SPSS Ebook - Darkangel PDF

PHAN LOAI D LIEU, MA HOA, NHAP LIEU VA MOT SO X LY TREN BIEN
D lieu nghien cu co the phan chia thanh 2 loai chnh la d lieu nh tnh va d lieu nh lng.
Cac d lieu nay c thu thap bang 4 thang o c ban c the hien tren s o nh sau:
D lieu
D lieu
nh tnh
thang o
danh ngha
D lieu
nh lng
thang o
th bac
thang o
khoang cach
thang o
t le
1. PHAN LOAI D LIEU
D lieu nh tnh: loai d lieu nay phan anh tnh chat, s hn kem, ta khong tnh c tr trung bnh
cua d lieu dang nh tnh.
D lieu nh lng: loai d lieu nay phan anh mc o, mc o hn kem, tnh c tr trung bnh.
Can chu y rang cac phep toan thong ke dung cho d lieu nh tnh co nhng ac iem khac vi phep
toan dung cho d lieu nh lng.
2. CAC LOAI THANG O
2.1. Thang o danh ngha (con goi la thang o nh danh hoac thang o phan loai) - nominal scale:
trong thang o nay cac con so ch dung e phan loai cac oi tng, khong mang y ngha nao khac.
Nhng phep toan thong ke ban co the s dung c cho dang thang o danh ngha la: em, tnh tan
suat cua mot bieu hien nao o, xac nh gia tr mode, thc hien mot so phep kiem nh.
Tai lieu trch t sach Phan tch d lieu nghien cu vi SPSS

Tac gia Hoang Trong - Chu Nguyen Mong Ngoc
NXb Thong ke 2005
2.2. Thang o th bac - ordinal scale: luc nay cac cac con so thang o danh ngha c sap xep
theo mot quy c nao o ve th bac hay s hn kem, nhng ta khong biet c khoang cach gia
chung. ieu nay co ngha la bat c thang o th bac nao cung la thang danh ngha nhng ro rang ban
khong the suy ngc lai rang thang danh ngha nao cung la thang th bac.
2.3. Thang o khoang - interval scale: la mot dang ac biet cua thang o th bac v no cho biet c
khoang cach gia cac th bac. Thong thng thang o khoang co dang la mot day cac ch so lien tuc
va eu an t 1 en 5, hay t 1 en 10...
Nhng phep toan thong ke co the s dung them cho loai thang o nay so vi 2 loai thang o trc la:
tnh khoang bien thien, so trung bnh, o lech chuan Can chu y la thang o khoang t no khong co
iem 0 c xac nh trc do o ban ch co the thc hien c phep tnh cong tr ch phep chia
khong co y ngha
2.4. Thang o t le - ratio scale: thang o t le co tat ca cac ac tnh khoang cach va th t cua thang
o khoang, ngoai ra iem 0 trong thang o khoang la mot tr so that nen ta co the thc hien c
phep toan chia e tnh t le nham muc ch so sanh.
Noi chung vi cac bien thu thap bang thang o khoang va thang o t le ta co the o lng xu hng
trung tam bang trung bnh so hoc. Con xu hng phan tan o bang o lech chuan, phng sai,
(khoang va t trung v t c s dung en do kem hu ch hn). V vay SPSS gop chung hai loai
thang o nay thanh mot goi la Scale Measures.
3. NGUYEN TAC MA HOA VA NHAP LIEU
Nhng ngi tra li
Cac bien
Gii tnh
Tuoi
Nghe nghiep
21
Sinh vien
32
Nhan vien van phong
Nam
53
Ve hu
Nam
42
Nghe khac

NXb Thong ke 2005
Vi muc tieu nhap d lieu th cac d lieu dang khong phai k so nh n hay sinh vien can
phai c tao mot con so ma hoa
Nhng ngi tra li
Cac bien
Gii tnh
Tuoi
Nghe nghiep
21
10
32
53
11
42
14
Chu y la ta ch ma hoa d lieu nh tnh, con cac thong tin thu thap dang d lieu nh lng a di
dang so, khong can ma hoa. Cac cot cua ma tran d lieu the hien cac bien ang c o lng va ma
hoa trong cuoc khao sat, moi cot cho moi bien. i xuong theo cot th moi hang se la cac thong tin
cua tng ngi tra li khac nhau ve bien o. Vi cau hoi ch chon mot tra li, ban ch can tao mot
bien, tuy nhien trong trng hp cau hoi co the chon nhieu tra li, can phai co nhieu bien. Trat t ma
cac bien c sap xep trong ma tran d lieu se i theo th t chung c hoi trong ban cau hoi, that
ra vi muc ch phan tch th trat t khong quan trong lam, nhng trat t nay se tao cho chung ta mot
nh hng trong qua trnh nhap d lieu, ban se thay ieu nay hu ch khi can quay lai ban cau hoi
e tm hieu ieu g o ve cac bien.
Cac hang trong ban cau hoi tng ng vi tng ngi tra li, moi hang la mot ngi tra li, ieu nay
co ngha la tat ca cac thong tin trong mot ban cau hoi c khai thac t mot ngi tra li se nam toan
bo tren mot hang theo th t cua ngi tra li o.
Lai noi ve trat t cua cac hang, no cung khong phai la mot van e quan trong oi vi muc tieu phan
tch d lieu. Cac ban cau hoi thng c nhap theo trat t chung c thu thap qua cac cuoc phong
van va so th t cua BCH cung c nhap. ieu nay co ngha la neu ban co bat c thac mac g ve
mot ban cau hoi cu the nao o, ban se tm ra no ngay.

NXb Thong ke 2005
Vi cau truc cua cot va hang nh vay th khi nhap lieu tren tren ca so data cua SPSS ban se nhap t
trai qua phai (theo tng dong). Xong 1 ban cau hoi (mot dong) th chuyen sang ban cau hoi khac (tc
la sang dong mi).
4. CA SO LAM VIEC CUA SPSS

Khi ong SPSS for Windows bang cach nhap chuot vao bieu tng cua chng trnh SPSS for
Windows tren Desktop hoac t Start menu chon Programs roi chon SPSS 11.5 for Windows, ca so
lam viec au tien la ca so d lieu (Data View) se hien ra.
Ca so d lieu cua SPSS for Windows 11.5 co 2 loai:
-
Data View: ca so dung e nhap lieu va the hien d lieu a nhap
Variable View: ca so dung e khai bao bien
e thay oi gia hai ca so nay, ta nhap chuot chon ten ca so Data View hay Variable View goc
di ben tay trai cua man hnh (pha tren dong trang thai).
SPSS con ca so th hai la ca so ket qua x ly co ten la Output, se hien ra khi ban chay
lenh x ly. Ca so nay bieu dien tat ca cac ket qua do ban thc hien nh bang bieu, o th
Hnh 1
Thanh tieu e the

hien ten man hnh
va ten tap tin ang
lam viec
Dong trang
thai cho biet
tnh trang
san sang
ch lenh e
thc hien
5. TAO TAP TIN D LIEU TRONG SPSS 11.5 FOR WINDOWS

5.1. Khai bao bien: Sau khi khi ong ca so d lieu cua SPSS, ban nhap chuot vao Variable view
e chuyen sang man hnh khai bao bien.

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Trong man hnh nay, moi bien bay gi tren 1 dong, cac cot trong dong the hien trang thai cua bien.
oi vi tng bien, ban lan lt khai bao cac thuoc tnh nh sau:
Name: (ten bien) go trc tiep ten bien vao o nay, ten bien can at co o dai khong qua 8 k
t hay k so, khong co k t ac biet va khong c bat au bang mot k so, thong thng ta hay at
ten bien (Variable name) gan vi cau hoi ma bien o mo ta
Type: (kieu bien) mac nh chng trnh se chon kieu nh lng (Numeric). Muon thay oi
kieu bien hay thay oi o rong cua bien hoac so lng so le cua bien nh lng, hay nhan chuot vao
nut trong o Type
Width: o rong cua bien la so ky so hay ky t toi a co the nhap
Decimals: so le sau dau phay
Label: at nhan cho bien, nhan nay phai ngan gon nhng co tnh giai thch cao
Values: la thuoc tnh quan trong nhat, luc nay nhap nut chuot vao nut nam pha phai cua
o thuoc v tr cot Value tai dong cua bien ta ang khai bao, hop thoai khai bao nhan bien Value
Labels se xuat hien. Trong hop thoai nay ta khai bao nhng noi dung:
* Value: ma hoa cac thang o nh tnh
* Value label: nhan giai thch cua ma hoa a nhap
Missing: khai bao cac loai gia tr khuyet, cach vao hop thoai nay giong nh vi Values, gia
du ta gap tnh huong vi cau hoi ve trnh o hoc van co nhng ngi c ieu tra v ly do te nh nao
o a t choi tra li th trong Value lable ta quy c gia tr 99 co nhan la khong tra li, sau o sang
Missing ta phai khai bao 99 la gia tr khuyet e sau o khi tnh toan cac lenh thong ke v nh tnh tan
so chang han may se loai gia tr khuyet nay ra khi tnh phan tram hp le.
Ngoai ra con co mot loai gia tr khuyet na la System Missing, o la gia tr khuyet cua he thong, no
c chng trnh t ong at dau cham () nhng v tr khong c nhap gia tr. Gia tr System
Missing nay vo hnh oi vi cac lenh x ly thong ke cua phan mem SPSS.
Columns: khai bao o rong cua cot bien khi ta nhap lieu, thng chon la 8
Align: vi tr d lieu c nhap trong cot, thng chon la Right
Measure: chon loai thang o the hien d lieu vi 3 loai chnh la Ordinary (thang th bac),
Norminal (thang danh ngha) va Scale (gom ca Interval va Ratio tc thang o khoang cach va t le)

NXb Thong ke 2005
Khi tao xong mot bien, nhan phm home tr ve au dong, xuong dong di e tao ra bien ke tiep
theo cach tng t.
ac biet, ke t SPSS phien ban 10.0 chung ta co the copy bat ky thuoc tnh nao cua bien nay qua
bien khac. Do o t SPSS 10.0 tr i ban khong can dung en Template nh trng hp SPSS 9.0
hay 7.5.
6. MOT SO X LY TREN BIEN
Ma hoa lai bien (Recode)
Quy trnh thc hien viec ma hoa lai bien
1. Vao menu Transform>Recode>Into Different Variables m hop thoai Recode Into Different
Variables e lenh Recode tao cho ban mot bien mi vi cac gia tr ma hoa do ban khai bao tren c
s bien goc, con bien cu lam c s ma hoa van c gi lai. Nh la ng chon Into Same Variables
tr khi ban muon lenh Recode lam mat i bien cu cua ban va tao ra mot bien mi vi cac bieu hien
va c ma hoa tren c s bien cu.
Hnh 2
2. Trong hop thoai Recode Into Different Variables ban chon bien muon recode ( ay la bien tuoi)
a sang khung Numeric Variable-> Output Variable bang cach: nhap chuot tai ten bien muon
recode trong danh sach bien nguon ben trai va bien o se c chieu sang, sau o re con tro chuot
en au mui ten hng vao khung Numeric Variable-> Output Variable, nhap chuot va ten bien nay
se xuat hien trong khung Numeric Variable-> Output Variable

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Hnh 3
2.
Sau khi nhan nut Change

se xuat hien dau -> cho
biet bien tuoi c
recode thanh tuoiMH
4.
3. Sau o sang phan Output Variable at ten va nhan cho bien mi nay, v du at la tuoiMH, at
nhan Lable la tuoi duoc ma hoa lai sau o nhan nut Change e bao cho SPSS biet ban muon
recode bien tuoi->tuoiMH, nh ng quen nut Change neu khong lenh recode cua ban se khong
thanh cong.
4. Nhap vao nut Old and new value m tiep hop thoai Recode into Diferent Variables: Old and New
Values e xac nh s chuyen oi gia gia tr cu va gia tr mi tng ng.
Trong hop thoai nay, lan lt khai bao phan gia tr cu (Old Value ben tay trai), tng ng vi tng
gia tr mi (New Value ben tay phai), co cac loai gia tr cu co the c recode nh sau
Value: tng gia tr cu ri rac ng vi 1 gia tr mi
System-missing: gia tr khuyet cua he thong
System or user mising: gia tr khuyet cua he thong hoac do ngi s dung nh ngha.
Range: mot khoang gia tr cu ng vi mot gia tr mi, tnh huong nay cung co ba trng hp nho la
khoang gia hai gia tr (Range through); khoang t gia tr nho nhat en mot gia tr xac nh c
nhap vao (Lowesr through Range); khoang t mot gia tr xac nh c nhap vao en gia tr ln
nhat (Range through Highest)

NXb Thong ke 2005
Hnh 4
Moi lan ban xac nh xong mot cap gia tr cu va ch nh gia tr mi, nut Add se hien sang len, hay
nhan vao nut nay e a cap gia tr cu c khai bao va gia tr mi nay vao o Old -> New: (nh
ng quen nhan nut Add sau moi lan xac nh xong mot cap gia tr cu mi)
5. Xac nh xong ban nhap nut Continue e tr ve hop thoai trc o va chon OK e thc hien lenh
ma hoa lai, luc o tren man hnh Variable view xuat hien mot bien mi la tuoiMH nam di cung
tc la bien c tao mi nhat
6. Tren man hnh Variable View, ban phai vao thuoc tnh Values e gan cac nhan gia tr cho bien
tuoiMH va tao, neu khong khai bao cac nhan gia tr th khi ban lap bang tan so cho tuoiMH, SPSS
se truy xuat ra tan so cua cac con so 1, 2, 3, 4 ma ban a gan ch khong truy xuat cac bieu hien (1825); (26-35) , cua bien tuoiMH. Do o ban phai nh khai bao Values cho tuoiMH.
Hnh 5

NXb Thong ke 2005
Thu tuc Compute e tnh toan gia tr bien mi t bien co san

Lenh Compute thuoc menu Transform (Transform>Compute) c s dung e tnh toan cac gia tr
mi t cac bien a co san trong fie d lieu, ket qua tnh toan cua lenh Compute thng cha trong
mot bien mi hoac chong len mot bien khac san co la tuy thao tac cua ban.
7. THAY OI MOT SO MAC NH CUA CHNG TRNH
Ban se thc hien thay oi mot so mac nh cua chng trnh trong hop thoai Options, t menu chon:
Edit -> Options. Hop thoai Options xuat hien:
Nhan nut chuot vao dau mui ten trong phan Measurement System, chon 1 trong 3 n v o lng
khoang cach (thng dung cm)
Chon cach the hien danh sach bien trong cac hop thoai lenh theo kieu hien ten bien (Display names)
hay nhan bien (Display lables)
Hnh 6
Trong phieu Pivot Table ban co the chon cac kieu nh dang bang co san ma ban a thch trong danh
sach cac kieu bang bieu ben o TableLook thay cho kieu mac nh ma mot so ngi co the cho rang
trong kha nang ne hay n ieu.
Sau khi thc hien xong cac la chon nhap nut Apply, roi nhap nut OK.
Khi nhap nut Apply, chng trnh co the a ra mot hay mot so lu y noi rang cac ieu chnh nay ch
co hieu lc sau khi m lai file hay khi ong lai chng trnh SPSS
The hien tieng Viet trong SPSS
Chung ta can chnh sang font ch Viet ca ca so d lieu va ca so ket qua. ay font VNI-Helvecondense c s dung e lam mau.

NXb Thong ke 2005
oi vi ca so d lieu: chon menu View>Font se m ra hop thoai e chnh font ch tren ca

so d lieu, ban co the chon ca kieu nh dang ch nghieng hay am va c ch ma ban muon. Sau khi
nhap nut OK ban se thay font ch tren ca so d lieu thay oi sang kieu ban va nh dang (v du
ay la font VNI-Helve Condense) neu trc o ban a nhap ch Viet. Con neu cha nhap ch Viet
th la chon nay cung cho phep ban sau o co the hien tieng Viet trong qua trnh nhap lieu
Hnh 7
Chon Font ch
ban muon the
hien
oi vi ca so ket qua x ly, quy trnh xac lap tieng Viet trong ca so ket qua nh sau:
Chep file Boxed VNI Helve condense.tlo trong (c cung cap kem theo tai lieu) vao th muc Looks
cua th muc SPSS ban a cai at (thong thng co ng dan la: C:\Program Files\SPSS\Looks)
T menu SPSS chon Edit -> Options. Trong hop thoai Options, hay chon phieu Pivot Tables. Trong
phan TableLook, hay tm va chon sang ten file Boxed VNI Helve condense.tlo, roi nhap nut Set
TableLook Directory, nut Apply va cuoi cung la nut OK th cac bang bieu ket qua x ly ban tao ra
eu hien ch Viet (tat nhien la vi ieu kien trc o ban a khai bao cac bien dang tieng Viet co
dau).

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10
TOM TAT VA TRNH BAY D LIEU
Co rat nhieu phng phap va cong cu dung e tom tat va trnh bay d lieu, trong phan nay chung ta
xem xet mot so phng phap c ban nhat. Tap d lieu dung e minh hoa trong phan nay lay t mot
cuoc ieu tra nhu cau ngi oc bao cua Sai Gon Tiep Th c tien hanh vao thang 7 nam 2001.
Tap d lieu nay co ten la Data thuc hanh c cung cap kem theo tai lieu
Ba cong cu c ban c trnh bay trong phan nay la:
Bang
Cac ai lng thong ke mo ta
o th.
1. Tom lc d lieu dang n gian bang bang tan so
Ban co the thc hien bang tan so vi tat ca cac bien kieu nh tnh lan nh lng. Trong trng hp
bien nh lng lien tuc cua ban co qua nhieu gia tr, v du khi ban muon liet ke tuoi cua tat ca cac
oi tng c phong van trong cuoc ieu tra nay th bang tan so se rat dai vi nhng thong tin phan
tan, vay au tien chung ta phai phan to o tuoi cua ngi tra li thanh mot so o tuoi chnh bang
lenh Recode roi mi tnh tan so cua bien a c phan to nay.
Cach thc tien hanh lenh Frequencies
Sau khi m file Data thuc hanh, ban vao menu Analyze>Descriptive Statistics > Frequencies, hop
thoai Frequencies xuat hien
Chon bien muon lap bang tan so (bien gtinh) bang cach nhap chuot vao ten bien cho bien sang
xanh len roi bam nut co dau mui ten hng sang phai e a bien ang chon vao khung Variable(s).
Nhap OK ban co 2 bang ket qua
Chu y rang ngay trong phan nay chung ta cung co the chon c lenh tnh cac ai lng thong ke
mo ta cho cac bien dang nh lng, muon lam c ieu o ban bam vao nut Statistics tren hop
thoai Frequencies va thc hien cac khai bao can thiet.
2. Cach chnh thc e thc hien lenh tnh cac ai lng thong ke mo ta bang SPSS
1. Vao menu Analyze>Descriptive Statistics>Descriptives

NXb Thong ke 2005
11
2. Chon mot (hay nhieu bien nh lng neu muon tnh cac ai lng thong ke mo ta cho nhieu bien
cung luc) danh sach bien ben trai hop thoai sau o nhap nut co mui ten hng sang phai e a
cac bien nay vao khung Variable(s).
Chu y la khi ban cha chon them mot bien bat ky nao khac trong danh sach ben trai th nut mui ten
se co chieu ngc lai (hng sang trai) e ban co the tra bien va a sang khung Variable(s) ve lai
danh sach neu chang may chon nham bien.
3. Ke tiep bam nut Options e vao hop thoai Desciptives Options, ay ta chon cac ai lng thong
ke ta muon tnh toan e mo ta cho bien nh lng a a qua hop Variable(s) bang cach nhap chuot
vao cac o vuong can thiet.
Cac ai lng thong ke mo ta thng c dung la:
Mean:
trung bnh cong
Sum:
tong cong (s dung khi ieu tra toan bo)
Std. Deviation:
o lech chuan
Minimum:
gia tr nho nhat
Maximum:
gia tr ln nhat
SE mean:
sai so chuan khi c lng tr Trung Bnh
Trong trng hp tnh toan cho nhieu bien cung mot luc, ban co the chon 1 trong 4 cach sap xep th
t ket qua tnh toan cua cac bien nay trong bang ket qua. Thong thng la dung trat t tang dan
(Ascending means) hay giam dan (Descending means) cua gia tr trung bnh cua moi bien. Ngoai ra
ban co the sap xep theo th t cac bien (Variable list) c a lan lt vao khung Variable(s) khi
thc hien lenh hoac theo th t Alphabetic cua nhan bien.
4. Sau o bam vao nut Continue e tr lai hop thoai trc, roi nhan nut OK. Bang ket qua cac ai
lng thong ke mo ta cua bien se xuat hien tren ca so Output.
La chon cach the hien bang ket qua

Neu be ngang cua bang ket qua Descriptive Statistics qua rong khien cho ban kho bao quat het cac
so lieu tren bang, them na ban se khong the in hoac chep bang tren be ngang mot t A4. Luc nay
ban phai la chon cach the hien bang ket qua sao cho co the s dung thuan li nhat.
Ban tien hanh nh sau:
1. Tren ca so Output, tro chuot vao v tr bang va nhap oi e quanh bang hien vien rang ca.

NXb Thong ke 2005
12
Hnh 8
2.
Vien ramg
ca quanh
bang
3.
2. Sau o ban vao menu Pivot, chon Transpose Row and Columns e chuyen oi hang cua bang
thanh cot va cot cua bang thanh hang. Bang tnh cac ai lng thong ke mo ta luc nay se tr nen de
nhn
3. Cach chuyen oi th 2 la chon Pivoting Trays di Transpose Row and Columns, ca so Pivoting
Trays m ra goc tren ben trai cua ca so Output
Hnh 9
Khi ban bam gi

chuot trai tai khoi
nay SPSS se
hien ten nhan
khoi tng ng la
Stat Type va v tr
tng ng tren
bang ket qua oi
mau nen thanh
dang co cham
m
Lan lt re chuot vao cac khoi vuong 4 mau tren Pivoting Trays va bam gi chuot trai ban se oc
c cac nhan gii thieu chung la ai dien cua oi tng g tren bang ket qua ma ban muon hieu
chnh (xem Hnh). Ban cung se thay v tr tng ng tren bang ket qua ang c chon hieu chnh
(tc la bang co vien rang ca xung quanh) cua oi tng ma chung ai dien v cac oi tng nay b

NXb Thong ke 2005
13
oi mau nen. Re chuot nhac hai khoi Statistics va Stat Type xuong oi v tr cho khoi Variables, sau
khi nhap bieu tng X ong ca so Pivoting Trays lai ban se thu c ket qua y het nh cach tren.
Hay th mot vai cach sap xep cac khoi vuong nay theo ngau hng cua ban, ban se phat hien them
nhieu ieu thu v va hu ch.
Cac ai lng thong ke mo ta vi thu tuc Explore
Cac thu tuc thong ke mo ta ma lenh Descriptives cung cap ch hu dung cho viec tong hp mot bien
nh lng c o lng n. Gia s rang ban muon tm ra nhng khac biet trong cac ai lng
thong ke mo ta cua mot bien gia cac nhom oi tng khac nhau ve gii tnh hoac khu vc a ly,
ban phai nh en thu tuc Explore
Thu tuc Explore se giup ban:
Tnh toan cac ai lng thong ke mo ta cho tat ca cac trng hp trong d lieu cua ban hoac
cho cac nhom con cua chung (cac nhom con la cac nhom c phan chia bi cac bieu hien
cua bien nh tnh, v du nh bien gtinh tao thanh hai nhom la nam va n, trong tnh huong
nay gii tnh c goi la bien nhan to)
Nhan dien cac gia tr khac biet. Thu tuc nay se giup ban lc qua d lieu e phat hien cac
gia tr bat thng, kiem tra oi chieu lai d lieu xem o thc s la nhng gia tr khac biet do
ngoai le hay thc ra la nham lan, s sot cua qua trnh thu thap d lieu hoac khi nhap lieu.
Tnh toan cac gia tr thap phan v cua phan phoi cua bien, cung cho tat ca cac trng hp va
cho cac nhom con cua chung.
Tao bieu o, hnh dang cua bieu o se cho ban thay d lieu phan phoi nh the nao.
Thc hien thu tuc Explore

1. Vao menu Analyze>DescriptiveStatistics>Explore m hop thoai Explore
2. Chon mot hay nhieu bien (tat nhien la dang nh lng) trong danh sach bien ben tay trai ma ban
muon so sanh cac khac biet trong ai lng thong ke mo ta cua chung theo nhom va a chung sang
khung Dependent List. v du nay ta chon bien tuoi.
3. Chon mot hay nhieu bien ma cac ban muon s dung lam ieu kien e phan tach bien nh lng
kia ra so sanh. Bien phan tach nay phai la dang Categorical vi t nhom gia tr th s phan tach va so
sanh cua ban mi co y ngha. ay ta chon bien gtinh.

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Hnh 10
4. Nhap chon nut Statistics e vao hop thoai Explore: Statistics. Trong hop thoai nay co nhng la
chon sau:
Descriptive: mac nh c la chon san, do o neu ban khong m hop thoai Explore:
Statistics e thc hien bat ky la chon nao th SPSS cung van tnh toan u cac ai lng
thong ke mo ta cho ban.
M-estimators: cac so thong ke tng ong vi so trung bnh nhng no tao ra nhng trong
so e can bang nhng quan sat phu thuoc vao khoang cach t chung en mot iem trung
tam. Nh vay thc chat M-estimators cung la mot c lng cho khuynh hng tap trung
co phan biet trong so cho cac gia tr khac nhau tuy theo v tr cua chung, v du cac gia tr
xa c gan trong so thap hn cac gia tr gan tam. Nh vay khi so lieu cua ban co cac
iem cc tr hay phan tan nhieu th M-estimators cho c lng tot hn trung bnh va
trung v.
Outliers: SPSS the hien 5 gia tr ln nhat va 5 gia tr nho nhat cua bien c a vao
khung Dependent List, ban co the nh v nhng gia tr nay v SPSS ch ra ca v tr cua
chung theo hang.
Percentile: the hien cac thap phan v th 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90 va 95, trong o cac thap
phan v th 25, 50, 75 chnh la t phan v.
Neu co m Statistics th sau khi hoan tat viec la chon ban nhap Continue e tr lai hop thoai chnh.

NXb Thong ke 2005
15
5. Nhap chon nut Plots e m hop thoai Explore: Plots (chu y rang e cho nut Plots hien sang tnh
trang san sang s dung th tai vung Display goc di ben trai cua hop thoai chnh Explore ban phai
ang la chon Both hoac Plots ch khong phai Statistics) Trong hop thoai nay ban co the la chon
cac dang bieu o sau: hop (Boxplots); than va la (Stem-and-leaf); Histogram. Cu the:
Khu vc Boxplots goc tren ben trai hop thoai Explore: Plots cho phep ban sap xep lai cach
the hien cac bieu o hop Boxplot hoac ra lenh cho SPSS bo qua khong the hien chung (muon
vay ban nhap vao None). Hai la chon au tien la hai tnh huong hoan oi cho nhau ma ban
se can en khi ban co hn mot bien c a vao khung Dependent List va co t nhat mot
bien phan tach trong khung Factor List cua hop thoai chnh Explore. Ban hay th hai la
chon nay va t mnh nhan ra s khac biet.
Tai khu vc Descriptive, SPSS mac nh chon cho ban dang bieu o than va la e mo ta
phan phoi cua bien (ban co the chon them dang bieu o Histogram) v bieu o than va la cho
biet nhieu thong tin hn bieu o Histogram, ngoai ra no con cho ta thay hau het cac gia tr
goc.
Normality plots with tests : la chon nay se ve cho ban bieu o xac xuat chuan Q-Q plot giup
kiem tra bien co phan phoi chuan khong (ay thng la mot gia thuyet quan trong trong
nhieu phep kiem nh thong ke). Trong bieu o xac suat chuan, moi gia tr quan sat c ve
da vao gia tr ky vong cua no t phan phoi chuan.
Hnh 11
Mac nh
c SPSS
chon san

NXb Thong ke 2005
16
Nhap Continue hoac Cancel e tr lai hop thoai trc, (v nut Continue se khong sang neu trong hop
thoai nay ban chon None cho Boxplots va nhap bo la chon mac nh bieu o than va la.)
6. Chon tiep nut Options e la chon cach thc thu tuc Explore x ly cac gia tr Missing. Ban co cac
la chon c ban la :
Exclude cases listwise: nhng trng hp co gia tr b thieu (missing) bat ky mot bien nao
trong cac bien c a vao Dependent List hay Factor List hop thoai Explore eu b bo
qua trong tat ca cac phep tnh toan va o th. ay la la chon mac nh.
Exclude cases pairwise: khi la chon cach nay, moi phep toan thong ke hay o th se s dung
tat ca cac trng hp khong co thong tin b thieu tai cac bien can cho viec tnh toan chung.
Cac trng hp quan sat co gia tr b thieu tai mot bien phu thuoc nay se van c s dung
e tnh toan cac con so thong ke cua bien phu thuoc khac. Tuy chon nay khien SPSS s dung
tat ca cac d lieu co the dung c trong cac phep tnh toan, nhng cac ket qua khong hoan
toan c tnh ra tren cung mot tap d lieu nh nhau.
7. Tr lai hop thoai Explore, nhap OK.

Sau ay la nhng ket qua chnh ma SPSS a ra t thu tuc Explore.
Bang thong ke mo ta cho bien tuoi
gii tnh
Nam
Statistic
Mean
35.72
95%
Lower
Confidence
Bound
Std. Error
.689
Statistic
32.98
34.36
31.57
37.08
34.40
5% Trimmed Mean
35.34
32.46
Median
35.00
30.00
118.227
130.160
10.873
11.409
Minimum
18
18
Maximum
60
60
Interval
for Upper
Mean
Variance
Std. Deviation
Bound

NXb Thong ke 2005
Std. Error
.720
17
Range
Interquartile Range
Skewness
Kurtosis
42
42
17.00
19.00
.423
.154
.609
.154
-.842
.307
-.792
.306
Bieu o than va la cua bien tuoi phan theo 2 loai gii tnh
tuoi Stem-and-Leaf Plot for GTINH= Nam
Frequency Stem & Leaf
3.00 1 . 9&
46.00 2 . 111112223333334444444&
43.00 2 . 555566677778888889999
30.00 3 . 0000111222334
33.00 3 . 555667788888999
38.00 4 . 000000111122222344
22.00 4 . 5566667789
18.00 5 . 0024444&
15.00 5 . 556999
1.00 6 . &
Stem width: 10
Each leaf: 2 case(s) & denotes fractional leaves.
tuoi Stem-and-Leaf Plot for GTINH= Nu
Frequency Stem & Leaf
Co 8 n 18 tuoi
va 6 n 19 tuoi
14.00 1 . 8888999
66.00 2 . 00000001111222222233333334444444
41.00 2 . 5555556666778889999
32.00 3 . 000012222233444
26.00 3 . 555566889999&
19.00 4 . 000122233&
23.00 4 . 55566788899
18.00 5 . 00012234
11.00 5 . 55799&
1.00 6 . &

NXb Thong ke 2005
18
Stem width: 10
Each leaf: 2 case(s) & denotes fractional leaves.
Giai thch bieu o than va la
Trong bieu o than va la, o rong cua than la 10, nh vay bieu o cua oi tng n, hang th nhat
bieu dien cac so trong khoang 10, hang th 2 va 3 bieu dien cac so trong khoang 20. Moi la tren
bieu o ai dien cho 2 trng hp, v vay chung ta co the em co 8 trng hp 18 tuoi (co 4 la mang
so 8) va 6 trng hp 19 tuoi (co 3 la mang so 9) tai than 1, tong cong la 14 trng hp.
Dau hieu & ai dien cho so trng hp khong phai la boi so cua 2.
3. Lap bang trnh bay d lieu cho tnh huong cau hoi nhieu tra li multiple answer (MA)
Trong thc te nghien cu, ngi ta rat thng dung cac cau hoi cho phep ngi tra li co the chon
nhieu hn 1 la chon. Nhng cau hoi ve nhan biet nhan hieu, nhan hieu s dung, nhan hieu a mua,
nhan hieu nao co quang cao tren TV toi hom quala nhng cau hoi dang nay hay gap. V du trong
cau hoi ve cac loai bao thng oc cua Data thuc hanh, ngi c hoi co the nhac en nhieu loai
bao khac nhau. Luc o mot bien n khong the bao quat het thong tin ma ngi tra li cung cap
trong cau hoi nay, v vay chung ta phai tao nhieu bien cho ch 1 cau hoi.
Trong trng hp nay ta dung bang General Tables e gop cac bien trong cung 1 cau MA lai vi
nhau nham tong hp thong tin ve cau hoi ta quan tam.
Cach thc hien
1. T menu chon Analyze m hop thoai General Table, hay nhan nut Mult Response Settrong khu
vc goc trai ben di hop thoai, mot hop thoai ke tiep se xuat hien e ta khai bao tap hp cac bien
va cach ma hoa cac bien o
Chung ta se thc hien v du ghep cac bien con cua cau 2a la loai bao thng oc (t c2a1-c2a9)
2. Trong hop thoai khai bao tap hp bien cua cau hoi nhieu tra li nay:
Chon cac bien cua cau hoi 2a - bao thng oc (bien c2a1 en c2a9) tai khung Set Definition roi a
cac bien nay vao o Variables in Set.
3. Khai bao cach ma hoa cac bien
Chon Dichotomies neu bien co 2 trang thai (nam hay n, mua hay khong mua, nh hay
khong nh co quang cao, co mua hay khong mua)
Chon Categories neu bien co nhieu trang thai (trong v du nay ta chon Categories).
4. at ten va nhan cua tap bien ghep (bien tong hp), ay ta at c2a

NXb Thong ke 2005
19
5. Nhan nut Add e xac nhan, bien tong hp se c cap nhat vao danh sach o ben pha phai (Mult
Response Set).
Hnh 12
at ten va nhan cua

bien ghep va nhap
nut Add a no sang
Mult Response Set
Hai la chon nay se cho
2 ket qua Col
Response% khac nhau
Sau khi nh ngha bien c2a, ta co the nh ngha hang loat cac bien tng t khac cung luc.
6. Sau khi nh ngha cac bien ghep ng vi cac cau MA, nh nhan nut Save e lu bien va ghep va
tr lai hop thoai ban au General Tables.
Tao bang t bien va ghep.
1. Trong hop thoai General Tables ta a bien ghep a nh ngha c2a (luc nay nam tai khung Mul
Response) vao o dong theo cach thong thng va a bien tp vao o cot e xem cac t bao thng
oc tng thanh pho.
Hnh 13

NXb Thong ke 2005
20
Bien c2a sau khi

ghep xong se
tai v tr nay
2. Trong phan Statistics, ta chon 2 ham thong ke la Response (so ngi tra li) va Col Response %
(% ngi tra li theo cot). Co the chnh sa nh dang theo yeu cau. Nhap nut Continue e tr ve
hop thoai ban au.
3. Sau khi tr ve hop thoai General Tables, chon sang ten bien c2a roi chon nut Insert Total, sao o
nhap nut OK, ket qua xuat hien nh sau:
thanh pho
Ha Noi
TPHCM
Col
Cases
Bien
HN mi
Gop
Col
Response %
Cases
Response %
121
48.4%
.4%
SGGP
11
4.4%
59
23.6%
Lao ong
65
26.0%
14
5.6%
Ngi Lao ong
12
4.8%
62
24.8%
Tien Phong
87
34.8%
2.0%
Thanh Nien
28
11.2%
57
22.8%
Tuoi Tre
44
17.6%
197
78.8%
Phu N VN
97
38.8%
23
9.2%
Phu N TPHCM
2.0%
77
30.8%
Thi Bao KTVN
29
11.6%
2.4%
Thi Bao KTSG
10
4.0%
11
4.4%
SG Tiep Th
58
23.2%
101
40.4%

NXb Thong ke 2005
21
The Gii Phu N
80
32.0%
84
33.6%
Tiep Th va G
28
11.2%
32
12.8%
Mua & Ban
47
18.8%
11
4.4%
An Ninh The Gii
193
77.2%
106
42.4%
An Ninh Thu o
183
73.2%
3.2%
Cong An TPHCM
44
17.6%
188
75.2%
124
49.6%
74
29.6%
250
506.4%
250
446.4
Khac
Tong
Hay th lai v du nay nhng chon sang ten bien tp va nhap Insert Total e xem s khac biet.
Y ngha cua cac so lieu trong Bang tren
Tai hang au tien thuoc phan nhom Ha Noi, cot Case cho biet khi lan lt hoi 250 ngi tai HN co
121 lan gap cau tra li co oc bao Ha Noi mi (Chu y la ong thi mot ngi co the oc nhieu bao
nen ho chon nhieu hn 1 tra li do o tong cot case se khong the = 250)
Cot Col Response % cho ta biet mc o thng oc cac loai bao, ty le oc HN mi la 48,4%, ty le
nay c tnh tren 250 ngi c phong van tai HN, tc la lay 121 ngi tra li co oc HN mi chia
250.
i doc xuong cot Col Response% cua Ha Noi cho ta biet loai bao thng c oc nhat la An ninh
the gii va An ninh thu o. Con tai Tp HCM ngi ta oc bao Tuoi tre nhieu nhat (78,8%).
Chu y neu ben hop thoai General table:Define Multiple Response sets, khu vc di cung cua hop
thoai ta chon Number of Response th khi thc hien o bang ket qua cot Col Response% se cho
thong tin khac.
4. Mo ta d lieu bang o th
o th Bar dung e the hien thong tin nh trung bnh, trung v, tan so tch luy, tan suat tch luy, so
quan satcua bien. No c s dung cho cac d lieu thu thap bang cac thc o nh danh, th t
khoang cach, hoac ty le vi t gia tr ri rac.
e tao o th ban vao Menu Graphs>Bar e m ca so Bar Charts
Hnh 14

NXb Thong ke 2005
22
Neu muon bieu dien tap d lieu cua

1 bien n ta chon Simple (dang n
gian co cac thanh rieng biet)
Neu muon bieu dien tap d lieu cua

mot bien theo s phan tach cua mot
bien khac ta chon Clustered (dang
tng nhom thanh ke nhau)
Dang Stacked cung cap cho ngi

xem cung mot loai thong tin nh
Clustered nhng luc nay cac thanh
trong nhom nam chong len nhau.
Y ngha cua cac la chon trong khu vc Data in Chart Are tren hop thoai o th Bar:
Summaries for groups of cases: the hien 1 con so thong ke tong hp cho nhng nhom trng
hp khac nhau, gia du tren ban a chon Clustered th luc nay moi thanh tren o th the hien
cung mot ai lng thong ke ma ban a chon tnh cua tng nhom, gia du tuoi trung bnh theo
nam va n
Summaries of separate variables: the hien nhng con so thong ke tong hp cho nhng bien
khac nhau tren cung mot o th (gia s ban ve o th ong thi cua tr trung bnh thu nhap ca
nhan va thu nhap gia nh..).
Value of indiviual cases:the hien gia tr that cua mot bien trong tng tnh huong cu the ch
khong the hien nhng con so thong ke tong hp. Moi thanh ai dien cho gia tr that cua tng
trng hp. Vay th ban ch co the s dung tnh huong nay e ve o th cho mot mau that t
quan sat, neu khong o th cua ban se roi mu.
Dung o th Bar bieu dien tap d lieu cua 1 bien n

1. Trong hop thoai Bar Charts chon Simple, tai khu vc Data in Chart Area ta chon Summaries for
groups of cases roi nhap Define e m ca so Define Simple Bar:Summaries for groups of cases
2. a bien dotuoi sang khung Category Axis,
3. Trong khu vc Bar Represent la cac la chon ve thong tin nao cua bien dotuoi se c the hien
tren cac Bar, ay ban chon Number of cases (tan so). Neu ban chon % of cases th n v cua truc
tung se la tan suat.
4. Nhap nut Titles e nhap ten o th, nh chuyen sang che o go ch Viet vi bang ma TCVN3

NXb Thong ke 2005
23
5. Sau khi OK ta co c o th.

Muon hieu chnh o th ban nhap oi chuot trc tiep vao o th e m ca so SPSS Chart Editor,
chon Menu Chart>Axis e m hop thoai Axis Selection, hop thoai nay neu chon Scale ban se hieu
chnh c cac oi tng tren truc tung con chon Category ban se hieu chnh c cac oi tng tren
truc hoanh

NXb Thong ke 2005
24
Hnh 15
Ban hay so sanh o th cua bien dotuoi vi bang tan so cua cua bien dotuoi, chung the hien cung 1
thong tin.
Dung o th Bar bieu dien tap d lieu cua 1 bien phan tach theo 1 bien khac
Lan lt thao tac nh tren vi nhng chon la Clustered va Summaris for group of Cases, roi nhap
Define ban se m c ca so hop thoai Define Clustered Bar: Summaries for groups of cases.
Hnh 16

NXb Thong ke 2005
25
Bars Represent, khi ban chon Other Summary Funtion, khung Variable ke no se sang len, a
cac bien tng ng vao cac khung nh hnh tren the hien, chu y rang SPSS mac nh tnh ai lng
trung bnh cho bien nh lng ban a vao khung Variable, neu muon tnh cac ai lng thong ke
khac ban vao nut Change Summarye chon la lai.
Sau khi OK ban co o th tho, chon cac oi tng ban muon chnh sa va hieu chnh chung theo y
muon

NXb Thong ke 2005
26
KIEM NH MOI LIEN HE GIA HAI BIEN
Trong cac phep kiem nh th kiem nh ve moi lien he gia cac bien la mot phep kiem nh hay
c s dung trong phan tch thong ke, kiem nh nay con goi la kiem nh tnh oc lap. Trong
chng nay chung ta se phan biet 2 tnh huong kiem nh moi lien he gia 2 bien nh sau:
Kiem nh moi lien he gia 2 bien nh tnh (nh danh-nh danh, nh danh th bac, th bac
th bac)
Kiem nh moi lien he gia 1 bien nh tnh va 1 bien nh lng
Kiem nh moi lien he gia 2 bien nh lng
1. Kiem nh moi lien he khi 2 yeu to la bien nh danh-nh danh hay nh danh th bac bang
kiem nh Chi bnh phng
C s ly thuyet cua Kiem nh Chi-bnh phng
1. at gia thuyet thong ke
Gia thuyet khong Ho: hai bien oc lap vi nhau
Gia thuyet oi H1
: hai bien co lien he vi nhau
2. Tnh toan ai lng 2
( Oij Eij )
2 =
r
i =1 j =1
Eij
Trong o:
2
: ai lngChi-bnh phng dung e kiem nh
Oij
: ai dien cho so trng hp c quan sat trong mot o cu the cua bang cheo (tan so
quan sat)
Eij
: ai dien cho so trng hp ma ban mong i gap trong nhng o cua bang cheo o
neu khong co moi lien he gia 2 bien trong bang (tan so mong i)
: so cot cua bang
: so dong cua bang
Eij c tnh theo cong thc sau:
E ij =
Ri C j
n
Ri: tong so quan sat cua dong th i

Cj: tong so quan sat cua cot th j

NXb Thong ke 2005
27
T cong thc tnh 2 co the thay ngay la 2 = 0 khi tat ca cac tan so quan sat bang vi cac tan so
mong i, ngha la luc nay khong co moi lien he nao gia cac bien. Mac du Chi-bnh phng co the
= 0, no khong bao gi nhan gia tr am. O khac biet E cang nhieu, th gia tr 2 tnh c cang ln,
ngha la luc nay co kha nang co moi lien he gia 2 bien.
3. Tm gia tr gii han
(2r 1)( c 1),
ai lng kiem nh nay co phan phoi Chi-bnh phng nen ban tra bang phan phoi 2 e tm c
gia tr gii han vi mc y ngha va so bac t do df =( r 1 ).( c -1 )
Mc y ngha la kha nang toi a cho phep pham phai sai lam loai I trong kiem nh, tc kha nang
ban bac bo Ho mac du thc te Ho ung. Neu cho = 5% ngha la khi thc hien kiem nh ban chap
nhan mot kha nang pham sai lam loai I toi a la 5%, t o o tin cay c cua kiem nh cua ban la
(1-) = 95%.
4. Tieu chuan quyet nh la so sanh gia tr gii han va ai lng 2 :
Bac bo gia thuyet Ho neu
Chap nhan gia thuyet Ho neu
2 > (2r 1)( c 1),

2 (2r 1)( c 1) ,
S dung SPSS thc hien kiem nh Chi-bnh phng

e nghien cu moi lien he gia trnh o hoc van va cach oc cac t bao cua ngi oc bang kiem
nh Chi-bnh phng ta at gia thuyet Ho nh sau
Ho:
Hoc van khong co lien he vi cach oc bao

(Cach oc bao khong chu anh hng cua hoc van)
T menu, chon Analyze>Descriptive Statistics>Crosstabs Lenh nay m ra hop thoai Crosstabs nh

hnh sau:

NXb Thong ke 2005
28
Hnh 17
Du cho ban thiet lap v tr cua 2

bien trong bang nh the nao
(tc la du cho bien nao c
at hang hay cot) th gia tr
2 tnh toan c van luon
luon nh nhau.
Ban m lai hop thoai Crosstab, t trong hop thoai Crosstabs nhan nut Statistics, hop thoai Crosstab:
Statistics xuat hien. Trong hop thoai nay ta anh dau chon ai lng Chi-square roi nhap nut
Continue e tr ve hop thoai Crosstabs. Trong hop thoai Crosstabs nhan tiep nut Cells e m hop
thoai Crosstabs: Cell Display nham xac nh cac ai lng thong ke the hien trong tng o cua bang
cheo.
Count e em tan so. Thong thng ngi ta hay chon the hien tan so quan sat (Observed) hn
la the hien tan so mong i (Expected).
Percentages e the hien phan tram. Ngi ta hay chon the hien phan tram theo cot.
La chon xong ban nhan Continue, cuoi cung la OK. Ket qua do lenh Crosstabs a ra gom 3 bang:
bang au tien the hien nhng thong tin tong hp, th 2 la bang cheo ket hp 2 bien ma trong cac o
the hien ai lng thong ke ban a chon hop thoai Crosstabs: Cell Display va cuoi cung la bang
tom lc ket qua kiem nh 2
Chu y ve cac ai lng tren bang ket qua
Kiem nh Chi-bnh phng ch co y ngha khi so quan sat u ln, neu co qua 20% so o trong bang
cheo co tan so ly thuyet nho hn 5 th gia tr 2 noi chung khong con ang tin cay. Luc nay ban phai

NXb Thong ke 2005
29
ngh en bien phap gom cac bieu hien tren cac bien lai e tang so quan sat trong moi nhom len bang
lenh Recode. Cuoi bang Chi-square Tests, SPSS luon a ra 1 dong thong bao cho ban biet % so o
co tan suat mong i di 5 cua bang, trong v du cua chung ta khong co o nao co tan suat mong i
di 5 nen ta co the tin tng vao o chnh xac cua kiem nh.
Continuity Correction la mot dang bien the cua Pearson Chi-Square e s dung cho nhng bang dang
2x2, tc la bang ket hp cua 2 bien ma moi bien eu co 2 bieu hien.
Likelihood Ratio la mot so thong ke tng t Pearson Chi-Square, vi nhng c mau ln ket qua cua
2 so thong ke nay rat gan nhau.
Linear-by-Linear Association o lng moi lien he tuyen tnh gia 2 bien, so thong ke nay ch hu
dung khi bien hang va cot c sap trat t t nho nhat en ln nhat, con neu khong ban hay bo qua
no.
Ngoai ra con mot so thong ke na la ket qua kiem nh Fishers Exact. Fishers Exact test rat phu
hp cho dang bang 2x2 vi tnh huong cac tan so mong i tai cac o nho hn 5.V the khi ban lap
bang 2x2 th SPSS mi cung cap thong tin cua kiem nh Fishers Exact cung vi cac ket qua cua cac
kiem nh khac.
2. Kiem nh moi quanhe trong trng hp 2 bien th bac
Trong trng hp 2 yeu to nghien cu la 2 bien thu thap t thang o th bac, thay v dung ai lng
Chi-bnh phng, chung ta co the dung mot trong cac ai lng: tau-b cua Kendall, d cua Somer,
gamma cua Goodman va Kruskal. Cac ai lng nay giup phat hien ra moi lien he tot hn Chi-bnh
phng
V du: chung ta can nghien cu moi lien he gia tuoi tac va mc o quan tam oi vi chu e gia nh
tren bao Sai Gon Tiep Th. Ca hai yeu to nay eu la d lieu th bac v no c phan hang nh sau:
o tuoi: (18-25) tuoi; (26-35) tuoi; (36-45) tuoi; (46-60) tuoi.
Mc o quan tam en chu e gia nh: quan tam nhat, quan tam th nh, quan tam th ba.
e thc hien kiem nh moi lien he trong tnh huong nay ta at gia thuyet H0 : Tuoi tac khong co
lien he vi mc o quan tam en chu e gia nh tren bao SGTT (hay mc o quan tam en chu e
gia nh khong khac nhau gia cac nhom tuoi tac)

NXb Thong ke 2005
30
2.1. Gamma cua Goodman va Kruskal

Gamma la mot thc o pho bien va de cam nhan, v tr so cua no nam trong khang t 1 (lien he
nghch hoan hao) en +1 (lien he thuan hoan hao), gia tr 0 trung tam ai dien cho s oc lap hoan
toan gia hai bien, Ly tng nhat la gamma=1.
Mot lan na ban ng quen gamma ta tnh c da tren thong tin cua mau, nen no the hien o
manh cua mot moi lien he co the ch co trong mau. e chac ieu o ung vi tong the chung ta phai
kiem nh y ngha cua gamma
Chung ta xuat phat vi gia thuyet H0 rang gamma cua tong the chung = 0, ngha la that s khong co
moi lien he gia cac bien th bac trong tong the chung ta ang nghien cu. Neu ket qua kiem nh
cho phep chung ta bac bo gia thiet H0 th chung ta co the ket luan rang 2 bien th bac cua chung ta
co moi lien he va gia tr gamma cua mau ma ta tnh c chac chan xap x gia tr gamma cua tong
the chung (ky hieu la Gamma cua tong the chung).
2. tau-b cua Kendall (b)
Gamma c a thch v la mot so thong ke de hieu, de dang giai thch va anh gia bang cach s
dung bang phan phoi z. Nhng nhieu nha nghien cu khong thch gamma v no co xu hng thoi
phong moi lien he gia cac bien bi nhng d lieu no bo qua khong xet en trong qua trnh tnh toan
(do quy tac tnh cua gamma). Trong khi o tau-b s dung hau het d lieu nen se gan nh luon luon
nho hn gamma v vay no ang tin cay hn khi o lng moi lien he. Tuy nhien rat kho kiem tra mc
y ngha cua tau-b trong lnh vc nghien cu, cong thc tnh no lai kho va khong san bang e ban co
the tra cu.
Noi chung, khi tnh toan vi bat ky bang cheo nao th cac ch so tau-b cua Kendall, d cua Somer,
gamma cua Goodman va Kruskal co tr so tng t nhau (tc la tat ca eu = 0 khi hai bien khong
tng quan, va cung co dau giong nhau khi ch chieu hng cua moi tng quan) nhng khong giong
het nhau theo cach chung tom lc noi dung cua bang tng quan cheo, ch so tau-b thch hp hn
cho nhng bang can oi tc la co so hang bang so cot con tau-c thch hp cho nhng bang khong can
oi, con tr so gamma thng cao hn cac so thong ke khac nen co the dan ta en sai lam la c
lng qua cao ve sc manh cua moi tng quan.

NXb Thong ke 2005
31
Van dung SPSS e thc hien kiem nh

e kiem nh gia thiet Ho e ra tren, m lai hop thoai Crosstabs.
Trong hop thoai nay a bien c19.3 (mc o quan tam en chu e gia
nh) vao o Row va bien dotuoi (nhom tuoi) vao o Column. Roi chon
nut Statistics
Trong hop thoai Statistics, ta chon cac ai lng kiem nh nh Hnh ben. Sau o nhap Continue tr
ve hop thoai Crosstab va nhap OK. Ta co cac bang ket qua can thiet.
3. Kiem nh moi lien he gia mot bien nh tnh va mot bien nh lng
Ban chat cua phep kiem nh nay chnh la kiem nh gia thuyet ve s bang nhau gia hai trung bnh
tong the oc lap
Ban co 2 bien tham gia trong mot phep kiem nh trung bnh gom 1 bien nh lng (tat nhien la
bien nh lng) dang khoang cach hay t le e tnh trung bnh, va 1 bien nh tnh dung e chia
nhom ra so sanh.
V du: so sanh gia 2 thanh pho Ha Noi va TPHCM ve so nhan khau trung bnh cua ho gia nh. Vi
v du nay, ban co bien nh lng la sonk va bien nh tnh la tp va ban se s dung phep kiem nh
s bang nhau ve tr trung bnh cua 2 mau oc lap (Independent-samples T-test)
Trc khi thc hien kiem nh trung bnh can phai thc hien mot kiem nh khac ma ket qua cua no
anh hng rat quan trong en kiem nh trung bnh, o la kiem nh s bang nhau cua 2 phng sai
tong the. Ve mat trc quan ban de dang nhan thay rang so sanh 2 tong the co tr trung bnh bang
nhau nhng mc o phan tan (hay ong eu) khac nhau la hoan toan khap khieng. Va v phng sai
dien ta mc o ong eu hoac khong ong eu cua d lieu quan sat nen SPSS phai tien hanh kiem
nh s bang nhau ve phng sai trc, kiem nh nay co ten la Levene test.
Levene test c tien hanh vi gia thuyet Ho rang phng sai cua 2 tong the bang nhau, neu ket qua
kiem nh cho ban mc y ngha quan sat nho hn 0,05 ban co the bac bo gia thuyet Ho. Ket qua cua
viec bac bo hay chap nhan gia thuyet Ho se anh hng en viec ban la chon tiep loai kiem nh gia
thuyet ve s bang nhau gia hai trung bnh tong the nao: kiem nh trung bnh vi phng sai bang
nhau hay kiem nh trung bnh vi phng sai khac nhau.

NXb Thong ke 2005
32
Tien hanh kiem nh Independent-samples T-test

e tien hanh kiem nh trung bnh cho v du cua chung ta ban xuat phat t gia thuyet Ho rang: quy
mo gia nh trung bnh tai 2 thanh pho la nh nhau.
1. Ban hay chon Analyze>Compare Means>Independent-samples T Test. Lenh nay se m ra hop
thoai Independent-Samples T Test (kiem nh trung bnh vi mau oc lap).
2. Trong hop thoai nay, ban lan lt chon bien nh lng muon kiem nh tr trung bnh (bien sonnk)
a vao danh sach cac bien can kiem nh Test Variable(s). Sau o chon bien nh tnh chia so quan
sat thanh hai nhom mau e so sanh gia hai nhom nay vi nhau (bien tp) a vao Group Variable.
Hnh 18
Ban co the a vao

khung nay nhieu bien
nh lng e thc
hien kiem nh cung
mot luc
Ban nhap vao Group 1 ma

so cua Ha Noi (1) va Group
2 ma so cua Tp HCM (2).
Ban co the khai bao ngc
lai, Group 1 la 2 va Group
2 la 1, khong co van e g.
3. Sau khi chon bien e phan nhom, ban phai nhan nut Define Groups e ch nh hai nhom can so
sanh vi nhau. Trong hop thoai Define Groups go ma so cua 2 nhom ban muon so sanh. Trong
trng hp bien nh tnh co nhieu hn 2 bieu hien th co the chon rieng 2 ma so ai dien cho 2
nhom ban quan tam en s khac biet ve trung bnh e nhap vao. V du ban phan loai cac sinh vien
trong trng theo 4 nhom ve khoa hoc, th t ma hoa trong bien khoa hoc la: 1 cho sinh vien nam
au, 2 cho sinh vien nam 2, 3 cho sinh vien nam 3 va 4 cho sinh vien nam cuoi. Neu muon so sanh
thi gian t hoc cua sinh vien nam au va nam cuoi, ban se nhap 1 vao Group 1 va 4 vao Group 2

NXb Thong ke 2005
33
4. Nhan nut Continue e tr ve hop thoai chnh roi nhan tiep nut OK, cac bang ket qua se xuat hien.
Trc het xac nh ket qua kiem nh s bang nhau cua 2 phng sai, sau o ta se xem ket qua kiem
nh t.
Neu gia tr Sig. trong kiem nh Levene < 0,05 th phng sai gia 2 thanh pho khac nhau, ta
se s dung ket qua kiem nh t dong Equal variances not assumed.
Ngc lai neu gia tr Sig. trong kiem nh Levene >= 0,05 th phng sai gia 2 thanh pho
khong khac nhau, ta se s dung ket qua kiem nh t dong Equal variances assumed.
oc ket qua cua kiem nh t.
Neu gia tr Sig. trong kiem nh t < 0,05 th ta ket luan co s khac biet co y ngha ve trung
bnh gia 2 thanh pho.
Neu gia tr sig. trong kiem nh t >= 0,05 th ta ket luan cha co s khac biet co y ngha ve tr
trung bnh gia 2 thanh pho.
3. Kiem nh moi lien he gia 2 bien nh lng

c thc hien bang bien phap anh gia he so tng quan va xay dng mo hnh hoi qui

NXb Thong ke 2005
34
BANG CAU HOI PHONG VAN

PVV
oc soat
Ma so
Knh chao ong/ba/anh/ch, chung toi ang thc hien mot cuoc tham do ve thoi quen oc va mua bao;
hom nay en ay e xin y kien cua ong/ba/anh/ch. Muc ch cua cuoc tham do nay la tm hieu ve
mot phan cuoc song tinh than cua ngi dan cung nh giup cho cac c quan bao ch hieu ro hn nhu
cau oc va mua bao, tren c s o co phng hng cai tien t bao, phuc vu tot hn nhu cau cua ban
oc.
Gi bat au phong van:_____________
A. OC VA MUA BAO
1. Trong vong 1 nam qua anh/ch/ong/ba co thng xuyen oc bao khong? (SHOWCARD - CH
CHON 1 TRA LI)
1. hau nh khong oc bao
Ngng ghi chep vao bang thong ke
2. thnh thoang (tuan 1-2 t)

3. thng xuyen (tuan 3-7 t)
Ngng ghi chep vao bang thong ke

Tiep tuc
4. rat thng xuyen ( tren 7 t/ tuan)
Tiep tuc

NXb Thong ke 2005
35
2a. Trong vong 6 thang qua anh/ch/ong/ba thng oc cac t bao tieng
Viet nao? (CO THE CHON NHIEU TRA LI)
2b. Trong cac t bao ke tren, anh/ch/ong/ba thch oc cac t bao nao nhat?
(CH CHON TOI A 3 TRA LI)
2c. Trong vong 6 thang qua cac thanh vien gia nh anh/ch/ong/ba thng
mua cac t bao tieng Viet nao?
2d. Cac thanh vien trong gia nh anh/ch/ong/ba thng mua cac t bao nay
nh the nao? ( HOI LAN LT TNG LOAI BAO A MUA TRONG
CAU 2c) (at bao nh ky: ghi so 1; mua tai sap bao tien ng i lam, i
hoc: ghi so 2; mua tai sap bao gan nha: ghi so 3; khong biet: ghi so 4)
2a
2b
2c
Ha Noi Mi
Sai Gon Giai Phong
Lao ong
Ngi Lao ong
Tien Phong
Thanh Nien
Tuoi Tre
DUNG
Phu N Viet Nam
SHOWCA
Phu N TP HCM
RD CHO
Thi Bao Kinh Te
10
10
10
4 CAU:
GHI CHU
2a, 2b, 2c,
Viet Nam
Thi Bao Kinh Te
2d
11
11
11
Sai Gon Tiep Th
12
12
12
The Gii Phu N
13
13
13
Tiep Th va Gia nh
14
14
14
Mua & Ban
15
15
15
An Ninh The Gii
16
16
16
2d
Sai Gon
HOI VA
GHI CHEP
THEO
COT

NXb Thong ke 2005
36
An Ninh Thu o
17
17
17
Cong An TPHCM
18
18
18
Khac (ke
19
19
19
ten)
3. Trong gia nh anh/ch/ong/ba, so lng ngi oc bao thng xuyen la bao nhieu ngi?
Ghi mot con so cu the : ____________ ngi
4. Anh/ch/ong/ba thng oc bao au? (SHOWCARD - CH CHON TOI A 2 TRA LI)

1. nha
2. c quan, van phong, ni lam viec
3. ni ban hang
4. ni khac (ghi cu the)
5. Anh/ch/ong/ba thng oc bao vao nhng luc nao? (SHOWCARD - CH CHON TOI A 2 TRA
LI)
1. sang sm/trc gi lam viec
2. trong gi lam viec
3. luc ranh roi
4. luc khac (ghi cu the) ..
6. Anh/ch/ong/ba thng oc bao nh the nao? (SHOWCARD - CH CHON 1 TRA LI CHO 1

COT)
Cac t
t bao
bao noi
thng oc
chung
nhat
oc theo th t t trang au en trang cuoi
Xem lt qua cac e muc, oc nhng trang muc
a thch trc roi en cac trang muc khac sau

ch oc cac trang muc a thch, t khi oc cac
trang muc khac

NXb Thong ke 2005
37
xem cac tin ang chu y tren trang nhat roi tm
en oc trc cac bai co quan tam chu y

7. Trong gia nh anh/ch/ong/ba, ai thng la ngi quyet nh viec mua bao? (CH CHON 1 TRA
LI)
1. ban than
2. ngi khac
8. Neu la ngi khac quyet nh viec mua bao, xin cho biet o la ai trong gia nh? (CH CHON 1
TRA LI)
ong/ba
ngi con gai
ngi cha
ngi con trai
ngi me
ngi khac
9. Vi cac bao thng oc, anh/ch/ong/ba thng oc t

1. bao c quan
3. mn t ban be, ngi than, hang xom
2. gia nh t mua
4. khac
B. OC BAO SAI GON TIEP TH

XEM LAI Q2a. NEU A CO OC SGTT TH HOI Q10. NEU KHONG, HOI Q11
10. Trong vong 6 thang qua, anh/ch/ong/ba co oc thng xuyen bao SGTT khong? (SHOWCARD)
1. moi thang oc 1-2 so bao
tiep cau 11
2. gan nh oc hang tuan
tiep cau 12
3. khong bo sot so bao nao
tiep cau 12
11. Xin vui long cho biet ly do v sao anh/ch/ong/ba khong oc, hay khong oc bao SGTT thng
xuyen?
______________________________________________________________
=> tiep cau 36

NXb Thong ke 2005
38
12. Trong gia nh, ngoai anh/ch/ong/ba, con bao nhieu ngi na oc bao SGTT t nhat 2 so bao/1
thang trong vong 6 thang qua?
Ghi mot con so cu the _________ ngi
13. Anh/ch/ong/ba thng oc bao SGTT vao ngay nao trong tuan? (SHOWCARD CH CHON 1
TRA LI)
1. th Nam
2. th Sau
4. Chu Nhat
5. ngay khac trong tuan
3. th Bay
14. Cach thc Anh/ch/ong/ba oc bao SGTT nh the nao? (SHOWCARD - CH CHON 1 TRA LI)
1. thng oc 1 lan het t bao
2. thng oc 2-3 lan, moi lan oc 1 phan
3. thng oc 1 lan, sau o xem lai mot vai trang muc a thch nhng lan khac
15. Anh/ch/ong/ba thng oc bao SGTT theo th t noi dung nh the nao? (SHOWCARD - CH
CHON 1 TRA LI)
oc theo th t t trang au en trang cuoi
xem lt qua cac e muc, oc nhng trang muc a
thch trc roi en cac trang muc khac sau

ch oc cac trang muc a thch, t khi oc cac trang
muc khac
xem cac tin ang chu y tren trang nhat roi tm en
oc trc cac bai co quan tam chu y
16. Anh/ch/ong/ba thng oc cac trang muc nao cua bao SGTT? (SHOWCARD - CO THE CHON
NHIEU TRA LI)
17. Trong cac trang muc cua bao SGTT thng oc, Anh/ch/ong/ba thch oc cac trang muc nao
nhat? (SHOWCARD - CHON TOI A 5 TRA LI)

NXb Thong ke 2005
39
18. Trong 6 thang au nam 2001, theo Anh/ch/ong/ba th bao SGTT a no lc tap trung nhieu vao
trang muc nao? (SHOWCARD CH CHON 1 TRA LI)
Trang muc
16
17
18
Trang muc
16
17
18
Ban oc
B song Cu Long
12
12
12
Nha at
Kinh doanh tiep th
13
13
13
Dch vu
Phong s anh
14
14
14
Tin hoc
Chuyen ong th
15
15
15
trng
Mua sam - dch
Van e
16
16
16
Mua sam
Cam nang sieu th
17
17
17
Am thc & i
Qua tang ban oc
18
18
18
Giai tr
Quang cao
19
19
19
Gia nh
Trang Ha Noi va
20
20
20
21
21
21
vu
song
MB
Danh cho an
10
10
10
ong
Khong nh, khong

e y
The gii tieu
11
11
11
dung
19. Hay xep hang cac chu e sau ay tren bao SGTT tuy theo mc o quan tam cua Anh/ch/ong/ba
oi vi tng loai chu e? (SHOWCARD CHU E NAO QUAN TAM NHAT TH GHI SO 1,
QUAN TAM TH NH TH GHI SO 2, QUAN TAM TH BA TH GHI SO 3)
thong tin th trng
_____
mua sam
_____
gia nh
_____
20. Theo Anh/ch/ong/ba, bao SGTT co tac dung: (SHOWCARD - CO THE CHON NHIEU TRA
LI)
1.
giai tr

NXb Thong ke 2005
40
2.
t van, hng dan tieu dung
3.
cung cap tai lieu nghien cu va tham khao
4.
tac dung khac
21. Anh/ch/ong/ba xem (oc) cac trang quang cao tren bao SGTT nh the nao? (SHOWCARD - CH
CHON 1 TRA LI)
1. thng xem (oc) het cac trang quang cao
2. thng xem lt qua va ch oc mot so mot so quang cao co quan tam
3. t khi xem (oc) cac trang quang cao
4. hau nh khong xem (oc) cac trang quang cao
22. Muc ch xem (oc) quang cao tren bao SGTT cua anh/ch/ong/ba la g? (SHOWCARD CO
THE CHON NHIEU TRA LI)
1. Tm kiem thong tin e mua sam
4. Phuc vu cho hoc tap, nghien cu
2. Tm c hoi mua hang khuyen mai
5. e giai tr
3. Xem gii thieu cong ty va SP mi
6. Muc ch khac
23. Neu gia nh anh/ch/ong/ba co mua bao SGTT, th so lng ngi oc bao SGTT trong gia nh
trung bnh la bao nhieu ngi (ke ca anh/ch/ong/ba)? Trong o so ngi thng xuyen xem cac
trang quang cao la bao nhieu ngi?
So ngi oc : ____________;
so ngi xem quang cao: ___________
24. Neu ni lam viec cua anh/ch/ong/ba co mua bao SGTT (hoac do mot ngi nao o mua em
vao), th so lng ngi oc 1 t bao SGTT trung bnh la bao nhieu ngi ? Trong o so ngi
thng xuyen xem cac trang quang cao la bao nhieu ngi?
So ngi oc : ____________;
so ngi xem quang cao: ___________
25. Anh/ch/ong/ba co thng ban luan vi nhng ngi khac ve nhng noi dung tren t SGTT?
1. Thng xuyen
2. Thnh thoang
3. t Khi

NXb Thong ke 2005
4. Khong
41
26. Nhng ngi Anh/ch/ong/ba thng ban luan ve noi dung tren bao SGTT thng la nhng ngi
nao?
(SHOWCARD - CO THE CHON NHIEU TRA LI)
thanh vien trong gia nh
ba con
ban be cung ni lam viec
lang gieng
ban hoc
ngi khac
ban than
27. Anh/ch/ong/ba thng e cac so bao SGTT mi trong vong 1 thang au trong nha?
(SHOWCARD - CH CHON 1 TRA LI)
phong khach
phong an
phong sinh hoat gia nh
ni khac trong nha
phong hoc hay lam viec
khong lu tr
gia nh khong
nha
phong ngu
mua
28. Anh/ch/ong/ba gi gn t bao SGTT nh the nao? (SHOWCARD - CH CHON 1 TRA LI)
1. khong gi lai (khong phai bao nha mua)
2. khong quan tam en viec gi gn t bao SGTT
3. e ai au o
4. co gi gn, sap xep th t e co the de dang tham khao ve sau
5. cat va lu tr mot so thong tin quan trong

NXb Thong ke 2005
42
C. ANH GIA VA GOP Y CHO BAO SGTT
29. Anh/ch/ong/ba anh gia cac mat sau ay cua t bao SGTT nh the nao? (SHOWCARD)
A. Ve noi dung
Hoan
Khon
toan
khong
hai
hai
long
Hai
Rat
Khon
long
hai
g y
long
kien
long
1. Tnh xac thc cua
2. Tnh thi s, cap nhat
3. Tnh bo ch
4. Tnh phan tch
5. Tnh thc te
6. Tnh uc ket, hng
1. Trnh bay ba
2. Ngon ng the hien
3. Hnh anh
4. Chat lng in
5. Sap xep trang muc
6. Trang tr
C. anh gia chung
thong tin
dan
7. Tnh mi, ot pha
B. Hnh thc

NXb Thong ke 2005
43
30a. Theo Anh/ch/ong/ba, bao SGTT nen tang them dien tch mat bao cua
nhng trang muc nao?
30b. Theo Anh/ch/ong/ba, bao SGTT nen giam bt dien tch mat bao cua
nhng trang muc nao?
30c. Theo Anh/ch/ong/ba, bao SGTT nen tap trung cai tien nhng trang
muc nao?
30d. Theo Anh/ch/ong/ba, bao SGTT nen bo bt nhng trang muc nao?
30a
30b
30c
30d
Tang
Giam
Cai
Bo
GHI CHU
tien
Ban oc
Nha at
Dch vu
Tin hoc
Mua sam - dch vu
Mua sam
DUNG
Am thc & i
SHOWCARD
CHO
song
Giai tr
4 CAU
Gia nh
30a, 30b,
Danh cho an ong
10
10
10
10
30c, 30d
The gii tieu dung
11
11
11
11
B song Cu Long
12
12
12
12
Kinh doanh tiep th
13
13
13
13
Phong s anh
14
14
14
14
Chuyen ong th
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
HOI VA GHI
CHEP
THEO COT
trng
Van e

NXb Thong ke 2005
44
Cam nang sieu th
17
17
17
17
Qua tang ban oc
18
18
18
18
Quang cao
19
19
19
19
Trang Ha Noi va
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
MB
Khong can ieu
chnh
31. Theo Anh/ch/ong/ba, bao SGTT nen m them nhng trang muc nao? (toi a 2 e ngh)
1.
2.
D. SAN PHAM VA H0AT ONG KHAC CUA BAO SGTT

32. Trong 6 thang qua, ngoai t bao SGTT, gia nh Anh/ch/ong/ba co mua va oc cac san pham
bao ch nao khac cua SGTT khong? (SHOWCARD)
33. Mc o hai long cua Anh/ch/ong/ba oi vi cac san pham bao ch nay cua SGTT nh the nao?
(SHOWCARD)
oc va
Mc o hai long
mua
oc
Hoan
Kho
toan
ng
khong
hai
hai long
long
mua
Hai
Rat
Kho
long
hai
ng y
long
kien
Cam nang tieu dung
Cam nang ky thuat
Cam nang mua sam
34. Trong 6 thang qua, Anh/ch/ong/ba co tham gia cac hoat ong ngoai bao cua SGTT / SGTT tham
gia to chc khong? (SHOWCARD)

NXb Thong ke 2005
45
35. Mc o hai long cua Anh/ch/ong/ba oi vi cac hoat ong nay nh the nao? (SHOWCARD)
Mc o hai long
Tha
m
Hoan
Kho
gia
toan
ng
khong
hai
hai long
long
Rat
Kho
Hai
hai
ng y
long
long
kien
Hoi ch HVN CLC
Hng dan tieu dung
tren 3
Hang
VNCLC
HTV
E. QUAN NIEM VE CUOC SONG VA GIAI TR

36. Theo anh/ch/ong/ba, tam quan trong cua cac yeu to sau ay nh the nao oi vi cuoc song cua
mot ngi? (SHOWCARD)
1. co nhieu tien
2. at trnh o hoc van cao
3. co a v trong xa hoi
4. co ban be tot
5. gia nh on nh
6. co t do ca nhan
7. co sc khoe tot
8. co nghe nghiep thch hp
9. co tnh yeu
10. c moi ngi ton trong
11. song co ch cho ngi khac
12. c hng thu nhieu thu
vui trong cuoc song
Khong quan
trong
Rat quan trong
37. Trong vong

mot nam qua,
trong
nhng
luc ranh roi,

anh/ch/ong/ba
thng lam g?
(SHOWCARD
- CH CHON
TOI A 5 TRA LI)

NXb Thong ke 2005
46
Xem TV
Noi chuyen vi ban be
13
Nghe radio
Chi the thao
14
oc bao, tap ch
i du lch, da ngoai
15
Xem bang video
Dao cong vien, khu vui
16
chi
i xem phim rap
i uong ca phe, tra/che
17
i xem ca nhac, kch
Chi cay canh, ong vat
18
canh
Nghe nhac tai nha
Nau an
19
Chi nhac (t chi, vi ban
i an uong
20
Hat Karaoke
Uong bia, ru (nhau)
21
Chi video game, game vi
10
i mua sam
22
Lt Internet, chat
11
Khac ..
Chi bi-da
12
..
be)
tnh
F. THONG TIN CA NHAN
Ho ten __________________________________,ien thoai: ______________

a ch __________________________________________________________
Tuoi
______________
Gii tnh
, so ngi trong ho gia nh : _________________
1. nam
2. n
Thu nhap CN (TB thang) 1. Khong
2. di 1tr
Thu nhap G (TBthang) 1. di 2 tr
3. 1-2 tr 4. 2-4 tr
2. 2-4 tr
3. 4-6 tr
5. tren 4 tr
4. 6-10 tr
Hoc van
1. cap 1 2. Cap 2
3. cap 3-THCN
4. C -SV H
5. Tot nghiep H
6. Sau H
Nghe nghiep
1. Cong chc
2. Giao vien
3. Nhan vien van phong

NXb Thong ke 2005
47
4. Chu doanh nghiep 5. Nhan vien KD

7. Buon ban nho
8. CN co tay nghe
10. SV-hoc sinh
11. Ve hu
6. T kinh doanh SP-DV

9. Lao ong n gian
12. Khong lam viec
13. Nghe chuyen mon (bac s, kien truc s, luat s, nhac s, nghe s, )
14. Nghe khac ____________________________________
Gi ket thuc phong van: ___________
XIN CHAN THANH CAM N S HP TAC CUA ANH/CH/ONG/BA !

Co the se co mot ngi nao o cua toa soan bao SGTT se ti hoi/ goi ien thoai hoi tham la vao
ngay gi nay, toi co en phong van hay khong, xin anh/ch/ong/ba xac nhan la co, rat cam n (tang
qua).
Ngay......... thang 7 nam 2001
Phong van vien

NXb Thong ke 2005
48

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PHAN LOAI D LIEU, MA HOA, NHAP LIEU VA MOT SO X LY TREN BIEN

1. PHAN LOAI D LIEU

2. CAC LOAI THANG O

Tai lieu trch t sach Phan tch d lieu nghien cu vi SPSS

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Nhng ngi tra li

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Data View: ca so dung e nhap lieu va the hien d lieu a nhap

Variable View: ca so dung e khai bao bien

Thanh tieu e the

5. TAO TAP TIN D LIEU TRONG SPSS 11.5 FOR WINDOWS

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Tai lieu trch t sach Phan tch d lieu nghien cu vi SPSS

Tai lieu trch t sach Phan tch d lieu nghien cu vi SPSS

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Tai lieu trch t sach Phan tch d lieu nghien cu vi SPSS

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Tai lieu trch t sach Phan tch d lieu nghien cu vi SPSS

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Cac ai lng thong ke mo ta

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trung bnh cong

tong cong (s dung khi ieu tra toan bo)

gia tr nho nhat

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Tai lieu trch t sach Phan tch d lieu nghien cu vi SPSS

7. Tr lai hop thoai Explore, nhap OK.

Tai lieu trch t sach Phan tch d lieu nghien cu vi SPSS

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The Gii Phu N

Mua & Ban

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