Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The ABCs of
Overcurrent Coordination
DISCLAIMER
EPOWERENGINEERING has attempted to provide accurate and current information for
interpretation and use by a registered professional engineer. EPOWERENGINEERING
disclaims any responsibility or liability resulting from the interpretation or use of this
information.
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
Table of Contents
Section 1
INTRODUCTION
Section 2
Section 3
Feeders
Capacitors
11
Transformers
15
Motors
23
Generators
31
LV Equipment
36
MV Equipment
40
Section 4
SELECTIVITY REQUIREMENTS
44
Section 5
SETTING GUIDELINES
54
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
Section 6
STUDY PROCEDURES
86
Section 7
REFERENCES
88
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTON
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The proper selection and coordination of protective devices is mandated in article 110.10 of the National
Electrical Code.
The overcurrent protective devices, the total impedance, the component short-circuit
current ratings, and other characteristics of the circuit to be protected shall be selected
and coordinated to permit the circuit-protective devices used to clear a fault to do so
without extensive damage to the electrical components of the circuit. This fault shall be
assumed to be either between two or more of the circuit conductors or between any
circuit conductor and the grounding conductor or enclosing metal raceway. Listed
products applied in accordance with their listing shall be considered to meet the
requirements of this section.
To fulfill this mandate an overcurrent coordination study is required. The electrical engineer is always
responsible for this analysis. It is an unfortunate fact of life that many times the engineer who specified
and purchased the equipment will not set the protective devices. Therefore, compromises are inevitable.
There are three fundamental aspects to overcurrent coordination that engineers should keep in mind
while selecting and setting protective devices.
Life Safety Requirements
Life safety requirements are met if protective device pickup settings are within distribution
equipment continuous current ratings and rated short circuit test duration times. Life
safety requirements are never compromised.
Equipment Protection Requirements
Equipment protection goals are met if overcurrent devices are set above load operating
levels and below equipment damage curves. Conductor, cable, transformer and
distribution equipment damage information is defined in applicable equipment standards.
Capacitor, motor and generator damage information is component specific, and is
normally provided by the manufacturer. Based on system operating and equipment
sizing practices equipment protection is not always possible.
Selectivity Requirements
Selectivity goals are met if in response to a system fault or overload, the minimum area of
the distribution system is removed from service. Again, based on system operating and
equipment selection practices selectivity is not always possible.
Performing overcurrent coordination studies is a skill required of every electric power system engineer.
This document is intended as a basic guide to overcurrent coordination. There is no substitute for
experience.
It is strongly recommended that the design engineer objectively review the results of the overcurrent
coordination study. If life safety, equipment protection, or selectivity goals have not been met, determine
what could have been done differently. For instance, using switchgear equipped with power circuit
breakers instead of switchboards equipped with molded case circuit breakers. Keep in mind there are
inherent advantages and disadvantages between distribution systems and equipment. Engineers must
know and understand these differences before equipment is purchased.
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SECTION 2
The results of the load flow study are used to confirm minimum equipment continuous current ratings.
The results of the short circuit study are used to confirm minimum equipment interrupting and withstand
ratings. To meet life safety requirements, the results of the overcurrent coordination study must confirm
that protective device pickups are within equipment continuous current ratings, and that protective device
clearing times are within distribution equipment rated short circuit duration times, Table 1.
Table 1 SC Duration Limits
Distribution
Equipment
Panelboard
MCC
Switchboard
LV Switchgear
MV Switchgear
Industry
Standard
UL67
UL 845
UL 891
ANSI C37.50
ANSI C37.010
Short Circuit
Test Duration Time
3 cycles
3 cycles
3 cycles
30 cycles
2 seconds
Consider the distribution system shown in Fig. 1. It is common in industry to find a MV main circuit
breaker relay pickup set above the continuous current rating of the breaker, or to find a fuse sized above
the switch amp rating. This practice is commonly done for selectivity reasons. However, this practice is
misguided. It introduces a life safety problem in situations where the continuous load current is below the
protective device trip setting, but above the equipment amp rating. Even though the equipment short
circuit interrupting and withstand ratings are above fault duties, the distribution equipment is not rated to
safely operate under these conditions.
ALTERNA TE
SOURCE
LV MCC
LV SWBD
LV PANEL
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SECTION 3
If a bare aerial conductor is loaded continuously above its rated ampacity the mechanical strength of the
conductor is reduced. This will lead to loss of mechanical life and may result in instantaneous failure.
The ampacity landmark is located in the top decade of a TCC at 1000 seconds.
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
Air
No Conduit
0.33
1.00
1.50
Conduit
0.67
1.50
2.50
1.25
3.00
6.00
K=0.5
EPR-XLP
10
100
1000
10000
18000
1136
374
160
126
126
THH
10
100
1000
10000
18000
725
250
127
111
111
THW
10
100
1000
10000
18000
987
329
148
121
121
Percent Overload
K=1 K=1.5 K=2.5 K=4 K=6
TN = 90C
TE = 130C
TE = 105C
TE = 95C
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
(1)
where,
A = conductor area - cmils
I = short circuit current - RMS amps
t = time of short circuit 0.01 to 20 seconds
Cables
Equations for cables consider all heat absorbed in the conductor metal with no heat transmitted from the
conductor to the insulation. The temperature rise is a function of the size of the conductor, the magnitude
of fault current and the duration of the fault.
Copper Cables
t = 0.0297 log10[(T2+234)/(T1+234)] (A/I)2
(2)
Aluminum Cables
t = 0.0125 log10[(T2+228)/(T1+228)] (A/I)2
(3)
where,
A = conductor area cmils
I = short circuit current RMS amps
t = time of short circuit 0.01 to 10 seconds
T1 = operating temperature, THWN-75C
T2 = maximum short circuit temperature, THWN-150C
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
4.76
8.25
15
27
38
2 Second Rating
(kA RMS Sym)
22
42
65
85
36
49
41
23
36
16
25
16
25
31.5
40
10 Cycle Rating
(kA RMS Asym)
28
53
81
106
56
76
64
36
56
25
39
25
39
49
62
0 Cycle Rating
(kA Peak)
51
97
150
196
94
128
107
60
94
42
65
42
65
83
104
600
3 Cycle Rating
(kA RMS Sym)
5
7.5
10
14
22
25
30
35
42
50
65
75
85
100
125
150
3 Cycle Rating
(kA Peak)
8.5
13
17
28
48
55
66
76
92
110
142
160
180
220
270
330
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Current (%)
2197
702
245
132
125
Current (A)
380 x 21.71 = 8,348
380 x 7.02 = 2,667
380 x 2.45 = 931
380 x 1.32 = 501
380 x 1.25 = 475
Short Circuit Damage Curve - Damage points calculated from equation (2)
where,
A = 500,000 cmils
I = short circuit current RMS amps
t = time of short circuit 0.01 to 10 seconds
T1 = 75C (Table 2)
T2 = 150C (Table 2)
Time (sec.)
10.00
1.00
0.10
0.01
Current (A)
8,371
26,471
83,709
264,711
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CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
AMPACITY
100
TIME IN SECONDS
CABLE THERMAL
OVERLOAD CURVE
10 - 20,000 SECONDS
(TYPICALLY NOT SHOWN)
10
1
CABLE SHORT CIRCUIT
DAMAGE CURVE
0.01 - 10 SECONDS
0.10
0.01
0.5 1
10
100
1K
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10K
CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
AMPACITY
EQUIPMENT
DAMAGE AREA
100
EQUIPMENT
OPERATING AREA
10
TIME IN SECONDS
0.10
GE
IscPlus/PM
Thru Fault
SG, MVT
Trip 400.0 A
Plug 400.0 A
Settings
Phase
LTPU (0.5-1.0 x P) 0.95 (380A)
LTD (1-3) 1
STPU (1.5 -9 x LTPU) 1.5 (570A)
STD (1-4) 1(I^2 T In)
INST (1.5-10 x P) 2.5 (1000A)
PROTECTIVE DEVICE
SETTING AREA
21500 A
0.01
0.5 1
10
100
1K
10K
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10
CAPACITORS
CAPACITOR TCC LANDMARKS
Capacitor Rated Current
The capacitor rated current represents the continuous current draw of the capacitor bank at rated power
and voltage. The rated current landmark is located in the top decade of the TCC at 1000 seconds.
Capacitor Case Rupture Curve
The capacitor case rupture curve is a representation of the gas pressure limit from an internal arcing fault.
If this limit is exceeded the enclosure will rupture. Protecting against case rupture will not save the
capacitor bank from damage. The capacitor will need to be replaced. The purpose of protecting against
a case rupture is to prevent spillage of insulating liquid and damage to adjacent equipment. Case rupture
curves are plotted in all 5 decades of the TCC
CAPACITOR PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY
Step 1 Identify TCC Landmarks
Rated Current located in the upper decade
Case Rupture Curve located in all 5 decades
Step 2 Identify TCC Areas
Equipment Operating Area located to the left and below the full load amps
Equipment Damage Area located to the right and above the case rupture curve
Step 3 Size and Set the Protective Device
Size the protection above the rated current
Set the protective device characteristic curve below the case rupture curve
Additional Comments
If current from an internal arcing fault is allowed to penetrate the limits of the case rupture curve
the capacitor enclosure will be damaged.
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11
Current (A)
250
300
350
600
2,500
3,500
10,000
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12
CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
Rated Current
100
10
TIME IN SECONDS
CAPACITOR
CASE RUPTURE CURVE
0.10
0.01
0.5 1
10
100
1K
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10K
CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
EQUIPMENT
DAMAGE AREA
100
10
TIME IN SECONDS
EQUIPMENT
OPERATING AREA
0.10
COOPER
X-Limiter, 5.5kV
FUSE
Trip
65.0 A
PROTECTIVE DEVICE
SETTING AREA
0.01
0.5 1
10
100
1K
10K
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14
TRANSFORMERS
TRANSFORMER TCC LANDMARKS
Transformer Full Load Amps (FLA)
The FLA is the rated continuous current carrying capacity of a transformer at a referenced ambient
temperature and allowable temperature rise, Table 7. Insulating materials are listed in Table 8 for
information.
Table 7 Transformer Temperature Ratings
Cooling
Method
Ave/Max
Amb. Temp.
AA
30C/40C
OA
30C/40C
Hot Spot
Temp.
15C
20C
25C
30C
30C
10C
15C
Temp.
Rise
75C
90C
115C
130C
150C
55C
65C
Total Temp.
Rise
120C/130C
140C/150C
170C/180C
190C/200C
210C/220C
95C/105C
110C/120C
Insul.
Temp.
130C
150C
180C
200C
220C
105C
Max. Winding
SC Temp.
300C
350C
400C
425C
450C
200C-AL
250C-CU
Note, the total temperature rise of an OA 65C transformer, at a maximum ambient temperature of 40C,
is 120C. This does exceed the transformer insulation rating of 105C, and is allowed by ANSI.
The FLA label is located on the TCC in top decade at 1000 seconds. The FLA label is shown on the base
(lowest kVA) rating of the transformer.
Table 8 Insulating Materials
Insulation
Class
Maximum
Temperature
90C
105C
Hybrid A
110C
120C
130C
155C
180C
>180C
Hybrid H
220C
Insulating Materials
Cotton, silk, paper, wood, cellulose, fibre
without impregnation or oil-immersion
Class Y impregnated with natural resins,
cellulose esters, insulating oils, etc.,
also laminated wood, varnished paper
Insuldur Insulation, Kraft paper with epoxy
binders activated under pressure
Synthetic-resin enamels, cotton and paper
Laminates with formaldehyde bonding
Mica, glass fibre, asbestos, etc., with suitable
bonding substance; built-up mica,
glass-fibre and asbestos laminates
The materials of Class B with more
thermally-resistant bonding materials
Glass-fibre and asbestos materials, and
built-up mica, with appropriate Silicone resins
Mica, ceramics, glass, quartz, and asbestos
without binders or with silicone resins of
superior thermal stability
NOMEX insulation, varnish dipped
and vacuum pressure impregnated (VPI)
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17
Dry-Type Transformers
IEEE C57.12.59-2001 defines thermal and mechanical through-fault damage curves for dry-type
transformers, Tables 13 and 14.
Table 13 Category I Transformers
1 to 500 kVA single-phase
15 to 500 three-phase
Frequent or Infrequent Faults
Time (sec.)
Current (A p.u.)
I2T
100
3.5
1250
10
11.2
1250
2
25
1250
Table 14 Category II Transformers
501 to 1667 kVA single-phase
501 to 5000 three-phase
Frequent or Infrequent Faults
Time (sec.)
Current (A p.u.)
I2T
100
3.5
1250
10
11.2
1250
2
25
1250
Points for Frequent Fault Curve (Dog leg)
2551 Z(p.u.)2
0.7 / Z(p.u.)
1250
4.08
0.7 / Z(p.u.)
2 / Z(p.u.)2
2
1 / Z(p.u.)
2 / Z(p.u.)2
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20
CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
NOTES:
1. ALL LANDMARKS ARE BASED
ON THE NOMINAL KVA RATING.
2. DELTA WINDING SHIFTED BY
0.58 RELATIVE TO WYE WINDING.
FULL LOAD
AMPS
WYE WINDING
THERMAL LIMIT CURVE
100
DELTA WINDING
THERMAL LIMIT CURVE
10
DELTA WINDING
MECHANICAL DAMAGE CURVE
TIME IN SECONDS
1
WYE WINDING
MECHANICAL DAMAGE CURVE
(TYPICALLY NOT SHOWN)
INRUSH
12 x FLA @ 0.1 SECONDS
0.10
INRUSH
25 x FLA @ 0.01 SECONDS
(APPLICABLE WITH FUSES)
0.01
0.5 1
10
100
1K
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21
10K
CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
50/51 PU
EQUIPMENT
DAMAGE AREA
100
EQUIPMENT
OPERATING AREA
10
0.10
PROTECTIVE DEVICE
SETTING AREA
0.01
0.5 1
10
100
1K
10K
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
22
TIME IN SECONDS
ABB
50/51 PU
CO-9
CT 200 / 5 A
Settings
Phase
Tap (1-12A) 4.0 (160A)
Time Dial (0.5-11) 4.0
INST (6-144A) 90 (3600A)
MOTORS
MOTOR TCC LANDMARKS
Motor FLA
The motor FLA is the rated continuous current carrying capacity of a motor at a referenced ambient
temperature and allowable temperature rise, Table 15.
Table 15 Motor Temperature Ratings
Max Amb.
Temp.
40C
40C
40C
40C
40C
40C
Hot Spot
Temp.
5C
10C
10C
10C
15C
15C
Temp.
Rise
Class A
Class B
Class B
Class F
Class F
Class H
Temp.
Rise
60C
80C
80C
105C
105C
125C
Total Temp.
Rise
105C
130C
130C
155C
160C
180C
Insul.
System
Class A
Class B
Class F
Class F
Class H
Class H
Insul.
Temp. Rating
105C
130C
155C (1)
155C
180C (2)
180C
1. Many existing machines are built with Class F insulation systems with nameplates based on Class B
temperature rises.
2. Newer machines are trending towards Class H insulation systems with nameplates based on Class F
temperature rises.
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CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
FLA
ROTOR
SAFE STALL POINT
100
10
TIME IN SECONDS
MOTOR
STARTING CURVE
STARTING TIME
0.10
LRA
0.01
0.5 1
10
100
1K
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26
10K
CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
EQUIPMENT
DAMAGE AREA
100
MOL
Class OL
20
Settings
Phase
Class 20
10
EQUIPMENT
OPERATING AREA
TIME IN SECONDS
CUTLER-HAMMER
HMCP
LV
MCP
Settings
Phase
INST (450-1500A) H (1500A)
PROTECTIVE DEVICE
SETTING AREA
0.10
25000 A
0.01
0.5 1
10
100
1K
10K
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
27
Time (sec.)
11.7
11.3
7.6
4.6
2.2
0.0
The running overload thermal limit curve was provided by the manufacturer.
Current (A p.u.)
1.4
2.0
3.3
Time (sec.)
510.0
180.0
53.0
The locked rotor thermal limit curve was also provided by the manufacturer.
Current (A p.u.)
4.4
5.0
5.6
Time (sec.)
16.0
12.5
10.0
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
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CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
FLA
RUNNING OVERLOAD (STATOR)
THERMAL LIMIT CURVE
100
LOCKED ROTOR
THERMAL LIMIT CURVE
10
TIME IN SECONDS
MOTOR
STARTING CURVE
STARTING TIME
0.10
LRA
0.01
0.5 1
10
100
1K
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
29
10K
CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
50/51 PU
EQUIPMENT
DAMAGE AREA
100
10
EQUIPMENT
OPERATING AREA
TIME IN SECONDS
MULTILIN
50/51 PU
SR469 Motor Relay
CT 200 / 5 A
Settings
Phase
O/L PU 1.15 (215.1A)
O/L Curves 3
S/C Trip 10 (2000A)
PROTECTIVE DEVICE
SETTING AREA
0.10
18000 A
0.01
0.5 1
10
100
1K
10K
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
30
GENERATORS
GENERATOR TCC LANDMARKS
Generator FLA
The FLA is the rated continuous current carrying capacity of a generator at a referenced ambient
temperature and allowable temperature rise, Table 16.
Table 16 Generator Temperature Ratings
Max Amb.
Temp.
40C
40C
40C
40C
40C
40C
Hot Spot
Temp.
5C
10C
10C
10C
15C
15C
Temp.
Rise
Class A
Class B
Class B
Class F
Class F
Class H
Temp.
Rise
60C
80C
80C
105C
105C
125C
Total Temp.
Rise
105C
130C
130C
155C
160C
180C
Insul.
Temp.
Class A
Class B
Class F
Class F
Class H
Class H
Insul.
Temp.
105C
130C
155C
155C
180C
180C
Time (sec.)
120
60
30
10
(4)
idc = 2 id e-t/TA
(5)
2 0.5
(6)
(7)
id = et / Xd
(8)
id = et / Xd (If / Ifg)
(9)
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32
Current (A p.u.)
1.4
1.5
1.6
2.0
idc (A p.u.)
13.5
12.8
12.2
11.6
11.0
8.6
3.2
1.2
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
iac (A p.u.)
7.5
6.6
6.2
6.0
5.9
5.5
4.5
3.9
3.6
3.3
3.3
3.1
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
itotal (A p.u.)
15.4
14.4
13.7
13.0
12.5
10.2
5.5
4.1
3.6
3.3
3.3
3.1
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
33
CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
GENERATOR
OVERLOAD CURVE
FLA
100
GENERATOR
FIELD FORCING LIMIT
10
TIME IN SECONDS
GENERATOR
DECREMENT CURVE
AC CURRENT ONLY
WITH 3 PU FIELD FORCING
GENERATOR
DECREMENT CURVE
AC + DC CURRENT
WITH 3 PU FIELD FORCING
0.10
0.01
0.5 1
10
100
1K
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
34
10K
CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
LV GENERATOR
DAMAGE AREA
100
PROTECTIVE DEVICE
SETTING AREA
10
TIME IN SECONDS
LV GENERATOR
OPERATING AREA
0.10
0.01
GE LV GEN CB MIN
AKR, MVT Plus/PM (RMS-9C)
Trip 1600.0 A
Plug 1200.0 A
Settings
Phase
LTPU (0.5-1.1 x P) 0.9 (1080A)
LTD (1-4) 1
STPU (1.5-9 x LTPU) 1.5 (1620A)
STD (Min-Max) Min(I^2 T Out)
INST (1.5-15 x P) 15 (18000A)
0.5 1
10
100
1K
10K
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CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
AMPACITY
100
10
TIME IN SECONDS
1
SC WITHSTAND
POINT
0.10
0.01
0.5 1
10
100
1K
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10K
CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
EQUIPMENT
DAMAGE AREA
100
PROTECTIVE DEVICE
SETTING AREA
10
0.10
TIME IN SECONDS
GE
SG, MVT Plus/PM
Trip 400.0
A
LV MCCB
Plug 400.0 A
Settings
Phase
LTPU (0.5-1.0 x P) 1 (400A)
LTD (1-3) 1
STPU (1.5 -9 x LTPU) 1.5 (600A)
STD (1-4) 1(I^2 T Out)
INST (1.5-10 x P) 10 (4000A)
EQUIPMENT
OPERATING AREA
25000 A
0.01
0.5 1
10
100
1K
10K
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
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(10)
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
40
Current (kA)
31.50
9.96
3.15
1.2
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
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CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
AMPACITY
100
MV CIRCUIT BREAKER
SC THERMAL LIMIT CURVE
10
TIME IN SECONDS
1
MV CIRCUIT BREAKER
PERMISSIBLE TRIPPING
DELAY
0.10
0.01
0.5 1
10
100
1K
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
42
10K
CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
1200 A
EQUIPMENT
DAMAGE AREA
100
EQUIPMENT
OPERATING AREA
10
TIME IN SECONDS
PROTECTIVE DEVICE
SETTING AREA
1
ABB
CO-9
CT 1200 / 5 A
MV Relay
Settings
Phase
Tap (1-12A) 5.0 (1200A)
Time Dial (0.5-11) 2.5
INST (6-144A) 50 (12000A)
0.10
25000 A
0.01
0.5 1
10
100
1K
10K
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
43
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SECTION 4
SELECTIVITY REQUIREMENTS
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Selectivity between series protective devices is difficult to achieve unless the engineer responsible for
specifying and purchasing the distribution equipment is familiar with available equipment features and
functions. The engineer must also have a clear understanding of how sections of the distribution system
should be removed from service during an overload or fault condition. Table 18 lists overcurrent relay
curve types with associated applications, which are typically used in industry. Table 19 lists LV power
circuit breaker trip functions with associated applications, which are again typically used in industry.
Table 18 Relay Curve Selection Chart
Application
Main Service
Generator
Transformer
Motor
Capacitor
Residual Neutral
Neutral Ground
Ground
Functions
51
51V
50/51
50/51
50/51
51
51
50
Relay Curve
Extremely Inverse
Very Inverse
Very Inverse
Long Time
Short Time
Inverse
Inverse
Instantaneous
Long Time
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Short Time
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Instantaneous
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
Ground Fault
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
When evaluating the tripping characteristics for series protective devices on a TCC, coordinating time
intervals must be maintained based on the equipment under consideration. Table 20 lists coordinating
time intervals that have been successfully used throughout industry.
The primary reason for coordinating time intervals is that MV relays and breakers are provided as
separate, discrete components. Characteristic curves are provided by the relay vendor, and rated
interrupting times are provided by the breaker manufacturer. It is the responsibility of the engineer
performing the coordination study to be aware of the overall relay-breaker TCC characteristics for the
application under consideration.
There are two special cases concerning coordinating time intervals that warrant further discussion. The
first considers series fuses. The proper approach recommended in the standards and by fuse vendors is
to maintain fuse ratios, not time margins on the TCC, Table 21. For instance, consider the case of a
1600A Class L main fuse serving a 1000A Class L feeder fuse. When plotted on a TCC, the two curves
will not touch. However, according to Table 21, a 2:1 ratio must be maintained. In this case, the ratio is
1.6:1, therefore selectivity is not achieved.
The second case considers series LV power or molded-case circuit breakers. No coordinating time
interval between series devices is required. Breaker characteristic curves incorporate breaker sensing
and operating times. The purpose of the breaker total clear curve is to indicate that all poles in the circuit
have been cleared. Therefore, if the curves do not touch, selectivity is achieved.
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
44
Downstream
Device
Relay Disk
Over-travel
Operating
Time (sec.)
(note 4)
0.05
0.08
0.13
0.05
0.08
0.13
0.05
0.08
0.13
0.05
0.08
0.13
0.05
0.08
0.13
0.05
0.08
0.13
Relay
Tolerance
0.07
(note2)
51 Relay
51 Relay
0.1
0.17
(note 3)
0.07
(note 2)
51 Relay
50 Relay
N/A
0.17
(note 3)
0.07
(note 2)
Static Relay
Static Relay
N/A
0.17
(note 3)
51 Relay
LV CB
N/A
51 Relay
Fuse
N/A
0.07 (2)
0.17 (3)
0.07 (2)
0.17 (3)
50 Relay
0.22
0.25
0.30
0.32
0.35
0.40
0.12
0.15
0.20
0.22
0.25
0.30
0.12
0.15
0.20
0.22
0.25
0.30
0.07
0.17
0.07
0.17
0.12
0.15
0.20
0.22
0.25
0.30
(note 5)
(note 7)
N/A
N/A
0.05
0.08
0.13
0.05
0.08
0.13
N/A
N/A
0.07
(note 2)
Fuse
Total
Time (sec.)
N/A
0.17
(note 3)
Typical
Time (sec.)
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Fuse
Fuse
N/A
N/A
(note 5)
LV CB (6)
LV CB (6)
N/A
N/A
(note 7)
Notes:
1. Total time at maximum current seen by both devices.
2. Recently tested and calibrated relay.
3. Not recently tested and calibrated relay.
4. Downstream breaker operating time, 3-cycle (0.05 sec.), 5-cycle (0.08 sec.) and 8-cycle (0.13 sec.).
5. Coordinating time interval is not applicable. Maintain published fuse ratios.
6. Low voltage molded case or power circuit breaker.
7. Coordinating time interval is not applicable. Published time-current curves should not overlap.
Class L
601-6000A
Class K1
0-600A
Class J
0-600A
Class K5
Time Delay
0-600A
Class J
Time Delay
(0-600A)
Class L (601-6000A)
2:1
2:1
2:1
6:1
2:1
Class K1 (0-600A)
2:1
3:1
8:1
4:1
Class J (0-600A)
3:1
3:1
8:1
4:1
1.5:1
1.5:1
2:1
1.5:1
1.5:1
1.5:1
8:1
2:1
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
45
Nominal Band
0.17 sec.
0.10 sec.
0.13 sec.
Minimum
-0.085 sec.
-
Maximum
+0.085 sec.
+0.10 sec.
+0.13 sec.
CURRENT IN AMPERES
100
100 A
10
TIME IN SECONDS
MAXIMUM
TOLERANCE
MINIMUM
TOLERANCE
0.10
0.01
10
100
1K
46
10K
100K
Selectivity Problem 1
Applicable combinations include:
ANSI No.
51
51
Protection Device
E-M Relay
E-M Relay, Static Relay
51
51
52
52
Isc
CURRENT IN AMPERES
100
10
TIME IN SECONDS
1
1
0.400 s
Device
Upstream
Downstream
0.10
Isc
0.01
0.5
10
100
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
47
Selectivity Problem 2
Applicable combinations include:
ANSI No.
51
51
Protection Device
Static Relay
E-M Relay, Static Relay
51
51
52
52
Isc
CURRENT IN AMPERES
100
10
TIME IN SECONDS
1
1
0.200 s
Device
Upstream
Downstream
0.10
Isc
0.01
0.5
10
100
48
Selectivity Problem 3
Applicable combinations include:
ANSI No.
51
50/51
Protection Device
E-M Relay
E-M Relay, Static Relay
51
50
51
52
52
Isc
CURRENT IN AMPERES
100
10
TIME IN SECONDS
1
1
0.400 s
0.10
0.200 s
Device
Upstream
Downstream
0.01
0.5
10
Isc
100
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
49
Selectivity Problem 4
Applicable combinations include:
ANSI No.
50/51
-
Protection Device
E-M Relay, Static Relay
MCCB, ICCB, PCB
50
51
52
2
Isc
CURRENT IN AMPERES
100
10
TIME IN SECONDS
1
1
2
0.200 s
Device
Upstream
Downstream
0.10
0.01
Isc
0.5
10
100
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
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Selectivity Problem 5
Applicable combinations include:
ANSI No.
50/51
-
Protection Device
E-M Relay, Static Relay
Fuse
51
52
2
Isc
CURRENT IN AMPERES
100
10
TIME IN SECONDS
1
1
0.10
0.200 s
Device
Upstream
Downstream
Isc
0.01
0.5
10
100
51
Selectivity Problem 6
Applicable combinations include:
Device
Upstream
Downstream
Protection Device
LV PCB or MCCB
LV PCB or MCCB
For selectivity between LV circuit breakers, no margins are required. As long as devices do not intersect,
selectivity is achieved.
2
Isc
CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
100
TIME IN SECONDS
10
1
1
0.10
2
0.01
0.5
10
Isc
100
52
To coordinate fuses, maintain manufacturer published fuse ratios listed in selectivity tables. All fuse
selectivity tables are manufacturer specific. To achieve fuse selectivity between different manufacturers,
the clearing I2T of the downstream fuse must be less than the minimum I2T of the upstream fuse.
The minimum melt and total clear curves take into account fuses tolerances. However, to take into
account ambient temperature, preloading and pre-damage, down stream devices should not come within
75% of the minimum melt curve. At a minimum, to avoid the effects of pre-damage, down stream devices
should not come within 90% of the minimum melt curve, Fig. 26.
CURRENT IN AMPERES
100
10
TIME IN SECONDS
75%
90%
0.10
0.01
0.5
10
Fig. 26 Fuse Boundary Limits
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
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100
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SECTION 5
SETTING GUIDELINES
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Function
Recommendations
CT
Size
125-150% of FLA
51
Pickup
115-125% of FLA
Comments
Set below motor stator damage curve.
Set at or below cable ampacity.
51
Time Dial
50
Pickup
200% of LRA
52
50/51
CT
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
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CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
Feeder
50/51 Relay
STATOR
DAMAGE CURVE
100
50/51 RELAY
ROTOR
DAMAGE CURVE
TIME IN SECONDS
FEEDER
DAMAGE CURVE
10
MOTOR
STARTING CURVE
0.10
20000 A
0.01
0.5 1
10
100
1K
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
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10K
Function
Recommendations
CT
Size
125-150% of FLA
51
Pickup
115-125% of FLA
Comments
Set below motor stator damage curve.
Set at or below cable ampacity.
51
Time Dial
50
Fuse Size
51
CT
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
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CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
Feeder
51 Relay
STATOR
DAMAGE CURVE
100
51 RELAY
ROTOR
DAMAGE CURVE
FEEDER
DAMAGE CURVE
10
TIME IN SECONDS
MOTOR
STARTING CURVE
FUSE
0.10
20000 A
0.01
0.5 1
10
100
1K
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
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10K
Function
Recommendations
Comments
PCB
LTPU
125% of FLA
PCB
Time Dial
PCB
INST
200% of LRA
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
58
CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
Feeder
PCB
100
FEEDER
DAMAGE CURVE
10
TIME IN SECONDS
MOTOR STARTING
CURVE
0.10
0.01
40000 A
0.5 1
10
100
1K
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
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10K
Function
Recommendations
Comments
OL
Pickup
Time Dial
MCP
Size
125-160% of FLA
MCP
Pickup
200% of LRA
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
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CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
Feeder
OL RELAY
100
FEEDER
DAMAGE CURVE
10
TIME IN SECONDS
MOTOR
STARTING CURVE
MCP
0.10
40000 A
0.01
0.5 1
10
100
1K
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
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10K
Function
Recommendations
Comments
OL
Pickup
Time Dial
Fuse
Size
175% of FLA
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
62
CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
Feeder
OL RELAY
100
FEEDER
DAMAGE CURVE
10
TIME IN SECONDS
MOTOR
STARTING CURVE
FUSE
0.10
40000 A
0.01
0.5 1
10
100
1K
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
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10K
Function
Recommendations
Comments
CT
Size
125-150% of FLA
51V
Pickup
80-90% of Id = 1/Xd
51
Time Dial
51V
CT
52
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
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CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
Feeder
51V Relay
100
GENERATOR
OVERLOAD CURVE
CONSTANT EXCITATION
DECREMENT CURVE
If=1.0 P.U.
FEEDER
DAMAGE CURVE
10
TIME IN SECONDS
51V RELAY
0.10
20000 A
0.01
0.5 1
10
100
1K
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
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10K
Function
Recommendations
CT
Size
125-150% of FLA
51V
Pickup
125-150% of FLA
Comments
@ 100% Voltage Restraint
Set below Overload Curve
51
Time Dial
51V
CT
52
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
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CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
GENERATOR
OVERLOAD CURVE
100
CONSTANT EXCITATION
DECREMENT CURVE
If = 1. P.U.
FEEDER
DAMAGE CURVE
10
TIME IN SECONDS
51V RELAY
w/0% VR
51V RELAY
w/100% VR
0.10
20000 A
0.01
0.5 1
10
100
1K
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
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10K
Function
Recommendations
Comments
CB
LTPU
115-125% of FLA
CB
Minimum
CB
I2T
Out
CB
INST
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
68
CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
Feeder
Generator
GENERATOR
OVERLOAD CURVE
100
MCCB or PCB
FEEDER
DAMAGE CURVE
10
TIME IN SECONDS
GENERATOR
DECREMENT CURVE
0.10
0.01
40000 A
0.5 1
10
100
1K
10K
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
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Function
Recommendations
Comments
CT
Size
200% of FLA
51
Pickup
110-140% of FLA
51
Time Dial
let-thru current
second
1.0
50
Pickup
52
50/51
CT
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
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CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
Feeder
50/51 Relay
Transformer
TRANSFORMER
DAMAGE CURVE
100
50/51 RELAY
FEEDER
DAMAGE CURVE
10
TIME IN SECONDS
TX Inrush
0.10
20000 A
0.01
0.5 1
10
100
1K
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
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10K
Function
Recommendations
Comments
50
Fuse Size
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
72
CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
Feeder
Transformer
TRANSFORMER
DAMAGE CURVE
100
FEEDER
DAMAGE CURVE
10
TIME IN SECONDS
1
FUSE
TX Inrush
0.10
20000 A
0.01
0.5 1
10
100
1K
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
73
10K
Function
Recommendations
Comments
CT
Size
150% of ICapacitor
51
Pickup
130-155% of ICapacitor
51
Time Dial
50
Pickup
200-450% of ICapacitor
Fuse
Fuse Size
200% of ICapacitor
52
50/51
CT
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
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CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
Feeder
50/51 Relay
CAPACITOR
CASE RUPTURE CURVE
100
FEEDER
DAMAGE CURVE
10
TIME IN SECONDS
CAPACITOR
FUSE
0.10
50/51 RELAY
5000 A
0.01
0.5 1
10
100
1K
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
75
10K
Function
Recommendations
CT
Size
51
Pickup
Comments
Do not set pickup according to load.
Set above the transformer FLA.
Set below the transformer damage curve.
Set at or below feeder ampacity.
Set below the feeder damage curve.
Do not set above main bus ampacity
51
Time Dial
No Specific Rule
51
CT
52
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
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CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
Feeder
51 Relay
50/51 Relay
FEEDER 50/51 RELAY
NOT SHOWN IN FIG. 41
100
51 RELAY
FEEDER
DAMAGE CURVE
10
TIME IN SECONDS
0.10
20000 A
0.01
0.5 1
10
100
1K
10K
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
77
Function
Recommendations
Comments
PCB
LTPU
PCB
Minimum
PCB
I2T
In or Out
PCB
INST
Out
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
78
CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
Feeder
FEEDER BREAKER
NOT SHOWN IN FIG. 43
100
PCB
FCB (TYP)
FEEDER
DAMAGE CURVE
10
TIME IN SECONDS
0.10
50000 A
0.01
0.5 1
10
100
1K
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
79
10K
Function
Recommendations
Comments
CB
LTPU
CB
Minimum
CB
IT
In or Out
CB
INST
Maximum
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
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CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
Feeder
FEEDER CIRCUIT BREAKER
NOT SHOWN IN FIGURE 45
MCB
FCB (TYP)
100
FEEDER
DAMAGE CURVE
10
TIME IN SECONDS
0.10
50000 A
0.01
0.5 1
10
100
1K
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
81
10K
Function
Recommendations
Comments
CT
Size
51G
Pickup
51G
Time Dial
51N
Pickup
51N
Time Dial
BYZ CT
Size
50/5
50G
Pickup
5 amps primary
CT
51G
50/51
CT
51N
52
52
CT
50/51
50G
BYZ CT
Typical Feeder
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
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CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
51N
51G
50G
100
10
51G RELAY
51N RELAY
0.10
50G (TYP ALL FDRS)
400 A
0.01
0.5 1
10
100
1K
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
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10K
TIME IN SECONDS
Function
Recommendations
Comments
51G
GFPU
51G
IT
In or Out
51G
GFD
Minimum
Main
MCCB w/
Integral GF
Feeder
Fuse
Feeder
TMCB
Feeder
MCCB w/
Integral GF or
Shunt Trip GF
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
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CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
FEEDER TMCB
MAIN MCCB w/
INTEGRAL GF
100
10
TIME IN SECONDS
1
FEEDER MCCB w/
SHUNT TRIP GF
FEEDER FUSE
0.10
60000 A
0.01
0.5 1
10
100
1K
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
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10K
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SECTION 6
STUDY PROCEDURE
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The overcurrent coordination study procedure consists of six steps, Table 22.
Table 22 Study Procedure
Step
1
2
3
4
5
6
Description
Break the Power System into Zones of Protection
Set the Protective Devices Serving All Directly Connected Loads
Set the Lowest Level Bus Main and Tie Protective Devices
Set the Bus Feeder Protective Device
Repeat Steps 3 and 4 Until Finished
Develop Protective Device Setting Summary Tables
Zone Type
1
2
3
-
The first step is to break the power system into zones of protection as shown in Fig. 59. The boundary for
each zone is established by a protective device. Each protective device is included in two zones.
ZONE TYPE 3
ZONE TYPE 1
P
S
ZONE TYPE 2
52
52
52
52
ZONE TYPE 1
ZONE TYPE 3
52
ZONE TYPE 1
ZO NE TYPE 2
ZONE TYPE 3
ZO NE TYPE 1
ZONE TYPE 1
ZONE TYPE 2
Clo sed
ZONE TYPE 1
ZONE TYPE 1
86
ZO NE TYPE 1
The second step is to set all the protective devices in Zone Type 1. Zone Type 1 includes all directly
connected loads at each voltage level in the distribution system. This includes lighting panelboards,
receptacle panelboards, motor starters, capacitors, heaters and generators. The third step is to set the
main protective device at the lowest distribution board. The distribution board can be a panelboard,
motor control center, switchboard or switchgear. The fourth step is to set the feeder protective device
serving the distribution board in step 3. The distribution board service could be from a different voltage
level through a step-down transformer, or at the same voltage level through a cable. The fifth step is to
repeat steps 3 and 4 until the coordination is finished. The sixth and final step is to summarize protective
device settings in summary tables.
This guide covered overcurrent coordination. However, when engineers are performing comprehensive
protective device coordination studies other devices such as timers, metering interfaces, DCS interfaces
and other protective devices need settings specified. An improper timer setting like an improper relay
setting can have catastrophic consequences. Finally, when composing study reports, always categorize
the results and recommendations in terms of life safety, equipment protection and selectivity.
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SECTION 7
REFERENCES
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
88
2006 EPOWERENGINEERING
89
Analyzer
Published by EPOWERENGINEERING
Available at www.epowerengineering.com
The ABCs of Overcurrent Coordination
January 2006