ltal

to' until

/tabestan,tabestun/ summer
history date
ltatixl
dark
/tarik/
ltaze-gil

recentlY

ltazel

fresh
taxi

s.,SE

n.

/taksi/

JYE

n.

ltalarl

IJI
o1.

n.

ltebl

fever

n.

lteppel

hill

ftext,trext-exab/

bed

,',i."i
5,',11 n.
+l:i

9.
I
m

qg

lPiYadel

lPli'l

TI
OJ

hall

ol+* {iii

n.

/taxte siyah/

blackboard

( iJ;:'1

n.

Itnxfifl

discount

o+$lJj

v.

/teraSid-en/

to shave

n.

Iterml

semester,term

n.

Itoiackl

mattress

/tebviq kerd-an/

to encourage, to
urge, to applaud

?-))
.5;i3

oljs &-d-r

V.

f*"^-l

n.

/tesmim/

CfiSf..-J

v.

/tesmim gereft-en/ to decide

n.

Ite'dadl

number, quantity

I t a' tilI (I te' til- atl)

holiday (holidays,
vacation)

rl&j
,It+l
(c'\H)

ojF

n.

n.

olJs c#lj V,
oii iFJ;
O-lr">.-d; n.
OIJS l"il^i V.

-Fuw n.

&

ISI

ITI
t+ n.

decision

Itelefonl

telephone

/telefon kerd-en/

to make a phone call

/telefon ze.d-anf

to make a phone call

Itelevizi:yunl

television

/tema5a kerd-ren/

to watch

/trema5a-gar/

spectator

Itambrl

stamp

+r+
,f/

(J+,

Ut'r^l+'

l$lJ4

adi.

ljedidl

lT',-

v.

ljost-renl(liull

to search

lireEnl

celebration

n'

ljoqrafiyal

geography

n.

lia-lausel

meeting

4r.i

n.

liom'el

Friday

n.

liomhur-il

republic

n.

lionubl,ljant;},l

south

v.

lievab dad-en/

to answer

n.

liurabl

sock, stocking

Itaqul

knife

lEayl

tea

adv'

Iteral

why

inter.

Iteral

yes (to a negative

question)

Iterad

light,lamp

/deraq-erahnama-yi/

traffic light

g;JC^-+

Itehranl

Tehran

pro.

/tol

you (s9.)

p.

lnl

in, inside

Itovaletl

toilet

V.

/tevan-est-en/
(ltevanll

can, to be able to

n.

Iturl

tour

n.

/turist/

tourist

p.

/tevessot-e/

by (in passive
sentences)

orJs +lj

/tolid kerd-en/

to manufacture, to
produce

6 rt-t'( ulri

/tolid kon-ende/

manufacturer,
producer

.t

qf*+
gil.l crl3,;
"'lJ+
)g,

IEI

'o

UJsrJtJ|J

(ot-l:)

td

liabrl

geography

n.

+-F

n.

ljoqrafil

body

J}
C-.;_l-f

dear

n.

Ita'nl

,l

ljan,junl

4*lf+

"t'lJ+

n.

.'o

road

U.\r,+ n.

crll-f n.

liaddel

,&'

-rlb n.
crb n.
l

'-)+

9l' 4 r..s, n '

L
-9f
L ' qus, n '
.,rt-iAlJ

'Tl
o,
g.
I
rT

=
g

.'o

n.

t
y

J .

fourth month of the

Persiancalendar

place

O:+ ,OL= n.
t.l-i-

Ittrl

lial

o"JL;, n.

J+"1
olJej

Farsi

J# n'

T.

ffi
.S-i')J4 - t \ rrir-=

J_.t+

n.

l(.r-iml

eye

n.

/de5m pezebk/

ophthalmologist

l&torl

how

adv.
n.

Itekl

check

n.

/dek-emosafer-i/

traveler's check

Ulu+

n.

l(emedanl

suitcase

L,?

n.

l(a-rna-nl

lawn, grass

n.

f (emen-zarf

meadow

n.

Itendtal

how many

/dand ta azf

a few of

/dend-om-in/

which (in order)

ftr-ndinl

several

n.

l(,a-ngall

fork

pro.

ide kesi/

who

Jt6

num.

f(a-ha4 dehar,dahar/ four

ol-,rk!

num.

/dahardeh,
dehardeh,
dahardeh/

fourteen

t,Jtgt*:-+

JtjI+
ll+

jl E +
art.
iJ+^+ adi.
adi.
#+
x4 .'

dH

a;
";

to mention something, to talk about

something

V.

/herf zr,d-r-nf

to speak

n.

A"tub/

account

/hesab baz
kerd-en/

to open an account

n.

/hesab-epasrendazf

savings account

Up,i!Jt+

v.

to open a savings
/hesab-epas
endaz baz kard-ery' account

cgJb e+t+

n.

/hesab-e jari/

checking account

/hesab-e jaribaz
kerd-en/

to open a checking
account

/hesab-dar/

accountant

/hemmam/

bathroom

v.

/hemmam kerdr-r'l

to take a bath

v..

/hemmam gerefte.nl

to take a bath

lhayatl

yard

adi.

lxarei-il

foreign, international

adi.

lxassl

special

4l\i

n.

lxalel

aunt (mother's sister)

,i15

n.

/xanom,xanum/

lady, wife, Ms., Mrs.,

Miss

/xane-dar/

homemaker

fxanel

home, house

/xanevade/

family

,-1.
t
OIJS j!

";
+L*>

jl$I

l-";
9-r.

Ut

jl$l

oiJs j!

C,Jb 9JL+ V.
O1J5 jt+
-,;l":r.t^^;n.
It

cs, n.

o.t5 eb
4r

n'

/dehar-rah/

intersection

4+i-iJl{+

n.

/dahar-Senbe/

Wednesday

num.

/dehar-sed/

four hundred

cl4

num.

ltehell

forty

U$
5 tu+

coni.

lbnl

because

pro.

1|i,,tel

what

-J*i

n.

Itizl

thing

ttti

n.

ldinl

China

J"1+= n.

,xt

\-

"

c+JtcJr-ti

tlLi

_;ll arLr n.

tHI

\ - l

dtci^
Li--

n.

4lli

haU

t4.

n.

h"U

present (tense)

adv.

fha-tma'nf

certainly

Jt'\J_).:La

.lil.:i,J.ii-.1$.

_----:
I
I

Farsi

n.

lJlJi.ls n.

physical condition

OiJ+ +lJ'222 i

v.

-Tl
OJ

9.
I
rn

=
g
vr

OJj.i-F

.rs-,;\ tG

ol:-lki

LJki

fherf.-e diz-i ra
za'd-r-nf

r9-U? rt-rcli-l l-l

Glossary

n.

fxeber-negarf

reporter

inter.

fxodahafez.f,
lxodafez.l

Good-bye.

v.

fxnrab bud-an/

to be out of order

.llr_.,;A
OiJS +ji

o+F
.5..t1 adj.
OiJS.S^tA V.
I

',:.

n.

/xordad/

third month of the

Persiancalendar

/xer-id kerd-en/

to shop

lxrer-id-enl

to buy

/xobk/

dry

/xo5k kerd-en/

to dry

lxrettl

line, script,
handwriting

(-l-n)

v.

c.li-l-r'

cF;-n n.
Ol+'iy,i.cfi"l-l= n.

lxord-enl (lxorll

to eat, to drink
(colloq.)

/xore5/

meat sauce

/xoreS-efesenjan/

fesenjan (meat sauce)

adv.

/xo5-bext-ane/

fortunately

cl*ri

adi.

/xo5-haf

h"ppy

idiom

/xo5-veqt-am?/

How do you do?

/xiyaban, xiyabun/

street

lxeylil

very a lot

ldaxell

inside

/daxel-i/

local, domestic

ldad-enl lldel)

to give

ldarul

medicine

O_rr.!i,u!F n.

,r.,is.[i

n.

/xet ke5i/

street line

.r;l3i 't
dUJi,

n.

fxett-eheva-yil

airline

adj.

lxalva.ltl

not busy, not

crowded, secluded

adj.

lxona-kl

cool

O+lF

v.

/xabid-ren/

to sleep

Cl-,lJi.

aux., v.

fxast-enf (lt"hfl

to want

v.

fxan&enf (lxanll

to read

lxa}lra-rl

sister

+rt-:*9-;l.t n.

/daru-xane/

pharmacy

n.

/xaher zadef

niece/nephew
(sister'schild)

j\*.,3_21: n.

f darvsazf

pharmacist

idiom

/xahe5 mi-kon-em./

You're welcome.

9F

adj.

lxubl

good

t.lF

inter.

lxobl

okay

n.

lxodl

self

ei:-

pro.

/xod-em/

myself

&JJA

pro.

lxod-atl

yourself

pro.

lxod-eil

hi m self/he r seI f/it seI f

pro.

/xod-eman,
xod-emun/

ourselves

pro.

/xod-etan,
xod-etun/

yourselves,
yourself (fnl.)

/xod-eban,
xod-ebun/

themselves,
h i m self/he r self/i t self

'l

.5::.

(rlJi)

(Ole) ir$lri

-,;'alF n.
o.llj _,pl3i

.#3cr^

UltlF

tJA

LFiF
r,OldJi
UJ^JF
cglitJ:
O}JF
cgl_i..:jA

o-drri

pro.

adj.,

.,J5

adv.

ID'
cjAlr n.
,.Jil.: adi.
(o;) 6ilr

v.

JJIJ n.

(-)U; O:.$l:

v.,aux. /dabt-en/ (ldarll

hot

ldama,nl

skirt

/danest-en/ (ldanll

to know

/dane5/

knowledge

/daneb amuzf

grade school student

/dane5-ju/

university student

/dane5-kede/

college

olK.Jillr

/dane5-gah/

university

-ti..,!l.l

/dane5-mend/

scientist,scholar

ldayil

uncle (mother's
brother)

/dabirestan/

high school

ldoxterl

girl, daughter

irlr
(Ot.; C'i*il.:
t''ul'
;e"i 16;1.:
'+',U't
oj5.Xil.t

ts+ll

V*t.l

OE--11+i n.
JiiS n.
Glossary

to have,present
progressivemarker

ld"ql

Ll.

o
g.
1

qs
6

4lEi+iJA

f-SFF

.Tl

alti -:ii:
,r;1.: _)ji.l

/doxter xale/

n.

/doxter dayi/

n.

.{-.e Jiir

n.

3nc _Fir

n'

Ji

p.

cousin (mother's
sister'sdaughter)
cousin (mother's
brother's daughter)

/doxter'amme/

cousin (father's
sister'sdaughter)

/doxter'emu/

cousin (father's
brother's daughter)

lda"l

in

Jl

n.

lda:,rl

Ji

n.

/der sed/

percent

f denz ke5-id-en/

to lie down

n.

lderaxtl

tree

n.

/der-xast/

application

/der xast kerd-ren/

to apply (to, for)

lderdl

pain, ache

/derd kerd-an/

to hurt

n.

ldersl

course,lesson

adi.

/dorost/

right, just

v.

/dorost bud-en/

to be in order, to be
in working condition

/dorost Sod-en/

to get fixed

/dorost kerd-en/

to fix

lderrel

valley

ldestl

hand

/dest-e Soma
derd nekon-ed

Thank you.

v.
gr.r.t'< _,11_,1)

c_l
d!,,lJAJi
dlrlJAJl

gi-.f .r-,;i
L},Ji

C-,ji
OiJ* Cr^,']i
6-r-i c-,]'l
OiJS d-,]i
o)i

n.

C-t^',,i n.
r-,;i L'$ gu'i

idiom

.4-t'r: /$ti

o6*3--:
dll-i-i
.l+ 4i-i
C.d'i

,rol

Farsi

ctll

ldeqqetl

care,meticulousness
minute

/doktor/

doctor, Dr.

/doktora/

doctorate

idekke/

kiosk

ldam-pa-yil

slipper

/dendan, dendun/

tooth

/dandan peze5k/

dentist

ldonyal

world

num.

ldehl

ten

n.

ldehanl, /dehen/

mouth

num'

ld"l

two

oi_,11;l num.

ldevazdehl

twelve

oj+_ll

adv.

ldobarel

again

JJr

adj.

ldurl

far

,.Ji.'il.: d.ur3J

v.

/dust dabt-en/

to like

,'t'UJ

n.

idust/

friend

ci-ll

n'

ldu!;l

shower

/du5 gereften/

to take a shower

/do-Senbei

Monday

ld"ql

yogurt drink

ldoletl

government

/dowom/,
/dowomin/

second

ldev-id-anl

to run

/devist/

two hundred

ldeyl

tenth month of the

Persiancalendar

ldid-enl (hi"ll

to see

/did-en kerd-en/

to visit

/dir kerd-en/

to be late

-i3s',r
tJ3si
45i
tCl+'i
6-ii

Olrrl
1rd3 n.
oi

1JAJ crjAi
jJ

O$-S uF$ v.
-rfijJ

n.

L:. n.
,.,-l3J
3t

n.

3t

i,l.tcal cp3J num.

Orr,-li v.
r" r,ui3) num.

n.

/drest5uyi/

restroom

n.

/dest-gah/

machine

n.

/dast-maf

napkin

n.

/deste rek/

checkbook

n.

ldastl

field

G)

n'

(u+) o+t v.
Oi_;SO+.: v.
ui-.rS:.t
Glossary

-Tl
OJ

!!.
I
lTl
f

qg

ideqiqe/

/nekon-e./

.43"$i-.t

office

4i$i

oiJs
.l-,t.1 n.

ldacftr-rl

UJJIJ egl-rr.l

door

'''

Jiii

v.

adv'

J-l-)Jl

, . i.?,..rJ adv.

a-fu.r
.-.fi;.r adj.

ldi-ruzl

yesterday

ldi-Yia,bl

last night

ldignrl,ldigel

other

TZI

,R'
cJ{#J
l e -

JJt34+.cJ{#J

-l;ll-l
si-rlJ

fre'isf

head, boss,chief

n.

/ra'is'-eiomhur/

president (of a
country)

n.

lradiyol

radio

inter.

lrast-il

by the way

lran-epal

thigh

lruhl

way, road

frahreft-enf

to walk

lrahrol

corridor

/rahnrema-yi/

guidance, advice

lra-'yl

vote, ballot

lre'y dad-ren/

to vote

frayanel

computer

lrob'l

quarter (esp.hours)

frezewkerd-en/

to reserve

fresan-ef
(/resan-e-ha/)

medium (media)

n.

/resturan/

restaurant

n.

lreitel

field of study, major

lreft-anl (lroll

to go

lrengl

color

lreh-berl

leader

olJ
ojit'l-l
:-$l_,r
,r.r.Liol_,1

csl-t
6il.:6i-,1
+it+l_l

el
oiJs r)))
(la 4rl^^'J)4jl*,,J
cll-t-f-",r
,, &
qlrrJ

(-p) os-r v.
.fuJ n.
_'+'s n.
Ji.,SJf ..b'l

n.

)J)

lruzl

d"y

fruz-ekar-i/

workday

fruznamef

newspaper

n.

/rusta/

village

G.,AJ)

N.

/ru-sar-i/

scarf (women's)

.eJ)

p.

lru-yel

on

O+JJ

v.

lnry-id-enl

to grow (plant)

**!,

n.

/riyaset-eiomhuri/ presidency

s.:l+J

n.

lriyazil

math

d.il+^:l+J

n.

lriyaziyatl

mathematics

n.

tzI

J
-dlj
di-'j

n.

f zawl

knee

n.

lzabanl

language, tongue

i:rhil r Oqj

n.

fzebano
adebiyat-e fars-i/

Farsi languageand
literature

n.

lzexml

wound

adi.

lzexm-il

wounded, injured

lzed-anl (lzanll

to hit, to beat

adj.

lzerdl

yellow

ol^j

n.

f zemanl

time

ULLlrJ

n.

fzemestanf

winter

lzaminl

ground, earth,land

fzemin xord-en/

to fall down

(#Jti
rrJ
diJ

(oj) oii
r-ri

'-:}-"j n.

Oi-l-r=U"j

frah-gozarf

passerby

/ru-be-ru-ye/

in front of, opposite

*3 adi.
c;) n.

lzemin-il

surface

lzenl

woman, wife (infml.l

adj.

lzibal

beautiful

p.

lzir-el

under, below

n.

lzir-puil

underwear

n.

lzir-p\rahen-il

undershirt

hj
.)))
,i*-l*-l
./el-,lp;;-,l
Glossary

v.

'Tt
o,

-g.
I

rTl

(,JJ(.+

/reh-brer-eorkestr/ conductor (orchestra)

.E

-.;r-xA_.1n.
.L9J}J)
p.

nver

E-r_l_l

n.

!.ul_r n.

lrudl,/rud-xane/

csjs J-r-) n.
a-Llj_l_,r n.

sJ3_,1 n.

arliJ3_;

_,,K-uj n.
U"tii cr*Jj

n.

.,*,ti.i c*Jj

n.

*
J

/zir-gozerf

underpass

/zist Senas/

biologist

/zist Senasi/

i-r'

-6

n.

biology

\:!i,'o adi'

45+" n.

tl,t

\l-

.,1 t

U*U n'
(-y4

C-

tnter.

ei*l|

llaponl

fapan

O$L*J e)-,
/.1
\
,jfuirt-,,

..Jlj*

n.

fso'alf

n.

n.

/semfoni/

symphony
traditional

/sendef

sandal

fsazemanf

organization

.-fu* n.

lsengl

n.

clock, watch

. ?.U[>lrrlr

stone,rock

f sa'r-ltf

adi.

lsanginl

heavy

n.

/sa'et-ekar-i/

working hour

nUm.

lsel

three

n.

fsa'edl

forearm

lsaq-epal

shin

lsall

year

lsaladl

salad

/salon-epauzirayil

entertaining room

/salon-e/otaq-e
naharxori/

dining room

n.

/sandevid/

sandwich

adi.

lsebzl

green

t'

lsebz-il(lsebzr-iatl)

vegetable
(vegetables)

_dEltgtl.,, n.
6 t.s_.;lal-r

crj+* n.
(c.,t++j+*)
adi.

lsextl

hard, difficult

'l-tt

n.

-t

lsacrl

head

p.

lser-el

at

.r_,f_;.

n.

/ser derd/

headache

J#

n.

/ser o seda/

noise

adi.

lsacrdl

cold

Jl-rr- t!

/selam resandren/ to send regards

(/resan/)

n.

,;f-)g* -dJ'll*.' n.

OiJS 4iJi*

hello

dJi.*

CJt*, n.
JYI*., n.

r!

lselaml

/sonnet-i/

! -ou n.

lt.

coin

adi.

JgLu

t-,{,'*

/sekke/

dig

CAJTSt'''l*.,

't;

white

building

dG.tt.,

J .

lsefidl

/saxteman/

i1l-jt-,,..' n.

v.

/sorfe kerd-en/

to cough

n.

/serma xord-egi/

common cold

4r,

qili r.^ n.

/se-5anbe/

Tuesday

n.

lsutiyanl

bra

v.

/suxt-en/(lsuzl)

to burn

6lJBrt

num.

fsevv-omf
,
/sew-omin/

third

(#

num.

/sv

thirty

ol;-

adi.

lsiyahl

black

num.

lsizdnhl

thirteen

num.

/si-sred/

three hundred

L-l*

n'

/sinema,sinema/

cinema, movies

4ii$

n'

lsinel

chest,breast

CS-*
(j-r.^^) ,fi-*
.60

UJ.J+'I

oi-l**
**

Lfi

-Tl

:o,
6

travel, trip

question

Ul-jiL

@-lfiL*

.c.l

lsa;fa;rl

level

v.

(U*J,

ISI

lsethl

T'

rTt

t5t
lr
i,r.rt

n.

ftiaml

dinner

6s,rF pti v.

/5am xord aen/

to have dinner

Oi-+rdrl-i

v.

/5amel bud-an/

to include

num.

/Eanzdehl

sixteen

lEaya,dl

perhaps,maybe, may

lia.bl

night

oi;t^i

+t i aux.
q$ n.

Farsi

Glossary

^**^----i
'231
i

e
(-r) o.lll
d,sJi

n.

/Sebnem/

dew, female name

v.

/5od-an/ (/5o/)

to become

n.

/Serket/

company

OiJS dlSJFi

/Serket kard-en/

gJ-.l g_r-$

v.

, ' , . , , -1 1 . n.

(,s$),j-l

v.
&F

L!.,r.^| num.

\'. '?.rt num.

,',.

. ? , num.

diiLi;^ ,cli-,.i

n.

/5est/

thumb

/5ost-an/ (/5"yi)

to wash

/ses/

six

/5e5-sed/

six hundred

JJ-;F

liastl

sixty

OiJS

t$

n.

/5ekem/

Jlrti

n.

lielvarl

Pants

arLl

adj.

/5oluq/

busY,crowded, noisY

lSomal

You (P1.,sg.fml.)

/5oma detor|

How about You?

fiomaref

number

i5omaf

north

/Semord-ren/

to count

n.

llenal

swimming

v.

/Senakrerd-en/

to swim

v.

/Senaxt-en/ (/5enasfi to recognize

9J.+ l-li
o-,f-.3
Jt^:i
oi-).j
t'
IJJI

drUs uj
.-...|. s
L|sLrtrt

idiom
n.
n.
v.

,.ji*\^i

to begin

occupation,
occupations

Saturday

/5enid-en/

to hear

liehrl

city

n.

/5ehr-dar/

mayor

n.

/Sehriver/

sixth month of the

Persiancalendar

liortl

shorts

lioharl

husband

O'+ti+,iiV.
J.i
-,;f.lx-i
jt:e

n.

C,_,rF n.
JAJ-

n.

rice dish with broad

beans

adj., n.

/5irin/

sweet,female name

n.

/5imi/

chemistry

ef-

n'

/sobh/

morning

+.rL.rL

n.

/sobhane/

breakfast

4jl-sr^-

v.

/sobhane xord-en/

to have breakfast

,',-.,^'ra

v.

/sohbret kerd-an/

to talk

t'
lJ.S-\.4

n.

lsa,hral

desert

jr-

num.

lsndl

hundred

lrr.

n.

lsedal

sound, voice

, i-,

n.

lsa-fl

line, queue

num'

lsefrl

zero

adv.

/semim-ane/

in a friendly manner

/sremimii

friendly

/samimi-yyat/

friendliness

/sendali/

chair

n'

/sendud

box, chest

i..

/srenduq-epost/

mailbox

-JJ.:r..a

n.

/senduq-e post-i/

P.O.box

rru -r9J"'

n'

/srenduq-era'y/

ballot box

3'_SSl.a

n.

/suret/

face

*'
tJJ

n.

/suret hesab/

bill

'Pt
it^J^.ra

.,t'J,n'..r.a adi.

, . , 1 *- .
J-rL
ti: tl-'
t

...-...;
.

,:'

-Oj-a'
t

C#l

lSa-nbel

n.

/5evid baqela/

'Tl
o,
g.
I
rfl
l

qs

ISI

oa

- . 2

t-

(.ls)
4$

dill

iJtj}^i

/5oru'5od-en/

lloqll,/mabaqef

/5evid/

n.

x-! +:j

to take part, to
participate

stomach,abdomen

\-.$ pro.

+-l'S n'

|
\+trr>

cr.a

n.
n.

UF

IZI

.L

,tl
Yl+ .194i+t
Cl+""!-cSai+t

Glossary

n., adv. /tebeqe-ye bala/

upstairs

n', adv' /tabeqe-ye payinl

downstairs

iztt

,_iJbt n.
e,r^rt qt adi.
li
C9-JF3^'S-

oi*.*.,<dlt

v.

gray

/tul ke5-id-en/

n.

uLc

rTl

lfars-il

Farsi,Persian

n.

ffa,ransef

France

adv.

lfardal

tomorrow

OJti-j
(d-,-09)

v.

/ferestad-an/
(/feresti)

to send

6 ri-1',.r!

n.

/ferest-ende/

sender

d-ls

n.

lfa:ritl

carpet, rug

fj

n.

lforml

form

lfarhadl

male name

c-f+l_l_l-rl n.

farverdin/

first month of the

Persiancalendar

't($rJ3

n.

/foru5-gah/

store

adi.,

lfa,qa:tl

only

v.

/fekr krerd-an/

to think

n.

lfaksl

fax

n.

ffenjan, fenjun/

cup

n.

/futbaf

soccer

t-y"t+l -6:s

n.

foq-e lisans/

master's degree

-!-tr

n.

lfizlkl

physics

n.

lfiiml

film, movie

lzohrl

pedestrian

lejul-anel

hastily

feraqf, f'eraqf

Iraq

f'azizf

dear

f'resrf

evening

/etse krerd-en/

to sneeze

l'aqabl

back

,Jr,fu

leksl

picture, photograph

udj

/aks gereft-en/

to take a picture, to
photograph

/elaqe daSt-en/

to be interested in, to
be fond of

adi.

/relaqe-mend/

interested

cft4+J -t-lb

n.

/olum-e eitema'i/

socialsciences

uil*i! .f3b

n.

/olum-e ensani/

humanities

/olum-e tabi'i/

natural sciences

4iYJ+r,

ol*

'v
.G
4.."t.c
OiJS
qJ-

L8-#

Oi.$b 4il;
rL 4il;

,d++t .._F n.
4rA

n.

f'ammef

aunt (father's sister)

-*

n.

f'amuf

uncle (father's
brother)

lamiql

deep

fonvanf

title

6,-:e adj.
Ol3ir

n.

!1.
I

n'

cr+.rJ[i
q*^'jlJl

to last, to take (time)

/aber-e piyade/

-Tl
OJ

tlt

,,1
oJLl

ItA-.;s n.

L'i-i

adv.

oiJs Jtj
U'"5:i
O .+ji eg$ei

dr$.ls

rQ,
4^lii

n.

dliti n'
-dliE n'
crJr+b
-dlil-i n'

IQI
lqezal

food

i$lJr

g
h

/qablame/,
/qableme/

cooking pot

lqaioql

spoon

/qa5oq-e day-xor-i/

teaspoon

/qa5oq-eqeza-xor-i/

tablespoon

(J ,Ji.ll..i

n.

Farsi

ftusif,/xakester-i/

ri

,ZT
-te!

234i

side

l.:,

^b

Ita-ra-lfl

Jt!

n.

lqaril

rug

6UlE

n.

,lqavaninl
fqanunf

law,laws

1
u:+j n.
jl cJ$ p.
-ll tsJ$

art.

,-rij cs
adj.

.,-.ili

,f-F
t -r,, adi.
.fu"tl adi.
n.

Jtl*! n.
crl o-lr--! adj.
,. i ni! n.

lqabzl

receipt, bill

lqabl ezl

before

lqedri ezl

some of

/qedem za,d-a,nf

to stroll

/qadimi/

old

lqorsl

pill

fqermezl

red

/qeSang/

pretty

lqatarl

train

lqehve:il

brown

lqeymetl

price

1+3
iS
"'I-.i
4+lJ5

(dls)ous
UJ

IKt,
oiLrj$i *,i'".ls n.

/kabinet-e aSpez
xane/

kitchen cabinet

/kapSen/

jacket

karl

work, job

/kar krerden/

to work

dr-,rlS n.

lkartl

card

rJS n.

lkardl

knife

0+US n'
-is n.
Oi_F _js v.

'az

n.

lkar-garl

laborer

n.

/kar-mend/

employee, clerk

.sjl+ +._lK

n.

/kar-mend-e bank/

bank clerly'teller

.c+l+i-ltS
-i-11

n'

/karbenasi-ye erSed/ master's degree

i:l*"K

n'

lj-tlS

n.

lgslS n.
dis n'
Jl-91-i, ""( n'
4i1i.,.1$ n.

-,rl+85 n.

kojal

where

n.

&od-e post-i/

postal code

lkerayel

fare, rent

V.

ldard-anl

to do

n.

ka-sl

person

pro.

lkesil

someone

n.

/kaBti/

ship

oit$-<

v.

/kre5-id-en,
ke5-id-en/

to pull, to draw

J-J^ts

n.

/kebver/

country

!I-is
(J,iuis

n.

lkef-epal

sole (foot)

n.

/keffas-i/

shoe store

uifi

n.

k*fsl

shoe

(})5

n.

ftelas/

class

n.

/kelasor/

binder

n.

ikolah/

hat, cap

adi.

kre*l

little

n.

/kemar dard/

(lower) backache

adv.

lkalm-il

some, a little

p.

fkenar-ef

beside

n.

/konsert/

concert

n.

/kottgo/

Congo

4s

conj.

k"l

that (con7.)

"5'eS

conj.,
pro.

kel, kil

who

adj.

/kohne/

old

lkutahl

short

/kudak/

small

o)3

#
r-,;i-x3
./3
21

'ES
.

gJi^K

-ft3

/kampiyuter/

computer

4k3

lkanadal

Canada

oEJS adj.

/kandida/

candidate

kotl

coat

-4-JS n.

lkutel

lane, alley

/kot o Selvar/

suit

.SJJS n.

/kudak/

child

/ketab-xane/

library

/ketab-dar/

librarian

.f"-s

adj.

f ':-f

n.

fkuze-gerf

potter

ojs

n.

k"hl

mountain

Glossary

-Tl
OJ

-!3.
I
rTl
J

n.

"t"s
sLxs

JJ-)5

F_;ts
.L:lS

ll

adv.

qg
u
5

----l-**iztt
I

Ui
cgJJli

c.5.tJi

uS n.

/kuh neverd/

mountaineer, hiker

o1S n.

/kuh nevard-i/

mountaineering,
hiking

ojS

v.

/kuh navard-i
kerd-en/

to go mountaineering,
to go hiking

adv.

kevl

when

kifl

bag, briefcase,wallet

n.

lkirul

kilogram

n.

/kiyusk/

kiosk

orJs
1,5

+S n.
iS
LS*,J;S

.3

OiJS,-6-6 v.
d!t'J< n'
o$JS n.

jt< n.
cr-jt< n.

(JSJ,J3..S v.
(rt.rK; i,;i;lK v
(-$) d3^ii5 v'
4i.irK

"il-F

OiJS ,-6)J<

lgarl

gas

lgaleril

gallery

lgereft-enl(lsirll

to get, to take

q . 2 v

lgozait-en/(lgozarll to put

lgozaltel

past (tense)

n.

lgard-ell

excursion

v.

/grerde5kerd-en/

to walk around, to
drive around

n.

lgerdul

walnut

/gereft-ren/ASxh

to get

?i3
-4

adi.

lgerml

warm

t.F

n'

lgera,rr'l

Sram

lgozar-e1l

report

lgoft-enl Ue"n

to say

le.V

flower

/gol foru5-i/

flower shop

lgol-danl

vase, flowerpot

lgalul

throat

/galu derdl

sore throat

JJ-S

(JSJcF-S v

,i;t# n.
(.6) o:L< v.
..J3 n.
.+_l;",JS n.
Oht< n.

-# n.
.r-! -9I3 n.
n.
"F-6
grlr r;i K v.

lsrr{l

ear

/gub dad-an/

to listen

/gubt/

meat

lgir-andel

receiver

tJY adj.
crl+J n.
, *U n.

flazemf

necessaryrequired

llebasl

clothes

[ebas-e bedle-gane/ children's clothes

4iuj.Ul.!J

n.

/ebas-e zan-anef

women's clothes

+rl.l_,2o
-g"-U

n.

/lebas-e merd-ane/

men's clothes

,+-l-r",rt-l
cJ-!- -ejlj

n.

/lebas foruS-i/

clothes store,boutique

n.

flrevazem-e ma-rrzelf furniture

4jtj./dji^ +El n.
g,"L,;J n.

/esas-e mnnzelfxanef furniture

[isans/

bachelor'sdegree

/karienasi/

bachelor'sdegree

livanl

glass

pro.

l^ul

we

n.

lmadarl

mother

/mader bozorgf

grandmother

n.

fmadar znnf

mother-in-law (wife's
mother)

JJL

n.

/madar Soher/

mother-inlaw
(husband'smother)

il-9roroiL

n.

lmaddel, lmavaddl

material, materials

dr^,.I,^ n.

lmastl

yogurt

Ort&L n.

/maSin/

car, vehicle, machine

/ma5in-e zerf Suyi/

dishwasher

c+l+$_,rlS n.

lgozelt-enl (gozarl) to pass

adj.

to listen

ILI

+:K aii

IGI

/gub kerd-en/

old n.

I }NI
L

riu

eK-,1-,1a'1-:Ln.
UJ JIU
-$s

,-i$.iJbr,eU

n.

ts+-rl

o"Ul -&"it^

/mabin-e lebas Suyi/ washing machine

,J*J-

dl6lossa
ry

n.

lmall

possession

-Tl
OJ

g.
I
rfl

B
t^

t'-il-L
o+ll-

n.

n.

jitl-

lmal-id-a'nl

to rub

lmantol

DLc n.

lmahl

month, moon

(crtr+U)ert" n.
4jr.i!bx adv.
.eJ+'^Lf4 idiom
(s.:I.i:L
(Ot+*;i:l)

n.

.oJ*l,i 4+-9':^ idiom

4'*

adi.

Lr"J+'
r+;:

fish

lmaye'f (lmaye'atll

fluid (fluids)

/mote'essef-anef

unfortunately

/motoSekker-em./

Thank you.

fmoteqazif
(lmotaqazi-anll

applicant (applicants)

/motevajjeh
naSodam./

I didn't get ir.

medium

n.

/mosallresat/

trigonometry

n.

lmeilesl

parliament

n.

lmeiellel/maialleha, meiallat/)

magazine (magazines)

(6);.
4-c. c.o+-c n.
(lt*1 -q-

lmahil

/motevesset/

$,
rt

n.

! -e* n.
,J_.:r<
(crYJ'.-r.c)

n.

d;t!! -:,J.^

n.

fmaimu'ef

collection

/mod-e dast/

wrist

lmo(e pal

ankle

residence,accommodation

t-

lmersi.l

Thanks.

rl.

chicken,hen

)Jy

/morur kaerd-en/

to review

L_)4y

n.

lmerizl

patient, sick person

fmres'ulf

agent

,J.i; ,cJ,3.. n.
4i,r.li

n.

/mosabeqe/

match

jit-.;

n.

/mosafer/

traveler

crJl'*:

n.

fmosaferatl

travel, trip

OilS crJjl..'l
ditiJ c.,jt^^':

v.

/mosaferet reften/

to travel, to take a trip

#tjt"l

adi.,
adv.

/mostaqim/

straight

)s,-rrt

n.

fmes-garf

coppersmith

/mesvak/

toothbrush

v.

/mesvak kerd-en/

to brush (one,steeth)

V.

/mesvak zaed-a;nf

to brush (one,steeth)

OJJS.SfJ,..,
Oij dfj..'r

J+;
68 t'-

n.

/masirl

path

adi.

lmoitaql

enthusiastic

4ititi"s:,

adv.

/moStaq-ane/

enthusiastically

n.

/mobteri/

customer,client

/me{reql

east

cgli.il"

,3-fu n.

cjr^te;l.

n.

/modir amef

managing director

iJrJS 4+l;.
6.r,i +51*a^

n.

/morxes-i/

leave of absence

Oi95 -jj,--

v.

/morxasi rreft-enf

to go on leave

v.

/morxasi dad-an/

to grant a leave

V.

/morxasi gereft-en/

to get a leave

V.

/mosahebe krerd-en/ to interview

v.

/mosahebe iod-en/

to get interviewed

v.

/mesref kard-en/

to use,to take

JK3 til*.
orE

n,

/metebb-e doktor/

doctor,s office

n.

fmo'avenf

deputy, assistant

OiJS {i+Lr:

V.

fmo'ayenekard-anr

to examine

/mo'rellem/

teacher

C'- n .
6lossary

I
rTt
f,

q9.
6
J

/mosaferet kerd-an/ to travel, to take a trip

..S1J".,2.n.

---*t24oi

inter.

lmorql

director, principal

i,iti,6

people

v.

lmodirl

,Jr*r-,1i

/ma-rdomf

.t

I
s,a
LJ-

uJF

illl,""",n
orthe

n.

(#y

n.

tJJh s-^-j-

lmordadl

-tl
o,

Persiancalendar

aJr

/mahsu/ (/mahsulat/) product (products)

/mehell-e eqamet/

lma,rdl

.rl.r_,f n.

;J-e

,#r-.1l
c;3\,s..;+^

n.

lJ

male name

n.

ri

manteau (women's
long overall)

lmanil

1,4t^

5tA45-)

Malaysia

n.

.,jl^

* tt-l(Jll
t I

lmalezil

:
:2t+1
t

rJt.c
oj6

adj.

/mre'lum/

obvious

n.

fmaqazef

shop

-;l.r o-;tir

n.

fmaqaze-darf

shopkeeper

+-fu

n.

/maqreb/

west

4lli-

n.

lmeqalel

article, essay

n.

lma,qaml
(/meqam-at/)

official (officials)

n.

lmekzikl

Mexico

n.

fmelaf.e, malhefe/

(linen) sheet

adj.

/momken/

possible

]Jr.,^ adi.,

/mamnun/

grateful, Thanks.

(clt E^) di^

.!5r.
4r!r,L ,+iX
Ut^t

cS-UiJtAU

lmanl

U^

idiom

/man xeber
ne-dar-em./

I don't know, I have

no idea.

.JAI^A * dF

idiom

/men hem
hemin-tor./

Me, too.

n.

/monasebat/

occasion

adj.

fmontezerf

waiting

n.

frr.a,nzelf

home, residence

(#
o-$L

n.

/monSi/

secretary

n.

fmrenzeref

view

)etr

n.

lmehrl

seventh month of the

Persiancalendar

tJ-$a
ts*,'$a

n.

/mohandes/

engineer

n.

/mohandesi/

engineering

l^ul

hair

t - .

d+i"UX
l. *.'
-)JalL

cJ)
$.t

-94 n.

n.

lmuzel

museum

,4r"-r

n.

/musiqi/

music

adj.

/moveffed

successful

n.

/moveffeq-iyyetl

success

v.

fmiyanbor za,d-a'nf to take a shortcut

n.

/meydan/

't'-

oii -r+ot+
ol-tv

jH^

n.

fmiz-enaharxori/

dining table

lmivel

fruit

adi.

/na-5en-reva/

deaf

n.

lnam-zadl

candidate, fianc6,
fianc6e

lnamel

letter

n.

,ll ,
ljliti

4-cU n.
Oli^U

v.

/nam-id-en/

to name, to call

JLIU

n.

lnaharl

lunch

4i;lJ

n.

lnetiiel

result

JJ|J

inter.

lne-xeyrl

no lfinl.l

adj.,

lnezdikl

near

/nosxe/

prescription

/neSan dad-en/

to show

/neban-i/

address

lna,ferl

person

/neqqaS/

painter

/neqqabi/

painting

/negah kard-en/

to look, to watch

/negah-dar-i kerdE^l

to hold, to keep

fnrema-brerf

fax

n.

/nema-ye5-name/

play

4.i

inter.

lnal

no

4:

num.

lnohl

nine

t-' c"

num.

/noh-sred/

nine hundred

adi.

lnol

new

c.r

n.

fnavaz-endef
(f navaz-ande-gan/)

player (players)
(music)

num.

lna.va,dl

ninety

.!.tf

4i*13

6il: gl.i;
.ti.

c/ry

-;n
uFljil
,ril5i
O1JS "Ki
OiJs 13Jl.l65j
-,1.l.1^l n.

ol-il

(or<siir)

roundabout, circle

a3j

Glossary

OJ

g.
I

IYI
:t

q9_

- 6afr)
r-Uo q3-.

table

4-.U^iJ..l;

D)y

cls-r

lmizl

.lyL

.lJl.:-r j*r.

n'

ojl'

inter.
L-r Pro'

JJ'

)J)i
oijj,.r
tul.i3r.l

n'

fnoruzf

PersianNew Year

num.

lnuzdnhl

nineteen

n.

/nuS-abe/

soft drink

lOb _ut-r. idiom

/

.\

.'.

v.

(cJ^r"-t'r) L|$.l9

O+ti.l. v.
.r+li-d n'
Dy

n.

.L-it+ adi.
#n.

f. 't.r'i num.
.'',ii

&.

U))J

seven

lhaftadl

/nevedt-en/ (/nevis/) to write

num.

/heft-sed/

seven hundred

/nu5id-en/

to drink

4iii

n.

lhaftel

week

/nu5-id-reni/

drink

num.

/hefdeh/

seventeen

lnavel

grandchild

/holend/

Holland

fniyaz-mendf

needy

ha,^l

too, also

lniml

half (esp.of an hourl

n.

/hamsar/

spouse

art.,
pro.

lhemel

all

adv.

/hemiSe/

always

n.

/hamin-tor/

the same

J.r|

n.

lhendl

India

4^rr)it

n.

/hendese/

geometry

Jli

n.

lhonarl

art

o-ri4

$ra n.
r^ adv.
J;".i'

4,i*-t

lvahedl

credit unit

/vared5od-en/

to enter

n.

lveb saytl

website

n.

lverzell

sport, physical
exercise

r+>ii\

n.

/honar-ju/

art student

JL^Jr.ri

n.

/honar-mend/

artist

n.

/hengam/

during, at the time of

lheval

air

/heva-peyma/

airplane

lheva-yil

air (adj.)

lhlt-ve,qtl

never

/yad dad-en/

to teach

fvaznf

weight

e"J

adi.

fvasi'f

vast

#J

conj.

lveqtil

when

conj.

lva-lil

but

n.

lvidiyol

video

J J"iFi

rKiA

lJrA n.
\-' .l ;A n.
..sJlJ-a adi.
,'r(c:$

adv.

-Tl
o,
g.
I
r.'1
5

qg

i. ri

Enjoy your meal!

n'

:J!":

lheftl

seventy

,,li:

;J

eight hundred

and

g.t-3,.r;13
-.1

/hebt-sed/

lval,lol

conj.

.t>l_r n.

dtj*l

eighty

num.

IUI
JIJ

num.

/hebtad/

rEii

/nu5-e jan!/

4^i

num.

lE.&i

IHI
dlA n.
..J$ n.

h^U

hall,living room

lhotell

hotel

num.

/hejdeh/

eighteen

num.

fhezarf

thousand

hntl

each, every

4+Ja n.

lhazinel

cost

r*,.Li num.

l}l'a;Y;tl

eight

o ttA
Jl-)l

-tA art.

IYI
gill .tla v.

/yad gereft-ren/
O3-6 .t+ v.
num. lyazdrehl
"ijU
.!
num. lyekl

-;K;s+

Farsi

/yek-diger/

eleven
one
each other, one
another

t--**

***---"i"----i

244i
I

Pro'

to learn

Glossary

1245
I

4+lr.i5* n.

/yek-5mnbe/

Sunday

i.J+

/yek-sed/

one hundred

lyek-hezarl

one thousand

num.

Jlj,CS+ num.

English-Farsi GlossarY
.

An irregular present stem of a verb is given in parenthesesafter the

infinitive form of the verb.

An irregular plural form of a noun is given in parentheses after the

singular form of the noun.

'

Alternative pronunciations of the same word are separated by

a comma and appear within a single set of forward slashes.The
formal pronunciation precedesthe informal pronunciation'

trj

abdomen
accept (to)
accommodation

(;+) os!+
c;ti! .:,J'^
r;t

account
accountant

address

.ftlj

fpezir-oft-enf
(lpnzirll

v.

/mehell-e
eqamet/
n.

/hesab-dar/

n.

lderdl

n.

49L:!

lezafel

n.

eurnJli

f adresf,/neSan-i/

n.

.r_!

addition

n.

/h"t"b/

";

-,1lql*^;

ache

/5ekem/

advice

,r.rJ-Ul_l

/rahnema-yi/

n.

a few of

jl E+

/dend ta rezf

art.

lomurl

n.

fbe,'d ezf

p.

affairs
after

)-r^l
jl r+

.{'+l'.^i5+n.

/yek-5enbe/

Sunday

i.J+

num.

/yek-sed/

one hundred

Jlj*f+

num.

lyek-hezal

one thousand

English-FarsiGlossary
.

An irregular present stem of a verb is given in parenthesesafter the

infinitive form of the verb.

'

An irregular plural form of a noun is given in parentheses after the

singular form of the noun.

'

Alternative pronunciations of the same word are separated by

a comma and appear within a single set of forward slashes.The
formal pronunciation precedesthe informal pronunciation.

A
abdomen
accept (to)
accommodation

irj

(*+) os!\
d;li! .:t;
er.lr";

account
accountant

tl+t">
.r-li

ache

4il.:!

addition
address

.Cl,ij er.lJ.li

/5ekem/

n.

fpezir-oft-enf
(lpazirll

v.

/mehell-e
eqamat/

n.

&esaV

n.

/hesab-dar/

n.

ldardl

n.

lezafel

n.

f adresf,/neSan-i/

n.

advice

sJ-ialJ

/rahnema-yi/

n.

a few of

if [i ri'-

/dend ta azf

art.

lomurl

n.

fbe'd ezf

p.

affairs
after

)vl
jl r+

After you.

again
adv.

,+l-J+
.cl+J-Y:
oj+-r'l

/befermayid,
befermayin./

idiom

art student
lai,ansl

n.

/mes'uf

n.

lhreval

n.

lll'r;va-yil

adj.

airline

GJIJA 5r

/xett-e hreva-yi/

n.

airmail

."+lrAi'4

/post-e heva-yi/

n.

/heva-peyma/

n.

liebrl

n.

lkem-il

adv.

lhemel

art.,
pro.

lejazedad-en/

V.

aSency
agent
air
air

airplane
algebra
a little
all
allow (to)
all right
a lot

"riljl

dril lJ:*

IJFA
rs+lJ-a

[r.*.4 ,lr ;A

-rr+
./S
4^i
6it.r o_,!;l
gr.-lA -!.r"+

"J*i

AS

l*"VIil

adj.,
adv.

back

bank

lievab dad-en/

V.

bank clerk/teller

/aparteman/

n.

JJI+

/teiviq kard-ren/ v.

banknote

/der-xast/

n.

/der xast kerda-nl

V.

n.

lbazul

n.

ltr
!t

ui}"s
.i5
t'
ct)

lLgt)
. -.'
-J.J.r'l-..a

.Sjt+
.Sjl+ $;K

u*tjt-'!
lL"-

bazaar

J'J-

be (to)
be able to (to)

lbayganil

lJrlll

bathroom

n.

(/motaqazi-an/)

r. e ta
tr"JE

qJ-

back

n.

arm

e,v t ri*t''fl
g*llt

inter.

lmo6e pal

.iq!

n.

n.

ballot box

archive

lhengaml

flisans/,
/karSenasi/

conj.

O1JS d!,^,lJE -.,1o

adv.

dtuA

bachelor's degree

lva-l,lol

apply (tolfor)

la,sla,nl

srs

dJ.,,,lJ6.Ji

p.

n.

ballot

application

f srer-el

')r-o1

lxalel

/besiyarxob/

lmote,qazil

n.

dti

n.

.r;ti:1"
(o!Gli{")

fmo'avenf

aunt (mother's sister)

lamrikal

applicant (applicants)

tjt\'l.-l'

n.

15+_*l

OiJS ,-hJ^il

v.

I
TI
cu
vr

f'emmef

America

applaud (to)

/pors-id-en/

1.e

bug

ot4-ir.l

orr*}i

qg

aunt (father's sister)

adv.

apartment

p.

at the time of

/hemiSe/

gil.r 913,;

/be onvan-e/

at all

always

answer (to)

n.

.t

backache (lower)

h.e

/honer-ju/

r+j.i\
.ol:ri q

at

adv.

ankle

/honar-mend/

n.

assistant

ha.l

and

n.

It-Jl.li

ask (to)

*
4$J^3

also

lme.qalel

d1{^

artist

n.

article

ldobarel

lt1

lhonerl

J$

art

beat (to)

6lossary

,l il'

(C-,1 cCr,"-l) r-lif

(ol;) o'r-tl3i
(Ol) Oi;

l'aqabl

n.

/pobt/

p.

/kemar dard/

n.

k'rl

n.

lra'yl

n.

/senduq-e ra'Y/

n.

lbankl

n.

/kar-mend-e
bank/

n.

/eskenas/

n.

/hremmam/

n.

lbazarl

n.

/bud-ren/
(/hest, est/)

v.

/tavan-est-en/
(ftnvanll

lzed-anl (lzenl\

v'

hj
oJ?

beautiful
because
become (to)
bed

(-r) ott'
grr-l

ed.lri

+lF
bedroom
be fond of (to)
before
begin (to)

r;l3i $El
,.li.il.r 4il-e
jl d$ 6jl ui+i

be interested in (to)
be in working
condition (to)
be late (to)

blouse
blue
body
boot

bra

/elaqe dabt-an/

v.

breakfast

/sandud

n.

boy

lpeserl

n.

cS-r
4itr+L

/sutiyen/

n.

/sobhane/

n.

4+.r

lsinel

n.

lpoU

n.

.is

lkifl

n.

d1i-91d-,'Ji

/dorost bud-ren/

V.

broad bean

)l'-E\

lbaqelal

n.

O;l'lt 4il-c
ui-l+ c-]3

v.

brother

lberada;l

n.

lalaqedaSt-en/
Tdorostbud-en/

v.

brown

lqehve:il

adi.

v.

/mesvak kard-en/,
/mesvak za,d-enl

v.

/dir krerd-an/

brush (one'steeth)
(t")

lzir+l

p.

building

fxarabbud-an/

V.

burn (to)

fkenar-el

p.

bus

lbozoryl

adi.

bush

/suret hesab/

n.

busy

/pul-e doroSt/

n.

but

/pul-e xord/

n.

buttocks

/kelasor/

n.

buy (to)

Oi_lS ;r
.)))
,-lr-rf qrl-A

-rus
t.t

6Jj

cr.1,*"; e'Sta

l-r-.cJ*

blanket

n.

6J$.-r

briefcase

bills (small)

blackboard

lotaqxabl

box

p.

crll3..J*

black

n.

boutique

I
o,

/po5t/

r
il
(JrJll

bills (large)

biology

ftextf,ltexte xab/

/butik/

n.

.t$r

bridge

't

biologist

v.

n.

'#:

v.

big

binder

/sod-en/ (/5o/)

fra.'isl

"f-g

qg

/5oru'5od-an/

u.r-it:fi

beside

bill

boss

n.

breast

below
be out of order (to)

ldonl

conj.

/bosni/

lpii ezl,lqebl azl p.

behind
be in order (to)

lzibal

adi.

Bosnia

JJ-)5
Ur,l.r.i'''*ij
s-'ti.&

'''"!j
o!-

o!- 4ii'i

jq
JA
c,+l
,clr+
cF
cl+*

Jilj
crl o xj
t,OJj .SlJ*^t
gr; .51 .^^r
(i-r)

UL.ifLoii-ll-

n.

/zist Senasi/

n.

lsiyahl

adi.

/taxte siyaV

n.

lpetul

n.

by (in Passive
sentences)

/suxt-ren/ (lsuzl\

LP,JP.-if /otobus/
+33a lburel
i- .Li
/5otuq/
1-J

J:
i.r-!
o+-F
1d

/zist Senas/

/saxteman/

"o

Frat)

n'
v'
n.
n.
adi.

lvel\l

coni.

lbasa;nl

n.

/xar-id-aen/

v.

/tavessot-e/

by the waY

d-,lJ

lrast-il

call (to)

orru

/nam-id-en/

lboluzl

n.

l^bil

adj.

calm

lbada:nl,ltenl

n.

calmness

/putin/

n.

can

p.
inter'

6lossary

trj 6rli
Ul'+lJI

(oli) or"iljr

f aram,arum/
/aram-e5/
/tavan-est-an/
(/tevan/)

v'
adi'
n'
v'

buls

Canada
candidate

JJl.tj el.1.rrtS

n.

clothes store

/kandida/,
fnam-zedf

n.

coat

/kanada/

coin

cap

o)3

lkolahl

n.

car

/ma5in/

n.

card

O*,its-ltS

lkartl

n.

care

Cirr

ldeqqetl

n.

lferll

n.

carpet

"F-rs

coins
cold
collection
college
color

celebration

o',si

liasnl

n.

come (to)

certainly

L3-*

lhatma,nl

adv.

common cold

/sendeli/

n.

company

lftkl

n.

comPuter

/deste eek/
/hesab-ejari/

n.
n.

concert

'.r4l.ri

liimil

n.

conductor (orchestra)

4it!r

/sine/

n.

/srendud

n.

lmoryl

n.

fra'isf

n.

lbettel,/kudak/

n.

flebas-ebeddegane/

n.

ldinl

n'

chair

J]L

check
checkbook
checking account

t.5:;' 43-J
g;Jb sL">

chemistry
chest
chest (container)

ri: ti-'

7-n

chicken

tr$J

chief
child
children's clothes
China

.si-6,4i
+ll3 +Li

. a . 2 Y

, rrbl
t'

U-'t,,, /sinema,sinema/ n.

circle

ol+*r

lmeydanl

n.

city

Jd

lSahrl

n.

class

(})5

/kelas/

n.

/kar-mend/

n.

/mobteri/

n.

/payin racft-alnf

v.

f sa'etf

n.

flebas/

n.

.L_j5

client

L, 'i^fl^

climb down (to)

clock
clothes

+tl-l,*!
d;L*
Lp,l+!

continue (to)
cook
cook (to)
cooking

45*,

sji,r.J*

flebas foruS-i/
lkotl

lrl
:J

n'

g
t,
5
I
al
o,

n'

/sekke/

n'

/pul-e xord/

n.

lserdl

adi'

4eJ.+4

/mejmu'e/

n'

oiLiigl-:

/dane5-kede/

J-,;rr

.5;J

() orn
J;-,,r'\.o-,;L
drsJ,ri
-/-r+K e+1!l-1
gJt,'iS

lrnngl

n'

lamed-enl \lal\

v'

/serma xord-egi/

n'

/Serkat/

n'

lrayanef,
/kamPiYuter/

n'

/konsert/

s-6-lf j+'t

/rreh-brer-e
orkestr/

-6is
gilr a-cl.t!
jt^t'i

(iiJ i'3+
Leja,5J

n'

n'
n'

&ongo/

n'

/edame dad-an/

v'

lalpezl

n'

/poxt-en/ (lParll

v'

lalpa,z-il

n'
n'

4.lr.tj

lqablemel,
/qableme/

cool

.S-3:'

/xonak/

adi.

coppersmith

/mes-ger/

n.

corridor

-r-Fl-l
4+-,rl

lnhrol

n'

cooking Pot

cinema

clerk

Congo

.Fr-PcAl
d-ds

cost
cough (to)
count (to)

.r'l

OijS 4i-i"

oi-ij
JJiS
(}Ji

country
course
cousin (father's
brother's daughter)

GlossarY

j"ce

ir.t

lhezinel
/sorfe kerd-en/
/Semord-en/
/keSver/
ldarsl
/doxter'remu/

n'
v'
v'
n'
n'
n'

cousin (father's
brother's son)
cousin (father's
sister'sdaughter)
cousin (father's
sister'sson)
cousin (mother's
brother's daughter)

Jte

.}urr

Arc

/doxter'emme/

xlrl

,r;lr -xi

/peser dayi/

cousin (mother's
sister'sdaughter)

aJE -,FJ

/doxtrer xale/

cul-de-sac

alli *^t
r>l_l

aJl}'
dr*i di
O .+ii cul++i

eJ.'
crJS^i:

'!_i:

dining room
n.
dining table

/peser xale/

daughter
duy
day after tomorrow
deaf
dear
decide (to)

decision
deep

+j'al

lvahedl

n.

director

/5olud

adj.

discount

/bon-best/

n.

dishwasher

ff.enian, fenjun/

n.

lpiY

n.

/moSteri/

n.

do (to)
do a task/job (to)

doctor's office

lian,junl

n.

domestic

Itarixl

n.

door

ldoxtarl

n.

downstairs

lruzl

n.

la-,",1+

lpes fa-rdal

adv.

l-i:$ti
ji

/na-5en-ava/

adi.

f'ezizf

adj.

z.l

l__J

l*

!u

-JFii
)J)

Oli-S iJ^.^l
'*
fi^l.a.l

&';e

6JFJLaU

drive around (to)

Itesmiml

n.

dry

lremid

adj.

dry (to)

I
-Tl
o,

fmo'avenf

n.

lsahral

n.

/iebnem/

n.

lsextl

adi.

/5evid/

n.

/salon-enahar
xori/, /otaq-e
nahar xori/

n'

llaml

n.

JHi^

/modir/

n.

, i.rii.-i

ltexfifl

n.

-O$\
sJJ",

/maSin-e zerf
suYV

n'

lJ53
"\;I;-,,3S'r
\, -l l,r

lkerd-nnl(&o"/)
f eniam dad-en/
/doktor/

n.

/doktora/

n.

/matrebb-e
doktor/

n.

ldaxel-il

adi.

ldarl

n.

Ite.beqe-ye
payinl

n.,
adv.

/kre5-id-en/

v.

/nu5-id-eni/

n.

O+li.r

/nu5id-an/

v.

c.ri-r-r=

fxord-rl,nf(lxorll

v.

/gerdeb kerd-en/

v.

/xo5k/

adi.

/xoSk kerd-ren/

v'

Ji
Cl+,\,csa+
oit'x-<
.r+Fi-d
(-l:-)

lLi

-.,3si

drink (to)

qg
6'

fmiz-e nahar xori/ n.

gilr pgl

drink

/dendan pezebk/ n.
n.
lbr;xYtl

jH^

(os) oiJs

draw (to)

drink (to) (colloq.)

/tesmim
gereft-en/

,-iJE

doctor

adj.

tJJ+ 3Ub

JLAII .Ct.6Ul cLgJJtr

cSJJs,:LAU

dinner

Itartkl

date

i:;-1'
,',i.-v.

difficult

doctorate

darling

O;ti
| .;

deputy
desert

D
dark

,Jiri

dill

:::.
customer

OIJIJ

dew

cousin (mother's
brother's son)

crowded

n.

/pesar,emme/
/doxtar dayi/

credit unit

6.ijEl

department
4-ca JiiJ

,r;l.l _)ii.t

cousin (mother's
sister'sson)

dentist

/peser'emu/

OiJS,-6lj3
.S.il
Oi-S.5-,11'

_."---_....,....t".
I

254i
I

Farsi

Glossary

i255
I

during

etfu

lhensaml

encourage (to)
errd

E
each
each other

JA

,'31s*

,-if

ear

art.

lhrerl
lyek-digarl

pro.

lsuxl

n.

earth

6j

lzeminl

n.

east

6&

/meSreq/

n.

/asan, asun/

adi.

lxord-enlU**ll

v.

/eqtesad-i/

adi.

/eqtesad/

n.

easy
eat (to)
economic
economy

Oj'.,l sgL-i
(-l-l=)oi-rF
q9d-^4i!
.tL-ril!

eight

,'r.?.i

lhaitl

num.

eighteen

olrti

lheidahl

num.

labanl

n.

eighth month of the

Persiancalendar
eight hundred
eighty
elbow
elect (to)
elections
electricity
elementary

ol+l
t,.

f.i.i

lE ii

dJi
OiJS tJtiiij
drL'.l3.jiJ

,3i
cr+lTd

/he5t-sed/

num.

/heStad/

num.

laranil

n.

/entexab
kerd-en/

v.

/entexabat/

n.

h*tql

n.

lebteda-yil

adi.

eleven

o:-ll+

lyazdehl

num.

eleventh month of the

Persian calendar

d,{;

/brehmen/

n.

e-mail

f.r^4 6d[.ff
.S+_pj5-I

e-mail (to)

Oij dJ/Jf

employ (to)

OrJS.l ,ri..,1

employee

ri._ltS

engineer
engineering
England
English

Enioy your meal!

enter (to)
entertaining room
enthusiasm
enthusiastic
enthusiastically
envelope

n.

/imeyl zad-enf

v.

ol+!.k$!,;i
{J,-\rii
,r-+lii
,J+64
,s"+I5,1!
lob.d.l,
s.r1i r-;l_e
,rclj+ -OIt.r
6SI

/teSviq kerd-an/

v.

faxerf , fentehaf,
lpayanl

n.

/mohandes/

n.

/rrrohendesi/

n.

/engelis/

n.

/engelis-i/

n.,
adi.

/nu5-e ian!/

idiom

/vared 5od-en/

v.

leitiyaql

n.

/moStad

adi.

/mobtaq-ane/

adv.

/pakat-e name/

n.
n.

olo

t ,t {l n
Lrr

+ltiE i'1'
4-U gts!
4lli.

lmaqalel

evening

-u;

f'esrf

every
examine (to)
excursion
excuse(to)
Excuseme.

exercise (physical)
express
expressway

eye

t
O.JS4-iJ,1
.il-S
O!'?'-'j
.cHnii+f etl$'Llr

ci^itt

(}J+''s!
'li-r}
{it^:!

r&:t

halil

art.

/mo'ayene
kerd-ren/

v.

/gard-e5/

n.

/bax5-id-ary'

v.

/bebexSid,
bebaxiin./

idiom

lvarzell

n.

/eksperes/

n.

lbozorgtahl

n.

lezafel

n.

/daSm/

n.

/surat/

n.

lpaVt4

n.

kerd_
f;;I:rd"/kar-mand/

face
fall

d,;-ra

j#h

tll

g
3tr
5
I
OJ

/salon-e pa:zirayrl n.

essay

extra

limeytl,/post-e
elekteronik/

OiJS 6r"J.ii

fall (to) (rain or snow)

fall down (to)
family

Oru!
Oi-r:: U"j
o.:19.Li.

lbar-id-renl

five hundred

f za-minxord-en/

fix (to)

/xanevade/

flight

ldurl

flower

far

JJJ

fare

4+lJ5

lkerayel

flowerpot

Farsi

,r*rr-;ti

lfars-il

flower shop

fzebano
redebiyat-efars-i/

fluid (fluids)

Farsi languageand
literature
father
father-inlaw
(husband'sfather)
father-inlaw (wife's
father)
fax
fesenjan (meat dish)
fever

crt+il r Ot+j
,r*r-.;ti

J+
-P-r-lt
OJ J+

fiy (to)

lpederl

n.

/pedrer Soher/

n.

fpeder zenf

n.

rri!
olJs d-,]i
ll:st

(.J<
orJS
.+_l-,"tJK

/xore5-efesenjan/ n.

foreign

9J

Ita-bl

n.
n.

fork

n.

form

fianc6(e)

U"Li

f nam-za..df

field

d!$i

ldestl

forgive (to)

lbara-yel

p.

lPt-l

f sa'edf

n.

c+Jl-

lxarej-il

adi.

giJ.?.:.-i
x4.'
CJDU-s.

r}
.
..1..!r
rrrrut
4lr
ol

fifteen

lpanzdr-hl

num.

forty

cJ,e+

fifth month of the

Persiancalendar

.tl.l-.;l

/mordad/

n.

four

Jk+

fifty

o$5

lpeniahl

num.

four hundred

file

o-fr-l-fi

lpa-wendel

n.

fourteen

/por kard-en/

V.

lfiiml

n.

lengoltl

n.

fourth month of the

Persiancalendar

f exrai kerd-en/

v.

France

fire (to)
first
first month of the
Persiancalendar

cr.XKil
OIJSclFi

idil'..JiI
cll-,r:-ll

i.,--lki

.i_rki
r.l,J
J.

ul-Fg

num.

fresh

ferverdin/

n.

Friday

4-4

friend

r.r^.3J

.,ALo

lrl:'al;ril

n.

five

lpa,"il

num.

friendliness

oJu

''{

friendly

Glossary

Ita,ngall

n.

lforml

n.

/xo5-brext-ane/

adv.

Itehell

num.

/drehaa dehar,
dahar/

num.

/dehar-sed/

num.

/dehardah,
dehardah,
dahardah/

num.

Itirl

n.

/feranse/

n.

Itazel

adj.

ljom'el

n.

/dust/

n.

/sremimi-yyret/

n.

/samimi/

adj.

-'

"5+|^.lFarsi

/bax5-id-en/

.l *

f evvalf ,la'vvalinl

fish

n.

n.

fortunately

finger

/gol foruS-i/

lpal

\
.elt

n.

n.

n.

lreltel

film

lgol-danl

lqa,zal

li-e,

4i.&J

oi-,rs-l+

n.

n.

o.:';l-r

fill (to)

leoV

lpu(el

field of study

J l

n.

fpawazkard-en/ v.

q.i cr

for

O1+!4."F1-n

lpewazl

fmaye'f(/maye'at/)n.

foot

forearm

/dorostkrerd-en/ v.

OlJs jl_r*

food

lfeksl, fnama-berf n.

num.

(&b-"u)c/-

folder

-1+.tl,U.,5.i

/pan-sed/

lTl
:J

q96

:t
-ttI
o,

jl

from

OJJ'

fruit

OJJ^ FJ

fruit juice

lerl

p.

lmivel

n.

/ab-emive/

n.

lporl

adi.

go away (to)

-}I
,cj_r-.ejlJ

furniture

..

e ilt

6(JJll^

9JLrl

4iti &til
oJ-,tj

future

go down (to)

Gjs
jt-<

gallery
gas
geography
geometry
get (to)
get a leave (to)
get done (a task/
job) (to)
get elected(to)
get employed (to)
get fired (to)
get fixed (to)
get interviewed (to)
get selected(to)
get solved (to)
girl
give (to)
glass
go (to)

jl$

6l-rilJii.
4*.t).9

(rS)c#-S
LSSdAi'
otrrL?jr
OJ-i cr.lij:!
gr^,i altlj",l

rl$ e l_r-!
OJ-i C-.,]3
gl$ a.s..lr-1

uS +t:Ii
Oi1i.i'Ar
JiiS
(o;) g.rl.r

olc
(-r-r),-F-,

n.

lgatl

n.

oiJs
cS.lJJ, o3S

oiJs
gJr

good

v.

lxubl

adj.

/be morxasiraften/,/morxasi
raft-en/

v.

v J r .

,.r-l5J

jJ"i t1ilh

r--S

/piknik reft-en/
ldolretl

n.

/daneb amuzf

n.

lgeraml

n.

lbozorgl

adj.

t.t

6Jj

a
oJiJ

lnevel

n.

grandfather

l_,r;_l!

/peder bozorgf

n.

grandmother

.(-l-la;L

/mader bozorgf

n.

/morxasi dad-an/

V.

grant a leave (to)

/estexdam 5odaf'l

v.

t
d.4+J'i
,s,.;Lt,O3J
t;3\
,',lii- t .5.i dr

grandchild

/entexab Sod-ren/

/kuh neverd-i
kerd-an/

6rlr.+-i_!

grass

o+

l(.a-ma:nl

n.

r-fi

/memnun/

adj.

ftusif, /xakester-i/

adj.

lbozorgl

adi.

f exrai 5od-an/

v.

grateful

/dorost Sod-an/

v.

Sray

LSJi-ttE

e,r*u J"
S-tt

/mosahebe Sod-en/v.

great

/entexab 5od-en/

v.

Sreen

j+*t

lsebzl

adi.

/bar taref Soda-r'l

v.

ground

&^'j

lza-minl

n.

/post-e znmin-if

n.

ldoxterl

n.

grow (to) (plant)

/ruy-id-en/

V.

ldad-anl (ldell

v.

guidance

/rahnema-yi/

n.

flivanl

n.

lraft-anl (lrofi

v.

l^ul

n.

ground mail

.ir^j 4
U+JJ
6l^bl_,1

H
hair

6lossary

rTl

q9_
6'
5
I
-Tl

OJ
ttl

go on leave (to)

grand

/enjam 5od-en/

v.

inter.

gram

/morxasi gerefta'jnl

/kuh neverd-i
kerd-ren/

fxodahafez.
xodafez.l

grade school student

lgereft-enl (lgnll

v.

.-Lils e-EiL.l,A

government

n.

/payin raft-en/

Good-bye.

go on a picnic (to)

I ioqrafiyal,I ioqrafiI n.
/hendese/

o-6

csrJi

go mountaineering
(to)

n.

lgaleril

,'.-'ii'L'trilJ
v
J v a * 4

go hiking (to)

n.
/evazem-e
rr,a-nzelf,/esas-e
menzelf ,/resas-e
xane/
layendel

fber talraf 5od-

Enl

full

Or-i J'-;L

half (esp.of an hour)

fi|,
LltAeJYti

hall

,', .,,ti

hand
handwriting

L"r

h"pPy

cjt-..,'_li

hard

, t,i.

hat
have (to)
have breakfast (to)
have dinner (to)
he
he (frnl.l
head
headache
hear (to)
heavy
heel
hello

here
Here you are.
herself
herself (fnl.)

hiker
hiking
hill
himself

n.

ldrestl

n.

lxettl

n.

/xo5-haf

adj.

lsextl

adi.

laiul-anel

adv.

lkolahl
/daSt-en/ (ldarl)

history
hit (to)
hold (to)

sgLil A
iJJ-lF
.

/xod-eian,
xod-eSun/

pro.

Itarixl

n.

lzad-anl (lzenll

v.

/negreh-dar-i
kard-en/

v.

lo

GJ'

(oj) oi-r
OIJS 15Jl.l65j

'#41
(cDt+lal)

lte'tillflte'til-at/)

n.

Holland
home

/sobhane xorda-nl

v.

homemaker

rili
e+rt'r
d;lr"
_;f.r+iLr

/holand/

v.

/5am xord en/

v.

lanl,ltl

pro.

/i5an, isun/

pro.

fsarf, fre'isf

n.

/ser derd/

n.

/5enid-en/

V.

/sengrn/

adi.

/paSne-yepa/

n.

lselaml

inter.

lrelol

inter.

t-i

lmorgl

n.

l+j;l

linial

adv.

/befermayid,
befermayin./

idiom

/xod-e5/

pro.

/xod-eban,
xod-e5un/

pro.

/debirestan/

n.

I didn't get it.

.d.ij 4+_il.

/kuh neverd/

n.

/kuh neverd-i/

n.

I don't know.

.rJl$ -# ct

Iteppel

n.

lxod-a6l

pro.

(-rl9 O'ir,l.r
4jlA+.a

O.t;F ru
_el,9i
Or4l ,uL{l
CSt;i..
-l ,;S-t

.r_,f_,;*.r
Oilt, i

o$l
!'s nil!

d:.^
JI

elr..L;i1
.Clr*t--pf

diri
cUL"ijJi

o-dJF
high school

Italarl,lhall

himself (fnl.)

holiday (holidays)

hello (telephone)
hen

..

o)3

UJJF

n.

-.

4jY .+;

hastily

lniml

Oli*.lr"r
.t-lF o:S
cSrJi o-6

4#
drF

hope
hopeful
hospital

rl.f
-,1l:.r*"f

OE*J-+

fxane-darf

n.

lomidl

n.

/omid-var/

adj.

/bimar-estan/

n.

ldaql

adi.

hotel

.Jii

lhotell

n.

4jti

lxanef

n.

J-+

Itetorl

adv.

/5oma&tor?f

idiom

/xo5-vaqt-em/

idiom

Itandtal

n.

/olum-eensani/

n.

lsedl

num.

/derd kerd-en/

v.

lioharl

n.

lmenl

pro.

/motevajjeh
neSodam./

idiom

/man xebrer nadar-em./

idiom

faugar,egef

adv.

How about you?

f r.L - l-,i,i

How do you do?

s#F_p

how many
humanities
hundred
hurt (to)
husband

if

tr+
.fL-iJ .?Jb
,t- .

UIJS rJi
jJ-

+3t,;3t

-9.

fxanef, fmrenzelf n.

tl.

how

-nI
o,

n.

hot

house

rTl
f

q9_

i
---"i.----------"

Glossary

i z6J

I have no idea.

l.'t

.l-)t.:-t _ts

J.
* t ,

in

in a friendly manner

6JJ

4jl4f^-

Oi-r,&LS
rb

include (to)
India
in front of

.GJ)+J)

injured

(fy

inside

clAl'r ':i

insurance
interested
international

44r

lma,n xaber nedar-em./

idiom

ldarl,ltul

p.

/5amel bud-an/

V.

lhendl

n.

/ru-be-ru-ye/

p.

lzaxm-il

adi.

Itul,ldaxell

p.

knee

9t)

n.

knife

-t rLSe.!tr

adi.

know (to)

/relaqe-mand/
lxarej-if,/beyn-olmelel-i/

adi.

/internet/

n.

(-+r )++l

intersection

ol_,r_,rk+ Itehar-rahl

interview (to)
Iran
Iranian

Iraq

d.

OJ_JS4.l5.L;
UJJ.JI egl;l
.f:;l

e,r-rl;l

ol*

.S,.,.,J;S,45i
4jlAj*.il

kitchen
kitchen cabinet

oilaj$i

f.4#ls
.l

(ulr; ir-iuilr

cfrl't

V.

firan, irunf

n.

firani, iruni/

n.,
adi.

laborer
lady

n.

jl ,gl

lanl,
ful

pro.

Italy

$ql
diri

litaliyal

n.

/xod-a5/

pro.

-6-ltS
llLi

lamp
land
lane
language
large

|apan

c{t-l liaponl
-)ts k^rl
o+J* lpar-id-enl

iob
jump (to)
iust

d-,]i

ikapBen/

/dorost/

n.
n.
n.

law (laws)

Farsi

n.

fa(pez-xanef

n.

/kabinet-e aSpez
xane/

n.

lzanul

n.

Itaqul,lkardl

n.

/danest-en/

v.

(ldanll
/dane5/

lkar-garl

n.

tl>+

lteracll

n.

d1t^j
di$

lzeminl

n.

lku&l

n.

OL.j
l_13

lzebanl

n.

lbozorgl

adi.

lpi6l
/tul keb-id-an/

adi.
v.

, .,-.?,JJ

/di-feb/

adv.

.UlE

/qanun/, /qevanin/ n.

.4
jil

learn (to)

O3j

leave of absence

Lr;Aji,

V.

adi.

i$lJl

leader

lesson

z64i

ldekkel,/kiyuski

n.

Oil,i5 d-+L

lawn

l"g

""**"""'--t---^-.

n.

/xanom, xanum/

(Jh

last night

,'t fulS

,tLi

last
last (to)

iacket

/kilu/

J J

I
o,

n.

/mosahebe krerda-nl

feraq,'eraqf

kiosk

/negeh-dar-i
krerd-an/

JS

kilogram

knowledge

it

itself

O1JScrJl{s;

adv.

internet

keep (to)

/semim-ane/

lbimel

rL d)-.c
.,ll,ollip e,r-r.;Lr

rrl
3

qg

.t+

h
gr"Ji

ltremenl

n.

lreh-barl

n.

/yad gereft-ren/

v.

/morxes-i/

n.

lpd

n.

ldarsl

n.

gil.r oj;l

let (to)

4..U

letter

ef'

level

-ll+liS
4jt3".t5

librarian
library

lelazedad-en/

V.

lnamel

n.

lsethl

n.

/ketab-dar/

n.

/ketab-xane/

n.

gir.t-< _,11_,1) fderaz ke5-id-an/

lie down (to)

light
like (to)

Ciih
-Li.

line

lmantol

n.

/tolid kerd-en/

v.

manufacturer

ori'it +l d

/tolid kon-ande/

n.

lbazarl

n.

/foqe lisans/,
/karSenasi-ye
erSad/

n.

/mosabeqe/

n.

lmaddel
(/mevadd/)

n.

s.:l+J
Ctl+.:t+-l

lriyazil

n.

lriyaziyatl

n.

.S:i3

/tobek/

n.

market
master's degree

n.

drr.rjJ

/dust da5t-an/

v.

match

e,-jt-o

lsafl,lxattl

n.

material (materials)

/guS dad-en/,
/gu5 kard-en/

v.

ledebiyatl

n.

mathematics

math

Jljl+
,u'i$.dJ
.c#t+S-ltS
.l.i-ll
4ir-.1";
(3lrn) Dit

ka,l

adi.

mattress

living room

dl^

haV

n.

may

nj..i

lSaya,dl

aux.

/daxel-i/

adi.

maybe

+Li

lsaya,dl

aux.

/negah kard-ren/

v.

mayor

-;l't-:t'i

/5ahr-dar/

n.

lnaharl

n.

meadow

JIJT+

f (aman-zarf

n.

.#lr
OUS "lKi

look (to)

JLatj

lunch

M
machine
magazine
(magazines)

OpSt^o6.3-i
6ta{l+-.) 4:l--/o

\l'

\-.-+

.'4

mail
mail (to)
mailbox
major
make a phone
call (to)
Malaysia
mall
man
managing director

OiJS a.."i
t
'-'vi-

..'

4iiJ

3iriJS o'iB

oii or!;
.tr
L9 jv

jL-k
.r-2.
&te;.r-.

meat

d$i:<

/Sst/

n.

meat sauce

,i"lr-

/xore5/

n.

/resan-e-ha/

n.

ldarul

n.

/motevesset/,
/rasan-e/

adj.

n.
/dest-gaty',/ma5iry'

media

llrreiellelflmaialle n.
ha,mejallat/)

medicine

lpostl

n.

/post kard-en/

v.

la 4iL-J
JJIJ

medium

4jt*,,J.5"-9i.

meeting

dI+

/senduq-epost/

n.

men's clothes

l.3l.r-,p.gr1+.

lreltel

n.

mention (to)

(.,-)+?
+-/lJ

/telefon kerd-en/, v.
/telefon za,d-a,nf
lrrralezll

n.

lpasai.l

n.

lmerdl

n.

/modir amef

n.

clU

message
meticulousness
Me, too.

Mexico

*'i
Clrr
.JJ"+^a * i)^

.!5,

I
Tt
q,
ul

little

local

tTl

qg
vl

OiJs +l-f

l&rad

dlE#i1

literature

"l
*tlL'

manufacture (to)

tle

urJS/uilr,-i-F

listen (to)

v.

manteau (women's
long overall)

lia,lesel
/lebas-e mard-ane/ n.
/herf-e diz-i ra
za"d-e,nf

v.

lpeyaml

n.

/deqqet/

n.

/men hem
hemin-tor./

idiom

/mekzik/

n.

minute

4iii1

mirror

4r+l

mister

lil
+rii3.l

Monday

us
I

money

ldeqiqel

n.

layenel

n.

laqal

n.

/do-5anbe/

lp"U

near

necessary
needy

n.

nephew (brother's child)

oL

lmahl

n.

nephew (sister'schild)

moon

at"

lmahl

n.

never

morning

e+*

lsobhl

n.

new

mother

Ji'.

lmaderl

n.

news

-l.:L

/mader Soher/

n.

newspaper

-$r.i

UJ JIU

mountain

mountaineering
mouth

o3s
-r_.Jj o:s
csUJi oS
UA.! eulii

movie

'lti
l-

movies
Mr.
Mrs.
Ms.
museum
music
must
myself

-u*

caEi
pjlli,iLi
tlLl

fmadar zrenf
k"hl
/kuh navard/
/kuh naverd-i/
/dahan, dehen/
lfiiml

n.

n.

niece (brother's child)

niece (sister'schild)
night

napkin
natural sciences

rlt

y 6+J-i
JBI
+.Lij_l_,r

nine
n.

nine hundred

/berader

zadef

n.

/xaher zadef

n.

/hid-vreqt/

adv.

ljadidl,lnol

adi.

lexbarl

n.

fntznamef

n.

f ayandef , haldl

n.

zadef

n.

/berader

n.

lEa'bl

n.

4:

lnohl

num.

/noh-sed/

num.

6"

num.

lna.va,dl

num.

Jli

lazerl

n.

4.i

lnel

inter.

lne-xeyrf

inter.

3 -,1'.^,

/ser o seda/

n.

trtl&

/5oluq/

adi.

-rcl

lzohrl

n.

/5omaf

n.

lbinil

n.

lxalvatl

adi.

lxelvatl

adi.

f al'anf

adv.

fiomaref,lte'dadl

n.

/prerestar/

n.

laqa-yel

adj.

ninth month of the

persian calendar
no

n.

no (fml.l

oi-r

lmuzel

n.

noise

/musiqi/

n.

noisy

lbayadl

aux.

noon

lxod-eml

pro.

north

dil-3_i
,r-++J" -fJb

adi.

lnuzdehl

/xanom,xanum/

drt#Li

lniyaz-mendl

.Jl

n.

e-,1

adi.

ninety

/xanom,xanum/

+l+
ei-P

llazeml

qr;i

O-r-rJ!l

n.

/sinema,sinema/ n.

,rrll

/xahrer zadef

t-'

nineteen

,iLi.

{.,l*Jn

-!"+ ,o$rj
orfj _,pf_,;
lrlj _JAfJA

n.

1l

name (to)

g!-qle

n.

nose
name

o.tlj _,pl_,;r
lrfj JAIF

next

mother-inlaw
(wife's mother)

mountaineer

rjY
.L-it+

n.

lnazdikl

l).

month

mother-inlaw
(husband'smother)

1!t-r.

J$l
l tr'

,a

Ur,a-^r

.t+ti

not busy

dlJLi
,',il-i,

lesml

n.

not crowded

lnam-id-enl

v.

now

/dast-maf

n.

number

/olum-e tabi'i/

n.

nurse

6lossary

irVl
JfJ*j ,o_,/-,1i

JE*Jr

on
t
I
q,

ourselves

ri"

obvious

d4/"U:

occasion
occupation
(occupations)

dlit^X. .cli,Li
jl

of
office
official (officials)

;3.r ro-;ll!

(ci-ti.) rti^
9F

okay
old
on
one
one another

e.r-o;.:l
"t6a

.GJ)

'5+

jfus;

one hundred

i..o5.+

one thousand

Jl-i+r+

on foot
only
open (to)
open a checking
account (to)
open an account (to)

o\
I

.;_i

orjs jq
L,;
19Jb 9-.r.

oijs j!
''il"l grt^"r
jtjs

open a savings
account (to)

jl$l Un*e-ra.,",r.

ophthalmologist

.5.i'tJ4 . t \ ^r.f,=
t

opposite
orchestra
organization
other

o._rs;t+
*l E. LgJtJ)
Ji"+SJf

ot"jt-'
+!.r._;5;.r

,OL)l=
UJ^JF

/xod-eman,
xod-emun/

q9.
6

/birun-e/

p.

lbala-yel

p.

lporl

n.

/best-e/

n.

ldardl

n.

r-f !

/pa dard/

n.

painter

ui\]ij

/naqqaS/

n.

p.

painting

,r.i15i

/naqqaSi/

n.

num.

Pakistan

,'tE^,Str

/pakestan/

n.

ly"kl

pro.

pants

l{alvarl

n.

lyek-digerl

num.

Pardon me.

/bebrex5id,
bebaxSin./

idiom

/yek-sed/
lyek-hezarl

num.

lparkl

n.

/mailes/

n.

lbex(tl

n.

/mre'lum/

adj.

outside

/monasebet/

n.

over

/5oql/

n.

overpass

lerl

p.

f edaref,ldefterl

n.

lmaqaml
(/meqam-at/)

n.

lxobl

inter.

pain in the leg/foot

lqadimil,/kohne/

adj.

lru-yel

-UJ#
.q9Yl+

4iui

package

r-li

pain

Jlrti
.dl#ir+ e+$i+
.S ttr

park

J 4

lpiyadel

adv.

lfa,qattl

adi.,
adv.

part

fbazkerd-anl

v.

participate (to)

OiJS crsJri

/5erkretkerd-an/ v.

/hesab-e jaribaz
kerd-ren/

v.

pass(to)

(-rK) o3^ii3

lgozalt-anl
(lgozarll

v'

lrah-gozarl

n.

lpisl

adi.

lgozeitel

adi.

lmr-sirl

n.

fbimarf,lmerizl

n'

/pardaxt kardan/, /pul dadEil

v.

/aram-e5/

n.

/aber-epiyade/

n.

/mardom/

n.

parliament

L*I+,Jiri

.14

/hesab baz kerda]nl

V.

/hesab-e pes
endaz baz karda.jr.l

v.

/de5m pezeSk/

n.

passerby

.;J-fn_,1

dri

past

4i.ii3

past (tense)

path
patient
pay (to)

fru-be-ru-yecf,
/moxalef/

p.

/orkestr/

n.

fsazemanf

n.

/digea dige/

adi.

peace
pedestrian
people

Glossary

6Jh#
uHi
,OrJS *ilr;4
6ib jj4
cJir+lJi
oJLs
tQ

2J"

r-rLe

13i

I
'Tl
o,
:1.

t-'

percent

JJ

n.

lEayadl

aux.

prepared

perhaps

+t i

Persian

s-rJl'i

lfarsil

n.

prescription

PersianNew Year

iss-tt

fnoruzf

n.

present (tense)

kesl, lna-fa-rl

n.

presidency

lperul

n.

pharmacist

J>i
jL*3-,1l.r

fdaru-sazf

n.

pharmacy

dl,r3-.;l.l

/daru-xane/

n.

leksl

n.

/eks gereft-ren/

v.

/hal e iesmi/

n.

lpezeikl

n.

lfizikl

n.

/ber da5t-an/

v.

/piknik/

n.

person
Peru

photograph
photograph (to)
physical condition
physician
physics
pick up (to)
picnic

-:iij

cr-t*S

,Jlulr

,fr-S Ur'5Ic
s-'"+ dlt-..(*i

q-*

r-l

.U*q
#"il.r_.;
.$.5+

price

,'i +!

lqeymatl

n.

principal

;J-"

/modir/

n.

/tolid kerd-en/

v.

/tolid kon-ende/

n.

/mahsuf
flmahsulat/)

n.

lostadl

n.

fbarnamef

n.

/ostan/

n.

Oil$3

/kreB_id_en/

v.

6F.ilg

lsozalt-anl
(lgozarll

V.

Ite'dadl

n.

eJ

lrob'l

n.

dri-,

f so'alf

n.

layal

adv.

producer
product (products)

n.

province

n.

pull (to)
put (to)

&obq"V

n.

play
player (players)
(music)

4iE.$+lj
o.rr-il c.r

(ot<rii )

/nama-ye5-name/n.
f nrevaz-rendef

P. O. Box
possession
possible
post
postal code
post office

Farsi

A
,4.c!:.r'.
dL

at*
4
is
"14
{!i. ,i,. -'.

d-..--^
(drY-l..as.)
JE-f
4-Ui
Oti-f

(:t$;

n.
quantity

(/nevaz-ende-

Eann
plenty

OiJS rrl"-f
5 rit'< 5ir5

produce (to)

lbaleil

r,-r.
Li^ii

n.

adj.,
n.

proSram

plate

/riyasret-e
jomhuri/

/pi5 daneigah-i/

pre-university

n.

n.

n.

adj.

lqorsl

fba.rnamef

haU

quarter (esp.of an hour)

lporl

adi.

/senduq-e post-i/

n.

lmall

n.

/momken/

adj.

lpostl

n.

/kod-e post-i/
/post-xane/

question
question particle (yes/no)

JlJ.j
t

l+l

queue

, i-ra

lsa:fl

n.

n.

radio

l$l_l

lradiyol

n.

n.

rain

/baran,barun/

n.

Glossary

O_l_j+ ,Ol_j+

/qebeng/

v-#

4-tj-,1i1

n.

.ft.ii
.retK.gtr gigl

pill

plan

/nosxe/

pretty

professor

lial

CSJJS^J+fr*,,l+J

adi.

n.

n.

l+

dl.-

lamadel

m
:I

/re'is'e jomhur/

leksl

place

4i^"'3

n.

JJs.oi .Lyi))

'{'JF'5Ic

dlt+

o.rLi

lkuze-garl

president (country)

picture

pillow

-l3 '-i-6

potter

/dar sed/

o,
g.

raincoat
read (to)

ul-r-i+'cll-i+
(Ot:=) O$lri
o.rLI

ready
receipt
receiver
recently
recognize (to)
recommend (to)

recommendation

u:+G
o$-JS

"5;u
(,vS)4F:u;i
OijS rta-:-4

$;fu

/baran-i, barun-i/

n.

rock

.*;

duf
ol++

room

fxand-a-nl (lxanll
lamadel

adi.

roundabout

lqebzl

n.

rub (to)

lgir-endel

n.

rug

Itaze-gil

adv.

run (to)

/Senaxt-en/
(/5enas/)

v.

/piSnehad kerdajr]'l

O+rll-

J3.,i-',
o$i

JYL,'

salad

rr"+i

same
/pi5-nehad/

n.
sandal

d'Ji*,

lsangl

n.

lotaql

n.

/meydan/

n.

/mal-id-en/

v.

lferil,lqalil

n.

/dav-id-an/

v.

lsaladl

n.

/hemin-tor/

n.

/sendaf

n.

/sandevid/

n.

16anbel

n.

/hesab-epesandazf

n.

lgoft-enl (lgoll

v.

red

t"E

f qermezf

adi.

rent

4+lJ5

lkerayel

n.

lgozar-e{l

n.

reporter

,i.i#
-"fujir

fxeber-negarf

n.

republic

rsJxrJ+

/iomhur-i/

n.

say (to)

llazeml

adi.

scarf (women's)

6.'AJ)

/ru-ser-i/

n.

frezew kerd-en/

v.

scholar

.riJl;lr

/dane5-mend/

n.

fmenzelf ,
/mehrell-e
eqamet/

n.

scientist

ll.igl.r

/dane5-mend/

n.

lxnttl

n.

lehteraml

n.

liost-enl(liull

v.

lxalvatl

adi.

/dowom/,
/dowomin/

num.

/ordibehe5t/

n.

dii"

/mon5i/

n.

uiri
(,.r*,.)
O+.

lbalxi;l

n.

ldid-enl

v.

/entexab karde,rJl

v.

report

required
reserve (to)
residence

respect
rest (to)

restaurant
restroom

ejY
oiJs r)))
-ij-r. ,d-ll
d;E!
rlJj:!
O1JS,'J-l-ri-l

review (to)
rice dish with beans

/destSuyi/

n.

lnatijel

n.

/morur kerd-en/

V.

/5evid baqela/

n.

/dorost/

adi.

/ab ke5-id-en/

V.

d-']3

river
road

-'J
O'+$S
4rliJy_,;

eJ3-,1

ol-,1eo3$

ilSL

tn-l r-rL"s.
1 . .

(-93)o:$K

L-.1

search (to)

(-n) o$^"+
diJj.

secluded

/esterahet kerda.nl

,r.tyii-.t

oiJs )r-h
Xt++-#

script

UIJJi-J

right (odi.)
rinse (to)

savings account

n.

4++ril

GJJII*,'
4$

Saturday

/resturan/

result

sandwich

6t

3t

second

.pcal

secondmonth of the
Persiancalendar

, ",.?.rC
riJJ_;f

secretary
section
see (to)
select(to)

eplJ

OiJS +l+iJ

lrudl,/rud-xane/

n.

self

JJ6'

lxodl

n.

liaddel,lrahl

n.

semester

?-f

Iterml

n.

lTl
f

qg
.nI
o,

send (to)

sender
send regards (to)

OiE-_p

/ferestad-en/
(/ferest/)

V.

(d-.-,r9)
5 ri1...;i

/ferest-ende/

n.

g.trt-_;

p)-r

(our)
,' ,i i

seven
seven hundred
seventeen

o-ri9
)ea

seventy

rtiia

shave (to)
she

ilj+
o+$lJj
3l ,si

sister
six

/selam resandan/ v.
(lresanl)

/heft-sed/

num.

sixth month of the

Persian calendar

/hefdeh/

num.

lmehrl

n.

sixty
skirt

num.

sleep(to)

adi.

slipper
small

/teraSid-en/

V.

lanl,lul

pro.

sneeze(to)

pro.

snow

4i1.L e+iX

/malafe,melhafe/n.

soccer

shin

\-ou

/saq-epa/

n.

social sciences

ship

,rf^is
cref;*

lke(;til

n.

sock

lpirahenl

n.

soft drink

n.

sole (foot)

n.

some

lmaqazel

n.

some of

/xer-id kerd-ren/

v.

someone

fmaqaze-darf

n.

son

/kutah/

adj.

soon

lSortl

n.

sore throat

shop
shop (to)
shopkeeper
short
shorts
show (to)
shower
sick person

oj6

OiJs +J-i
_;lr o_,;ti...o

ouJs
CJ rJr.rt

gil.: gl,i;
uFlr

u4i,JL+

lkeffai-il

,"JFl
rS-. JS

OiJS 4&,
ei_;

dt$j
cPf+i -?-b
*lJ-r+

/SeS/

num.

ru
-

w t

lkurel

n.

special

f emza'f

n.

spectator

letl

p.

spoon

6lossary

l1estl

num.

ldamenl

n.

/xabid-ren/

V.

/dem-pa-yi/

n.

/kudek/

adi.

/etse kerd-en/

v.

lbarfl

n.

lfutball

n.

/nu5-abe/

n.

q ers

lkef-epal

n.

lkam-il

adv.

lqedri ezl

art.

lkasil

pro.

lpeserl

n.

lbezudil

adv.

/gelu derd/

n.

lsedal

n.

ljonubl,lienubl

n.

/espaniya/

n.

lherf zr'd-acnf

v.

lxassl

adj.

/tamaSa-ger/

n.

lqaioql

n.

.,/3
jl csJ$
"*"S
)-4
c.9j;j

r-i J3

Oij.i>Lr.li

-Fuu
dlit!

q9_
5
I
-Tl

g.

/olum-eeitema'i/ n.

tuu-d

n.

4-: cS
4 J

n.

n.

fbimarf,lmrerizl

side street

/Sehrivrer/

ljurabl

Spain
speak (to)

Farsi

O+lF

n.

/d"V

n.

jl

irl.l

qrA
l$h*l

Itara:fl

since

'.i

south

,-iJE

el-,:.j

,.,.

l\r.

V.

side

signature

JJIJF^i

sound

/neian dad-en/

t v

num.

sheet (linen)

shoe store

lianzdahl

num.

ka-fll

LPt+,t

n.

/Se5_sad/

/i5an, isun/

uifi
,s-i153

&

lxaharl

o.r;it i

Or+l ,oLfol

shoe

n.

num.

lheftl

Itandinl

.pfF

rYt
5

l^q l

r-. .?,,i.

sixteen

lheftadl

t^il

six hundred

she (fml.l

shirt

r;i

seventh month of the

Persiancalendar

several

276i

i.

sir

i--

1
zt7
i

sport
spouse

cili:

fva,rzeif

n.

-;rt.oil

/hemser/

n.

lbeharl

n.

Itambrl

n.

/ist-ad-an/

v.

take (a course) (to)

/eqamat kerd
-a,nl

v.

take (time) (to)

liurabl

n.

spring

Jh

-#

stamp
stand (to)
stay (to)

stocking

(dr.,JD O$i-Jl
O1JS d'^li!
'r'lJJ+

tablespoon

take (to)

/5ekem/

n.

stone

.ff-,

lsengl

n.

/foru5-gah/

n.

loiaql

n.

/mostaqim/

adi.,
adv.

stove
straight
street
street line
stroll (to)
success
successful
suggestion
suit
suitcase
summer

Sunday

ilf-irJ:i
6l'+f
dfiJ
O_*l+=euL.l+i
,r.iS J*i

c.rij es
,.,i;"Go
-U" t
c-c
Ol

rk:-,fi
Jl-tLi 3 '''t

6l-rq
OA.ll roE-alE
4ii.iS+

take a bath (to)

/xet keSi/

n.

/qadrem zacd-anf v.
/moveffeq-iyyatl

n.

lmova,ffacd

adj.

/pi5-nahad/

n.

/kot o Selvar/

n.

/demedan/

n.

/tabestan,
tabestun/

n.

/yek-5enbe/

n.

a;:

lzremin-il

adi.

sweet

OJJ*-t

lEirinl

adi.,
n,

/5ena kerd-en/

v.

lSenal

n.

/semfoni/

n.

OiJs tij
l! I
ll^r

swimming
symphony

.,.
dJf.*.

u^

take a picture (to)

take a shortcut (to)

19 'Jihi

.6lil!

,Fil,r;x
Oil'x,<dlt

,(rS)cfi-S

, ('r) Oi-r+
oiJs Jj';
/o..F eh
dr$-S
,f-#,J6i
Oi-l f

Ot+"

/xiyaban, xiyabun/ n.

surface

swim (to)

table

stomach

store

lTl

qg

take a shower (to)

OIi-S cFl.t

take a trip (to)

tCit-isc.'d
c;3a)

take part (to)

OiJS dis_.,;rii
(J-F fl-reuij l-)
OiJS'"-r-''

talk (to)

tall

.rli

taxi

.'..Sll

tea

C,b
6.tl.rr!

teach (to)
teacher
teaspoon
Tehran
telephone
television
ten

Glossary

a[l ,-,ptK-,p,.i

lmizl

n.

/qaSoq-eqezaxor-i/

n.

/bar dalt-ren/

V.

/tul ke5-id-en/

v.

lgereft-anl (lgirl),
lbord-anl \hn l\,
/masref kerda'nl

v.

/hemmam kerden, hemmam

gereft-en/
/eks gereft-en/

V,

/miyan bor zada-nl

v.

/du5 gereft en/

v.

/mosaferat
kerden,
mosaferat
raftren/

v.

/Serkat kerd-en/

v.

fharf-e (iz-i ra
za,d-enf,/sohbat
kerd-an/

v.

/bolend/

adi.

/taksii

n.

lhyl

n'

lyaddad-enl

v.

f amtz-garf,
/mo'ellem/

n.

/qa5oq-e day-xor-i/ n.

caJr!"b.dliti
olJi

o:tF
0r^"r"-#
oi

/tehran/

n.

Itelefonl

n.

Iteleviziyunl

n.

ldahl

num.

I
at
o
t,

tenth month of the

Persian calendar

(Jt

term

?))
ss*,l)^

Thanks.

.1-fi

Thank you.

Ui L:i g!"i
,ei3- /$fj
.rJ5l'1111:

n.

ldeyl

Iterml

n.

fmersi.f,
/memnun./

inter.

/dest-e Soma
derd nekon-ed
nekon-e./,

idiom

oI

lanl

art.

that (coni,l

4s

kel

coni.

fte'atrf

n.

/xod-e5an, xodeSun/

pro.

theater

al

.OtitF
oir-p

themselves

l+

then
there

t+rll ,t+iJ

t+tl
! -.tl-l

they
thigh
thing
think (to)
third

third month of the

Persian calendar
thirteen
thirty
this
thousand
three
tiiree hundred

,t

.)l+r

oiJs -*i

.rhjs

n.

UI

ol-&

fonvanf

n.

o,
ttr

E,{

lbel,ltal

p.

femruzf

adv.

pa/
/rengo5t-e

n.

d.ll-il

/tovalet/

n.

tomorrow

la-r,

lfardal

adv.

tongue

ol.lj

lzebanl

n.

halml

adv.

title
to

toe

adj.

fania,unia/

adv.

lanhal

pro.

lran<pal

n.

Itizl

n.

fekr kerd-an/

v.

/sew-om/,/sewomin/

num.

lxordadl

n.

too
tooth
toothbrush

osjP
dI

ir*l
Jljn
4.\rl

t'i'*

J3

thumb

,',...t.i.

4+r-ii+

)J-) !
li gr.isll

*
egl.Ili
O_lJr.t
.5lJr^"r.

)-F

tour
tourist
traditional
traffic light

train
travel
travel (to)

t't"rlj

c#

si^iAlJ.tl>t
_,[Li
cr-.;s-l-d,j'ii*
,OiJS c,-,;'l,tJ.

lsizdehl

num.

traveler's check

lsil

num.

tree

linl

art.

trigonometry

lhezarl

num.

trip

l"el

num.

/si-sed/

num.

lgelul

n.

/Srest/

n.

/peni-5anbe/

n.

Tuesday
turn (to)
twelfth month of the
Persian calendar

Glossary

,J'

'iL-i

U+A
-+
c;>1.
c_ll
r tt'lgJ\-l-l--l^

t'

d.-1,9ti,j1,
e+ili u'
O+Fr-i
\i'i.,.1

/mesvak/

n.

Itrnl

n.

/turist/

n.

/sonnet-i/

adj.

/deraq-e rahnema-yi/

n.

lqretarl

n.

fse,fa.lrf,
/mosaferret/

n.

/mosaferet karden/, /mosaferet

ra,ftalnf

v.

/mosafer/

n.

/dek-e mosafer-i/

n.

lderextl

n.

/mosallresat/

n.

fsa'ferf,
/mosaferet/

n.

/se-5renbe/

n.

/pid-id-ren/

v.

lesfendl

qg
I

/dendan, drendun/n.

o6 'l

OliJd.,-.1r,s1','x
traveler

throat

Thursday

ha-'dl

.ta

Ut J# 3l +u

fzamanf

time

toilet

that

n.

today

/moto5akkeraJm.l

.tc! / d+l+
ot"j

lbelitl

ticket

twelve

o.l_11_9.r fievazdehl
r'r,v+i
lbistl

twenty
two

yJ

two hundred

drrll.g)

num.

very well

num.

video

ldol

num.

view

/devist/

num.

village
visit (to)

voice
uncle (father's brother)

_*

f'emuf

n.

vote

uncle (mother's brother)

csJlJ

ldayil

n.

vote (to)

under

)t)

lzir-el

p.

fzir-gozerf

n.

lzir-piraha'n-il

n.

waiting

n.

wake up (to)

underpass

_lK-r..-.1

undershirt

sJ-tfJHdJHj

underwear

ci_lr.+i

lzir-puil

unfortunately

4jti!9.

/mote'essef.-anefadv.

university

ol3.gl.l

/dane5-gah/

n.

university student

_n,il.ll.t

/dane5-ju/

n.

It^l

p.

until
upstairs

Yl+ -,g ai.'t

Itabeqe-yebalal n.,

use (to)

OiJS,-!J.lltr:
OijS,-iJd.

/teSviq kard-en/ v.
/mesref karda-nl

/besiyar xob/

inter.

lvidiyol

n'

o_;Li.

fmanzeref

n.

B--l-l

/rusta/

n.

/did-ren kard-en/

v'

lsedal

n.

lra-'yl

n'

fra'y dad-anl

v.

fmontnzerf

adi.

f ezxab bolend
5od-an/

v.

:*.1*-l

Oi_rSO+r
l9a

,sl,s
gilr s1-1

walk (to)
walk around (to)
walnut
want (to)
warm
wash (to)

V.

washing machine

l' *"
-J5Jl.

O$ $li qrlF jl
1..lji-,1'l-l

O1JS,-6tj3
JJ.6
("lri) Oi-,lF

?i3
(crts) C-3
o"U,OJ.tltr+J_

watch
vacation (vacations)
valley
vase

vast
vegetable(vegetables)

dJl"'-l
(s\tt.l)
OJJ

Ita'till flte'til-at/) n.

watch (to)

sal*,,
,gi-.f 'K;
O1J5 t,iti

lrahraft-nnl

v.

/gerdeS kerd-en/

v.

lgerdul

n.

/xast-mn/ (/*aU

aux.,
v.

lgarml

adi.

/5ost-an/ (/5"Y/)

v.

/maSin-elebas
Suyi/

n.

f sa'r'ltf

n.

/negah kerd-en/,
/temaSa kerda-nl

v.

ldarrel

n.

water

,-rj

l^bl

n.

ohK

lgol-danl

n.

way

olJ

lrahl

n.

e".lr

fva'si'f

adi.

we

lmal

pro.

lsabz-il(lsnbzi-jatll

n.

wear (to) (clothes)

/pu5-id-en/

v.

cgji(.:rl+""-,11-)

vehicle

Cbr$t-

/ma5in/

n.

very

,J+r

lxeylil

adi.,
adv.

weave (to)

oil$:i

(.i!) o31+

lbaf-t-enl(hatfl

website

C+L- *"1

lveb saytl

n.

WednesdaY

4+fiJt{"

/dahar-5anbe/

n.

6lossary

m
J

-nI
o
g.

adv.
urge (to)

..+FJb*l

4ii-6

week
weekend

4$i JFri

,li:

weight
west

+JiJ

what

'q+
.;

when
when

"Si
l+3

where

drl'+

which (in order)

white
who
why
wife

+tt+^,
+;
.-5 ,aS e
"."S
l-rr+
,P;ll- tiLi
Uu,lA

c;)

wife (infml.l
wilderness

O-lr.t+,OL.l+i

window
winter
winter coat

woman
women's clothes
work
work (to)
workday
working hours
world
wound
wounded
wrist
write (to)

yard

lvaznl

n.

yeah (yes)

lmeqrebl

n.

lli, &l

oj

larel

ilrl.'l

year

d*,t

lsall

il

pro.

yellow

r-li

lzerdl

arl;

kyl

adv.

yes

4!i

lbelel

arlv.

lva,qtil

conj.

yes (to a negative question)

l_lq

Iteral

inter.

koial

adv.

yesterdaY

JJJiJ

ldi-ruzl

adv.

/dend-om-in/

adi.

yogurt

dJ-tU

/mast/

n.

/sefid/

adi.

yogurt drink

L-r

ld"ql

n.

l&ka'sil, k",kil

pro.

you (p/.)

L.i

/5oma/

pro.

l&ral

adv.

you (sg.)

Itol

pro.

/xahe5mi-kona,m,l

idiom

/xanom,xanum/, n.
/hemsrer/
lzanl

n.

fbiyaban,biyabun/n.

lpaltol

n.

!
0')

h^l

p.

lzenl

n.

l+3
FJ
cfJ
(J.uJ _e.e

$
;,

ll

.]lL

dreL^.r

.Ll+-

lheyarl

n.

4iuj _uqJ
_,f5
oi-,r3-iS
csJsJ-r-)
6JlS

n.

fzemestanf

with

f axrer-ehefte/

n.

OE""4j

n.

lpenjerel

".t++

l}lra'lftel

You'rewelcome.

-i
.tis

cr' oi'.tlF
driJi

yourself

yourself(sg.fut)

O-frF ,UUfui

yourselves

o-frF

6OB)Ji

t-

tI

lxod-etl

pro.

/xod-etan,xodetun/

pro.

/xod-etan,xodetun/

lsefrl

num.

/ebas-ezan-anef n.
kurl

n.

/kar krerden/

V.

fnv-e kar-i/

n.

/sa'et-ekar-i/

n.

ldonyal

n.

lzexml

n.

lzexm-il

adj.

/mod-edest/

n.

(o-":,.)
o*U ,ilffi;i"

-t-***
Glossary

i 285
I