High Temperature Conductors

Sterlite Technologies Limited

Disclaimer
Certain words and statements in this communication concerning Sterlite Technologies Limited and its prospects, and
other statements relating to Sterlite Technologies expected financial position, business strategy, the future
development of Sterlite Technologies operations and the general economy in India & global markets, are forward
looking statements.
Such statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which may cause actual results,
performance or achievements of Sterlite Technologies Limited, or industry results, to differ materially from those
expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements.
Such forward-looking statements are based on numerous assumptions regarding Sterlite Technologies present and
future business strategies and the environment in which Sterlite Technologies Limited will operate in the future.

The important factors that could cause actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from such
forward-looking statements include, among others, changes in government policies or regulations of India and, in
particular, changes relating to the administration of Sterlite Technologies industry, and changes in general economic,
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Additional factors that could cause actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from such
forward-looking statements, many of which are not in Sterlite Technologies control, include, but are not limited to,
those risk factors discussed in Sterlite Technologies various filings with the National Stock Exchange, India and the
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A growing need for efficient power

transmission networks .

With increased private participation in power generation, transmission & distribution in

India, alongside that of legacy incumbents, there is a robust demand for bare overhead
power conductors.

The evident challenge is:

(a) To transmit more power over existing lines and

(b) Development of more efficient power conductors for new lines.

Building of efficient power transmission systems is a national priority.

3

Innovative solutions for efficient power

transmission systems

Increasing demand for Electrical Power

Generation & Transmission, but..
Very high cost to install
new Power lines.
Difficulty in acquiring
Tower sites Right of way .
Time involved in
constructing new Power
lines.

Provision for future

contingencies

Usage of High
Temperature Low
Sag (HTLS) Conductors

Capacity Enhancement:
Transmission Line
Higher
Voltage
Trans. System
Capacity
Enhancement

Bundle
Conductor
Size Up

Conductor

Advanced
Material

AL59
TACSR
ACSS
STACIR

Hence, Shift From ACSR to HTLS

High current carrying capacity
Ampacity

Conductor Cost
Low Line loss

Low Sag-Tension
Property

Economics

Sag-Tension
HTLS
Conductors
Easy & rapid
installation

Long Term
reliability

Reliability

Installation

High Ampacity Conductors

Low Resistance Conductors
AL59 Alloy Conductors
1120 Alloy Conductors
EHC Alloy

Dull Surface Finish

Dull Conductor
Colored Conductors

High Temperature (HTLS) Conductors

ACSS (Aluminium Conductor Steel Supported)
TACSR (Thermal Alloy Conductor Steel Re-inforced)
STACIR (Super thermal Aluminium Conductor Invar

Reinforced)
ACCC (Aluminium Conductor Composite Core)
ACCR (Aluminium Conductor Composite Reinforced)

Specialty materials.
Superior performance.

A range of specialty alloys offer superior thermal resistance that improves the efficiency
in high current transmission.
9

AL59 Conductor
26% to 31% more current carrying capacity as
that of ACSR of the same size, while maximum
sag remains the same & working tension is lesser
than that of ACSR.
Resistivity is substantially lesser than that of
ACSR/AAAC conductors, resulting in lower I2R
losses.
Higher corrosion resistance than 6201 alloy
series (AAAC).

* Source: CPRI Report on AL59 Conductor vide Study on AL59 Conductor at CPRI Laboratory,
Bangalore.

Higher Current Carrying Capacity AL59

1600

Amperes

1400

ACSR
Alloy

1200

AL-59
Alloy1120

1000

EHC

800

600
65

70

75

80

85

90

Degrees C

AL-59 provides Higher Ampacity

95

100

ACSS Aluminium Conductor Steel Supported

CONSTRUCTION:
ACSS Aluminium wires are manufactured from Annealed Aluminium 1350 wires. The conductor
comprises of an inner core of Galfan (Zn 5% Al Mischmetal) coated steel wire and concentrically
arranged annealed Aluminium strands forming the outer layers of the conductor

APPLICATION:
ACSS Conductors are used for both up gradation and for new power transmission and distribution
lines.

Annealed Aluminium 1350 wire

Fully annealed Aluminium is having lower yield strength, resulting into inelastic elongation in
Aluminium wire when tension is applied on a composite conductor.

Annealed Aluminium wire can operate

continuously up to 2500C without any
loss in strength

When stressed, the complete conductor

Aluminium elongates and transfers all
the load to steel core

Lower compressive forces between

annealed Aluminium and Steel Core
enables higher self damping capacity
because of this increased elongation in
annealed Aluminium

Properties

HAL (Hard
drawn 1350
Al)

Annealed
Aluminium
1350

160

60

Conductivity
%IACS

61

63

%
Elongation

1.2 to 2

25 to 30

Conductor

ACSR

ACSS

Ampacity

1X

2X

Tensile
Strength in
(Mpa)

Generally for ACSS Conductor mfg, bobbins in stranding machine are to be kept with minimum
tension. Sterlite adopted a new annealing process which enables to run the machine at same
tension.

Mischmetal Steel Wire

The Mishmetal Coating on the steel core can withstand for continuous operating temperature
upto 2500C

Mechanical and physical properties of

Mishmetal steel wire are similar to that
of the galvanized steel wires

Properties

Galvanized
Steel

Galfan
Steel

Corrosion resistance of Mishmetal steel

wires are better than that of galvanized
steel wires

Tensile
Strength in
(Mpa)

1410

1410

% Elongation

ASTM B 802 and B 803 were developed in

1989 defining requirement of the core
wire using this different coating

Continuous
temperature
at which
coating
withstands
(Deg C)

150

250

ACSR

ACSS

Conductor

TACSR Thermal Alloy Conductor Steel Reinforced

CONSTRUCTION:
Thermal-resistant Aluminum-alloy Conductor, Steel Reinforced (TACSR) conductors wherein the
inner core is composed of galvanized steel and the outer layers are composed of thermal-resistant
aluminum-alloy.

APPLICATION:
TACSR conductors are used to enhance the capacity of the existing transmission line by simply
replacing the existing conductor without any modifications to the tower. Also used for new lines
where power transfer requirement is very high.

STACIR Super Thermal Alloy Conductor

Invar Reinforced

CONSTRUCTION:
Super thermal alloy (STAL) are manufactured from Al-Zr (Aluminium Zirconium) alloy rods. The
conductor comprises of an inner core of Aluminium clad Invar (36%Ni in steel) and concentrically
arranged STAL strands forming the outer layers of the conductor

APPLICATION:
STACIR/AW conductors is preferred for re-conductoring applications. The capacity of the existing
transmission line can be enhanced by simply replacing the existing conductor without any
modifications to the tower.
16

Thermal Alloy (s)

Super thermal alloy contains Zr which deposits over the grain boundary of Aluminium,
thus increasing the recrystalisation temperature of Aluminium which enables STAL to
operate at high temperature without any loss in strength.

Properties

HAL (Hard drawn

1350 Al)

TAL (Thermal
Alloy Al-Zr)

STAL (Super
Thermal Alloy
Al-Zr)

Tensile Strength
in (Mpa)

160

160

160

Conductivity
%IACS

61

60

60

Continuous
Operating
Temperature

80

150

210

Emergency
Operating
Temperature

120

180

280

Conductor

ACSR

TACSR

STACIR

Ampacity

1X

1.5X

2X

Inner Core TACSR & STACIR

STACIR is designed with Aluminium clad invar having low thermal co-efficient of
expansion at 2100C which enables it to maintain the SAG equal to equivalent ACSR.
TACSR can be designed with STC 6 core to maintain the sag equal to ACSR, even while it
operate at 1500C.
Properties

Galvanized Steel

Galvanized
Steel (ST6 C)

Aluminium Clad
Invar

Tensile Strength
in (Mpa)

1226

1700

1184

14

11.5x10-6

11.5x10-6

3.7x10-6

Young's Modulus
(Kg/mm2)

21000

21000

15500

Conductor

ACSR

TACSR

STACIR

Ampacity

1X

1.5X

2X

Conductivity
%IACS

Linear Coefficient of
Expansion

Technical Comparison:
ACSR Moose

AL59
(ACSR Moose
Equivalent)

EC 1350

Al 59 Alloy wires

ST1 A Galvanized
Steel

Al 59 Alloy wires

54Al/3.53 mm
7st/3.53 mm

61Al/3.52 mm

31.77

31.68

31.62

31.77

31.77

597

593

591

597

597

Minimum breaking load as per

ST6C Core (kgf)

16184

14576

14271

18043

15549

Weight (kg/km)

2004

1640

1983

2004

1956

DC resistance (Ohm/km)

0.05595

0.0501

0.05477

0.05651

0.05409

Current carrying capacity

(Amperes)

876

1098

1950

1650

2078

Maximum continuous
operating temperature (0C)

85

95

250

150

210

Particulars

Aluminum type

Core type
Stranding
(Aluminum / Core)
Diameter (mm)
Cross section area (mm2)

ACSS
(ACSR Moose
Equivalent)

TACSR
(ACSR Moose
Equivalent)

STACIR
(ACSR Moose
Equivalent)

Annealed
Aluminium Wires
ST6 C/ST 1A
Galvanized steel
wire
54TAL/3.513 mm
7st/3.513 mm

Heat Resistance
Al Alloy

Super Thermal
Aluminium alloy

ST6 C

Aluminium Clad
Invar wire

54TAL/3.53 mm +
7st/3.53 mm

54STAL/3.53 mm
7Invar/3.53 mm

Use of High Ampacity conductors can result in saving in CAPEX

Technical Comparison: Current Carrying Capacity

ACSR Moose

ACSS
(ACSR Moose
Equivalent)

Current Carrying Capacity (Amperes)

876

1950

Current Carrying Capacity (Twin)

1752

3900

Current Carrying Capacity (Quad)

3504

7800

Same Current Construction

Quad

Twin

Total Conductor Weight (Per Circuit)

24048

11898

50%

Particulars

Savings in Weight (%)

Manufacturing Capability - Sterlite

21

Sterlite In-house Facility HTLS Conductors

Special Features

Aluminium / STAL Rods

Rolling Mill
Precise High Speed
Wire Drawing Machines
Furnace for
Aging / Annealing (ACSS)
61 Rigid Strander (with Auto
Batch loading system) for
Higher Transmission Sizes
05 Rolling Mill
17 Wire Drawing Machines

37 Rigid Strander for

Medium Transmission Sizes

03 Ageing Furnace
01 Anealing Furnace

19 Rigid Strander

08 61 Rigid Strander
03 37 Strander
02 19 Strander
08 Skip Strander

High Speed Skip 7 Strander

for Distribution Sizes

State of the art Properzi

Rolling Mill with
computerized process
control and hence precise
and accurate product.

Auto Tension devices for

each bobbin of the Rigid
Stranders.

High Speed Stranding @

40 to 50meter/min

Inbuilt Conductor
automatic Greasing System

Special designed
machine for making Dull
Conductors

In-house
facility/technology for
making STAL alloy

New Products Developed

Product

Special properties/
Usage

Approved / Type tested at

AAAC ASTER 570 (61/3.45mm)

High conductivity and high strength

compared to 6201 AAAC

EDF,France

Al 59 (61/4.02)

Strength in-between 6201 AAAC

and AAC and conductivity nearly
equal to E.C grade

JPOWER,Japan

E.H.C
AAAC Araucaria (61/4.17)

Super high conductivity and Super

high strength compared to 6201
AAAC

SAG,Germany

ACSR/AS Dove (26Al/3.71+7St/2.89)

Aluminium clad steel instead of

galvanized steel which increases the
current carrying capacity of the
conductor compared to ACSR

JPOWER, Japan

1120 Sulfur Conductor (61/3.75mm)

Strength in-between 6201 AAAC

and AAC and conductivity nearly
equal to E.C grade

SAG, Germany

5/20/2010

23

New Products Developed.. Continued..

Product

Special properties/
Usage

Approved / Type tested

at

STACIR Moose

For Uprating Lines; can

operate up to
210
Deg C

Kinertics Canada

ACSS Curlew

For Uprating and New

Lines; can operate up to
250 DegC

Tag Corporation, Chennai

TACSR

For Uprating Lines; can

operate up to 250 DegC

Tag Corporation, Chennai

Summary

25

Benefits in performance and costs

For re-conductoring:
Enhanced current carrying capacity.

No modification / reinforcement to existing towers.

Cost effectiveness.

For new lines:

Enhanced current carrying capacity.
Reduction in overall capital expenditure.

Reduction in overall operating expenditure

Higher corrosion resistance.
Shorter project duration.

CBIP

26

Sterlites offerings:
Diverse range of applications
NEW LINES

RECONDUCTORING

AL59

AL59

1120

1120

TACSR

TACSR

ACSS

ACSS
STACIR

Other New Solutions: Dull, TW, Gap Type Conductors

3rd Annual Conference on Power Transmission in India

27

Thank You
Connecting every home on the planet

Workshop on
Latest Technologies in Power Transmission Sector

Organised By
CBIP
20th May, 2010

Fault Location Session

Travelling Wave System (TWS)
By
Sudhanshu Gupta

What are we doing?

Double ended accurate fault location system for interconnected transmission lines
Permanent and
Intermittent Faults

X
X
X

>100KV

TWS

X
X

DSFL

Typical Application

Categories of Fault
Faults can be divided into three types
Permanent faults normally rare but need finding and fixing
fast
Intermittent faults can be re-closed but can occur again. Eg
damaged insulation, vegetation
Transient faults can be re-closed. Caused by random events
eg lightning, bush fires.
Intermittent and transient faults were not taken too seriously
but there is an increasing awareness over power quality and
system stability issues that are driving a need to reduce the
number of line trips.
You need accurate fault location to find these faults

The need for fault location

It is generally accepted that accurate fault location on overhead
lines is necessary at transmission voltages (>100KV) to:
Reduce downtime
Allow the implementation of preventive maintenance at known
trouble spots to avoid further trips and voltage dips
Reduce costs and manpower requirements no need for multiple
line patrols or use of helicopters.
Minimises extra costs involved in maintaining system security
during the plant outage.
The traditional methods of fault location have been based on
impedance techniques now commonly incorporated in digital
relays and fault recorders.

Problems with Impedance

Impedance techniques have been used for the past 35 years. They
are now conveniently available in digital protection relays and fault
recorders. Problems arise when:
The fault arc is unstable
The fault resistance is high and fed from both ends
Circuits run parallel for only part of the route

Accuracy is dependent on:

PT and CT response
The assumption that the line is symmetrical
A lumped equivalent circuit used in the algorithms
Filtering of harmonics and DC offsets more difficult with reduced
data window caused by faster clearance times (5 cycles or less)
Line parameters

Accuracy of Impedance
Typically 1 to 20% of line length but it can be worse
depending on fault type.
Phase to phase faults give best performance.
Phase to earth faults with high fault resistance can result in large errors.
Actual error increases with line length.
Compensation required for mutual coupling on double circuit lines
Compensation required for end source impedance.

On a 200Km line the error could be from 2Km to 40Km

There is a need for a better system

Application of TWS (Traveling wave

system)
Best on interconnected overhead lines
Uses a double ended technique to allow automatic calculation and
display of fault position
Accuracy not affected by the factors that cause problems to
impedance methods
Accuracy not affected by line length
Works for all types of faults including open circuit faults
Works on series compensated lines, lines with tapped loads, lines
with lengths of underground cable and teed circuits

Double Ended Method of TWS Fault Location

T1A
A

The distance to fault

is proportional to
the difference in
arrival time (T1A
T1B), the length of
line (La+Lb) and the
propagation velocity

La

Fault

Lb

Traveling waves
generated by the
fault propagate along
the line in both
directions

TWS devices
installed at line
ends trigger on
the arrival of the
wave and assign
an accurate time
tag

T1B

La = [(La+Lb) + (T1A-T1B).v] / 2
V for air insulation = 300m/s

How it works

TWS Accuracy
Time stamp accurate to 1s

It is fortunate and somewhat convenient that at

the speed of light, one micro-second equals
300 m (975 feet)
It is fortunate and somewhat convenient that
300 m (975 feet) equals the average span
length on a transmission line.

The result is repeatable fault location

within 1 tower / span on all types of
fault. Measurements from both ends
gives accuracy 150m

TWS Implementation

TWS Implementation

Secondary clamp on sensors

Install while energized
No line outage required

TWS Implementation

TWS Implementation

Example of Distance to Fault Results

from our PAD software

Result from Malaysia

Automatic DTF Calculation using Double Ended Type D Method

via TWS Base Station 2000 software

TWS Fault Location to One Span - Works Even

When Impedance Methods have Large Errors
Send the repair teams to the right place. Minimize search time and
reduce expensive downtime
What is the actual cost of inaccuracy?

TWS accuracy in all types of weather

Works in fog and at

night when
helicopters cannot

Why risk multiple line patrols over dangerous terrain when you can go
straight to the spot?

TWS One span accuracy locates damaged

insulators

Question:
A structure experienced 4 self-clearing faults in
1 year. Is it in the best interest of your
company and reliability to visually inspect that
structure for damage that may eventually result
Question:
in a non-clearing fault?
A structure experienced 4 self-clearing
faults in 1 year. Is it in the best interest of
your company and reliability to visually
inspect that structure for damage that may
Not possible to pinpoint damage with impedance methods
eventually result in a non-clearing fault?
due to inconsistency of results and variable errors

TWS Accurate enough to locate fault damage

caused by bird streamers

Assess damage and organise repairs

One span accuracy tracks down tree

problems

Go straight to cause of problem to take remedial action and avoid

further trips

TWS accuracy pinpoints lightning faults

Vital information when deciding

whether to reclose a line

Compare lightning strike

information from the IEEE Fault
And Lightning Location
System (FALLStm) against
exact TWS fault location to:
Confirm lightning is fault cause: The TWS trigger was caused by
an actual lightning strike on the
line
Confirm lightning is not the fault
cause: The TWS trigger was caused by
induced lightning activity, but not
a direct hit

Track faults from ground fires

Compare GPS fire coordinates

against exact TWS fault
location to:
Confirm ground fire is fault
cause
Confirm ground fire is not fault
cause

Vital information when deciding whether to reclose a line

Can the TWS be used as a single ended

fault locator?
NO except under special circumstances

The line being monitored is very short compared to the other

lines connected to the busbar
The transmission system is very simple minimising the
number of reflections

Even with the above the operator must be skilled at interpreting

TWS waveforms and be prepared that sometimes they will get a
wrong answer!

We only promote the TWS as a double ended system

Measurement of line length

The TWS is triggered by energising a dead line
The waveform is analysed and line length measured by identifying a
reflection from the far open circuit end
A good method to check the length of the line including sags and
changes in elevation
Known as a Type E test

A precise line length checks improves TWS fault

location accuracy and maximises the benefits

Type E Method for confirming line length

Often used on a trial to show the system is
working

END A

Far end must be open and isolated

(mechanical break with a disconnector)

L1

Closing the circuit breaker

at End B to energise the
dead line launches a wave
that reflects from the far
open circuit end

L2

x
T2
END B

Line Length = [T2 x v]/2

Result from Nigeria

Type E Test Line re-energised from TWS1 end with far

end of line open and isolated

TWS Deployment General Rules

TWS must be located at a substation where more than one line is
connected to the busbar if linear couplers are used.

= TWS line module (current)

TWS can be located at a line end but the voltage component of the wave
must be monitored, not the current
= TWS line module (voltage)

= TWS line module (current)

TWS Deployment General Rules

Only allow a maximum of one tee connection between two TWSs

One T only
= TWS line module (current)

Remember a TWS system must have a good

comms infrastructure for practical double ended
operation

Two types of substations

Centralised Relay Room

Distributed Relay Rooms

Good for TWS LC connection <25m

Good for DSFL

All relay panels in one room

adjacent to each other

Secondary wiring

Central services control,

comms, batteries

Wiring for Indications

X
Relays

X
Relays

X
Relays

Results Analysis 3 x Software Sets

NFE configures TWS network
Saves files to TWSBase2000

TWS Base2000 manual connection

to TWS devices. Download, save,
display and analyse index files and
waveforms. Calculation of DTF
Communications to TWS
PAD automatically polls DSFL
devices, calculates and displays
DTF results. Logs comms errors and
GPS lock issues

TWS

PAD software - Fast, Automatic Listing of

Exact Fault Position
Results displayed shortly after a line trip no operator
intervention required
No need to wait for a protection engineer to analyze the data
Results emailed to maintenance departments to get repair
crews moving faster.
Option to terminate polling and get results from a single circuit
on demand after a line trip in 4 clicks
The health status of the fleet of TWS can be seen at a glance

Results available where and when they are needed

without the intervention of skilled operators

Simplified display of Distance to Fault

Results

Results automatically displayed shortly after a line trip

providing vital information for the decision to reclose

Structure ID
can be
imported and
displayed

Simplified Display of System Alarms

Allows communication problems to be quickly identified

so they can be rectified. Provides details of the integrity
of the GPS time synchronization to warn of intermittent
or more serious problems

Network File Editor a tool to configure a TWS

fault location system
A graphical user interface (GUI) to configure a fleet of TWS devices
Can create a new network of devices or edit an existing one
Can define circuits of a given line length by mapping a TWS line
module at one line end with another at the opposite line end
Circuits can be two or three ended (that is containing one tee)
Communication mode, ethernet or modem, and contact details
easily set for each device
Link to TWS Base Station software to immediately start using new
configuration
Simple, fast method of setting up or editing a TWS network
without the need for specialist knowledge

TWS Installed Base

Approximately 1000 units have been sold to date to 70 Utilities in
30 Countries.

237 units in USA & Canada (23 Companies)

180 units in Africa (S. Africa, Namibia, Nigeria)
100 units in the UK
115 units in the Far East (Malaysia, HK, Indonesia, Vietnam)
100 units in Western Europe (France, Spain)
70 units in Australia & New Zealand
55 units in S. America (Brazil, Mexico, Argentina)
30 units in Scandinavia & Baltic countries.

Users by Type

Transmission greater than 100KV

Interconnected substations
Long lines greater than 100Km
Difficult terrain with access problems
Prone to bad weather lightning, rain, gales
Poor maintenance record more faults
Heavily loaded lines - line trips have bigger impact

New Generation Conductors

Transmission of Electric Energy

Short History
&
Development of Bare High
Voltage
Overhead Lines
(Bare OHC)

Important Conditions for Bare OHC

Ampacity
SAG
Tension on the towers
Tension in the conductor
Temperature of the conductor
Boundary conditions

History Bare OHC

Since beginning all conductors
were made of
Copper
or
Copper Alloys

Reasons:
Good Conductivity
Availability

Materials of Bare OHC

Material

Density

Conductivity

Tensile
Strength

CTE

g/cm3

% IACS

MPa

X 10 -6 / Co

Copper

8.9

100

450

17

Aluminium

2.7

61

165

23

Steel

7.8

1600

11.5

Alloy

2.7

52

325

23

Invar

7.1

14-23

1310
1170

3.7

AAC All Aluminium Conductors

Advantages:
Better Conductivity per unit of weight strung.
(Less tension on towers)

Disadvantages:
Loses 60% of its strength when overloaded.
Has in absolute value less reserve in
strength to overcome wind and ice loading.

Continuous improvement in Bare OHC

ACSR

AAAC 6201

AL-59

TACSR

Good Conductivity
53.0 % IACS*

Moderate
Better Conductivity Moderate Conductivity
Conductivity 52.5% 59% IACS*
52 % IACS*
IACS*

Moderate Corrosion
Resistance

Better
Corrosion Better
Resistance
Resistance

Corrosion Moderate
Resistance

Better Strength to Better Strength to

Weight Ratio
Weight Ratio

Good Strength to
Weight Ratio

Better
Strength

Moderate
Strength

Tensile Good Tensile Strength

Typical Application
Commonly used for
both transmission and
distribution circuits.

Typical Application
Transmission
and
Distribution applications
in
corrosive
environments,
ACSR
replacement.

Better Strength to
Weight Ratio

Tensile Better Tensile Strength

Typical Application
Transmission
and
Distribution High Ampacity
applications in corrosive
environments,
ACSR
replacement.

* International Annealed Copper Standard for conductivity

Corrosion

Typical Application
Transmission
and
Distribution High Ampacity
applications
in
noncorrosive
environments,
ACSR replacement.

An Overview of Bare
Overhead Transmission
Conductors

Categories of Overhead Conductors

Homogeneous Conductors
AAC All Aluminum Conductor
AAAC All Aluminum Alloy conductor

Non - Homogeneous Conductors

ACSR
ACSR/AW

All Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced

All Aluminum Conductor Al. Clad Steel
Reinforced
TACSR
Thermal Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced
TACSR/AW Thermal Aluminum Conductor Cl. Steel Reinforced
TACIR/AW Thermal Aluminum Conductor Cl. Invar Reinforced
AACSR
All Aluminum Alloy Conductor Steel
Reinforced
ACAR
All Aluminum Conductor Al. Alloy Reinforced
ACSS
All Aluminum Conductor Steel Supported

Limitations of Present Transmission System

The present Transmission System is overloaded due to
Economic Expansion (Commercial, Industrial and
Residential)
Max. Op. Temp with Existing ACSR Conductors 85 0C
Very High cost to install new Transmission Lines.
Very difficult to acquire Right of Way (ROW).
Time constraint for new Transmission Lines.
Objections from inhabitants to construct new T/L.

Solution: New Generation Conductors ...

New Generation Conductors

Options Available with
Apar Industries Limited

High Ampacity Alloy Conductors

AAAC 6201,
6101

AAAC 1120

Defined as per IEC, Defined as per

ASTM, BS, NFC,
Australian
EN, CSA
Specification.
Specification.
Popularly in use
@ Countries:
France,
Bangladesh, India,
North and East
Africa, Middle East,
USA so on

AL-57, AL-59

Thermal Resistant
Alloy (TAL)

Defined as per
Swedish
specification & EN
Specification.

Defined as per IEC, &

ASTM Specification.

Popularly in use @ Popularly in use @ Popularly in use @

Countries:
Countries:
Countries:
Australia & New
Norway, Sweden,
South and East Asia,
Zealand
India so on
Nigeria, Middle East
Asia, Europe so on

Up rating of Transmission System

Yes, New
No,

Transmission Lines

Re -Conductoring

High Ampacity Alloy

Conductors

Ground clearance is enough?

TAL with Al. Clad Invar

Core. i.e. for PGCIL ReConductoring Tender we
have offered TACIR/AW
388 sq mm against
ACSR Moose

Power Txfer
Requirements
More
than
30%

Thermal Resistance Al.

Alloy Conductor
TACIR/AW &
TACIR/TW/AW,
GAP type
Conductors

TACSR, TACSR/EST,
TACSR/AW, TACSR/TW

Up to
30%
Al-59
AAA 1120

Summary
TACSR family Conductor has 60+ % more ampacity of ACSR Conductors.

TACSR/TW Conductor has more than 70+% more ampacity of conventional ACSR type.
TACIR/TW Conductor has equivalent sag-tension properties as conventional ACSR type.

Conventional fittings and accessories for ACSR can be used for TAL Conductors
except compression fittings
Same installation method as conventional ACSR is applied for TALConductors

TAL Conductors has high long-term reliability with strong track record

Use AL-59 & TACSR for New Lines and

TACIR/AW & GAP Conductor for Re-Conductoring

Greetings & Welcome

Presented by :
Workshop on latest
technologies on power
transmission sector: CBIP New
Delhi 20th MAY 2010

M N RAVINARAYAN
& N R DHAR
Dated on :

20-05-2010

Transmission line Signature Analysis.

- ECG OF TRANSMISSION LINES

- a necessity

1. Reduction of downtime
It is imperative on the part of Transmission line operator to
eliminate patrolling as far as practicable, reduce downtime, labour
and transportation cost . It is, therefore, necessary that accurate &
re-confirmed information is obtained before commencing
patrolling or sending team to the spot, on the instant information.

On-line fault locators today give data of instant information of

distance to faults with varying accuracy regarding location of fault
in a transmission line.
A reconfirmation with an Line Signature Analysis study is
preferable to accurately locate the prolonged presence of fault in
order to send teams to pinpointed fault location & repair the same
to reduce downtime.

2. Safe recharging of lines

Line Signature Analysis study prior to recharging, after the line
repair, reveals healthiness of line or indicates persistence of faults
in the event of a multiple fault condition. This will avoid stress
conditions on the terminal equipments, relays and eventual
line/system tripping, as the line can be declared faulty without
charging.

3. Predictive Maintenance
Line Signature study of a transmission line (Line healthiness study
or ECG of a transmission line) can predict developing fault
locations e.g. weak jumpers, leaky insulators etc on the line
indicating various degrees (immediate/2nd & 3rd preference etc) of
weakness of the line. Thus a planned maintenance schedule can be
programmed to avoid forced outage of any line. This helps in
reducing the downtime of the line to a greater extent.

4. Line pre-commissioning tests

Line Signature Analysis study is also most useful tool for precommissioning tests for a newly constructed Transmission Line.
Line Signature scans the entire line and provides documentation
on the lines readiness for charging. Decision for charging a new
Transmission line can be taken based on this Line Signature study.

5. Accurate data independent of

operating parameters
The Signature Analysis does not require any presetting of line data,
no additional attachments interfering with the substation/power
station terminal equipments. The Line Signature Analysis study is
not influenced either by any effect due to dynamic behavior of the
transmission line that may be encountered when the transmission
line is in charged condition or by any data of line, conductors,
geometry of towers, GPS positioning etc. This is considered an
ideal situation for study of line condition.

6. Historical data for asset management

Line Signature Analysis provides historical data on the entire line,
its weakness/improvement, which can be useful for comparison
with subsequent data for monitoring the transmission line
condition at any given point of time for planning preventive
maintenance.

7. Data for Relay system

Feeding a correct data of a transmission line for on-line / Relay
system is essential. Length of a line constitutes an important factor
for input data of ONLINE / Relay system. The Signature Analysis
on application to a line provides accurate line length and hence
helps improve accurate functioning of on-line / Relay system.

8. A backup
Line Signature Analysis can be used as a back up of on-line
systems in the event of system failure. Various components are
responsible for measurement by on-line system whereas Line
Signature Analysis is an in-dependant system.

TAURUS EHT 1250 MAX-3

FAULT ANALYSER SYSTEM

UTILITY
1. Used for FAULT LOCATION

2. Used for Predictive Maintenance

3. Used for Precharging verification
4. Used for Pre-commissioning of EHT lines

The MAX-3 Digi Scan

-- Salient features..
1. Portable offline system with in-built re-chargeable battery.
Housed in IP67 pelican casing.
2. Complete fault Information in direct reading digital display

3. Complete Line Healthiness Study.

4. Can be used in any line EHT line from 66kV to 1250 kV.
5. Requires no parameter input. Extremely simple operation
6. Accuracy of +/- 100 meters through out the range of 1000 KM.
7. Direct PC storage and printout.
8. Optimum safety. Complete suppression of induction voltage
9. All the functionalities of the system can be tested with the EHT line Simulator.

10. Economical Investment one single system is sufficient for the entire station and
applied to any EHT line from 66kV to 1250kV.

A look at

ECG OF TRANSMISSION LINES

- The LINE SIGNATURE ANALYSIS

GOOD LINE

NORMAL LINE

BAD LINE

GOOD LINE

NORMAL LINE

BAD LINE

A look at - All the in-homogeneous present on your EHV line

B PHASE OPEN :- PROGRESSIVE GAIN HIGHLIGHTS

06 4:43:15 PM :- 400 KV Mysore - Neelamangala ckt1

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135.8[3]

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135.9[8]

A4
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012.3[1]
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026.1[1]
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135.9[8]

A5
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012.3[3]
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022.3[3]
026.2[3]
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036.0[1]
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050.7[1]
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135.8[8]

A6
002.0[8]
004.5[8]
012.2[6]
020.6[3]
022.2[5]
025.9[7]
029.3[3]
035.6[3]
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039.6[2]
046.4[3]
047.0[3]
050.5[3]
051.2[1]
056.6[3]
060.4[3]
065.9[3]
069.2[2]
078.7[2]
085.6[1]
086.3[3]
090.6[2]
096.7[3]
097.3[3]
102.6[2]
112.7[1]
118.7[4]
124.0[1]
126.6[1]
135.8[8]

Remarks
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Case Studies

Decapping FAULT AT 69 KM IN B PHASE

DECAPPING FAULT

SHORT CIRCUIT FAULT AT 112 KM IN Y PHASE

SHORT CIRCUIT
FAULT

Thank you