IMPACT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

IN EDUCATION

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background
Technological developments have made many remarkable progress. Many
things from life sector that has used the existence of the technology itself. Presence
has a considerable impact on the lives of human beings in various aspects and
dimensions. Likewise with the communication technology is hardware equipment
in the organizational structure that contains social value that enables individuals to
collect, process and exchange information (in Rogers, 1986). Such a situation, in
which a technology capable of changing something that may not be possible to be
a reality. For example, if the first person can not talk to other people who are in a
place that is far away, then after the phone people can talk without limits of time
and distance. From here, beginning with the discovery of a variety of simple
devices, ranging from phones, analog-based, developed and developing countries
continue to emerge many other electronic devices. Until finally this technology
integrate with one another. Existing communication technology is an answer from
any of the times. This occurs because of growing human civilization developed a
technology that will continue to experience growth pattern to align civilization
itself.
The term information technology became popular in the late 70s. In the past

the term information technology or computer technology called electronic data

processing (electronic data processing). Information technology is defined as
technology processing and dissemination of data using hardware (hardware) and
software (software), computer, communications, and digital electronics.
Information and communication technology is an important element in the life of
the nation. The role of information technology in human activity at this time was
so great. Information technology has become the main facility for the activities of
the various sectors of life which contributed greatly to the change - a fundamental
change in the operation and management of organizational structure, education,
transportation, health and research. Therefore it is very important to increase the
ability of the human resources (HR) ICT, ranging from skills and knowledge,
planning, operation, maintenance and supervision, as well as increasing the ability
of ICT leaders in government, education, corporate, SME (small and medium
enterprises) and NGOs. So that in the end will produce output that is useful to
humans as individuals themselves and for all sectors of life.
1.2. Problem Formulation
1. What is the information and communication technology?
2. What are the implications of IT and the internet?
3. How information and communication technology in education?
4. What is the impact in the field of education?
1.3. Destination
The formulation of the problem that can be drawn from this discussion is:
1. Outlines what is meant by information and communication technology
2. Describe the implications of IT and the Internet
3. Describes how information and communication technologies in education
4. Describe the impact in the field of education

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1. Information and Communication Technology

Judging from the wording, information and communication technology is
composed of 3 (three) each word has its own meaning. The first word, technology,
means the development and application of tools, machines, materials and processes
that help people complete the problem. The term technology is often portray
discovery of new tools using the principles and processes of scientific discovery.
Said second and third, information and communication, closely related to the data.
Means of information processing results, manipulation and organizing a group
of data that gives the value of knowledge (knowledge) for its users.
Communication is a process of delivering information (messages, ideas, ideas)
from one party to another to enable the interplay between the two. In general,
communication is done by using the words (verbal) that can be understood by both
parties. If no verbal language that can be understood by both, communication can
still be done non-verbally using body movements or showing certain attitudes,
such as smiling, shaking his head, or a shrugged.
Many opinions which defines information and communication technologies
with different languages. Australian National Training Authority (ANTA) defines

information technology as technology development and application of computer

and communications-based technologies for processing, presenting, managing
data, and information. This definition includes the manufacture of hardware and
computer components, computer software development and various computerrelated services, along with communication equipment as well as manufacturing of
components and services. According to the Oxford English Dictionary 2nd edition,
is the definition of information technology hardware (hardware) and software
(software), including networks and telecommunications are typically included in
the context of a business or enterprise. The term information technology become a
part of the operations of the electronic device that utilizes computer.

2.2 Development of Communication Technology

Current technology needs, both information technology and
telecommunications are very high from the start of middle class and upper middle
class. All individuals desperately need technology to accelerate the development or
increase the development of both individual and group development. Technological
development today is very fast communication technology, which presents a
selection of forms of technology and sophistication. The development of the
communication itself is actually in line with the life and existence of man himself.
There are four major defining point in the history of human communication.
According Nordenstreng and Varis (1973) are:
1. Acquisition (aquisition) language that is at the same time with the birth of man.
2. alongside the development of the art of writing based on speech communication.
reproduction of the written word (written words) by using alt printer, so
3. enable the realization of the actual mass communication.

4. the advent of electronic communication, starting from the telegraph, telephone,

radio, television, to satellite.
(Quoted from the Perspective of Communication Technology Background &
Progress, Zulkarimein Nasution. 1989: page 15). Meanwhile, according to Alvin
Toffler, there are three civilizations in the development of the technology itself, the
agricultural age, the industrial age and the last time information (quoted from the
Perspective of Communication Technology Background & Progress, Zulkarimein
Nasution.1989: case 2). Previously just look back, that fact itself communication
technologies have emerged since the Age Pre-History. Where at that time people
have been able to use a form of communication. But its form, is still very simple.
For example, limited forms of organ motion, the images as a language, the sounds
of bones and so on. But even so, it has been considered as an appropriate form of
communication at the time.
Subsequent developments have progressed a step a little better, for example, in
a letter pictograf form of communication used by the Sumerians, hierogliph by the
Ancient Egyptians. At that time both types of letters are also often used when a
king gives a kind of regulatory rules for the people who will put in the middle of
the city where the shape is like building the monument, known as Act-shaped
memorial. Advancement of communication technology felt better after the
invention of paper by the Chinese people made from Papyrus leaf fibers. This
development even today is still used and very useful for mankind. Such as the
paper used in printing newspapers or newspapers, magazines, books and so forth.
Furthermore the development of human knowledge, the communication
technology is getting better. Starting with the invention of the steam engine by
James Watt who is opening the Industrial Revolution, causing a variety of effects
that trigger other technologies. One step that is truly extraordinary, which led to the

discovery of one thing the emergence of various other things. Invention of the
telephone which was found in 1876, is the development of communications
technology with the application of the concept of using analog. This lasted until
about the 1960s. And only then leads to a digital concept.
Then the subsequent development of the discovery of which is the use of
facsimile communication by giving the data that can be passed through a media
phone. So it is with the development of computers. The first computer ENIAC II is
introduced. Used in 1946, after the second world war. This computer is an
electronic circuit that has a tube light weight of 20 tons. With the beginning of this
computer in the context of digital communications technologies evolved by leaps
and bounds. Digital era itself came after the satellite was found and in the kinds of
discoveries that have aktifkan.berbagai there is a little much to change the life style
of the people themselves.
2.3. Implications of IT and Internet Education
IT and Internet history can not be separated from education. Internet in the United States
began to grow from the academic environment (NSFNET), as told in the book "Nerds 2.0.1".
Similarly, the Internet in Indonesia began to grow within the academic (in the UI and ITB),
although it appears the exciting stories in the field of business. May need to be propagated stories
about the benefits of the Internet for education. The existence of open Internet resources that had
been inaccessible. Access to resources not being again.
Library is one of expensive resources. (How many libraries in Indonesia, and how the quality
is?.) The Internet allows a person in Indonesia to access the library in the United States.
Mechanisms library access can be done by using a special program (typically using Z39.50
standard, such WAIS5), telnet application (such as the application hytelnet6) or via a web
browser (Netscape and Internet Explorer). There have been many stories about the help the
Internet in research, thesis. Exchange of information or the frequently asked questions by experts
can be done via the Internet. Without the Internet many final project and thesis which may
require more time to be resolved. Cooperation between experts and also with students who are

physically far apart can be done more easily. Previously, a person had to wander or run away to
see a specialist to discuss a problem. Currently this can be done from home by sending an email.
Papers and research can be done with the exchange of data over the Internet, via email, or by
using a mechanism Sharring file. Imagine if a student in Irian can discuss medical issues with a
experts at leading universities in Java. students anywhere in Indonesia or lecturer can access the
best experts in Indonesia and even in the world. Geographic boundaries is not an issue anymore.
Sharring information is also needed in the field of research that studies are not repeated (reinvent
the wheel). The results of research in universities and research institutes can be used together to
speed up the process of development of science and technology.
Distance learning and the virtual university is a new application for the Internet. In fact no less
than economists Peter Drucker said that "Triggered by the internet, continuing adult education
may wll Become our greatest growth industry". (See Forbes magazine article May 15, 2000.)
Virtual university scalable characteristics, which can provide education accessible to many
people. If education is only done in a regular classroom, how many people can participate in a
class? The number of participants may only be charged 50 people. Virtual university can be
accessed by anyone, from anywhere. For Indonesia, the benefits already mentioned above can be
a good reason to make the Internet as an educational infrastructure. To summarize the benefits of
the Internet for education in Indonesia.
2.4. Communication Technology in Education
Of the many new discoveries that turned out very broad impact for a human civilization
in the various areas of life, one of which is education. Development of technology and
communication in the fields of education, development of technology and communication in
education, According to Rosenberg (2001), with this development there are five shifts in the
learning process, namely: (1) from training to performance, (2) from the classroom to the place
where and at any time, (3) of the paper to "on line" or channel, (4) physical facilities to network
facilities, (5) from time to time cycle shifts the learning process changes from paper to "On
-Line "to date has been its presence can be felt or seen as an educational institution to implement
a computerized system. Many things as well as the benefits of its existence.
Such as education all activities are easily accessible via a computer network or the
internet that is certainly the case thanks to the satellite which is operated, the student, student,

teacher, lecturer or all citizens in the sphere of education are able to obtain all the information to
be obtained . most recent example is the development of "Cyber Teaching" or virtual teaching,
the teaching process is carried out by using the internet.
Another term poluper today is e-learning is a model of learning by using media communication
technology (internet). According to Rosenberg (2001: 28), e-learning is the use of Internet
technology in the delivery of learning in a wide range with a foundation based on three criteria
such as:
(1) E-learning is networked with the ability to update, store, distribute, and share materials or
information,
2) Delivery up to the end users through a computer using standard Internet technology,
(3) Focusing on the most expansive view of learning behind traditional learning paradigms.
Nowadays e-learning has evolved in a variety of ICT-based learning model as: CBT (Computer
Based Training), CBI (Computer Based Instruction), Distance Learning, Distance Education,
CLE (Cybernetic Learning Environment), Desktop Videoconferencing and so on. (Quoted from
http :/ / puskom.man3malang.com/index.php? Com_conte option = t & task = view & id = 21 &
Itemid = 26, Prof.. Dr.. H. Mohamad Surya).
Another term that is more popular than the development of communication technology is
the virtual system. In this case, the activity involving virtual community can be a thing that is
more widely used in academic environments. It certainly can facilitate the effectiveness of a
learning system, where the student or students can access educational materials in more detail
rather than through direct interaction (face to face) with a teacher, tutor or lecturer concerned.
For now, many other examples as above but beyond the scope of the school or college, for
example, there is a kind of educational institution or course guidance tutoring using computer
media (internet) to access the materials and exams as well as the test via the Internet. Surely this
is a step forward in the context of education. In addition to the development of communication
technology in education has touched the scope of learning systems in the academic field, actually
have been encroaching on other aspects (although still within the scope of education). For
example, with a computer, telephone, internet, photocopiers and all the devices of a
communication technology itself can help work the administration or other parts. With a library
of digital libraries in educational institutions, people can access books or literature quickly.

2.4. The impact on education

2.4.1. Positive Impact
1. Changing role of the teacher or lecturer (teacher) and the student or students (learners) in
learning. Changes in the role include:
a. A position that was once as a transmitter of knowledge, the main source of information, expert
material, and the source of all answers, and then only as a learning facilitator, coach,
collaborator, knowledge navigator, and learning partners.
b. Of controlling and directing all aspects of learning, be providing more alternatives and
responsibility to each student in the learning process.
2. While the role of the student in learning has changed as follows:
a. From passive recipients of information to active participants in the learning process
b. Of revealed knowledge back to produce a variety of knowledge
c. Of learning as a learning individual with other students.
3. Accelerate a job
4. Students are able to access information, anywhere, anytime, and to anyone or
2.4.2. Negative Impact
1. Students become addicted to the virtual world of the existence of the excess.
This can happen when the students do not have skepticism and critical of something new.
Especially in the context of the virtual world (internet). When they are struggling with internet
aksik, actually indirectly they have entered in the free world over. Thus it is important to have
both a vital attitude as a fortress and filter of all the available resources. Moreover, the attitude of
attention from parents also play an important role in instilling values and norms of a religion as a
foundation.
2. Criminal acts (Cyber Crime)
In the world of education, this can happen for example theft of important documents or assets of
an undisclosed real educational settings (documents about the final exam or state) by using the
internet. term, there is a person who breaks it. Technology can cause human power has no role in
either the development of communication technology is increasingly rampant till this moment, a
little more will ultimately impact on the reduction of human labor. This happens because human

labor is no longer tremendously effective and efficient in producing something in a lot of

capacity. When human labor is no longer used, it will automatically lead to many levels of
unemployment. After that of course will increase the level of poverty. Of the poverty problem
will then appear again unfavorable stability, because a lot of crime going on. It can be concluded
that, the one thing that appears in one area will have an impact also on other areas.
Interconnections between each other. Similarly, in the field of education.

3. Lead to apathy on each individual, both for students and teachers. This can be seen for
example in the learning system and the virtual nature of e-learning. Where learning system that
does not meet with the student teacher. Students who are less active in the learning system will
be indifferent to the task or the material, because they are not being watched by people
(teachers) but they are only dealing with a computer.

CHAPTER III
CLOSING

3.1. CONCLUSION
Technology is now increasingly experiencing rapid growth in all aspects of human
life. As well, when we talk about communication technology, it has also
experienced growth. Whereas communication technology itself according to
Rogers, 1986 is a hardware equipment in the organizational structure that contains
social value that enables individuals to collect, process and exchange information.
Of the former in the days primif still very simple form of communication, then
growing and growing until finally comes the digital era as it is today. Of it is also
explained that there are three kinds of civilizations according to Alvin Toffler
namely, agricultural age, the industrial age and the last time information (quoted
from the Perspective of Communication Technology Background & Progress,

Zulkarimein Nasution). Communication technologies in education itself is now

also experiencing extraordinary change where the presence of sophisticated
communication technology has brought a lot of significant impact for the
development of education itself. Can be seen in the development of such a nature
that the learning system of e-learning, as well as other matters of a technical nature
ie with the computer, then the education offices provide convenience in data
collection and so forth.
Over it all, the development of communication technology itself remains
essentially carry a very wide range of effects, both positive and negative impacts.
When the positive impact a bigger role, it will be very beneficial in life. Makes
them a very easy job. Conversely, when the development of the communication
technology more display negative impact, it will appear new problems such as
cyber crime and so forth. For every user that has the technology to be critical and
skeptical attitude toward communication technologies ..
3.2. Suggestion
Information technology is a technology that is very easy for us in terms i including in education.
The more the technology is getting more and moret so our work becomes easier to do. positive
side, technology has a negative side as well. Once we know the impact caused by the
development of information and communication technology in we should take advantage of
every available technology is good technology a maximum and can also avoid the negative
effects that can harm us.