Exam

Name___________________________________

MULTIPLECHOICE.Choosetheonealternativethatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.
1) Thesumofallbiosyntheticreactionsinacellisknownas
A) synthatabolism.
B) anabolism.
C) metabolism.
D) catabolism.

1)

2) Phosphorusinmicroorganismscanbefoundin
A) organiccompounds.
B) inorganiccompounds.
C) bothorganicandinorganiccompounds.
D) neitherorganicnorinorganiccompoundsbutinfreeelementalforminthecell.

2)

3) Chemoorganotrophsusewhichofthefollowingasanenergysource?
A) inorganiccompounds
B) organiccompounds
C) bothorganicandinorganiccompounds
D) eitherorganicorinorganiccompounds,dependingontheenvironment

3)

4) WhichstatementisNOTtrue?
A) Somebacteriaareabletousenitratesornitrogengasastheirnitrogensource.
B) Mostbacteriaarecapableofusingammoniaastheirsolenitrogensource.
C) Mostavailablenitrogenisinorganicforms.
D) Nitrogenisamajorcomponentofproteinsandnucleicacids.

4)

5) Allorganismsrequirethemacronutrients
A) phosphorus,potassium,andmagnesium.
C) calcium,potassium,andmagnesium.

5)
B) phosphorus,potassium,andsodium.
D) potassium,magnesium,andsodium.

6) WhichnutrientfunctionsBOTHasanenzymaticcofactorandasastabilizerofribosomesand
nucleicacids?
A) phosphorus
B) potassium
C) calcium
D) magnesium

6)

7) Regulationofanenzymesactivityoccurs
A) atanypointontheenzymaticproductionpathway.
B) duringtheproductionoftheenzyme.
C) beforetheenzymeisproduced.
D) whentheenzymealreadyexistsinthecell.

7)

8) Siderophores
A) bindironandtransportitintothecell.
B) areakeycomponentinthecytochromes.
C) developwhenerrorsinmembranesynthesisoccur.
D) helpmaintainosmoticbalanceinseawatermicrobes.

8)

9) WhichstatementisCORRECT?
A) Bothmicronutrientsandgrowthfactorsareorganiccompoundsessentialforcellgrowth.
B) Micronutrientsareorganic,butgrowthfactorsaremetals.
C) Bothmicronutrientsandgrowthfactorsareessentiallymetals.
D) Micronutrientsaremetals,butgrowthfactorsareorganic.

9)

10) Aseptictechniquerefersto
A) themicrobialinoculumplacedintoatesttubeorontoaPetriplate.
B) cleanlinessinthelaboratory.
C) theautoclaveandothersterilizingprocedures.
D) thepreventionofcontamination.

10)

11) Allostericenzymeshavetwoimportantbindingsites.Thesearethe
A) activeandinhibitorysites.
B) allostericandeffectorsites.
C) allostericandpassivesites.
D) activeandallostericsites.

11)

12) IfG0 isnegative,thereactionis

A) endergonicandrequirestheinputofenergy.
B) exergonicandrequirestheinputofenergy.
C) exergonicandenergywillbereleased.
D) endergonicandenergywillbereleased.

12)

13) Activationenergyistheenergy
A) absorbedasG 0 movesfromnegativetopositive.

13)

B) sometimesreferredtoascatabolicenergy.
C) givenoffastheproductsinachemicalreactionareformed.
D) requiredtotransformallreactantsintotheirreactivestate.
14) Acatalyst
A) changestherateofthereactionbutdoesnotchangetheendamountofproducts.
B) changesboththerateofareactionandtheamountoftheproductthatwillbeobtainedasthe
reactioniscompleted.
C) increasestheamountofreactantsproducedbutdoesnotchangetherate.
D) makespossibleotherwiseimpossiblereactions.

14)

15) Theportionofanenzymetowhichsubstratesbindisreferredtoasthe
A) junctionofvanderWaalsforces.
B) catalysissite.
C) activesite.
D) substratecomplex.

15)

16) WhichstatementisTRUE?
A) Coenzymesandprostheticgroupsaretechnicallynotboundtotheirrespectiveenzymes.
B) Coenzymesandprostheticgroupsbothbindtightlytotheirrespectiveenzymes.
C) Prostheticgroupsbindtightlytotheirrespectiveenzymes.
D) Coenzymesbindtightlytotheirrespectiveenzymes.

16)

17) Ifanoxidationreactionoccurs,areductionreactionmustalsooccurbecause
A) thatiswhatredoxmeans.
B) Actually,reductionisnotnecessaryifoxidationoccurs.
C) halfreactionsarewrittenthatway.
D) electronsdonotgenerallyexistaloneinsolution.

17)

18) NAD+ /NADHareinvolvedprimarilyin________reactions,whileNADP + /NADPHareinvolved

in________reactions.
A) biosynthetic(anabolic)/energy-generating(catabolic)
B) energy-generating(catabolic)/biosynthetic(anabolic)
C) energy-generating(catabolic)/bothenergy-generating(catabolic)andbiosynthetic
(anabolic)
D) bothenergy-generating(catabolic)andbiosynthetic(anabolic)/bothenergy -generating
(catabolic)andbiosynthetic(anabolic)

18)

19) Covalentmodificationofanenzymeoftenincludes
A) rearrangementofthecomponentsoftheenzymeproper.
B) bindingoftheenzymetospecificcytoplasmicribosomes.
C) additionordeletionofsomesmallmolecule.
D) noneoftheabove.

19)

20) Themostimportanthigh-energyphosphatecompoundinlivingorganismsis
A) ATP.
B) GTP.
C) glucose.
D) RNA.

20)

21) TheEmbden -Meyerhof-Pamaspathwayisanothernamefor

A) NADHproduction.
B) thecitricacidcycle.
C) glycolysis.
D) electrontransport.

21)

22) ThenetgainofATPpermoleculeofglucosefermentedis
A) 1.
B) 2.
C) 4.

22)
D) 8.

23) Theroadblockcreatedbytheformationofareducedelectroncarrierisovercomeinfermentation
bythe
A) reductionofNADHbacktoNAD + .
B) reductionofNAD + backtoNADH.
C) oxidationofNADHbacktoNAD + .

23)

D) oxidationofNAD + backtoNADH.

24) Whenwritinghalfreactions,
A) thereductionpotentialsarebyconventiondescribedintermsofoxidation.
B) thefinalproduct(s)mustbeatomicallybalancedwiththebeginningsubstrate(s).
C) theunitsareinjoulesforE0 .

24)

D) thepHofthereactionshouldbedescribedbecauseitcannotbeassumedtobe7.0.
25) Fromthestandpointofthemicroorganism,inglycolysisthecrucialproductis
A) ATP;thefermentationproductsarewasteproducts.
B) notrelevantbecauseglycolysisisnotamajorpathway.
C) CO 2 ;ATPisawasteproduct.

25)

D) ethanolorlactate;ATPisawasteproduct.
26) Inaerobicrespiration,thefinalelectronacceptoris
A) oxygen.
B) ATP.

26)
C) water.

D) hydrogen.

27) WhichofthefollowinggroupsisNOTmembraneassociated?
A) NADHdehydrogenases
B) cytochromes
C) flavoproteins
D) Allofthesearemembraneassociated.

27)

28) Duringelectrontransportreactions,
A) OH- accumulatesontheoutsideofthemembranewhileH + accumulatesontheinside.

28)

B) OH- accumulatesontheinsideofthemembranewhileH + accumulatesontheoutside.

C) bothOH - andH + accumulateontheinsideofthemembrane.
D) bothOH - andH + accumulateontheoutsideofthemembrane.
29) Therisingofbreaddoughistheresultof
A) oxygenbeingreleased.
C) biotinproduction.

29)
B) fermentation.
D) flourgainingelectrons.

30) Thecitricacidcycle
A) delineatestheoxidationofpyruvate.
B) producesNADHasitprogresses.
C) allowsforthecompleteoxidationofglucose.
D) doesalloftheabove.

30)

31) Aseachmoleculeofpyruvatetraversesthecitricacidcycle,howmanymoleculesofCO 2 are

generated?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

31)

32) Chemolithotrophsare
A) phototrophs.

32)
B) heterotrophs.

C) organotrophs.

33) Foracarbonsource,chemoorganotrophsgenerallyusesuchcompoundsas
A) sunlight.
B) glucose.
C) carbondioxide.

D) autotrophs.
33)
D) triglycerides.

34) Prokaryoticpolysaccharidesaresynthesizedfrom
A) negativeaminoacids.
B) starch/glycogencomplexes.
C) saturatedfattyacids.
D) onlyoneoftwoactivatedformsofglucose(UDPGandUDPG).

34)

35) Theprocessbywhichglucoseissynthesizedwithinthecellis
A) pentose.
B) gluconeogenesis.
C) glycolysis.
D) peptidogenesis.

35)

36) Themacronutrientthatcomprisesabout50%ofthedryweightofatypicalbacterialcellis
A) oxygen.
B) nitrogen.
C) carbon.
D) protein.

36)

37) Thejoiningofanenzymeandsubstrate(s)dependsonweakbonds,suchas
A) hydrophobicinteractions.
B) vanderWaalsforces.
C) hydrogenbonds.
D) alloftheabove.

37)

38) ThenumberofprotonsconsumedbyanATPasepermoleculeofATPformedis
A) 1.
B) 3-4.
C) 6-8.
D) 10.

38)

39) Twospecificcellularreactionsinacellthatrequireenergyfromtheprotonmotiveforceare
A) communicationandmetabolism.
B) biosynthesisandpolymerization.
C) respirationandfermentation.
D) iontransportandflagellarrotation.

39)

40) Oneexampleofanelectronacceptorthatcanbeusedinanaerobicrespirationis
A) pyruvate.
B) water.
C) NADH.
D) nitrate.

40)

TRUE/FALSE.WriteTifthestatementistrueandFifthestatementisfalse.
41) Achemotrophuseschemicalsforenergy,whileaphototrophuseslightforenergy.

41)

42) Carbonandnitrogenareconsideredmicronutrients.

42)

43) Allprokaryotesrequireanorganiccarbonsource.

43)

44) VitaminsareNOTconsideredgrowthfactors.

44)

45) Mostmicroorganismshavethesamegeneralnutritionalrequirements,somostmicroorganisms
cangrowonthesamemedia.

45)

46) Energycanbemeasuredinkilojoules.

46)

47) Regulationoftheamountofenzymesynthesizedoccursonlyatthegenelevel.

47)

48) Inagivenchemicalreaction,ifthefreeenergyofformationisknownforeachofthereactantsand
eachoftheproducts,thechangeinfreeenergycanbecalculatedforthereaction.

48)

49) Free-energycalculationsaredependentontheratesofthereactions.

49)

50) Enzymesarebiologicalcatalysts.

50)

51) Theoretically,allenzyme-catalyzedreactionsarereversiblebythesameenzyme.

51)

52) Ifthenameofacompoundendsin -ase,itislikelyanenzyme.

52)

53) Ifasubstanceisreduced,itgainselectrons.

53)

54) ThetendencytobecomeoxidizedorreducedisexpressedasthereductionpotentialinVolts.

54)

55) Inanaerobicmetabolism,theelectrondonorisoftenreferredtoasanenergysource.

55)

56) Feedbackinhibitionorcovalentmodificationisgenerallysufficientfortheregulationofgene
expression.

56)

57) Coenzymesincreasethediversityofchemicalreactionspossibleinacell.

57)

58) TheenergyreleasedfromthehydrolysisofcoenzymeAisconservedinthesynthesisofATP.

58)

59) Insubstrate-levelphosphorylation,ATPstorageisdepletedduringthestepsincatabolismofthe
fermentablecompounds.

59)

60) Wheneverabacteriumundergoesfermentation,ethanolisabyproduct.

60)

61) Inelectrontransportsystems,theelectroncarriersaremembraneassociated.

61)

62) Hemeprostheticgroupsareinvolvedinelectrontransferwithquinones.

62)

63) Duringtheelectrontransportprocess,protonsandelectronsbecomephysicallyseparatedinthe
cellmembrane.

63)

64) AMPandmethylgroupscanplayapartincovalentmodification;ADPdoesnotfunctionin
covalentmodification.

64)

65) ThenetresultofelectrontransportisthegenerationofapHgradientandanelectrochemical
potentialacrossthemembrane.

65)

66) Inhibitorsblockbothelectronflowandtheestablishmentoftheprotonmotiveforce.

66)

67) Oxalacetate,generatedinthecitricacidcycle,isimportantbothinthegenerationofcertainamino
acidsandintheformationofphosphoenolpyruvate.

67)

68) EachmoleculeofNADPH +yields3moleculesofATP.

68)

69) Thetheoreticalmaximumyieldfromeachmoleculeofglucoseduringaerobicrespirationis
between30and35moleculesofATP.

69)

70) Controllingtheactivityofanenzymeisaninefficientuseoftheorganismsenergy.

70)

71) Polysaccharidesarekeycellwallconstituents.

71)

72) Aminoacidscanbegroupedintostructurallyrelatedfamiliesthathavesimilarbiosyntheticsteps.

72)

73) Inosinicacidistheprecursorofthepyrimidines.

73)

74) Thedistinguishingcharacteristicofanunsaturatedfattyacidistheinclusionofoneormoredouble
bondsinthehydrophobicportionofthemolecule.

74)

75) ThethirdcarbonofaglycerolbackboneusuallycontainsapolargroupintheBacteriaandthe
Eukarya.

75)

SHORTANSWER.Writethewordorphrasethatbestcompleteseachstatementoranswersthequestion.
76) Thetermusedtorefertoallthechemicalprocessestakingplacewithinacellis________.

76)

77) ________istheabilitytodowork.

77)

78) The________requiredorreleasedtoformagivenmoleculefromitsconstituentelements
iscalled________.

78)

79) ________isthetermusedtodescribethetemporarycombinationoftheenzymeandthe
reactant.

79)

80) ThePasteureffectinvolvesmetabolicallyversatilemicrobessuchas Saccharomyces

cerevisiaethatfirstperform________metabolism.Afterthisprocess,theyeastswitchesto
________metabolismwheretwobyproductsare________and________.

80)

81) Energyreleasedasaresultofoxidation-reductionreactionsisusuallyconservedinthe
________.

81)

82) ________aredifferentenzymesthatcatalyzethesamereactionbutaresubjecttodifferent
regulatorycontrols.

82)

83) Theenzymeresponsibleforsplittingfructose1,6-bisphosphateintotwothree-carbon
moleculesis________.

83)

84) TheenzymethatcatalyzestheconversionoftheprotonmotiveforceintoATPis________,
amoleculethatcontainstwomajorparts,________and________.Thisreactionisknown
as________.

84)

85) Theprocessbywhichorganismssynthesizethechemicalsubstancesofwhichtheyare
composedis________.

85)

86) Anenzymethatmovesanaminogroupfromonemoleculetoanotherisknownasa(n)
________.

86)

87) Anenrichedmediumisacomplexmediumtowhichadditionalnutrients,suchas
________or________,areadded.

87)

88) Inbiochemistry,oxidationsandreductionsfrequentlyinvolvethetransferofa(n)
________alongwitha(n)________.

88)

89) Twomechanismsforenergyconservationinchemoorganotrophsare________and
________.

89)

90) Withregardtooxygen,glycolysisisa(n)________process.

90)

91) Metabolicdiversityinrespirationandphotosynthesisrevolvesaroundacommonprocess,
whichisgenerationofa(n)________.

91)

ESSAY.Writeyouranswerinthespaceprovidedoronaseparatesheetofpaper.
92) Explainthedifferencebetweenchemicallydefinedandundefined(complex)media.
93) Explainthecircumstancesunderwhichthesamesubstance(molecule)canbeeitheranelectrondonororan
electronacceptor.
94) Explainthedifferencebetweenfermentationandrespirationintermsofelectrontransfer.
95) DescribethebiochemicaleventsfoundintheEmbden -Meyerhof-Pamaspathway.Includethemajorreactants,
products,andenzymes.Includesuchtermsas:aldolase,glyceraldehyde3 -phosphate,1,3-bisphosphoglyceric
acid,phosphoenolpyruvate,andpyruvate.
7

96) Discusswhyenergyyieldinanorganismundergoinganaerobicrespirationislessthanthatofanorganism
undergoingaerobicrespiration.
97) Explainbrieflythebiosyntheticandbioenergeticrolesofthecitricacidcycle.
98) Writeabriefdefinitionoffeedbackinhibition.
99) Explainexergonicandendergonicintermsoffree-energycalculations.
100) Explainwhatanenzymemustaccomplishtocatalyzeaspecificreaction.
101) Explainingeneraltermstheprincipleofallostery.
102) Explainwhytheamountofenergyreleasedinaredoxreactiondependsonthenatureofboththeelectron
donorandtheelectronacceptor.

AnswerKey
Testname:UNTITLED4

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
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12)
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50)

B
C
B
C
A
D
D
A
D
D
D
C
D
A
C
C
D
B
C
A
C
B
C
B
A
A
D
B
B
D
C
D
B
D
B
C
D
B
D
D
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
9

AnswerKey
Testname:UNTITLED4

51)
52)
53)
54)
55)
56)
57)
58)
59)
60)
61)
62)
63)
64)
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66)
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70)
71)
72)
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75)
76)
77)
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79)
80)
81)
82)
83)
84)

TRUE
TRUE
TRUE
TRUE
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
TRUE
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
TRUE
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
TRUE
metabolism
Energy
energy/freeenergyofformation
Enzyme-substratecomplex
aerobicorrespiration/anaerobicorfermentation/carbondioxide/ethanol(lasttwoeitherorder)
synthesisofenergy-richcompounds
Isozymes
aldolase
ATPsynthase(ATPase)/F 1 /F0 /oxidativephosphorylation(secondandthirdineitherorder)

85)
86)
87)
88)
89)
90)
91)
92)

anabolism
transaminase
anytwo:beefextract,blood,casein,milkprotein,peptone,serum,tryptone,yeastextract
electron/proton
fermentation/respiration(eitherorder)
anoxic(anaerobic)
protonmotiveforce
Definedmediaarepreparedbyaddingindividualpurechemicalsinknownquantities.Inthisway,themedium
itselfcanbeexplicitlydefined.Forexample,5mMNaCl,3mMKH 2 PO4 ,1.5mMNH 4Cl,2.5%glucose,and3%
acetateisadefinedmedium,becauseeachingredientaddedisataknownconcentrationandthechemicalspresent
areknown.Complexmedianeedsonlytocontainoneundefinedproducttobeconsideredcomplexorundefined.An
exampleofanundefinedmediumis5mMNaCl,2.5%tryptoneand2.5%yeastextract,becausebothtryptoneand
yeastextractarenotindividualchemicalstructuresbutinsteadcontainanassortmentofcompoundsatunknown
(imprecise)quantities.

10

AnswerKey
Testname:UNTITLED4

93) Answersshouldexplainthatnotallmoleculesarestrictlyoneortheother,andeachmoleculemustbecomparedto
theotherinapairtodeterminetheelectronacceptorandwhichisanelectrondonor.
94) Respirationshouldbedistinguishedasusingoxygen(oranoxygensubstitute)asitsterminalelectronacceptor,while
fermentationusesothercompounds,suchascarbonate,ferriciron,andnitrate,aselectrontransferringagents.
95) Figure4.14inthetextbookillustratesacompleteanswer.
96) Onepossibleexplanationcouldpointtothesubstrate-levelphosphorylationprocessitselfasbeinglessenergy
yieldingthan(aerobic)oxidativephosphorylation.Anotherreasonisthefateofpyruvateitself,wherefermentationis
unabletotakeitthroughthehigherenergyyieldingprocess,whichrequiresO2 asaterminalelectronacceptor.Other
answerscoulddiscusstheE0beinggreatestwiththeO2 /H2 Oredoxcoupleinaerobicmetabolismcomparedto
anaerobicredoxcouples.
97) Someofthemoleculesgeneratedduringthecitricacidcycle,suchas-ketoglutarate,oxalacetate,andsuccinyl-CoA,
canserveasprecursorsforthebiosynthesisofcriticalcellularcomponentssuchasaminoacids,chlorophyll,and
cytochromes.ThebioenergeticcomponentofthecycleshouldbedescribedinthecontextofFADHandNADH
electrondonorsstoringenergypotential,usableinelectrontransportwhereO2 isreducedtowater.
98) Answerswillvary,buttheemphasisshouldbeontheroleofaccumulatedproductsthatbindtoallostericsitesin
enzymes.Thisallostericbindinginteractionchangestheproteinintoaninactiveconformation,andthereforedoesnot
permitaccessfornewsubstratestobindtotheactivesitesonthesameenzymes.Studentsshouldalsoexplainthatthe
absenceofboundallostericsitespermitsactivesitebindingandconsequentlyallowsthepathwaytobeuninhibited.
99) Apositivechangeinfreeenergy(G 0 )meansthereactionneedsenergyinputtooccur(calledendergonic),whereasa
negativeG0 needsnoenergyinputandactuallyreleasesexcessenergy(calledexergonic).
100) Answerswillvary,butthefocusoftheanswershouldbeonovercomingtherequiredactivationenergy.
101) Answerswillvarybutshouldexplainthatconformational(proteinfolding)changesoccurdependingonwhat
binds/interactswithaproteinaceousenzyme.Anunderlyingprinciplethatshouldbeaddressedisthatonlycertain
enzymeconformationsareactive,whileothersarenotactive.
102) Answersshouldemphasizethatenergydoesnotcomefromspecificmoleculesbutratherfromthedifferencein
reductionpotentialbetweentwomolecules.Forexample,assigningarbitraryvaluesandsubtractingthemfromone
anotherbycomparingtwodifferentelectronacceptorstoonedonorwouldindicatedifferencesinenergyforan
electronacceptor.Inasimilarway,thiscouldalsobeshowntomathematicallyexplainelectrondonorshavingan
equalroleindeterminingE0.

11