Data

Pipe No. 1

Diameter

0.006 m

Voume
,V
(Litre)

Time,T
(sec)

Flow
rate,Q
(m/s)

Velocit
y,
u
(m/s)

Re

Theore
tical
head,
hth
(m
H2O)

Exp.Head
loss, hexp
(mm H2O)

Exp. Head
loss, hexp
(m H2O)

Percen
t error
(%)

10

24.75

14.289

85392

7.312

77.19

13.228

79051

28.010

6375

6.375

77.24

10

29.82

11.848

70804

23.100

5378

5.378

74.75

10

33.25

10.646

63621

19.155

4380

4.380

77.13

10

37.00

9.550

57071

15.839

3362

3.362

78.77

10

46.22

7.639

45651

18.484X1
0
18.844X1
0
19.372X1
0
19.896X1
0
20.444X1
0
21.620X1
0

7321

26.75

4.621X10

4.711X10

4.843X10

4.974X10

5.111X10

5.405X10

32.059

10

4.04X10

3.74X10

3.35X10

3.01X10

2.70X10

2.16X10

10.717

2325

2.325

78.31

Pipe No. 2

Diameter

0.010 m

Volum
e, V
(Litre)

Time
,T
(sec)

Flow
rate, Q
(m3/s)

Velocit
y,
u
(m/s)

Re

Theoretic
al head,
hth
(m H2O)

Exp.Hea
d loss,
hexp
(mmH2
O)

Exp.
Head
loss,
hexp
(mH2O)

Perce
nt
error
(%)

10

15.94

7.983

5.37

4.891

4760

4.760

2.68

20.84

3.830

3767

3.767

1.64

10

24.15

2.956

2764

2.764

6.50

10

32.69

1.742

1771

1.771

1.66

10

51.69

18.816X1
0
19.428X1
0
20.116X1
0
20.876X1
0
22.516X1
0
25.264X1
0

5.784

10

4.704X1
0
4.857X1
0
5.029X1
0
5.219X1
0
5.629X1
0
6.316X1
0

5784

18.13

7951
1
6999
9
6087
6
5249
9
3880
4
2447
2

6.112

10

6.27X1
0
5.52X1
0
4.80X1
0
4.14X1
0
3.06X1
0
1.93X1
0

0.777

753

0.753

3.01

Pipe No. 3

7.028
6.112
5.271
3.896
2.457

Diameter

0.017 m

Volum
e, V
(Litre)

Time,
T
(sec)

Flow
rate, Q
(m3/s)

Velocit
y,
u
(m/s)

Re

Theoreti
cal head,
hth
(m H2O)

Head
loss, H
(mmH20)

Exp.
Head
loss, hexp
(mH2O)

Perce
nt
error
(%)

10

7.56

5.829

4.457X1
0
4.516X1

17.828X10

18.064X10

1566

1.566

13.77

7.97

986
97
936

1.816

10

1.323X1
0
1.255X1

1.656

1358

1.358

18.00

5.529

10

9.19

10

10.78

10

17.94

10

35.53

0
1.088X1
0
9.276X1
0
5.574X1
0
2.815X1
0

17
811
56
692
02
415
85
209
96

4.793
4.087
2.456
1.240

0
4.681X1
0
4.871X1
0
5.532X1
0
6.563X1
0

Sample Calculations

1 Flow rate , Q =

Vx 103
T

10 x 103
24.75

= 4.04X10

4Q
d2

2 Velocity , u =

4(4.04 X 10 )
(0.006)

= 14.289 m/s

3 Reynolds Number , Re =
= dynamic viscosity = 1.002 x 10-3 kg/m.s

ud

18.724X10

19.484X10

22.128X10

26.252X10

1.290

1068

1.068

17.20

0.976

728

0.728

25.40

0.400

418

0.418

4.50

0.116

124

0.124

6.80

 = density = 998 kg/m

Re =

(998)(14.289)(0.006)
1.002 x 103

= 85392
4 Friction Factor , f =

0.079
0.25

(For turbulent flow)

0.079
853920.25

= 4.621x10-3

= 4f
= 4 (4.621x10-3)
= 18.484X10

5 - Head loss, h =

Lu
2 gd

(18.484 x 10 )(1)(14.289)
2(9.81)(0.006)

= 32.059

6 7321mm H2O = 7321 x 10-3m H2O

= 7.321 m H2O

7 - Percentage Error (%) =

Teoretical valueExperimental value

x 100
Theoretical value

32.05970312
x 100
32.059

= 77.19%
Graph:
Graph 1; graph of f versus Re (for all pipes)

Graph of f versus Re
0.01
0.01
0.01
Pipe 1, d = 0.006

Friction Factor, f

Pipe 2, d = 0.010

Pipe 3, d = 0.017

0
0
0
20000

40000

60000

80000 100000

Reynolds Number, Re