Bi vit CCNP QoS

Tc gi: ng Quang Minh

I. NHU CU V QOS V CC M HNH QOS:

1.1. Nhu cu v QoS:

Theo truyn thng, khi nhu cu v bng thng tng ln, hin tng nghn mng c
th x y ra. Ta c th gii quyt bng cch tng bng thng kt ni hoc dng thit b
phn cng khc thay th. Nhc im cch ny l khng ch ra cch thc u tin
mt loi traffic ny so vi mt traffic khc.

QoS l mt cng c tng th c dng bo v, u tin mt s traffic quan trng

hoc cc traffic i hi x l nhanh v thi gian. QoS s m t cch thc packet c
chuyn mch (forward) nh th no.

Cc ng dng khc nhau s c cc nhu cu khc nhau cho vic truyn d liu. V d
web, video, audio

Khi mt packets i t host ny n host kia, mt gi tin (packet) c th gp cc vn

:

Delay: do routers x l tm kim trong bng routing table, thi gian packet truyn trn
ng truyn.
Jitter: cc packets khng n ng nh thi gian d nh. Cc d liu dng audio s b
nh hng nhiu bi vn ny.
Loss: mt packets

1.2. Cc m hnh QoS:

BEST-EFFORT DELIVERY:

Mt network ch n thun forward nhng packets m n nhn c.

Switch v routers ch c gng ht sc (best-effort) forward packets i m khng
bn tm n kiu ca traffic hay u tin ca dch v.

INTEGRATED SERVICE MODEL

Sp xp ng i trc t ngun n ch cho cc d liu c u tin.

RSVP (RFC 1633) l mt protocol dng ny.

RSVP s yu cu trc bng thng v gi (reserve) bw trn c ng i t ngun

n ch.

Mi thit b mng trn ng i phi kim tra xem n c th h tr cho yu cu trn

hay khng. Khi yu cu ti thiu c p ng, ng dng ngun s c thng bo xc
nhn. Sau , ng dng c th s dng ng truyn.

DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES MODEL

Gii php IntServ t ra khng hiu qu v khng c kh nng m rng khi nhiu
source phi cnh tranh vi nhau v bng thng.

Trong gii php differentiated, mi routers v switch s qun l packets ring l.

Mi routers s c mt chnh sch ring qun l v s t quyt nh cch thc chuyn
packet theo cch ring.

IntServ s qun l theo kiu per-flow, trong khi Difserv s qun l theo kiu per-

hop.
-

Diffserv s quyt nh chnh sch QoS da vo cu trc ca gi IP.

Course switching s tp trung vo Diffserv.

II. DIFFSERV QOS

Mi router v switch s kim tra packets quyt nh s fw packet nh th no.

i vi packets, n ch n thun gn vi thng s vo header. Cc thng s c th
l phn loi (classifications, marking)Packet s gi s routers v switch bit cch
handle n.
Vic phn loi c th din ra Layer-2 hoc Layer-3
Layer2: Thng thng, mt layer frame s khng c trng( field ) no phn loi
frame. Tuy nhin, khi frame c truyn gia switch v switch, frame c th c
phn loi da vo CoS.

CoS: c dng trn ng trunk switch-switch.

Hai kiu trunking s qun l gi tr CoS ny rt khc nhau:

ISL: 4 bit user-id s c dng ch ra gi tr CoS ca frame.

Dot1q: user-field s c dng ch ra gi tr CoS. Cc frame t native vlan s nhn
gi tr CoS mc nh.
Layer3: DSCP.

2.1. Class of services:

Trn ng trunking, frame c thm vo tagging.

Dot1q: mi frame c thm vo 12-bit vlan-id v mt field gm 3 bit ch ra

u tin. Nhng frame n t native-vlan s c cu hnh gi tr mc nh.

-

ISL: c 4 bit trong user-field. Dng 3 bit thp nht gn priority.

2.2. Layer 3 DSCP:

Dng Tos trong ip datagram

Gi tr DSCP c cng v tr trong header ging nh TOS nhng s c din dch
khc.
Xem thm bng chuyn i trong gio trnh.

III. TH T CC TC V QOS C THC HIN:

3.1 Ingress queue:

Phn ln switch c hai dng queue: standard v priority queue

Nhng packets vi u tin = 5 s c phc v trc

Course bcmsn ko kho st k phn ny.

3.2. Phn loi, trust v marking:

Qu trnh phn loi packets c th da trn tcp/udp hoc cc c ch phc tp khc.

Frame c th mang nhiu gi tr CoS, ToS, DSCPSwitch s quyt nh l s dng
(tin) trust gi tr no.
C th cu hnh switch nh du hoc thay i cc gi tr QoS ny.

3.3. Policers:

Vic gii hn bng thng thc hin bi policers

Sau khi packet c phn loi, ta c th cu hnh switch gii hn traffic.

3.4. Scheduling:

Scheduling cn c gi l egress queueing hoc congestion management

Packets c gn vo egress queue da theo gi tr CoS: gi tr 0-3 gn vo

standard, 4-7 gn vo second standard queue

Catalyst dng k thut gi l WRR. Kch thc ca mi queue c cu hnh theo

t l. Mi queue c gn mt trng s.

Priority queue s lun c phc v trc v khng b xp vo hng i ny.

3.5. Congestion Avoidance:

Nu vic nghn vn xy ra mc d xp hng i, packets phi b drop.

Mt switch phi d on vic congestion bng hai cch:

TAIL-DROP

WRED

3.5.1. Tail-drop:

Nhng packets n sau trong hng i s b drop

Gy ra hin tng tcp global synchronization (xem thm trong sch)

3.5.2. WRED:

- WRED s drop mt s packet c trong hng i

Cc packets s b drop n mt gii hn no .

IV. CU HNH DIFFSERV:

Phn ny tp trung vo cu hnh trong Catalyst switch. Catalyst 3550 c rt nhiu tnh nng
QoS mnh.

cho php cu hnh QoS trn switch, dng l nh:

Switch(config)# mls qos

Trong hnh v trn, gi tr DSCP s c dng khi packet c di chuyn trong switch nh
sau:

1. Packet c gn mt gi tr DSCP. Gi tr ny c tnh t inbound switch port.

2. Khi packet c switch bn trong, mi gi tr DSCP c th c thay i hoc hnh ng
tng ng.
3. Khi packet c xp hng i, gi tr DSCP s c chuyn sang CoS. Gi tr CoS ny c
th c dng xc nh hng i hay scheduling.

Theo phn trc, Catalyst switch s tham kho cc i lng: CoS v DSCP.

Compute CoS
From Internal DSCP

mls qos map dscp-cos ...

Trust CoS:

mls qos map cos-dscp ...

Trust IP Precedence:

mls qos map ip-prec-dscp ...

Trust DSCP:

mls qos trust dscp ...

mls qos map dscp-mutation ...

IV.1. Cu hnh QoS Trust:

Khi mt packet i v o mt switch, switch s chn la thng s m n s tin cy (trust). Sau

, packet s c x l tng ng trn thng s c tin cy ny.

Switch(config-if)# mls qos trust {cos,dscp,ip precedence}

Nu gi tr CoS c dng, n phi chuyn sang DSCP tng ng theo bng:

Cos
DSCP

0
0

1
8

2
16

3
24

4
32

Cc gi tr IP Precedence s c chuyn sang DSCP:

5
40

6
48

7
56

Ip
0
Precedence
DSCP
0

16

24

32

40

48

56

IV.2. nh ngha Policy

Policy c nh ngha v dng trong cc bc sau:

1. Mt hoc nhiu class c dng phn loi traffic.

2. Mt hoc nhiu policy c nh ngha, tham kho n mt hoc nhiu class. Mi policy c
th cha cc hnh ng nh nh du (mark), police hoc nh dng (shape) traffic cho tng
class.
3. Mi egress queue c th c gn mt policy trong mi chiu traffic. V d mt policy c
th gn cho chiu inbound, trong khng mt policy khc c th gn cho chiu outbound. Khi
c gn, policy bt u phn loi v x l cc traffic i qua switch.

Switch (config)# class-map class-name [match all | match any]

Vic phn loi traffic c th da vo access-list, NBAR.

Vi access-list:
Switch(config-cmap)# match access-group name access-list
Vi NBAR:
Switch(config-cmap)# match protocol [protocol name]

Bc k tip, nh ngha QoS policy

switch(config)# policy-map policy-name

Ch ra class trong policy

Switch(config-pmap)# class class-name

Sau , ta c th set cc dscp value hoc ip precedence

Switch(config-pmap)# set dscp dscp-value

Sau cng, p dng QoS vo mt interface, ti a mt cho inbound, mt cho outbound.

Switch(config-if)# service-policy [input|output] policy-name

IV.3. Hiu chnh egress scheduling:

Phn ny s trnh by packet s c phn phi vo cc hng i v c x l nh th no.

Mc nh c 2 hng i c gn trng s 4 v 255.

thay i gi tr mc nh trn, dng lnh

Switch(config-if)# wrr-queue bandwidth weight1 weight 2 [weight3] [weight 4]

nh x packet vo egress-queue:

Switch(config-if)# wrr-queue cos-map queue-id threshold cos-list

Packet c gi tr CoS c ch ra trong cos-list s c t trong hng i queue-id. Mc nh,

CoS gi tr 1 s c t trong hng 1, CoS 2 v 3 s vo hng 1 threshold 2, Cos 4 vo hng 2
threshold 1, CoS 6 v 7 v o hng 2 threshold 2. CoS 5 lun c t vo priority-queue, nu
c mt priority-queue.

Trnh nghn bng cch dng tail-drop:

Switch(config-if)# no wrr-queue random-detect queue-id

Trnh nghn bng cch dng wred:

Switch(config-if)# wrr-queue random-detect queu-id

Thay i cc gii hn trong hng i

Switch(config-if)#wrr-queue random-detect {max-threshold|min-threshold} queue-id