NHNG KIN THC C BN V KHNG KH

NHNG KIN THC C

BN V KHNG KH
Bi:
V Ch Chnh

NHNG KIN THC C BN V KHNG KH

iu ha khng kh l k thut to ra v duy tr iu kin vi kh hu thch hp vi con
ngi v cng ngh ca cc qu trnh sn xut.
c th i su nghin cu k thut iu ho khng kh trc ht chng ti s lc cc
tnh cht nhit ng c bn ca khng kh m.
KHNG KH M
Khng kh xung quanh chng ta l hn hp ca nhiu cht kh, ch yu l nito v oxi
ngoi ra cn mt lng nh cc kh tr, cacbonnic, hi nc . . .
- Khng kh kh : Khng kh khng cha hi nc gi l khng kh kh.Trong cc tnh
ton thng khng kh kh c coi l kh l tng.
Thnh phn ca cc cht trong khng kh kh c phn theo t l sau :

- Khng kh m : Khng kh c cha hi nc gi l khng kh m. Trong t nhin

khng c khng kh kh tuyt i m ton l khng kh m. Khng kh m c chia ra
:

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NHNG KIN THC C BN V KHNG KH

+ Khng kh m cha bo ha : L trng thi m hi nc cn c th bay hi thm vo

c trong khng kh.
+ Khng kh m bo ha : L trng thi m hi nc trong khng kh t ti a v
khng th bay hi thm vo c. Nu bay hi thm vo bao nhiu th c by nhiu
hi m ngng t li.
+ Khng kh m qu bo ha : L khng kh m bo ha v cn cha thm mt lng
hi nc nht nh. Tuy nhin trng thi qu bo ho l trng thi khng n nh m
c xu hng bin i n trng thi bo ho do lng hi nc d b tch dn ra khi
khng kh . V d nh sng m l khng kh qu bo ha.
Tnh cht vt l v nh hng ca khng kh n cm gic con ngi ph thuc nhiu
vo lng hi nc tn ti trong khng kh.
CC THNG S CA KHNG KH M
p sut.
Ap sut khng kh thng c gi l kh p. K hiu l B. Ni chung gi tr B thay i
theo khng gian v thi gian. Tuy nhin trong k thut iu ha khng kh gi tr chnh
lch khng ln c th b qua v ngi ta coi B khng i. Trong tnh ton ngi ta ly
trng thi tiu chun Bo = 760 mmHg .
th I-d ca khng kh m thng c xy dng p sut B = 745mmHg v Bo =
760mmHg .
Khi lng ring v th tch ring.
Khi lng ring ca khng kh l khi lng ca mt n v th tch khng kh . K
hiu l , n v kg/m3 .
i lng nghch o ca khi lng ring l th tch ring. K hiu l v

Khi lng ring v th tch ring l hai thng s ph thuc.

Khi lng ring thay i theo nhit v kh p. Tuy nhin cng nh p sut s thay
i ca khi lng ring ca khng kh trong thc t k thut khng ln nn ngi ta
ly khng i iu kin tiu chun : Bo = 20oC v B = B0 = 760mmHg : = 1,2 kg/
m3
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NHNG KIN THC C BN V KHNG KH

m
m tuyt i .

L khi lng hi m trong 1m3 khng kh m. Gi s trong V (m3) khng kh m c

cha Gh (kg) hi nc th m tuyt i k hiu l h c tnh nh sau :

V hi nc trong khng kh c th coi l kh l tng nn

trong :
Ph - Phn p sut ca hi nc trong khng kh cha bo ho, N/m2
Rh - Hng s ca hi nc Rh = 462 J/kg.d k
T - Nhit tuyt i ca khng kh m, tc cng l nhit ca hi nc do k,
m tng i.

m tng i ca khng kh m , k hiu l phi (%) l t s gia m tuyt i Ph

ca khng kh vi m bo ha Pmax cng nhit vi trng thi cho.

Hay:

m tng i biu th mc cha hi nc trong khng kh m so vi khng kh

m bo ha cng nhit .
Khi fi= 0 l trng thi khng kh kh.

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NHNG KIN THC C BN V KHNG KH

0 < phi < 100 l trng thi khng kh m cha bo ho.

phi= 100 l trng thi khng kh m bo ha.
- m fil i lng rt quan trng ca khng kh m c nh hng nhiu n cm
gic ca con ngi v kh nng s dng khng kh sy cc vt phm.
- m tng i fic th xc nh bng cng thc, hoc o bng m k . m k l
thit b o gm 2 nhit k : mt nhit k kh v mt nhit k t. Nhit k t c bu
bc vi thm nc hi nc thm vi bc xung quanh bu nhit k khi bc hi
vo khng kh s ly nhit ca bu nhit k nn nhit bu gim xung bng nhit
nhit k t t ng vi trng thi khng kh bn ngoi. Khi m tng i b , cng
bc hi cng mnh, chnh nhit gia 2 nhit k cng cao. Do chnh nhit
gia 2 nhit k ph thuc vo m tng i v n c s dng lm c s xc
nh m tng i phi. Khi phi =100%, qu trnh bc hi ngng v nhit ca 2
nhit k bng nhau.
Dung m ( cha hi).
Dung m hay cn gi l cha hi, c k hiu l d l lng hi m cha trong 1 kg
khng kh kh.

- Gh : Khi lng hi nc cha trong khng kh, kg

- Gk : Khi lng khng kh kh, kg

Ta c quan h:
Sau khi thay R = 8314/ ta c

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NHNG KIN THC C BN V KHNG KH

Nhit .
Nhit l i lng biu th mc nng lnh. y l yu t nh hng ln nht n
cm gic ca con ngi. Trong k thut iu ha khng kh ngi ta thng s dng 2
thang nhit l C v F. i vi mt trng thi khng kh nht nh no ngoi
nhit thc ca n trong k thut cn c 2 gi tr nhit c nh hng nhiu n cc
h thng v thit b l nhit im sng v nhit nhit k t.
- Nhit im sng: Khi lm lnh khng kh nhng gi nguyn dung m d (hoc
phn p sut ph) ti nhit ts no hi nc trong khng kh bt u ngng t thnh
nc bo ha. Nhit ts gi l nhit im sng.
Nh vy nhit im sng ca mt trng thi bt k no l nhit ng vi trng
thi bo ha v c dung m bng dung m ca trng thi cho. Hay ni cch khc nhit
im sng l nhit bo ha ca hi nc ng vi phn p sut ph cho. T y
ta thy gia ts v d c mi quan h ph thuc.
- Nhit nhit k t : Khi cho hi nc bay hi on nhit vo khng kh cha bo
ha (I=const) . Nhit ca khng kh s gim dn trong khi m tng i tng ln.
Ti trng thi phifi= 100% qu trnh bay hi chm dt. Nhit ng vi trng thi bo
ho cui cng ny gi l nhit nhit nhit k t v k hiu l t . Ngi ta gi
nhit nhit k t l v n c xc nh bng nhit k c bu thm t nc.
Nh vy nhit nhit k t ca mt trng thi l nhit ng vi trng thi bo ha
v c entanpi I bng entanpi ca trng thi cho. Gia entanpi I v nhit nhit k
t t c mi quan h ph thuc. Trn thc t ta c th o c nhit nhit k t
ca trng thi khng kh hin thi l nhit trn b mt thong ca nc.
Entanpi
Entanpi ca khng kh m bng entanpi ca khng kh kh v ca hi nc cha trong
n.
Entanpi ca khng kh m c tnh cho 1 kg khng kh kh. Ta c cng thc:

Trong :
Cpk - Nhit dung ring ng p ca khng kh kh Cpk = 1,005 kJ/kg.oC

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NHNG KIN THC C BN V KHNG KH

Cph - Nhit dung ring ng p ca hi nc 0oC : Cph = 1,84 kJ/kg.oC

ro - Nhit n ha hi ca nc 0oC : ro = 2500 kJ/kg
Nh vy:

(1-10)
TH I-d V t-d CA KHNG KH M
th I-d.
th I-d biu th mi quan h ca cc i lng t,phi, I, d v Pbh ca khng kh m
. th c gio s L.K.Ramzin (Nga) xy dng nm 1918 v sau c gio s
Mollier (c) lp nm 1923. Nh th ny ta c th xc nh c tt c cc thng s
cn li ca khng kh m khi bit 2 thng s bt k . th I-d thng c cc nc
ng u v Lin x (c) s dng.
th I-d c xy dng p sut kh quyn 745mmHg v 760mmHg.
th gm 2 trc I v d nghing vi nhau mt gc 135o. Mc ch xy dng cc trc
nghing mt gc 135o l nhm lm gin khong cch gia cc ng cong tham s
thun li cho vic tra cu.
Trn th ny cc ng I = const nghing vi trc honh mt gc 135o, ng d =
const l nhng ng thng ng. i vi th I-d c xy dng theo cch trn cho
thy cc ng tham s hu nh ch nm trn gc 1/4 th nht .V vy, hnh v c
gn ngi ta xoay trc d li vung gc vi trc I m vn gi nguyn cc ng cong
nh biu din, tuy nhin khi tra cu entanpi I ca khng kh ta vn tra theo ng
nghing vi trc honh mt gc 135o.
Trn th I-d cc ng ng nhit t=const l nhng ng thng chch ln trn , cc
ng phi = const l nhng ng cong li, cng ln trn khong cch gia chng cng
xa. Cc ng phi = const khng ct nhau v khng i qua gc to . i t trn xung
di m phi cng tng. ng cong phi =100% hay cn gi l ng bo ho ngn
cch gia 2 vng : Vng cha bo ho v vng ngng kt hay cn gi l vng sng m.
Cc im nm trong vng sng m thng khng n nh m c xung hng ngng
kt bt hi nc v chuyn v trng thi bo ho .
Khi p sut kh quyn thay i th th I-d cng thay i theo. p sut kh quyn thay
i trong khong 20mmHg th s thay i l khng ng k.
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NHNG KIN THC C BN V KHNG KH

Trn hnh 1.1 l th I-d ca khng kh m , xy dng p sut kh quyn B0=

760mmHg. Trn th ny xung quanh cn c v thm cc ng epxilon=const gip
cho tra cu cc s tun hon khng kh trong chng 4.
Hnh 1.1 : th I-d ca khng kh m
th d-t.
th d-t c cc nc Anh, M , Nht, c ...vv s dng rt nhiu
th d-t c 2 trc d v t vung gc vi nhau , cn cc ng ng entanpi I=const to
thnh gc 135o so vi trc t. Cc ng fi= const l nhng ng cong tng t nh
trn th I-d. C th coi th d-t l hnh nh ca th I-d qua mt gng phn chiu.
Hnh 1.2 : th t-d ca khng kh m

th d-t chnh l th t-d khi xoay 90o , c Carrrier xy dng nm 1919 nn thng
c gi l th Carrier.
Trc tung l cha hi d (g/kg), bn cnh l h s nhit hin SHF (Sensible)
Trc honh l nhit nhit k kh t ( c)
Trn th c cc ng tham s
- ng I=const to vi trc honh mt gc 135. Cc gi tr entanpi ca khng kh
cho tbn cnh ng phi=100%, n v kJ/kg khng kh kh
- ng phi=const l nhng ng cong lm, cng i ln pha trn (d tng) phi cng
ln. Trn ng phi=100% l vng sng m.
- ng th tch ring v = const l nhng ng thng nghing song song vi nhau, n
v m3/kg khng kh kh.
- Ngoi ra trn th cn c ng l ng hiu chnh entanpi (s sai lch gia entanpi
khng kh bo ho v cha bo ho)
MT S QU TRNH C BN TRN TH I-d
Qu trnh thay i trng thi ca khng kh .
Qu trnh thay i trng thi ca khng kh m t trng thi A (Ta, phi a) n B (Tb,phi
b) c biu th bng on thng AB, mi tn ch chiu qu trnh gi l tia qu trnh.
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NHNG KIN THC C BN V KHNG KH

Hnh 1.3 : ngha hnh hc ca

gi l h s gc tia ca qu trnh AB
Ta hy xt ngha hnh hc ca h s

K hiu gc gia tia AB vi ng nm ngang l anfa. Ta c

Trong m, n l t l xch ca cc trc to .

T y ta c

Nh vy trn trc to I-d c th xc nh tia AB thng qua gi tr

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NHNG KIN THC C BN V KHNG KH

tin cho vic s dng trn th ngoi bin ngi ta v thm cc ng

= const . Cc ng
= const c cc tnh cht sau :
- H s gc tia phn nh hng ca qu trnh AB, mi qu trnh epxilomc mt gi tr
nht nh.
- Cc ng epxilomc tr s nh nhau th song song vi nhau.
- Tt c cc ng epxilomu i qua gc ta (I=0 v d=0).
Qu trnh ha trn hai dng khng kh.
Trong k thut iu ha khng kh ngi ta thng gp cc qu trnh ha trn 2 dng
khng kh cc trng thi khc nhau t c mt trng thi cn thit. Qu trnh ny
gi l qu trnh ho trn.
Gi s ha trn mt lng khng kh trng thi A(Ia,Da) c khi lng phn kh l
LA vi mt lng khng kh trng thi B(Ib, Db) c khi lng phn kh l Lb v thu
c mt lng khng kh trng thi C(Ic,Dc) c khi lng phn kh l LC. Ta xc
nh cc thng s ca trng thi ho trn C.

Hnh 1.4 : Qu trnh ho trn trn th I-d

Ta c cc phng trnh:

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NHNG KIN THC C BN V KHNG KH

- Cn bng khi lng

(1-11)
- Cn bng m

(1-12)
- Cn bng nhit

(1-13)
Th (a) vo (b), (c) v tr theo v ta c :

Hay

(1-14)
T biu thc ny ta rt ra:

(1-15)
- Phng trnh (1-14) l cc phng trnh ng thng AC v BC, cc ng thng ny
c cng h s gc tia v chung im C nn ba im A, B, C thng hng. im C nm
trn on AB.
- Theo phng trnh (1-15) suy ra im C nm trn AB v chia on AB theo t l
LB/LA
Trng thi C c xc nh nh sau :

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NHNG KIN THC C BN V KHNG KH

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