O.H.T.
L
Over Head Transmission line
ELECTRIC NETWORKS
COMPARISON BETWEEN DC & AC
NETWORKS
TYPES OF CONDUCTOR
“CLASSIFICATION”
STANDARDS AND CONSTRUCTION
SPECIFICATION
NETWORKS
Electric Networks
Generation
Transmission
Distribution
Step up transformer Step down transformer
.T.L .D
G
Generation “Power station”
The electric power is generated by:
Hydraulic power
Thermal power
Nuclear power
Gas Source Mechanical
Alternator
Sun
Wind … Prime mover
”Turbine“
Transmission
The generation stations (power plant )are
away from consumption centers .
The generated voltage is raised to high
voltage ( 750 kV ) by step up transformer .
The generated power should be transmitted
through the Transmission Network line :
a. Overhead conductor for Medium voltage , High
voltage and Extra high voltage (ACSR-AAAC-AACSR)
b. Under ground Cables for Medium voltage , High
voltage and Extra high voltage .
Distribution
To deliver power to the consumers
the voltage is reduced to Low voltage
0.4 kV.
Distribution Networks :
a. Overhead conductor in urban areas
( ACSR , AAC )
b. Underground cables inside town .
Example
Egypt
20 kV Generation
220 kV or 500 kV
(depend on network) transmission
66 kV
22 kV – 11 kV
380 V distribution
AC & DC Transmission
DCAdvantages:
Two wires
No inductance - No capacitance
Better voltage regulation
Better efficiency
No skin effect
Less voltage drop
Less losses
No power factor
DC Transmission
DC Disadvantage:
Can not generated at high voltage DC
No stepping up or stepping down
Protective devices are complicated
AC & DC Transmission
AC Advantages:
Generated at high voltage
Stepping up and stepping down
Protection devices are less complicated
AC Disadvantage:
Three wires system
Effect of skin
Losses
R, C, L (Losses).
Conclusion
There are two main applications for
Dc transmission
Connection between two grids which have two
different frequencies.
Point to point transmission “Egypt – Libya”
AC transmission is cheaper than DC
transmission.
Type of conductor “Classification”
O.H.T.L. can be made of different types of
materials: Copper and Aluminum
Copper Aluminum
Better tensile strength Cheaper
Better conduction Lighter
Specific weight of Copper 8.9 kg/m3
Specific weight of Aluminum 2.7 kg/m3
So 8.9/2.7 = 3.3 Aluminum is lighter 3 times than Copper
For economic wise we use aluminum conductor
because of low price and light weight.
Different type for OHTL
O.H.T.L .
Hard
Ground ABC
AAC AAAC ACSR AACSR Drawn
wire
Copper Cable
AAC
(All Aluminum Conductor)
In Egypt H14
1. These conductors are formed by stranded
aluminum wires .
2. All the wires have the same nominal diameter .
3. Main applications :
Low Voltage lines
Low span application (30-50mt)
span
Aluminum
H14
Standards
IEC International Electro-technical commission
IEC 60889, IEC 61089
BS EN 60889, BS EN 50182
Resistivity at 20 0C 28.264 (61% IACS)
IACS: International Annealed Copper Standards
Density 2.703 kg/dm3
Coefficient of linear expansion 23 * 10-6 1/C
Constant mass temperature coefficient of resistance at
20 0C = 0.00403 1/C
AAAC
(All Aluminum Alloy Conductor)
we add 0.5% si 0.6% mg
Tensile strength will be approx. double of AAC
Long span application
Medium, high, extra high voltage line
Electric conductivity is approx. 15% lower than
AAC
span
AAAC
AAAC
Standards
IEC 60104 – IEC 61089
BS EN 50183 – BS EN 50182
ASTM 398
ASTM (American Society for Testing and material)
Classification of AAAC
According to IEC 60104 Type A and Type B
Type A: higher tensile strength and lower
conductivity than type B
According to BS EN 50183: there are 6 types according
to the country.
Density at 20 0C 2.703 kg/dm3
Coefficient of linear expanse 23*10-6 1/C
Constant-mass temperature coefficient of resistance at
20 0C 0.00361 1/C
ACSR
Aluminum conductor steel reinforced
1. These conductors are formed by stranded wires the
core are made of galvanized steel and the external
layer of aluminum .
2. Due to the greater diameter of the conductors electric
losses by the by the corona effect are greatly reduced .
3. The diameter of steel and aluminum wires can be alike
or different .
4. For large Span (320-350mt) and economical
advantages in the installation of Over Head lines .
5. Layer of grease between Aluminum and steel wires .
6. Main Application : Medium , High and extra high voltage
7. Standard:
IEC 60888 , 60889 & 61089
BS EN 50189 , BS EN 50182
We use steel core to increase tensile strength
Electrically: approximate no effect due to skin effect
Why we use grease?
1- In case of 2 different material to avoid chemical
reaction between the two material
2- To Avoid friction effect between 2 material due to
different linear expansion
3- In case of the material to improve conductivity
- Standards
IEC 60889 IEC 60888 IEC 61089
BS EN 60889 -BS EN 50189 - BS EN 50182
ASTM 498 ASTM 232
Classification of Steel
According to IEC 60888:
Regular, high strength, extra high
strength
According to BS EN 50189:
6 types of steel
Density of steel 7.78 kg/dm3
Coefficient of linear expansion
11.5*10-6 1/C
AACSR
Aluminum Alloy Steel Reinforced
We obtain the advantage of steel and AAAC
Hard Drawn Copper
“what is the different between hard drawn and soft drawn?”
Density 0.01777 m
Tensile strength 400:415 N/mm2
Standards
DIN 48201
Steel
Grease
BS 7884
AAAC
ABC Cable
(Arial Bundled cable)
Single - duplex – triplex or Qandruplex
Messenger
Lighting
Power
OPGW – Ground wire
Steel: Lightening current and short
circuit
OPGW: Optical Grounding Wire to
transfer data
SPECIFICATION
State the type of conductor
Standards
Sizes
Code name “ASTM, BS”
Customer requirement
Prepared by
Eng. Waleed Abdel Azeem
Approved by
Eng. Mohamed Farrag
