ImageFormationbySphericalLenses

Project:OSCAR

Developer:Dhanya.P

Contents
1.TerminologiesassociatedwithSpherical/curvedlenses.
2.Rulesofreflectionforsphericallenses.
3.LensEquations.
4.Characteristicsoftheimageformedbyaconcavelens
accordingtothepositionoftheobject.
5.Characteristicsoftheimageformedbyaconvexlensaccording
tothepositionoftheobject.

6.InteractiveSession.

VarioustermsAssociatedwithSphericalLens

SphericalLens:Itisthesegmentofasphere,anditrefracts
raysoflightequallyinallmeridians..
ConcaveLens:Aconcavelenscauseslighttospreadoutor
divergeinwhichthereflectingsurfacecurvesinward.
ConvexLens:Aconvexlensisalensthatiscurved
outward.Theendsarenarrowandthemiddleiswide.
Oftenitisreferredtoasaconverginglens.Lightpassing
throughaconvexlensisconvergedtoapoint.Thispoint
isalsocalledafocalpoint.AConvexLenscanproduce
eitherarealorvirtualimage.

OpticalCentre:Theopticalcentreisdefinedasthegeometriccentre
ofthecurvedlens.
PrincipalAxis:Theprincipalaxisofacurvedlensisdefinedasthe
imaginarylinepassingthroughitscentreandfocus..
Focus:Theprincipalfocusisdefinedasthepointontheprincipalaxis
wherethelightraystravelingparalleltotheprincipalaxisafter
refractionactuallymeet(foraconvexlens)orappeartomeet(fora
concavelens).

RulesofRefractionforSphericalLenses

1.Arayfromtheobjectparalleltotheprincipalaxisafter
refractionpassesthroughthesecondprincipalfocusF2(in
aconvexlens)orappearstodiverge(inaconcavelens)
fromthefirstprincipalfocusF1.
2.AnylightraythatpassesthroughF1(foraconvexlens)
orappearstomeetatit(foraconcavelens)emerges
parallelltotheprincipalaxisafterrefraction.
3.Arayoflightpassingthroughtheopticalcentreofthe
lens,emergeswithoutanydeviationafterrefraction.

LensEquations
1/f=i/u+1/v

Magnification(M)=v/u

fFocallengthofthemirror.
uDistanceoftheobjectfromtheOpticalCentre.
vDistanceoftheimagefromtheOpticalCentre.

*fisveinthecaseofconcavelens.

*fis+veinthecaseofaconvexlens.
*vis+veiftheimageisarealimageandformedonthe
rightsideoftheopticalcentreofthelens.
*visveiftheimageisavirtualimageandformedonthe
sideoftheobject.

CharacteristicsoftheImageFormedbyaConcave

LensAccordingtothePositionoftheObject
Whentheobjectisatinfinityinthecaseofaconcavelens,

theimageformedhasthefollowingproperties.

1.Theimageisvirtual.
2.TheimageisErected.
3.TheimageisHighlydiminished.
4.Theimageisformedattheprincipalfocus(F1)infrontofthe
concavelens.

WhentheobjectisbetweeninfinityandtheOptical

CentreoftheLens,theimageformedhasthe
followingproperties.
1.Theimageisvirtual.
2.Theimageiserect.
3.Theimageisdiminished.
4.Theimageisformedbetweentheprincipalfocus(F1)
andtheopticalcenterofthelens.

CharacteristicsoftheImageFormedbyaConvex
LensAccordingtothePositionoftheObject

Whentheobjectisplacedattheprincipalfocus(F1)in

frontofaconvexlens,theimageformedhasthe
followingproperties.
1.Theimageisreal.
2.Theimageisinverted.
3.Theimageishighlyenlarged.
4.Theimageisformedatinfinityontherightsideofthelens.

Whentheobjectisplacedbetweenthecentreand

theprincipalfocus(F1)infrontofaconvexlens,
theimageformedhasthefollowingproperties.
1.Theimageisvirtual.
2.Theimageiserect.
3.Theimageisenlarged.
4.Theimageisformedinfrontofthelens.

Whentheobjectisplacedbetweentheprincipalfocus(F1)

and2F1infrontofaconvexlens,theimageformedhasthe
followingproperties.
1.Theimageisreal.
2.Theimageisinverted.
3.Theimageisenlarged.
4.Theimageisformedbeyondthe2F2ontherightsideofthelens.

Whentheobjectisplacedatthe2F1infrontofaconvex

lens,theimageformedhasthefollowingproperties.

1.Theimageisreal.
2.Theimageisinverted.
3.Theimageisofthesamesizeastheobject.
4.Theimageisformedatthe2F2ontherightsideofthelens.

WhentheobjectisplacedatInfinity,theImageformedinthe
caseofaconvexlenshasthefollowingproperties.
1.Theimageisreal.
2.Theimageisinverted.
3.Highlydiminished.
4.TheimageisformedatF2ontherightsideofthelens.

InteractiveSession
Therewillbeawindowhavingtworadiobuttonsnamed'
ConcaveLens'and'ConvexLens'.Usercanclickanyofthem.
Whileclickingonthe'ConcaveLens'button,aconcavelens,object
anditsimagewillbedisplayedinthewindow.(Thisisshownin
slide25)
Usercanchangethepositionoftheobjectalongtheprincipalaxis
ofthelensbyclickingthebottomoftheobjectanddraggingthe
mousealongtheprincipalaxis.andcanseehowtheimageis
formedaccordingly.Theconditionsthatonecandistinguishinthe
caseofaconvexmirrorare
1.Objectbetweeninfinityand2F1
2.Objectat2F1
3.Objectbetween2F1andF1
4.ObjectatF1
5.ObjectbetweenF1andO

Iftheuserclicksonthe'ConcaveLens'button,

thenaconcavelens,andobjectanditsimagewillbeshown.
TheimageisformedbetweenF1andOwhentheobjectis
placedanywherebetweeninfinityand2F1inthecaseofa
concavelens.

(Clicked)

ConcaveLens

ConvexLens

Object

|
2F1

|
F1

Image

|
P

|
F2

|
2F2

WhenConvexLensisselected

Object

2F1

F1

F2

2F2
Image

THEEND